ACOUSTICS AND Wie — FLOW MEASURES js eae et Mie re eete ted absolute, gauge or differential d Ws pressure lepending on type of reference clestic~ force comer srr ae stone ae Capsule, bellows, bourdon tubes * oem citeuar plate stitched & fastened ss perp ery 2 Made of elastic alloys of bi Made of ys of bronze, phosphor bronze, stainless steel or alloys li + Structure — flat or corrugated a Flat type — high natural frequency + Corrugated — for large deflections Capsule ms sealed together at periphery Two corrugated metal diaphrag Forms a shell like structure One diaphragm has a port at centre to admit pressure to be measured Other diaphragm linked to a moveable mechanical part + Displacement proportional to difference biw outer & inner pressure Bourdon tubes + Curved or twisted metallic tubes with elliptical cross section + Sealed at one end «Tends to straighten when pressure applied. 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In addition, flows throughout near their desired values with small variability; in these applications, good reproducibility is i i arisily provided by pumps bility is usually sufficient. Flowing system require enctzy fe nd compressors, to produce a pressure differenc the dri rorce, and flow sensors should introd ; nee a Ne . introduce a small flow resistar i €: consumption as little as possibl nce inereasing Ihe Press alone onsumption a fi 3s posible. Mox flow sensors require sigh sections of piping before and after the ; this requirement places restrictions on acceptable process designs, which can be partial ly compensated by straightening vanes placed in the piping. ‘The sensors discussed in this subsection are for clean fluids flowing in a pipe; special considerations are required for concentrated slurries, flow in an open conduit, and other process situations. Several sensors rely on the pressure drop or head occurring 2s a fluid flows by a resistance: 2h example is given in Figure 1. The relationship between flow rate and pressurt difference is “etermained by the Bemoulli equation, assuming that changes in elevation, work and heat transfer are negligible. posetencoebory. ‘aint Figure 1. Orifice flow meter Bernoulli's equation | friction loss that 1s usually assumed negligible This equation can al were Sf represents the 118 LT (Foust eal 198: Jans 1993) te simplified and rearranse general head meter B= AM, = Cmte 1 equationmets nee ig “RUE SS So na ey Ee ec etna atc a Seige IRs ct on rap ance cae hn cgi mt ema. fl es ‘eatin or iva pec, {2D o Seca a he nih yl ei ny et ‘Sivan salr of This ago assump for iu and ean rovideacrpable cacy ee (peri sonescaton Apna cite embed ocng i Ge PCR ete dest ofa ysis iia bcs of at tegen rece at ‘ere mec mihi caeon sey aed ea eb we Soe (FA) RF w Fac, JAB) [Rr ie sere th nit (ed sn a emer) an pee (wee ee sales din deaminngy We deiy wes pitomty Sewanee es ‘ih acy ee. a ine we nd ay cs be so Sean snc ese ncputon Ce ‘es ‘The fw b det tm eet () ying he qe he mend pie Ace wih ene mere by many ts, "kDa gee eo Sache inl py lve ans tt nye ay, preheat Sewamacrngiobe peace 2 area wh ht te es i ar, etn gaa Et feats ere ‘a ke nto pe rp ena plato. he nave re as emi oe ‘Sen pecs eres lf: cn cee pnd ssn rose slope np Some pl ad meer dete ty nt aig i tcl eis arb omen Seti iape arrose sie: ete em et oa Sera tira gen tan os he eo i es oe me ‘enw aoe maie Nae: Atos mason thon 8 Fh ig ‘Sincere ney ame ssn me snipe po een Oe ton mars eles eit hens wing id cage ti 9 pip tame cho ston eee bon, There ene os en ee ge {ice Sime pipe eons vitin te ors mee ey Hoe ‘Sean po api hen pest) Aeon oe By =) lt Pte nd mats son Fg kn eh ‘Sramieprosues fhe Rode owe pita epi. 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