 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 E F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٥ 
  ‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ?   ?  ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    
 EF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬




 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
 Minerals

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 W
 ،،‫א‬J E‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K،
 KEJ ‫א‬J J FW‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٣
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
J J J F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٥
 KE‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٨
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬،١٠١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣١W‫א‬J ٩

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ١٢
 KJ ١٣

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Clay Minerals
 
 K‫א‬٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫ﻓﺎﻟﻄﻴﻦ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 E١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

montmorillonite‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣ -١ ‫ اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ‬K‫א‬


E١F
           





 E٢F


 




E٣F

-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Kaolinite‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (١) ٤ -١ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ‬

(٢ )



 E٣F 







 E٤F






-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Illite ‫א‬
 ٤J ١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(١)

(٢)












-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬






 E٣F











E٤F

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F

‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮاص‬
  

 ٥–٠{١  ٢–٠{١  ١–٠{١  EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   F‫א‬
    E‫א‬
    ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬
∗
       ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥J ٣  ٤٠J ١٥  ١٢٠J ٨٠ E‫א‬١٠٠LF


 K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ∗
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
  Cu Fe S2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٪٣٥
 ‫א‬



W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Cu2 Co3 (OH)2 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 



Pyrite W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 Fe S2 
 W‫א‬
 


-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



MagnetiteW‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Fe2+ Fe23+ O4
 W‫א‬
 ٪٧٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬




W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 PbS
 W‫א‬
 




 LimoniteW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Fe2O3*nH2O 
 W‫א‬
 ٪٦٣J ٤٨


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 ChromiteW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 FeCr2O4
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 





 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 








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 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 MnO2
 W‫א‬
 ٪٦٠






GoethiteW‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 FeO(OH)
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




W‫א‬‫א‬
 CHRYSOCOLLA
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 CuSiO3 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Hematite W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Fe2 O3
 W‫א‬
 ٪٧٠
 ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



















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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫دراﺳﺔ‬
 K،،W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫ﻜﺘل ﺃﻭ ﺴﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫ א‬،، ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
             
  

- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

Jgneous or Primany Rocks ‫א‬‫ א‬-١


 E٢،١FKGranite‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 E٣FGabbro‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬، 
 E٤FBasalt‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،

(١)









E٢F

- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬







 E٣F













 E٤F

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

Sedimentry rocks ‫א‬‫ א‬-٢

 E٢،١FLimestone‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،

E٣FSandstone ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 E١F










- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬






 E٢F











 E٣F

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

Metamorphic Rocks ‫א‬‫ א‬-٣


 W Marble ‫א‬
 E١FK

WSlate‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢FK

WGneiss‫א‬
 E٤،٣FK

 WSchist‫א‬
 E٥FK






 E١F








- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬







 E٢F













 E٣F

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬





 E٤F











E٥F

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬–١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬










- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬–٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ∗
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ∗
- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


EF ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫اﻷدوات واﻟﻤﻮاد‬
J Shoval‫א‬J TrowelsJ Trourel
J J ‫א‬‫א‬J J ‫א‬
J TapemeasureJ J 
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J J J Campass

‫א‬‫א‬،١{٥C١C١،‫א‬
J 
  ‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٥٠،٥٠J ٣٠،٣٠J ١٥ ،‫א‬‫א‬١٥–٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٢
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١FK‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K٣٠–١٥‫א‬١٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٢‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬J ١٢
‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٢‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 Soil augers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 E٣FSoil tube‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٥٠‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Soil auger‫א‬٢J ١
 ‫א‬K١٥٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J  ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ EF‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬















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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F



 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬J J ١
J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J ٣
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬WJ ٤
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K،W‫א‬J ٦
 WJ J J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K ١٠٠‫א‬W
 WJ ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W١ ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬J ١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
 EEcF‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EpHF‫א‬J ١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Flame Photometer‫א‬J ١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Spectro-colorimeter‫א‬J ١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬1
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Atomic Absorption ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 K،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKK‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ إدارة اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ‬-٥
 J ٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWMUCKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬

،F F ،F ‫א‬F ،F E‫א‬F ،F EF
، ، ، E‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،
E ، E ، E
E E‫א‬

 W‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF ‫א‬
‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Soil Moisture ‫א‬ J ١

 W.H.C‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 KSoil texture‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 KSoil Structure‫א‬J ٤

Bluk density and Soil Porosity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١٠J ١٠٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 KJ ٣
 KJ ٤

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 KEFJ ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 EF،‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K٢٤١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K
 KEF،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 W‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 Z‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬FZ‫א‬
 Z‫א‬E‫א‬H‫א‬FZ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠C =‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠٠C =

:(١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬٢٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣٢ZEF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣٥ZEF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
 K‫א‬٢Z٣٠٣٢ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٢٠=١٠٠× ٢

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

١٠
 ‫א‬١٠Z٢٠٣٠=‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W
 K‫א‬١٢Z٢٠٣٢Z‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠Z٢٠J ٣٠Z‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢Z١٠١٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠
 ‫א‬٢‫א‬←‫א‬١٠

١٠٠×٢
٪٢٠=
١٠
 ‫א‬←‫א‬١٠٠ ...
 W=E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ...
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٢=‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬٤٢ =‫א‬H‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬٣٦=‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬٣٠Z١٢J ٤٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٤Z١٢J ٣٦Z‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬٦Z٢٤J ٣٠Z‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬
= ×١٠٠ = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٦
 ٪٢٠= ١٠٠ ×
٣٠


‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬

= ×١٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  =  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

٦
 ٪٢٥= ١٠٠ × =
٢٤

 



 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥  ٢٢  ١١  ٢٠ ١٣  ‫א‬
 ٦٣  ٨٢  ٧٠  ٤٢ ٤٦  ‫א‬،H‫א‬
٥٤ ٧٠ ٦٦ ٤٣ ٤٠ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬+‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬
- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J J 
 ‫א‬J 
 J  J 
 
 KJ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ٢٤١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
 W

(‫ )ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ‬-(‫)ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
 ١٠٠× =  ٪‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬FJ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠× =
‫א‬‫א‬



 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٢=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٨=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬F

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Soil texture‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣FK‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K–‫א‬J 
E٥F W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬  K
٢‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٢
، ‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١

 ٢

 ٣

 ٤

 ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
Mechanical Analysis of soils
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Hydrometer method ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٠{٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  ٢J J J J J J 
 K‫א‬J 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠J ١
‫א‬‫א‬٨٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٥‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٥
 ‫א‬١٥‫א‬١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،٢٠J ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬amyl‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣٦H‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ١٠٠× =
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٪

 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠× = ٪‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 =٪‫א‬
 ١٠٠=٪‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٢٠Z
 ٪٣٥Z
 ٪٥٠Z
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬
 K٢٠‫א‬،
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KClay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٦F


- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


    ‫א‬
        ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬
   –    ‫א‬
        ‫א‬
       ‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ٪٦٠Z
 ٪٢٠Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
٪ ٪ ٪ ‫א‬
 ٧٠  ٢٥  ٥  ١
 ٥٠  ٣٥  ١٥  ٢
 ٤٠  ٣٥  ٢٥  ٣
 ٣٠  ٢٥  ٤٥  ٤
١٠ ١٥ ٧٥ ٥








 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 H‫א‬،HH،HHH‫א‬،H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 J W Soil Consistence‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W
 J 
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KJ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬J 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ 
 K‫א‬
 KJ 
 K‫א‬J 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K،‫א‬
 E٧FKEFJ WJ 
 K‫א‬J WJ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J WJ 
 E٨FK‫א‬،K١‫א‬WJ ١
 ‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬J ٢
 E٩FK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W
 J ٣
 E١٠FK‫א‬٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ٤
 E١١FK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W
 J ٥
 E١٢FK‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬











٨ ٧ 





 


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٩

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


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١٠

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
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

 ١٢
١١



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

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bluk density and Soil Porosity

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Bluk density‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K٣L١{٨١{١‫א‬٣L‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?packing?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٠٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
KE‫א‬FCore Method‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KExcavation Method‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬=E‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬=
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬

 E١٤FW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 KE٢‫א‬F‫א‬

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٨٩ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ٪٥ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ٢,٦١١٢J ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K٧=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
  ×٢Z‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬=
 ٣
١٥٠=٧٠×E٢,٦١١٢×٢,٦١١٢×٣{١٤F=  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠٥‫א‬٥‫א‬١٠٠
 ‫א‬١٨٩‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F... ١٨٠=
 E

١٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣
L١{٢= =
١٥٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠× =‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠× =‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K٢٠=‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٧=‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦=‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣L٢{٦‫א‬،٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
٪
‫א‬
٣L‫א‬ ٣L‫א‬
 KKKKKKK  ١{٢٥  ٢{٥  ١
 ٤٠  KKKKKKK  ٢{٦  ٢
 ٦٠  ١{١٠  KKKKKKKK  ٣
٥٠ ١{٢٠ ٢{٦٥ ٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K 
K‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  J ٣٢٥٠J  J 
 ‫א‬J  
 ٣١٥٠J J J J 

 E٥W١F‫א‬
  K‫א‬٢٠‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ٥W١١٠٠W٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠J ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 ٣١٠٠‫א‬١٠٠E١W١F
 K
 K٣١٠٠W٥٠E٢W١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 EEcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W


 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢W١‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬٢٠٠
،٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  = ‫א‬J ١
 = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 = ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ٣=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ٣= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 = ‫א‬J ٦
 ٪= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 ‫א‬= ‫א‬‫א‬J ٨


Ec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOhmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬EOhm‫א‬F

،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬
 E.C =R × FE × FT
 K‫א‬‫א‬R 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Fe
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FT 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ٦٤٠×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ٠{٣٦×‫א‬‫א‬ZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٣









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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 

 K‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

‫א‬،‫א‬ ٣١٠٠‫א‬ ٢‫א‬٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ٠{٨      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٣  ١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣




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





-٧١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬J ٤
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٣٦‫א‬F‫א‬J ٥
 ٨{٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٩٥‫א‬J ٦
 ٣٥٧٣٨٠٠٧٠٠F‫א‬J ٧
 K٧{٠‫א‬E٣٦٨

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٣٣‫א‬J ٢
 K٥‫א‬،

-٧٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
٣٣٣E٪٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٤٠
‫א‬٣٣٣‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Flame Photometer‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 W‫א‬
 ١٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٧٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K J ‫א‬


 W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

pH‫א‬

pH ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟـ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH،‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬H+‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬

٥‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬pH
‫א‬KpH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pH‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 J W‫א‬J 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬pH J 
pH‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KpHJ J pH
 W‫א‬pH
 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠F١W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٥١٥،‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬K٣
 pH‫א‬F‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pHK٥

 J W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٥٣٥٠‫א‬١٠J ١
 ٣٠،‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥W١‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥W١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬J ٢

-٧٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
 KpH‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K


-٧٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pH‫א‬‫א‬١

pH‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬







-٧٨-
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤١٧F‫א‬،
 K‫א‬–
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤١٠F،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬_‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٦٣F‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤٠٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬J ‫א‬
J E٧F‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٤٠٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤١٦F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٨٥F،‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Adam,K (1996) . Soil Science laboratory manual. Burgess
publishing, N.Y., USA.
Soil Conseruation Service. U.S.D.A , Agricaltare Handbook 
NO : 436

- ٧٨ -
  
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  
 ١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS