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Geochemistry of the Stong Igneous Complex

Conference Paper · November 2006

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2nd Symposium of the International Geologic Correlation Programme (Project 516)
“Geological Anatomy of East and South Asia”

Geochemistry of the Stong Igneous Complex

Mohd Rozi Umor1, Azman A. Ghani2, Hamzah Mohamad1 & Goh Swee Heng1
1
Geology Program, Centre of Environmental Science and Natural Resource, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya,
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The Stong Complex consists of three lithodemic unit, i.e. Berangkat Tonalite,
Noring Granite and Kenerong Leucogranite. All units have a good correlation on
major- and minor-element distribution, suggesting that they are co-magmatic. The
classification based on geochemistry shows the complex from shoshonite series into
high-K calc-alkaline series field with metalumionous and peraluminous rock type. All
rocks can be classified as “I’ type, implying that the source rocks are of mafic to
intermediate igneous composition or of infracrustal derivation.

Introduction
Stong Igneous Complex is located at the northern part of the central belt, in
the state of Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. It occupies an area of almost 300 km2,
from Jeli in the north to Kemubu in the south, forming a mountainous region centered
on Gunung Stong and Gunung Berangkat at the south.

Singh (1963) identified the Stong Complex as essentially having a granitic

core, partly migmatitic, and associated with large metasediments enclave. Hutchison
(1973) described the rocks of the complex as mainly metamorphic. He suggested that
the whole complex consisted of various degree of migmatitic rocks, collectively
referred to as he Stong Migmatite Complex, comprising of agmatite, venite and
nebulite. Many workers have presented numerous aspects about the complex (e.g,
Singh et. al (1984), Azman Abd. Ghani (1998), Mohd Rozi Umor & Hamzah
Mohamad (2002), Tanot Unjah et. al (2002), and Ibrahim Abdullah & Jatmika
Setiawan (2003)), but none of them made a systematic classification of the Stong
Igneous Complex.

This paper will classify the Stong Complex using the newly available
geochemical data. The first part of this paper will summarized the fieldwork
observation of the complex. Geochemistry data will be presented to discuss the
petrogenesis classification of the complex in the second part.

Fieldwork observation
The Stong Complex is the most northern plutonic complex in the Central Belt
of Peninsular Malaysia. In decreasing age, the complex consist of Berangkat
Tonalite, Kenerong Leucogranite and Noring Granite. The first two are, in part highly
deformed and strongly foliated. The Berangkat Tonalite consist of grey, partly highly
foliated megacrystic tonalite to monzonite. Fine to medium grained diorite also occurs
as a minor facies in the Berangkat Tonalite. The alkali feldspar megacrysts range
from 10 to 55 mm; they are grey–white in colour, generally euhedral, occupied almost
20-30 % of the whole rock and commonly cataclastically deformed.

Five fresh outcrops representing the Berangkat Tonalite on the new road cut
from Gua Musang to Bertam and one traverse in Sg. Lah have been observed. The
important outcrop occurs along a road cut near the T junction between Gua Musang-
Bertam-Jelawang and consists principally of the fresh, grey, mafic to coarse-grained
with megacrystals of alkali feldspar in mafic, microgranular enclave.
2nd Symposium of the International Geologic Correlation Programme (Project 516)
“Geological Anatomy of East and South Asia”

The Noring Granite is characterized by pink alkali feldspar megacryst, 30 to 50

mm in length. Singh, et. al. (1984) divided the Noring Granite into Terang Fasies and
Belimbing Fasies based on presence of hornblende. The Terang Fasies is more
common, which occur at the western side of the Stong Complex contain biotite mafic
phase whereas the Belimbing Fasies contain both biotite and hornblende, occur
mainly on the north and east part of the pluton.

The Kenerong Leucogranite is made up of sequence of veins of fine to

medium-grained leucogranite and biotite granite, pegmatite and aplite. The outcrop is
near the Gunung Stong waterfall, which is dominant by leucogranite and biotite
granite.

Geochemistry
Seventy two samples were analysed for major and trace elements at the
Program Geology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. In this study, we present the
major elements only. Most trace elements in granitoids are not incompatible, and for
this reason they provide a poor basis for any classification (Frost, et. al, 2001). Plots
of major-element concentrations vs SiO2 (Harker diagrams, Figure 1 exhibit distinct
negative trend of most elements (TiO2, P2O5, Fe2O3, MgO and CaO) except for Al2O3,
K2O and MnO that shows the intermediate decreasing. However, Na2O depicted the
slightly increasing trend from Berangkat Tonallite to Noring Granite and Kenerong
Leucogranite. These trends are consistent with process of crystal fractionation.

Four types of geochemical plot were used to classify the Stong Complex.
They are the Peacock index after Brown (1981), K2O vs silica diagram from Le Maitre
et. al (1989), the aluminum saturation index of Maniar & Piccoli (1989) and Na2O vs
K2O by Chappel and White (1974). The Noring Granite and Kenerong Leucogranite
plot in the field of calc-alkali series, whereas the Berangkat Tonalite in alkali-calcic
series (Figure 2a). Almost all the samples from the Berangkat Tonalite, plot in the
Shoshonite series, whereas the Noring Granite plot in High-K calc-alkaline series
field. Meanwhile, the Kenerong Leucogranite plot in the calc-alkaline series of high-K
to medium-K field (Figure 2b).

Plot of molecular A/NK vs A/CNK diagram of Maniar and Piccoli (1989) shows
that most sample from the Berangkat Tonalite plot on metaluminous, whereas
Kenerong Leucogranite on the peraluminous. The Noring Granite plot at the boundary
between peraluminous and metaluminous but more located at the peraluminous
(Figure 3a). All rock samples can be classify as ‘I’ type based on classification of
Chappel and White (1974) (Figure 3b).

Conclusion
The conclusion from this paper :
1. The Stong Complex consist of rocks range from Shoshonite, calc-alkali series to
alkali-calcic series.
2. The Stong Complex have both peraluminous and metaluminous rock type.
3. The granitic bodies in the Stong Igneous Complex is classified as ‘I’ type that
implying the source rocks of mafic to intermediate igneous composition or infracrustal
derivation.
2nd Symposium of the International Geologic Correlation Programme (Project 516)
“Geological Anatomy of East and South Asia”

References
Azman Abd. Ghani, 1998. Microscopic observation of mantle feldspar from Noring
Granite, Stong Complex. Warta geologi, vol 24, no 1, pp 1-4.
Brown, G.C., 1981. Sapce and time in granite plutonism. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
Ser. A 301, 321-336
Chappel, B. W. and White, A. J. R., 1974. Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geol.
8, 173.
Hutchison, C. H., 1973. Metamorphism in Gobbett, D. J. and Hutchison, C.S (ed)
Geology of The Malay Peninsula, p 253
Ibrahim Abdullah & Jatmika Setiawan, 2003. The kinematics of deformation of the
Kenerong Leucogranite and its enclaves at Renyok waterfall, Jeli, Kelantan.
Bulletin of the Geol. Soc. Of Malaysia 46, 307-312
Le Maitre, R.W., Bateman, P., Dudek, A., Keller, J., Lameyre Le Bas, M.J., Sabine,
P.A., Schmid, R., Sorensen, H., Streckeisen, A., Wolley, A.R. and Zanettin, B.,
1989. A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms. Blackwell,
Oxford, 193 pp.
Frost, B. R., Barnes, C. G., Collins, W. J., Arculus, R. J., Ellis, D. J. and Frost, C. D.,
2001. A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of petrology, Vol
42, pp 2033-2048.
Maniar, P.D. and Piccoli, P.M., 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geol. Soc.
Amer. Bull. 101,635-643
Mohd Rozi Umor & Hamzah Mohamad. 2002. Tren unsur-unsur nadir bumi (REE)
Suit Stong, Jeli, Kelantan. Bulletin of Geol. Soc. Of Malaysia 45, 51-58
Santokh Singh. 1963. 1962 Progress report on geological survey work done in the
area of sheet 34 in Kelantan. Geol. Survey. Malaysia Prof. paper E-63, 2-G,
13-17
Santokh Singh, Chu Ling Heng, Teoh Lay Hock, Loganathan, P., Cobbing, E.J., and
Malllick, D. I. J., 1984. The Stong Complex: A reassessment. Geol. Soc.
Malaysia Bulletin 17, pp 61-77.
Tanot Unjah, Ibrahim Komoo and Hamzah Mohamad. 2002. Lanskap geologi
Kompleks Migmatit Stong Kelantan. Bulletin of Geol. Soc. of Malaysia 45,
201-206.
2nd Symposium of the International Geologic Correlation Programme (Project 516)
“Geological Anatomy of East and South Asia”

0.9 0.45

0.8 0.4

0.7 0.35

0.6

P2O5 (wt%)
0.3

TiO2 (wt%)
0.5 0.25

0.4 0.2

0.3 0.15

0.2 0.1

0.1 0.05

0 0
55 60 65 70 75 80 55 60 65 70 75 80

7 4.5

6 4

3.5
5
Fe2O3 (wt%)

MgO (wt%)
3
4
2.5

3 2

1.5
2
1
1
0.5

0 0
55 60 65 70 75 80 55 60 65 70 75 80

4.5 18

4
17
3.5
CaO (wt%)

3
Al2O3 (wt%) 16

2.5
15
2

1.5 14

1
13
0.5

0 12
55 60 65 70 75 80 55 60 65 70 75 80

7 0.08

6 0.07

0.06
5
MnO (wt%)
K2O (wt%)

0.05
4
0.04
3
0.03
2
0.02
1 0.01

0 0
55 60 65 70 75 80 55 60 65 70 75 80

4.5

Berangkat Tonalite
7
4
Na2O (wt%)

5
3.5
4

3
3

2.5
2

1
Noring Granite
0
2 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

S iO ( wt % )

Kenerong Leucogranite
2
1.5
55 60 65 70 75 80

SiO2 (w t%)

Figure 1. Plots of major-element concentrations vs SiO2 for the Stong Complex

exhibit distinct negative trend of most elements
2nd Symposium of the International Geologic Correlation Programme (Project 516)
“Geological Anatomy of East and South Asia”

a)
0.5

0.3

0.1

log[CaO/(Na2O+K2O)]
-0.1 40 50 60 70 80

-0.3

-0.5

-0.7

-0.9

-1.1

-1.3

-1.5

SiO2 wt%

b)

Tonalit Berangkat

8 Granit Noring
Leukogranit Kenerong
7

6
Siri shoshonit
5
Sirikalk-alkali (Kaya-K)
K O (wt%)

Siri Kalk-alkali (medium-K)

2

1
Siri tholeite (rendah-K)
0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80

SiO (wt%)

Figure 2. Plot of the Stong Complex on: (a) Peacock index CaO/(Na2O+K2O) vs. SiO2
after Brown (1981); (b) K2O vs silica diagram from Le Maitre et. al (1989).
 2nd Symposium of the International Geologic Correlation Programme (Project 516)
“Geological Anatomy of East and South Asia”

a)
1.9

Peraluminous

molar Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O)
1.7
Metaluminous
1.5

1.3

1.1

0.9
Peralkaline
0.7

0.5
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)

5
4.5
4
3.5
‘I’ type
Na2O wt%

3
2.5
2
1.5
1 ‘S’ Type
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8
K2O wt%

Figure 3. The classification of the Stong Igneous Complex; (a) Plot of molecular A/NK
vs A/CNK diagram of Maniar and Piccoli (1989) shows that most sample from
the Berangkat Tonalite plot on metaluminous, whereas Kenerong
Leucogranite on the peraluminous. The Noring Granite plot at the boundary
between peraluminous and metaluminous but more located at the
peraluminous; (b) Chemical composition and presumed origin by Chappel and
White (1974) show that all rocks can be classified as “I’ type granite.

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