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B A S E I S O L A T I O N - AN H I S T O R I C A L DEVELOPMENT,
A N D T H E I N F L U E N C E OF H I G H E R M O D E R E S P O N S E S
D. M. L e e ' a n d I. C.Mediand**
ABSTRACT
PART I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND REVIEW structures , and for large earthquakes
is insufficient to prevent accelerations
1.1 Introduction from building up in the structure that stress
it beyond its elastic limit. At present
In his historical review paper E i b y ^ the earthquake design codes in use through-
pointed out that prior to the 1920's when out the world(3,4) generally specify a
isolated papers by New Zealanders began to minimum allowable elastic strength for a
appear in the Bulletin of the Seismological structure by means of static lateral loads
Society of America, there was little New that vary with the height or period of the
Zealand interest in the problems of seismic structure. This elastic strength is
engineering. However the Murchison earthquake typically much lower than the maximum force
of June 16, 1929, which involved the loss of that would arise in a purely elastic
17 lives, radically altered the then current structure during a moderate earthquake.
view that earthquakes were of scientific When a structure so designed is attacked
interest only. by an earthquake, it behaves elastically
at first but because of its low inherent
In the subsequent early attempts at damping capacity the vibrations build up
earthquake resistant design, structures were until inelastic (or plastic) deformation
designed for strength and rigidity with some occurs. Current design practices allow
success. Because such structures were also the structure to develop plastic hinges at
typically rather squat, they had very low beam ends in order to give increased flex-
periods of vibration and consequently were ibility and energy absorbing capacity.
not severely excited by strong earthquake However such inelastic deformation of the
motions. Thus not only were the structural structure not only causes breakdown of the
components of these structures left largely structural components but causes severe and
umdamaged after an earthquake, but because expensive secondary damage as well. In
of the structure's stiffness there was also many cases the force-limiting inelastic
little internal movement and consequently action of the structural components cannot
little secondary damage. occur until after great secondary damage
(e.g. fracture of partitions, windows,
In more recent times with the advent facings, etc.) has o c c u r r e d ' ^ . Moreover
of taller, and for economic reasons, more the ability of the structure to form the
flexible buildings, structural periods tended number and style of plastic hinges required
to lie in the region of dominant earthquake is by no means guaranteed.
energy. This necessitated considering the
structure as a dynamic system whose internal Thus, most current design rules depend
damping was of paramount importance in on an earthquake resisting mechanism that
limiting its response to earthquake forcing. is both destructive and of uncertain perform-
This internal damping is small for most ance. While structures designed to these
rules generally fulfil the designer's aim
that there be 'no loss of l i f e during the 1
hence care had to be taken to try and determine under what conditions a yielding
determine in advance the type of ground first storey could adequately protect the
motion likely to occur. upper storeys from significant yielding.
Two classes of building were considered:
In 1969 Fintel and Khan * ^ criticised
1 1
stiff (0.5 seconds) and flexible (2.0 seconds),
the practice of designing structures to with the basic parameters considered in the
develop plastic hinges throughout their yielding first storey being its yield force
structural components as an earthquake and bilinear stiffnesses. Their results
energy absorbing mechanism. They proposed indicated that a very low yield force level
a soft storey system whereby the structure and an essentially perfectly plastic yielding
was supported at its base on flexible mechanism were required in the first storey
elastic pads, and then anchored to its to prevent yielding in the superstructure.
foundation with columns specially designed For the flexible structures, the displacements
to yield at their extremities during a developed across the yielding first storey
moderate earthquake. In a moderate earth- were very large. One factor noted by Chopra
quake, therefore, the system would hopefully that had been overlooked by previous workers
behave as a rigid body on a bilinear in the soft storey field, was that the shear
hysteretic foundation, and have all damage wave transmitted into the superstructure by
confined to these specially designed found- the ductile first storey (which may be
ations . The authors examined a single mass limited by the yield force level during its
mounted on a bilinear hysteretic support initial propagation) would be reflected at
subjected to the El Centro (N.S. 1940) the top of the building, and this reflection
ground accelerations and found that when the would tend to cause a doubling of the nett
period of the mass mounted on the unyielded amplitude in a uniform building. Also noted
system, T, was less than 0.8 seconds there by Chopra was the fact that in both the
was a rapid rise in acceleration response as stiff and flexible buildings, the ductility
T decreased and so the method discussed factors (ratio of total displacement to the
was applicable only to structures where the displacement at yield) in storeys immediately
soft first storey was made sufficiently soft. above the first were essentially independent
For T = 0.8 seconds and with a mass having of the yield level of the soft storey, if
10% of critical damping being mounted on a the bilinear slope ratio of the soft storey
bilinear hysteretic support of yield level was 0.1. Thus the maximum shear force
of 0.06 g. and having a ratio of stiffness transmitted into the second storey did not
in the yielded regime to stiffness in the decrease in spite of large reductions in
unyielded regime (the bilinear slope ratio) the first storey yield strength. This
of 0.05, the maximum accelerations of the implied that to ensure elastic behaviour in
mass were less than 30% of the input ground the second storey the forces transmitted
accelerations. The authors found that the from the foundation must be limited. It
single most important parameter of the soft was evident that the large first storey
storey system was the yield force of the drifts operating on the yielded stiffness
bilinear supports, an increase in this of the soft storey still developed large
quantity giving an almost linear increase base shears. To counteract this a bilinear
in transmitted accelerations (for bilinear slope ratio of 0.01 was used in the soft
slope ratios < . 1 ) . It was also pointed storey with the result that the ductility
out that for a perfectly elasto-plastic factors were reduced in all storeys but
system, the maximum force that could be especially in those just above the first.
transmitted into the structure was the yield The ductility factor for the second storey
force of the support. (For the single mass was then strongly affected by a decrease in
model (i.e. rigid structure) considered, yield strength. In conclusion the general
this does imply that the maximum force observation was made that the ductility
experienced by the mass is given by the requirements in the lower storeys depended
yield force of the support, but if a flexible to a large extent on the total force (elastic
structure were to be mounted on the soft and plastic) developed at the structure base,
storey system then this would not necessarily whereas the ductility requirements in the
be the case as internal resonant effects upper storeys (which result from whiplash or
could occur.) wave reflection effects) depended primarily
on the elastic component of the base force.
(12)
Thus the bilinear slope ratio was important
In 1970 Caspe proposed an isolation
in the lower storeys, while the yield force
system in which the structure was mounted on
controlled the behaviour in the upper storeys.
sets of roller bearing assemblies but fixed
The artificially generated earthquakes used
to its foundation by neoprene rubber pads
in the analysis all had the same spectral
and sets of horizontally mounted 'control rods'
basis for generation and so no information
which prevented movement at the structure
on the effect of different categories (shock
base during wind loading. These control
type, regular, periodic, e t c ) of earthquakes
rods, fabricated from mild steel, yield at
on the system described could be obtained from
the onset of strong earthquake motion,
the results. Also no direct comparison of
preventing the transmission of large
this system could be made with those studied
destructive forces into the superstructure.
by the earlier researchers(6,7,9,10,11)
A one degree of freedom (1 d.o.f.) oscillator
because of the different types of soft storey
mounted on this isolation system (giving an
systems investigated and the widely differing
effective 2 d.o.f. system) was excited by
ranges of parameters examined.
the El Centro (N.S., 1940) accelerations and
the influence of different isolation system (14)
parameters on the structure response Wirshing et^al. attempted to illustrate
investigated. the relative effectiveness of different
113) techniques for shielding structures from earth-
Chopra et.al. considered the dynamic quake attack. Five different systems were
response of a series of yielding, eight examined for reducing the vibrations trans-
storey, shear buildings subjected to simulated mitted into a structure from the ground. These
earthquake excitations. Their aim was to were:
222
(i) A viscous damper between the ground and likely to be encountered in an extreme
first floor. form of bilinear hysteretic support.
(ii) A vibration absorber (an auxiliary oscilla >r
designed to move out of phase with the (18)
structure and so limit its motion) on Derham et.al. examined four
the roof of the building. different materials with regard to their
(iii) (i) and (ii) together. use as springs in a 'building mounted on
(iv) An isolator system at the base whereby springs . Natural rubber bearing springs
1
the structure is separated from its gave the 'best' overall performance when
foundation by a horizontally acting compared with steel, polychloroprene and
spring support and viscous damper. The butyl rubber springs in tests on their
spring was elastic plastic with hardening. transmissability, internal damping capacity,
(v) (ii) and (iv) together. creep resistance, resistance to ozone attack
and constancy of modulus with temperature.
Five and ten storey structures of fundamental A five storey test building mounted on
period 0.5 and 1.0 seconds respectively were laminated steel and rubber bearings (for
excited by a range of artificial earthquakes greater vertical stiffness) and subjected
with set spectral density characteristics to earthquake motions, had a maximum floor
and having the same average intensity as acceleration of 0.1 g. as compared to the
the El Centro (N.S. 1940) earthquake. The value of 1.0 g. for the same building when
effectiveness of the five systems in reducing unisolated. Also the isolated building
the vibrations transmitted into the structure did not tend to amplify accelerations in
were, in order of decreasing effectiveness, the upper storeys as did the unisolated
(iv) , (v) , (iii) , (ii) , (i) . It was concluded building. A later paper by W a l l e r d )
9
that only the isolator system could give underlined the results of Derham's work and
sufficient protection to prevent a structure the desirability of shifting the natural
from deforming into the plastic range during period of a building above the region of
an El Centro type earthquake. Addition of dominant energy of most earthquakes.
the absorber to the roof with an isolator Delfosse(2C0 performed experimental tests
system already employed could have a detri- and analyses on models of a twenty storey
mental effect because of the system having a structure forced by the N21°E component of
pseudo period, when yielded, that was greater the Taft, California earthquake of 1952,
than that of the absorber itself. Only one both with and without a so-called GAPEC
set of mechanism parameters was used to SYSTEM (G.S.). This system, which consists
investigate each of the protection mechanisms of mounting the structure at base level on
but it was considered that the order of horizontally flexible, vertically rigid,
preference would not be altered even with laminated rubber pads having nonlinear but
extensive parameter variation. elastic stiffness characteristics, reduced
the maximum shears and overturning moments
(15) in the structure by a factor of from five
Williams in a "state of the art' to eight. The natural periods of the two
paper summarised the problems posed by models considered were increased from 0.86
earthquakes and their effects on structures. seconds and 1.15 seconds without the G.S.
He considered the isolation system proposed to 3.1 seconds and 5.0 seconds with the
by Fintel and K h a n ( H ) to be of uncertain G.S. Delfosse proposed the use of wind
stability under heavy earthquake loading and stabilisers inserted at the same level as
proposed instead an isolation method whereby the isolator pads to fix the building
the structure was mounted on slip pads so against ordinary wind loads. These
that the force transmitted to the structure stabilisers were automatically disconnected
was absolutely controlled. He also suggested from the structure when the base shear
the use of restoring springs to limit the slip exceeds a maximum design load and are
of such a system. Husid and Sanchez(16) reconnected to the structure after an earth-
investigated the effect of viscous damping, an quake. The form of these 'stabilisers' was
elastoplastic support mechanism and a bilinear not revealed nor was it stated how they
hysteretic support mechanism in reducing were 'automatically disconnected' or for
inter-storey displacements. Their rather that matter, reconnected.
few results were similar to those obtained (21)
by W i r s c h i n g ( I ) . A rather bulky bilinear
4
best protection from earthquake motions showing that if a Base Isolated Structure
while Waller(l^) demonstrated that laminated yielded during an earthquake, then the
natural rubber mounts were the most suitable ductility demands were very much less than
for use in supporting a structure for earth- if the structure had been unisolated.
quake isolation. Accordingly in 1975, in
Nuclear power plants are a special
an attempt to combine the best features of
class of structure where a very high
different earthquake protection mechanisms.
resistance to earthquake attack is desired.
Skinner et.al.(22) proposed a technique
Not only must the structure proper resist
called 'Base Isolation' where the structure
earthquakes but the individual components
was supported completely on flexible laminated
of the plant, many of which are inaccessible
rubber pads at the foundation-structure
to standard damping methods (e.g. fuel rods,
base interface but anchored to its foundation
coolant pipes), must not suffer deterioration
by a new type of hysteretic damper(23,24)
during an earthquake and prevent a safe
developed by the Physics and Engineering
shutdown. Skinner and McVerry(27) d
Laboratory of the D.S.I.R. an
(29)
Priestley, Crosbie and Carr is taken as 1/6.
performed dynamic analyses on four, eight
and twelve storey cantilever shear structures The Base Isolation System illustrated
supported on a B.I. system and found that in Figure 1(a) can be mathematically
the behaviour of such structures to the El defined as a single bilinear hysteretic
Centro earthquake was more complex, due to support with the horizontal force displace-
the significance of higher mode effects, ment characteristics shown in Figure 1 ( b ) .
than had been previously believed on the basis The stiffness effects of the laminated
of simple single degree of freedom models rubber pads and hysteretic dampers are
(22,26). The influence of some different agglomerated into one unit such that,
types of B.I. systems, on the dynamic response
to the El Centro motions, was also discussed k^ = the elastic stiffness of the isolation
and tentative design rules proposed for use system before yield,
with Base Isolated structures. Lee and
Medland(30) considered the effect of different ^2 ~ the elastic stiffness of the isolation
types of earthquakes on a range of Base system after yield,
Isolated multi-storey shear structures and
proposed a set of design curves for estimating Q = the static force required on the
the maximum shear and the distribution of isolation system to cause initial yield,
this maximum shear up the structure, when
the structure was excited by an earthquake and in this work the parameters used are
of known Housner Spectral Intensity (H.S.I.). ki = 5.0 W m " , k = 1.0 W irT and Q =
1
2
1
The results showed that higher mode effects 0.05 W m~i where W is the total weight of
were in fact significant (as indicated by the structure above the isolation system
Priestley et a l < ) ) and that the H.S.I,
2 9
(i.e. N . M g ) .
gave a very good description of the ability
of an earthquake to excite shears in a Base The dynamic properties of the
Isolated structure. structure proper (i.e. above the isolation
system) are defined by reference to the
Kelly et.al. performed an analytical fundamental period of the structure when
and experimental investigation of a 20 ton, unisolated, l (ui) ' ^ the number of
T a n c
near to 5% of its elastic stiffness and a order to allow some understanding of the
yield force of from 5% to 10% of the struct- way in which the period characteristics of
ure s weight should be optimal.
1
a structure change following yielding of
the isolation system, the pseudo period of
PART 2 ANALYSIS OF BASE ISOLATED MULTI-STOREY 'mode' i of an isolated-yielded structure
STRUCTURES i ( I Y ) ' is calculated using the structure
T
occurs at the structure base. comprising the actual shear envelope may
not have all occurred at the same time (a
Now in order to be able to describe problem noted by C l o u g h ( 3 4 ) ) one has the
the effect of increasing higher mode dominance problem of deciding whether to arithmetically
on the shear distributions of earthquake add the shear mode shapes (which assumes
excited structures it is necessary to have a that the maximum shear forces occurred at
standard set of shear distributions, using the same time) or to add the absolute
which the sizes of shears in the upper values of the shear mode shapes (which
storeys relative to that at the base can assumes that the maximum shears occur at
be quantified. Examples of such a set of different times) in performing the least
standard shear distributions for a six squares fit. From the dynamic analyses
storey structure are given in Figure 2 . it was noted that the maximum shear forces
The Bulge Defining Parameter', B , used
1
D
sometimes occurred almost simultaneously
to define these shear distributions (as over the entire structure while at other
outlined in the Appendix) describes the times these maxima occurred at different
'bulge' of the resultant distributions times and were of different signs. In
away from the linear distribution of shear this investigation therefore both approaches,
case (of B Q = 0 . 0 ) . The dynamic solution arithmetic and absolute value addition,
routine determines the actual (normalised) were used and the results summarised in
shear distributions for the N-storey Figure 4 where the quantity Rj_ denotes the
structure subjected to the given earthquake ratio of second ( i = 2 ) and third (i=3) shear
and then takes increasing values of Bp until mode amplitude to the fundamental shear
the standard distribution so defined is just mode amplitude for the best least squares
an overfit at all N storeys of the structure. fit of the first three modes to the actual
This value of B for minimum overfit is
D
shear envelopes. Parts (a) and (b) of
taken as being representative of the 'bulge' both 1 and 2 in Figure 4 are sufficiently
of the actual shear distribution of the similar in character to allow general
structure. It is worthy of note that the conclusions to be drawn regarding the
commonly used technique of defining the relative importance of higher modes in
shear distribution of a structure by means isolated and unisolated structures.
of an inverted triangle of loads has an
overfit standard shear distribution with a A comparison of Figure 4 (a-1) and
Bulge Defining Parameter of B^ = 0 . 3 . (b-1) to (b-2) shows that higher mode
contributions are indeed generally greater
2.2 Higher Mode Effects for isolated structures than for unisolated
structures and that the peak values of
The B . I . system achieves its objective second and third mode contributions occur
in two ways. It shifts the fundamental at lower values of TJ^JJJ) for isolated
period of the structure out of the region structures than is the case for unisolated
of dominant earthquake energy and increases structures. Using the standard shear
the structure's damping capacity. Figure 3 distributions (as in Figure 2 ) , the effect
depicts how the first two natural periods of of this increasing higher mode dominance
a base isolated structure (with the B.I. on the shears in the upper floors of the
system both unyielded and yielded) change structure, relative to that at the base,
as T X ( U J ) changes. It can readily be seen can be quantified.
that base isolation causes a wide separation
of first and second mode periods, especially Figure 5 shows how B varies when
D
a yielded isolation system. This period shear mode shapes (without regard to sign)
separation is enhanced for structures of are added to the first shear mode shapes
low T]_(ui)" F o
locations close to the centre
r
for both isolated and unisolated structures
of a shocK, where seismic effects are likely at T]_(UJJ equal to 0 . 3 , 0 . 6 and 0 . 9 seconds.
to be largest, the dominant earthquake For the isolated structures the isolated-
generated motions generally have periods of unyielded shear mode shapes were used.
less than one second, and by increasing the Now from Figure 5. it can be seen that as
fundamental period of the structure via T
1 ( U I ) increases, the bulge (and hence B ) D
base isolation to a value greater than 1 . 0 of the first mode shear response shape
seconds, it is hoped to avoid the large (i.e. Bp at R = 0 ) increases significantly
2
seismic generated forces which would other- for isolated but not for unisolated
wide arise. The higher mode periods of a structures. Also with isolated structure,
structure however are only slightly increased as higher mode contributions increase
with base isolation, so moving them into the relative to the fundamental mode (i.e. R 2
region of dominant earthquake energy, with increases), the variation in B with Tx(ui)
D
the possibility of higher mode effects becoming decreases although B Dstill increases with
more significant than in the corresponding R 2 for each T ^ u j j . For unisolated
unisolated structure. structures the value of Bp also increases
with R but less rapidly than for isolated
2
base isolation has the greatest effect how- It can be seen from Figure 8 that while
ever. With unisolated structures, the the inverted triangle of loads technique of
contribution of the second mode at the distributing structure shears (having a Bp
structure base is almost the maximum value of 0.3) gives approximately correct shear
for that mode and, moreover, increases distributions for unisolated structures of
with T^(uj\ whereas with isolated structures T
1 ( U I ) ^ 1•2 seconds, it is non-conservative
the contribution of the second mode at the for isolated structures of T]_(yjj > 0.4
base is very much less than the maximum seconds. Thus while Base Isolation
value for that mode and decreases as (ui) dramatically reduces the maximum response
increases. (The third shear mode shapes in a structure it does not always reduce
for both isolated and unisolated structures the shears in the upper levels of the
behave in a similar fashion to their structure by the same amount.
respective second shear mode shapes.) Thus
as higher mode effects start to become It can be seen from Figures 7 and 8
significant in isolated structures, B D that Base Isolation is of most benefit to
for the resulting structure shear distri- stiff structures (T^(ui) < 0.4 seconds) as
bution should increase rapidly from near not only is the maximum shear, S, reduced
zero (for the pure first mode response) from a very high value but also the
because significant shear contributions distribution of this lowered shear is made
from the higher mode responses occur mainly more triangular (i.e. B is decreased).
D
in the middle and upper storeys. In
unisolated structures, however, second mode 2.3 The Response of Appendages
effects are significant at the structure
base and so tend to prevent resultant It was noted in Section 1.4 that .
shear envelopes from changing greatly previous workers, Skinner et.al. (27,28;
from the first mode shear shapes which have had found that base isolation reduced the
B of the order of 0.3.
D
accelerations suffered by an appendage of
period T mounted on a one degree of freedom
The dramatic effect of B.I. in (1 d.o.f.) oscillator, also of period T.
reducing the transmission of earthquake
motions into a structure can be seen in Here the effect of B.I. in reducing
Figure 7 where the maximum non-dimensionalised the accelerations of a wide range of different
load, S (= Maximum shear in the structure/ period appendages located in the ground,
Weight of structure), that arises in an middle and top floors of a set of structures
elastic structure subjected to the El Centro is investigated. Figure 9 depicts the
accelerations, is reduced by a factor of maximum absolute accelerations of 3% viscous
up to 7.8. damped appendages of periods ranging from
0.05 to 4.0 seconds mounted on the top
Equally as dramatic as the reduction floor of isolated and unisolated structures
in S is the constancy of S with T]. (ui) f ° r
of T^(ui) =
0.6 seconds. The level of
isolated structures, a result that is by no 3% of critical viscous damping was chosen
means true for unisolated structures. This as appendages are in general only lightly
is due to the fundamental 'mode' period of damped.
the isolated-yielded structure being
increased to approximately 2 seconds It can be seen in Figure 9 that Base
regardless of T ^ ( y j ) . The El Centro Isolation greatly reduces the maximum
acceleration response spectrum is rather accelerations of appendages located at the
flat in this period region and so changes top of multi-storey structures. It was
in T^{JY) will have little effect on the also found that for isolated structures of
magnitude of the first mode response. The T
1(UI) >
seconds,the peak response of
second mode responses, as shown in Figure a set of appendages mounted on the top or
4, change markedly with i { u j \ but because
T
ground floor always occurred for an
the second shear mode shapes nave little appendage whose period of vibration coincided
contribution at the structure base (where with the second 'mode of vibration of the
1
Because of the effect of base isolation increase in the fundamental period of the
in shifting the fundamental period of a structure proper, or a decrease in the
structure out of the region of dominant, horizontal stiffness of the isolation system,
earthquake energy, it is not unexpected that or both, serve to increase the second mode
the acceleration response of appendages near period of an isolated structure which
the pseudo second mode period of an isolated generally increases the changes of having
structure should be greater than those for larger amplitude second mode vibrations
appendages of periods near the pseudo and hence the chance of second mode
fundamental period. (A similar effect was dominated structure responses. This
noted for appendages on unisolated structures increasing significance of second mode
of Ti(ui) > 1.2 seconds). effects means that not only can the 'bulges'
of shear distributions be increased
Figure 11 depicts the 'peak' maximum following base isolation but also that the
absolute accelerations of the 3% damped peak responses of appendages on isolated
appendages located on the ground, middle structures will typically occur for 'second
and top floors of isolated structures. mode resonant' appendages.
These 'peak' accelerations are the maximum
values of curves (isolated and unisolated) It can therefore be seen that Base
like those of Figure 9 but for structures Isolation is of most benefit to structures
of different T^(UJ) and for the ground and of low T-J^J-JJ) where second mode periods
middle, as well as the top floors. The are sufficiently low so as to not cause an
tendency of appendages on isolated structures increase in second mode significance following
to have greater peak accelerations when isolation.
located at the top or ground floors rather
than on the middle flooi is immediately APPENDIX
apparent, as is the overall tendency for
appendages on isolated structures to have To evaluate a standard shear distribution
responses of the order of those for similar having a given bulge defining parameter Bp one
oscillators located directly on the ground. first takes
Even with the effect of the higher modes and the normalised shear distribution which
dominating the accelerations of appendages results from this' force distribution is,
on isolated structures, base isolation still
has a very beneficial effect in lowering the
level of appendage responses.
CONCLUSIONS
< N i f N
The Base Isolation System is a very
/ I i > k
practical, convenient, easily installed,
maintenance free, highly reliable means of s e
i / j = k + l
se. =
X
1.0 i < k
(A-3)
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1(a) A N N S T O R E Y , L U M P E D P A R A M E T E R , B A S E I S O L A T E D ,
S H E A R S T R U C T U R E W I T H I S O L A T I O N S Y S T E M C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S A S IN (b)
Column No.
i
6 +
'Modal 2.8
Period'
MlY)
(sec)
2.4
5
\WW 2.0;
'l(IUY)
0.0 .2 .3 .4 .5
4 «»
\ WW 1.6
T
Mui)
3 1.2
0.8 • '2(IY) *
2 - — : t
2(IUY)"
0.4 T
2(UI)
•4-
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I/O -+- -f-
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Shear Force in Col. i T i ( U I ) (sec)
Shear Force in Col. 1
Unisol. Unisol.
Structs.
0.3 -- 0.3 - Structs.
i=2
0.2 .. : \i=2 0.2 --
0.1 - i=3 s
(a-1) Arithmetical addition of mode shapes. (b-1) Absolute value addition of mode shapes.
R. Isol. Isol.
Structs.
R
i
Structs.
0.3" 0.3 --
i=2 I
I \
\
I
•
0.2- 0.2 -
0.1 0.1 --
(a-2) Arithmetical addition of mode shapes (b-2) Absolute value addition of mode shapes.
F I G U R E 4: R E L A T I V E A M P L I T U D E , R j , OF S H E A R M O D E i T O T H E FUNDAMENTAL
S H E A R M O D E F O R T H E L E A S T S Q U A R E S FIT O F T H E F I R S T T H R E E
S H E A R M O D E S OF V I B R A T I O N T O THE A C T U A L S H E A R DISTRIBUTION
UP THE STRUCTURE
0.1 0.2 0.3 0,4
DISTRIBUTIONS F O R M E D BY A D D I N G A FRACTION, R 2
O F T H E M A G N I T U D E OF T H E S E C O N D S H E A R M O D E
S H A P E , T O T H A T OF T H E FIRST
0.9 .
0.8 . / \
A /
0.6 • 0.6
/ V
0.5 • k Unisolated
v
0.4
0.3
0.2
Isolated
0.1
L——f—- -4 j—j _ _ 4 _ + . — _ ^ _ _ 4 _ _ 4 _ .
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
T l ( U I ) (sec)
T
l(UI) ( s e c )
U N I S O L A T E D O F T- / I m = 0.1 x N SEC.
233
I
5
1 Unisol.
4 +
Isol.
Appendage P e r i o d (sec)
Floor
No. Peak x Ground F l o o r
App. • Middle Floor
Acc./
+ Top F l o o r
g
— Unisolated
7
Isolated
4
-1.0 0.0 1.0 _ l 0 0 0
-4- - h - -4-
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
T
l(UI) ( s e c
>
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-4- -4- —H
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
. V( s e c ) 0.5 1.0
'l(UI)
FIGURE 12: PEAK AND 1ST M O D E RESONANT F.j(= H o r i z . Force/Max. H o r i z . Force)
M A X I M U M ACCELERATIONS OF 3% D A M P E D
FIGURE A-1: DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL LOADING
APPENDAGES LOCATED ON ISOLATED
FOR THE STANDARD SHEAR DISTRIBUTIONS
STRUCTURES