a TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS MODERN PERSIAN John Maceet ie Fhe impression ES opel 1968, OL ISPS 0 940 05807 2 Pret nt rin Ta en rag Pa, ime PREFACE Penstaw is an Indo-European language, that is it is related. to the tongues spoken in Western Europe, As a result of the spread of Islam after the death of the Prophet, many Arabic words were introduced into Persian, which came to be written with the Arabic alphabet ; yet in its grammatical structure and its asic vocabulary Persian remains Indo- European, hence quite unlike Arat Persian is therefore an easy language for us to learn to speak ; at first the writing and reading of it seem difficult, but with the right approach we can learn even this quickly. ‘This book attempts to teach the basis of the reading and writing, with the minimum of grammar, in the first dozen lessons ; thereafter the grammar and idiom of the language can be explored more fully. A transliteration in Roman ‘characters is given for the first few appearances of every ‘word, phrase or sentence, but you should try as soon as you. ccan to pick out the words direct from the Persian script, reading them several times over to accustom your eye to the forms. Plenty of practice is given in this, in the early lessons of the book. ‘The book is in three main parts— Alphabet, Grammar, and Vocabulary-building, and in addition it has a Key to the exercises, an Index, and vocabulasies each way. The book is called Teach Yourself Modern Persian ; this is important. Arabic forms of speech and orthography do appear in everyday Persian talking and writing, and where they. do we have mentioned them ; but there isno more need“ PRErack for the student of Modern Persian to learn Arabic than ‘here is for the person learning, say, French to know Latin first. Ido not speak, understand, read, or write Arabic beyond the half-dozen or so examples of it which appear in this book. ‘You ought to enjoy learning Persian—Tran isa fascinating ‘country, unique in her long history of civilisation and art. Iran is\ being re-discovered by thousands of English: speaking people—British and American—and it is their need to understand and be understood among this friendly. and hospitable people that has prompted the writing of this ook I should lke to take this opportunity of thanking Professor Savory, of the University of Toronto, and Mr. Leonard Cutts, the Editor-in-Chief, for their many Dietpful suggestions on the text Tam also indebted to Messrs. Bruno Cassirer, of Oxford, for their kind permission to reproduce the miniatures on pp. 98 and 117, and to the Trustees of the British Museum for allowing me to reproduce drawings of the archacological fragments on pp. 89, 79, and 201. JOHN MACE. Nore: Ivan is the countey ; Iranian the nationality: Persian tus pational language, orginally the tongue of Fars ia the south ‘of Tran. in Eagish Porsia tweed to men Tram, but tia iy teallye rDummy at Dt feck bee 1 Lt Aine pt Beto Lt ah, thd, f. Glottal Stop. ft gh. Nombers 1-10 2 Arabic letters, s,s, and k. Persian sh 1 Parr Two.—Grammar : 13. 130. 4 1 6, 163, v7. 7 8, 3a, Personal Pronouns. Past Teme | |)! Textmss Negatives. Definite Direct Object. Object Pronouns Questions. Positive and Nogative Answers. Text Plurals. Pronunciation. These, Thote : ‘Text. Present of fo be. Past and Present of io have Indefinite Sutix, Hamed Poste eee Eesje: Revision ft : Prosent Tense. Pronunciation, Sufix be. Text | Prepositions we eo Prebix nfo. Verbs in bh, Text (al) dead Verbs in ~f- and -d-. Verbs in adam, Expreaions | Numbers 1-10, Cardinal and Ordinal ss 105,vit Contexts 1b. 'Subjonctive, Imperative, Pronoun Suffixes + roa, Questions, Indirect Speech. Verbs in -stan. Text « 20, Canand want fo : Zea. To ash. Verbs in «dan, Compound Verbs, Text» 21 Comparton of Adjectives and Adverbs, Numbers Tego, Cardinal and Ordinal = ata, Relative: Verbs inf. Expressions, Polite Speech, Textwib see : 22, Compound Verbs, Subjunctive of te. Relative ing translated, Imperfect, Present Particple, Verba Th voden ° 23, Relative, Poite Specch, Text 01/1 42 Sa ale + 25a, Perfect Tenses. Verbs followed by the Subjunctve, Cehunetioes and Beepontions” , 24. Mod. Past Participe. Aus and may. Colla ‘Pronunciation, " ‘4a. Conjunctions followed by the Subjunctive, Passive, limbers over 29, Cardinal end Ordinal, Text— oye ee rn 25. Short and Long Infintives, Impersos ‘Future Tense. “Thou. Colloqut Verbs in deh, Test Paper-Nerba nes Pane Trner.—Words woe 26. Wordbuilding, Sufixes. Colloguial Prom 26a, Wordbuilding, Causative Verbs. Time, Calendar, a7. Wordbuillding, Seffixes. Arabic Adverbs. Com (found Nouns and Adjectives. hays, al Time Kiabie Plurals. Wetting of Short Vowels « Key to Exercises oe Dot Vocabularies: Persian-English : English-Persian Ss Index woes : ne 5 18 134 139 ast 155 163 ay 197 PART ON] Alphabet ie)LESSON 1 Persian is written with the Arabic alphabet, slightly modified. We write Persian in the opposite disection to English, that is, not from left to right but from right to left. Persian books begin at what to us would be the back of the book. The Persian 4, long a, is a long open sound, hallway: between the @ in bar, calm, dark, and the @ in wall, tale, ball. It is an a with a touch of o in it. At the beginning of a word it is written T with the long sign over it In the middle or at the end of a word itis written without ‘the Tong sign t vibe ‘The Persian b is pronounced exactly as is b in English, When it begins a word, it is written (to the < left) and is joined from there to the next letter, thas: (opt) & 24 = with Remember that the line of writing starts here —9, fon the extreme rigit of the page. ‘The @ ! must be struck upwards immediately from the 1 6 thus You & uk yy Geegin here) ‘meaning “ with " in Persian,4 MopERN PERSIAN Practise a whole line of it: we ee ee ee kw YY 4, oF V alef as itis called, does not join to its let on to the letter following it ; in this itis irregular. If we wish to waite db, therefore, which means “water ", we write the initial long 4 and the bw separately, A separate bw has a longer and fuller form than the joined ; 6, which is about one-third of the length. Practise (com here) TT T_T watery tT Try Ty (with water) ba db Ty Like G 6, the Persian has a short form used at the beginning of in the middle of a word, i, and a full form & (deeper, rounder than the flat ~ 2), used at the end of a word. ‘A few more words: (from here) St TF TT (thatpan oT 8 DU Gu (bread) mdm ot (You wil recall that the initial long alé/is always written with the long sign over it, thus, and that it cannot be joined to the letter following it. ‘This is why, in the last two words, the final 9» appears separate, and in the first word the alef bas its long sign.) More practice. Follow the arrows: (rom here) thatde ToT TTT Tat ye ward TTT ot Tate Lessox Oxe 5 Now a whole phrase ATy Tole iwith that water) Tot y A useful word at this stage is . {a builder) pannd & because it shows us that the short forms of» and m are identical except for the position of the dot, and also it shows us that short vowels (this ise Hk the ain hat nat, cat in English) are not written. We only write long vowels in Persian. wake dong Practise : (Grom here) ——> abuilderQand) & & & b & & & & ‘You must be careful to pronounce double letters as in Talian, 50: ty band (the mn is held before being released). Pronounce as you write, holding the wn and stressing the -d at the end: That builder dn dannd ly of Vocasutary that ot a ular Us anna wie Dread tnd won father, "Daddy UW, baba Exercises I. Write, pronouncing as you write: eel bet om oe Te wort aot Se S TT TTT ay a We Uk Ue Wy ata Uy ob be & Bannd by 28 8b Bu OU nde ab6 Mopery PERstax IT, Translate and write out a line of each of these, pro- nouncing as you write (a) that bread, (B) that water, (@) that builder, (@) with bread, (¢) with water, IIT., Read your Persian for Ex. II aloud, TV. Read aloud (without translating) a6 oT y TT (there is no word for" the" TT yy oT Persian) & 4 ob oT V. Translate Ex. IV into English, LESSON 2 Persian s has a long and a short form, used in the same way as the long and short B and and s with three dots over it gives us sh hog Practise ee te Ht fast eee? goas “stew with bread "230 YT Ou GUT s+ looks like one letter: itis two, ‘The nedot tells us that: (288) S00 Se oe ee ‘The short vowel ¢ is of course not written, Lessox Two 2 Practise ash TOT (short vowel @ not written) “enough” bas uot cre The double ~ of s and sh are tedious to write, so most Persian people leave out the “teeth”, as they are called, and write for # not - and y- but ~ and |. This is a long siveeping letter, quite easy to make and easy to read. Practise writing, pronouncing as you go : ash aT Tt ot (the 8 there: look carefully) bas oy “Se The syllable 4 -esh forms a very valuable suftx, meaning his, her, or its; itis added to nouns ending in a consonant, We have already had the nouns (read them aloud) : eT So Which all end in consonants. Thus we make of them (his, her, oF its bread) manesh si (nn me water) ech at Cm ny stew) dishes 3T Con ae age) sennesh Similarly, the suffix SL -eshan gives us the poseessive Jeir: i€ is also added to nouns ending in a consonane Read, copy, and pronounce: SUSE (their bread) néneshin SLs ‘Do a whole line of this word, pronouncing as you write Olu SSE ost olay cue8 MopeRw PERSIAN Now mor. words: (meaning 2) dbeshin eT DLA get the dots right ot (their stew) dsheshén oT ol (their age) senneshan OL a) Make your #'s and sh's long sweeps : seeT ou oT ol Vocaurary infer (ite (uta) 2 oF v2 es (hele ean) SUS OF SUE “oh stow or 3th ough os oF rns bat — 1. wate, prong ar you wee eet tt bt ete ot es ew HV ® Sn er ack” FBG aT gt tT ash Te) 11 Trandate and wit, pronouncing a8 you wte! Cyndie brn) sow ts bread Ques IH, ead sed your Pnian for Bx 1 TY, Reed doe (ithoat tenating aise aot at at Tot Te} ee eT ty oT se kT @ \V. Translate Ex. IV into English. Lesson Tunez ° LESSON 3 ‘m in Persian has two forms, a short and a full one ong ¢ cp pop gt Shortm es = we Asin the case of o 8, Sm, and ssh y- the shortened form is used when a letter follows the m », the long form when m ¢ is the final letter of the word. Practise short mm: Le LL LL Mwot me & Don't make a long sweep between the m» and the dl, or will be read as an # (C-m-s-d). Keep the joining short in Persian. Again, saying it as you write: ELLE LE LLL ms ne EL “you” shomd (written anti-clockwise) ‘You will notice two things about m ~ in the middle of a word: (© Itis written anti-clockwise 6 @) We approach the m from the fop: EL. Get into ‘the habit of writing the bead of the » or ¢ in this fashio do not write it clockwise, as certain other letters, which we shall deal with later, ate always written clockwise, and confusion will arise if you do not write m carefully and correctly. Now write shomd with a sweeping sh: \ (the short o is unwritten) EOE ‘Now write the word for “ oe ee Mmm y “ Twith you”. bbe bbe bbe10 MODERN PERSIAN Now long, nal m: fe fle pe (inner) sham lt “ dinner with stew "! ATURE Tee Tye co Ge Ge Gu (name) nam gt A very useful sui is am p= (ehort a unwritten), meaning " my": (as the + is anti-clockwise, gf dbvem the is tumed round “) (my water) Practise: IE Mesh oT aban 2A (oeaning?) ndnam “pu AT pT eT (my stew) dsham Sust as (2~ Thissher/its” became ol fram “my becomes plural Stem seman bemin SU) bam gl Practise: QUE UE “our bread” nénomén alev fo fo my dee oman § Remémbel to fold on to the double ete: So-nam, D. Persian d has’only one form left ie. to the letter following it. In af. is not joined to the respect itis Uke oa Practise it, Make the hook fairly sharp, and the whole letter resting on the line of writing : (from here) Lesson Taree ety AT AT (short a not written) “he came” dmad T° 4 4 (meaning “bad” in English) bad 4 1 (2 (@like 0 in foot) " tail” dom ¢s ete its tall” domesh ts Vocapurany wes aes De came 4 dmad you shomd sy (sls) ¢ sam Time ge man fr (six) leon dad as tad fame el mm fall ¢> dom ‘ine p> ahd ExERcises I, Write, pronouncing as you write: Ty ate aly at at a (@) Be oe ee eo eS pe Be Hk ee 4 @® HL, Translate and write out, pronouncing as you writ (@) its tai, @ her mame. (@) our dinner. (é) their Dread. (¢) my dinner. (f) our water. IIL, Read aloud your Persian for Ex. 11, IV, Read aloud (without translating) : ATT ST Gy ATT oT yy (@) Oe oe a wut out at at at at TE set ote et Bee a @ ‘ see Se “ee ee @ V. Translite into English Ex. IV.2 ‘MopERN PERstan LESSON 4 ‘The long or ce sound heard in bean, lean, is written in Persian : tshort (Le. not at the end of a word) ¢ long (ie. at the end of a word) ‘There is a rule which forbids the letter ; f or ee to begin a word in writing: therefore if a word begins with the sound c¢ the letter 4 is introduced, preceded by | alef. This | alef is mute. It serves merely as a“ prop”, to announce that the word is beginning with a vowel ‘That is why, when ale/ is actually sounded, 4, at the ‘beginning of a word we take care to mark it long: T. This. tells us that the alsf is not merely an introducing letter for another vowel, but a long vowel in its own right. Compare : fh Stn Tat where the 4 T is sounded, with cal this" fl where the f or ¢¢ is the actual vowel sounded, the alef being a mere dummy, an orthographic convention. Practise, saying it as you write it: TTT TTT gt gl oh ol oe Do not confuse ¢ ce with : 2, H has one dot beneath it, ee has two. Note that the long form of e¢ has no dots at all, 41 ¢e is also used for the sound of the English consonant 34 a8 in year, yoke, you, and your. When is nsed in this Lesson Four 18 ‘manner, as a consonant, it needs no alef to introduce it at the beginning of a word: it is only the vocalie 4 which rust be so introduced. Practise: wk & LLL “ort yt ‘Look now at the Persian word for "he comes, mf-dyad: he dy dm (reading from the m loftwards) ‘The - m we know from the last lesson. The first » is ee. ‘The alef in the middle of the word is 4, a long open sound halfway between the a in bar, calm, dark and the @ in walk, talk, bal ‘The second : is a consonant, y. After it is pronounced a short a, not written, and lastly ad. Similarly: ¢l+ mfdyam “" T come”, Practise “the builder came (vo 2) aT and " the builder comes" (ona) alee “The letter ; & gives us a useful preposition-prefix. It means “to”. Practise : LE to you” Besshomd A" tome” Beeman Xe to us bem ep“ to the builder” be-bannd“ Mover PERStAN When the 1 be-prefix is attached to a word beginning with long alef, the resulting combination is still read as ‘two syllables. Pronounce : AL bestd (two syllables) = to the water Write: Tah rH ath When they 20 is free to a word beginning. with svoter vowel node by a Srhny ffm word ie ffm fr exarps) the wit ght onto the a fathe whole word ead with Be a6 quite a ine ost Pronounce i ‘ele (wo sabe) = to tie Vocanvtany aise roar ¢/she/it comes ule mi-dyad . ™ Practise: AT abo ab HO Tak Tay Exercises 1. Write, pronouncing as you write: Tat aT aT @) ae ake ake @ fee peo @ able abl @ cee IL, Translate and write, pronouncing as you write : (@) Lam coming (= Teome). (8) he is coming TIL. Read aloud your Persian for Ex. 1. Lrssow Five 8 IV, Read, without translating : ce doh eto @) Tost Tok @ Tot Tae © teat weal © V. Translate Ex. IV. LESSON 5 Persian r is written 3. In writing it is similar to | alef land » d because it is not joined to the letter following it. It is pronounced with a strong roll of the tongue, like a Scots r. Practise, following the arrow: 2993 9 9 9 4 5 3 5 own) Yo Vocapurary (1) 000 5. uy Tbave pts déram Qin” head tar ‘cold 37~ sand (adjective) Hranian, Perino! rant fas babas 209 dérad Brno, Persia Ste Alef at the beginning of a word is written : (a) T to signity 4, long a. (@) | as a mute letter introducing any vowel. ‘You will remember how ia the word ci! fm, the alef was ‘a pure orthographic convention. In the same way the word se asb or asp “a horse” begins with an unwritten short vowel a. The alef is there to iitroduce this initial vowel. Do not read the alef itself ‘a5 a—the a is not written, but introduced by the dummy Valef.16 Moveny Penstax Practise: St horse ad Gt ‘This man has aor fnimard ad dérad ob ool ap od (the enn is usally last word in a Pesan sentence) ‘That man i coming on horeback ("wih a howe: Gn mard BE ab midjad ie el oe ets © 7 iy written exaety ike 1 in al respects exc {hat thas wo dots above the eer instead of one below he ‘The short and Tong form are sed Just as you have lero to we long and short forme mee worth i Practise Pot ete ee ott gad Vocasurany ‘ssa, unt ut Ie/ohe/i ie ot, fant tt Practise : aot sel horse t v 7G until 1a, he/she/it in ot ast This tsa hore fash ast oh 4 gh ‘That isn’t a horse : “ ash nist ong ot oh (the verb comes last) Lesson Five, 7 ina, ‘The prefix + na- (short a not written), joined to ‘a verb beginning with a consonant, makes the verb Siem i oot see wipe cm cen anal eae ote at tea ee ef oped ee Bo gnc uy farthe mat seta ou oe an e's che ad to dy y sing ak Maa prioe le the het ta’ yo ow he moe heetae Ek we et 1h wet ont des dnt" ant of es PE hs coy | tadaaemxant of oman our Exenctses 1, Write, pronouncing : gol col oe man arb dévram cals ol & (a) clos man asb didam paso! 0) 8 SiN GN in ash tntnt fst og SU I (918 MopeRN Pensiay Aap dm dar ast <4 9 oT 15, OU cal fond bad ast oot 4 3E gel (@) fe apollo fe ep ELV) ‘man bd shomd td dam -é dar midyam ela Tab card ast eh a oT Og) TI, Translate, and write, pronouncing as you write : (@) My dinner is cold, (6) This bread is bad. (c) That ‘man isn’t Iranian, (d) There is no water (= water isn't). IIT, Translate into English Ex. 1. IV. Read aloud your Persian for Ex. I. LESSON 6 4 The Persian letter 4 has two values: (a) long vowel: 5 @ like oo in boot. 6 like o in pole, but a pure vowel. () consonant: 4 vas in every. When 4 is a long vowel @ or 6 and begins a word, of ‘course it must be introduced with a dummy | alef. When @ consonant it can be written as first letter of a word, There is one exception to this general rule: the word 5 “and” is pronounced either va or 4, and is always spelt without alef. Of the two pronunciations va is far more ‘common than 6, 4, 6, v is not joined to the letter following it. Tt has no short form, Practise (orn here) Lesson Six 19 Distinguish between 47, 2d, and » A. Practise: Vocanutany arate Tt pe fda face 53rd fey rona a9 mdavad behest fiend oopoaaie '5 g Persian ch is pronounced like our ch in church, Tt thas a jong and a short form. Practise, following the arrows start it here why? chad be te ey B If we put a dot over 7 we get 5 = like our z in 200: woman 05 :an ; from j1 a2 (short a) ; thief io dosd. ‘A very useful feature in Persian ig one called the dd This is originally an Arabic word meaning “ addition ”, land it is a short vowel pronounced like 4 in the French “café”, We shall transcribe the d/é as ¢: this isto show that it is short, clipped, like din French. The é:d/éis Never, stressed. “This éed/é has three possible meanings : (@ Tt can mean “ belonging to asbtmard 4p ol the horse of the man (le, the man’s horse) (@ It can join a noun to an adjective qualifying that ‘noun (the noun always comes first, as in French) : mmard-d-trans Sih 3 an Iranian man, the Iranian man20 MopERw PExsiay (9 It can show that the words before and after the éeé/é are in apposition to one another mard-écdistam (a9 49 the man, my friend... If the word before the é/é ends in a consonant, a3 in the examples (2) (6), and (¢) above, the éed/é i not written; it has to be read into the text. If the word before the és4/# ends in one of the long vowels ! dor 4-6, the ésd/é is written f and is pro- nounced -y¢ al dd oF as td eg. (@) possession: rityé-mard sus the face of the man, the man’s face + dannd-yé-trant el ly the/an Iranian builder (0 apposition: bannd-yé-distam ys st the builder, my friend If the noun before the és4/é ends in the long vowel fee the é:a/é is not written, but is pronounced with the same J-glide as in the case of d-yé and syd above: f. Thus: fréntyédistam fos9 dl! the Persian, my friend Practise (a) unvritten é:d/é, pronounced 4, after con sonantal nouns (Aa team (meaning ?) man-ébad 4 2 GUI NGUI oT a Persian horse asb-Cfndnt Jig! -l ®) adjectiv. Lesson Six, 2 ty ob othe builder's wile san-é-bannd Uy 3 Skew «oH our friend's horse asbd-ddstemdn dl=9 weal () da/é written «after ! and 4, and pronounced 4-y¢ and d-yé gl and g. ae ey) the man’s face riiyé-mand ly! ty the Iranian builder dunnd-ye-trdnt (6) éedfé unwritten after « itself, and pronounced fy foe ls! the Persian, my friend... trdnt-yédistam Notice the difference between : (a) The Persian, my friend, came] Srank-yédistam dad and (®) The Persian és my friend| frdnt ddstam ast In'(a) the two nouns Jl;! and <4, frdnt and dstam, fare linked together by the edfé, as they agree, or are (grammatically speaking) in apposition. In 0), although the two words Ji! frénf and 49 distam ace written asin (i), there is no éxdfé. Again, distinguish in reading between (a) Thave cold water 4-d-sard ddvam guts op oT land (i) the water is cold db sard ast ool aT where in (a) and (6) T and 2 show no distinction, yet in (a) we have a noun-adjective combination (cold water) linked with an ésdfé, and in (2) we have the verb fo be separating the two words in English: the water is cold, ‘The é:4/é is @ most important and useful particle in Persian, | ew ois 1 pe ol!2 Mopery Panstax Vocasvzany sats roman 3) aoe be she 31d Irom tae faces 08 oid) ar why 20 chore het 30 one Tron pace midavan he/she rane So ava Exencises I. Write, pronouncing as you write : fob ae oT dbésard déram pls 3 oT (a) SPH NT dn asd dad ntst gy I ST) SAT Ly cherd dmad ? 820 be (@) Sh at eel (th Se tel e@) ndm-é-in ash Rakhsh ast ascé-tm mard drmad AT ap cel 9s (@) IL, Translate and write: (@) This man is a thief. () T came with my friend's horse, (¢) I saw the face of that man, (é) This man’s wife is not Iranfan. (¢) I am coming to Iran, MIL. Translate Ex. I. IV. Read aloud your Persian for Ex. 11. Lesson 7 1H. Persian bas several posable fms (a) At the beginning ofa word iets wtten wipe. Practise : aa A ke every har a Lesson SEVEN 23 (0) Tn the mide of words it fs written either (arareform) ¢ QAM « {a tar more frequent form) + Dh gi + Pra (the f after the vowel is sounded, i.e, breathed upon) “city” shabr et tt (o)| At the end of a word, & (which as a consonant is always sounded) appears as (@ rare form in handwriting, « «4 4 4 Re but common in print) (in handweiting but never = == in print) Practise writing both ways: “the bottom, the end” fap 3 or ¢ (@ Standing alone, h is written ¥ or « (1) moon, (2) month md sl we Afinal or lone A, « » oF + is used also to indicate a short vowel, ¢, or occasionally a, at the end of a word. This is, the only case of a short vowel being written in Persian : ‘This f-vowel is not used to indicate the éed/é, We shall, however, use the same ¢ letter to tranaliterate it, as, ‘exactly the same sound as the ésdfé,4 MopERw Presta VocanvLany Bee) oe cb thine on ete three —]— at fia aaefeces ebbing cverytbing jew 2 har chte fen 22 dah oar ye ehh oon, month ale md, every J har Tipve passe mideham After a short vowel-b the érdfé sounds like éyé. It is not written : the glass (ie. window) of the door shishéyé dar 33 P in Persian is written ; (short) and « (long). It belongs to the B-family, of which we now know 5m (written deep gy ve ‘As you see, it is important to get the dots right. P has three dots below it; vy p. Do not confuse it with = g ch. full form) Vocanutary eye pn chsh Band Sf daar fatate Day podar fon the right hand Fiehehand ts rt Sols dastdbrdst Iefchand wv chap screw ex Hck on the lef Band foot pd er Ses dastdichap what toe on chee then wnt pas wool et Basho ‘Sk paiyentet Fetran Sho! tebe the left foot wr oe Pyechap Lesson Etcur 25 Practise: this thing is a screw fn hts ptch ast ol pe oe So ge ae co! get the dots right <1 gy or wl this month is cold f mah sard ast G13 a ol St ap el in this town everything is bad ar fn shaky har chs bad ast = 4 sleek g Exencises I. Write, pronouncing as you write: Spay Sb co a8 a panle ope Soo 29 (0) dar dast-d-chap médaram va dar dasi-t-rist pedaram ast Beshomd har chic midéham gate ne 2 4 QO) he gett ele lal, ©) darddaremdn har mah be-shahr mtiyad HI, Translate and write out : () I saw all three of (3!) you in town. (©) The door ison the left (© Tn my glass there is no water (= water isn't}, (@ Every glass has water (in it). MIL, Translate Ex. I. IV. Read aloud your Persian for Ex. IL LESSON 8 Persian has a short form Sand full forms <5 (printed, when preceded by x joined letter) 4 (printed, when alone) Ieishandwritten ye 7 and yt26 Mopunw Prxstast Hard Persian g (as in English gun) is written like & but with a double headstroke “ instead of a single one : jon oy foe ay Fy OF Se (he fu form is often in print. The «isnot important and is never weitten in handwriting) Practise: somebody, hast (write the headstroke lst) «oS FS SS SoS oS butter, hard oS oS oS oS plaster, gah Sof oS OS warm, garm SSS OS oS L, Persian Dis similar to 6S: short) 3 (cay J “Two diferences: (a) theres no headstroke “5 (0) fll form Fis deeper than fullsform k Practise : yes” bal dy bridge” fot J “money” pat Lesson Ereur 27 Special joinings for these new letters: (e) hed and gr ae thus Mg te © ae ee © (W) bdis thus: BMY Ye Me tory (© kt and g-t ay w THF og & ty te se Mea and ee Moe vd * aa yf he ” 1 dis cally distinguishable from } short J because short foins to the next letter, whereas 'd does not, and from J Jong / because long Phas the gf final foutish to it, which a has not. Practise: G@) work" Ar 1S IS A IS SIS place” pap wf ee ae ae we Oe (0) good-moming "seldm pe ple pe pL ple ©" eniet supreme" tol SIS S “rose, lower” gol JF gE Se Ie IF (lass "elds GS AT i AS spear goldtt” ups a Se ae28 Mopeaw Penstax Vocanutany everybody AF harkas ‘id, he di 25 ha somebody uF hast rover Je harger Dotter + hore plaster oF each warm pF garm Jen bid bridge ge for Inoney Joe pa work a har Place 0 30) Doar gi? golaee po, nota, hone ace Moh Drineal, head, supreme (adjective, hat Bowe, soe Sora seting oe em Mek ete nobody Fecorete chase Exercises 1. Write, pronouncing as you write: AT AS 313) arhdr dmad 1 IS 5h 3h (a) SAT on Fal tn gol dar ab ast oat Ts SF Sel arkas bl asb be-shabr midyad ithe sett ol WS» (0) (ol ds pal naddram galas bp (@) Ii, Translate: (2) What am I giving him ? (@) Tam giving him bread and butter. (0) Ishe coming to work? Yes, he is coming. (@) Has he money ? No, but he has work. MIT, Translate Ex. 1. IV. Read aloud your answers to Ex. IL. LESSON 9 ¢MAe. Persian Bh, like the sound of ch in the Scots word Jock or the German ach, has a short form + and a full form g. Tt is one of the ¢ oh family. Be careful not to confuse > g Ah with yg ch Lussow Nise 29 Practise: wee oe good Ahi ae we oe ee oe a good man mard-éRhib we 20 le very Bhéilt (4 as in weight) Je “This is very good fi RREiIE Rab ast col wnt de eee de cel Stee de cit In the written combination b+ flied the 3 9 is silent in modern Persian, hence we pronounce only Hid le bat Write, pronouncing as you waite whe whe lle (ale) hdd he (ire eae (Lseep) mtthdbam chine I Lea (a request) Ahthesh <2 Sabet (he wanted) Ahh he Don't confuse lye WAdb, sleep (where the: » is silent and the following !is sounded, 4) and ~~ Rhifd, good, where the a is sounded. Wate oe Bid oe Gif, Persian fis written < in fall and } in short form. Full & is Tong and fat like ~ & but it has a ring at its beginning, which ¢2 has not Practise : PEPGEGHE GEG GIGS (the dot is always over the ring: seven ci cin ik cs aft oie took, he took 35 23S iS gereft iS tomorrow las Las Lbs las fardd Ia30 Moveaw Persian The letter ‘ain ‘This letter is used in Persian to mark a break in the flow of speech, or, technically speaking, a glottal stop. If ‘we pronounce " bottle "as it is pronounced in the Cockney dialect, we say “‘bo'l. The “*” represents here a glottal stop, a catch in the breath, ‘Those who speak German need only to think of their Kehihopfuerschlusslaut in such expressions as die Arbeit -ecignet, and der Beamte (2) In the middle of a word, ‘ain is written « (a triangle) : “afterwards” ba'ad uy “meaning” ma’ani Gu (2 Alone, it is written (6) At the beginning of a word, it is written « (the « is a “holiday "ide (éas in weight) At the end of a word it is written () At the end of a word it is written ¢ Practise : Ae te kee id ae ce cel an hour sd'at cote ey a aad Lassow Nive at gz r+ Another member of the g ¢.oh-#h family is = @ f. pronounced like our jin jewel. Bor Om Ef os cord Do not confuse ¢ j with ¢ Bh. The place of the dotis the ‘only difference in writing Do not confuse the sound of ¢ j with Sg. ¢ jis soft, oS gis hard. Vocanotane eae cae Tato atdton nearer Tees BT ee took, he took oF gereft tod wo baad Rogen uate Anhesh Tomorrow 0 farda sleep iat thd holla eid total 20m er jam” meaning y= ma'ant Exencises 1. Write, pronouncing as you write : ule abe ge man kthesh dram glo arabes (3) eh mar Iad fardd jom'l ast ol ar, 133 (@) fm mard RAEI Rh ast A wee Je 27 ct (0) tn jacybthid ast Swope ale cab @) jam’-d-sb 0 chahér haf ast 2! Sin Slog 9 = 2 (0) UL, Translate: (@ 1 sleep well (— good). (@) That place is bad. (@ What (thing) has he ia his (omit) hand ?.(@) The32 Mopens Prastax MIT. Translate Ex. 1. IV. Read aloud your answers to Ex. Il LESSON 10 GH. In Persian there is a guttural gl-sound, like a very heavily and thickly pronounced French r. It is the voiced equivalent of the letter ¢ Ak which we had in the last lesson. ‘This gh-sound is spelt in one of two ways (a) 35 ghlike Sif but with two dots, in the fll form S535 3h 65 85 Sighs () Et ghlike g 6 ain with a dot ee be as Leahee Practi BJS NS 31 JS before ghabl az sl Js + Shag 3) ag other than ghéir ar 303 api “nat change taghyir nah ee gk Gb garden daph fh Femainder, rest Baghiyé i red ghormes 23 Learn carefully which words have @ and which words have J in them, to avoid errors of spelling later. ‘Numerals in Persian are written —» left to right, Le, in the opposite direction to words. The reason for’ this is, that the Arabie (from which both letters and numerals, ‘were taken into Persian) numerals are spoken in order of te Lessox Tew 3a increasing size, ic. smallest first. An Arab reads 1959 as nine and fifty and nine hundred and one thousand; a Persian reads them as one thousand and nine hundred and fifty and nine, as we do in Fn ‘Here are the numerals 1-10, with their names in Persian vyek 1 SS Fora sheshO | rd 2» vo haf) 7 ae rs 8 = A hash 8 ort chahdr tobe 4 nob 0 eo ore pany 5 ot y+ dah 10 * Teen = 1950 When the numbers are used with a noun or an under= stood noun, in conversation we use the word “A najar following the number, to indicate people, and 1 td following the number, to indicate things or animals. (A nafar and 1 14 are not used if the noun denotes an abstract idea or a measure of time: eel ss two hours 343 ~— three days (ra ‘The noun itself is always used in the singular form after a number: two friends dé nafar dst o2 3 9 three requests sd Bhdhesh fale two horses 46 14 asd 1 0 > four builders chahar mafar bwind 38 shee T have five (of them) panj td drain oslo © ¢: I saw six thieves shesh mafar dosd didam us 9 4) 2 day)wu Moperw Persian re Vocanutaxy Defore 31 JI gall at ther than 31 28 hina senrdon BU Bagh change ot taghyir, Bed 8 gherm est, remainder ~eBaphtyd (The numerals 1 to 10, given earlier this lesson, should also be learned.) Exenctses I, Write, pronouncing as you write: hE beer Se the See Te Asa Mi. Translate: 41. He didn’t want money. 2, Three glasses have (= has) warm water (in them), and two have (= has) cold water. 8. T gave (tor) him bread and butter. 4. In bis (omit) hand he has three loaves of bread (eé 14 nd). MI, Translate Ex. 1 IV. Read your Persian for Ex. 11, LESSON 11 Arabic letters. The Arabic alphabet contains letters which have distinct and different sound-values in Arabic, but Which, when used in Persian, have the same sound as each other, For exampl Arabie has four letters =: 5 (which we have had already) Silke sd with a dot re Lesson Eteven 33 and which only has a full form but which joins to its left, nevertheless. 5,3, A, and E have different sounds in Arabic, They all hhave one and the same sound in Persian—z, woman san 35 some ba’ast in, paper Aghar 1:1 noon, midday zor dé A native Persian word is usually spelt with 5 for #, though not always. Most words containing 5, .4, and b are foreign words, usually Arabic. =bee [en ‘There are in Arabic three letters ¢: = (ote know already) Fa like 42 2 undotted 2 “Fike y p but dotted above hhalf nes 43 cause, reason bd'es ost dirty hastf Gass Two letters #: © 7 (eee lesson 5) Lundatted coe Girection taraf 4 electric battery bait by ‘and two letters A: 44 + + (eee lesson 7)36 MopeRw Prstaw n Clie g, 5 ¢ but undotted : morning sobb q» __letter (of the alphabet) har = [=] To summarize the new letters: aren ean mc Tho last letter we have to learn is not in the Arabic alphabet—it has been added by the Persians to represent a sound never found in Arabic, and not often found in Persian. Tt eh This is an 4 7 with three dots, and gives the sound of s in ‘our word pleasure, or of French j in je, our. Tampshade (French abat-jou) dbachitr 2430 agency (French agence) detans iit Zhalé (a Persian giel’s name) 3 ‘This completes the alphabet, with the exception of a few orthographic signs (not letters), which we shall deal with later in the book. Here now is the whole alphabet, in the order used in Persian dictionaries, and with their Persian names: 1 ated ou et wwe oe os vt op com Ww ‘Lesson ELEVEN 37 = tim ch bo : cho eam EME ohh E phan gh > dad oe Ff snl oe 3 ghar gh a wor 2 Mp k 38 oF Sono 3 ne oh Slim 7 oom os fmm om 2 shin sh Some on we ds et Bo ud o + Ab haves bd bow oe se ‘Vis called alef maddé, ~ the tong sign is called madd. Of the above, you must remember that : 32 | are not joined to the letter following them, 354 | ie. they have no short form. & isa consonant. T is used to introduce vowels beginning words, whether the vowel is short or long. } re both consonants an tong vowels vowel, é oF a. at the end of a word is either # oF a short {ee ‘else: is b38 Mover Persian vA. Of the sounds for which there is more than one letter, w § is far more common than & and ve Strom 5,8 and 5 oe, + wk Home The two letters ghain and 3 ghé/: both are found very frequently, { in native Persian words and 3 in Arabic loan-words. VOCABULARY halt a neo Sivty ar hay : some pau baat oon, day ob sabe Paper se hdgice Girection Saray smoming ow= 10 gency 03" dadens Exercises 1. Copy out the alphabet, without any explanation or ‘names of any letters ; arrange the letters in families, thas oot hee soe Sst bee ss ey 3 ce ee eer eed IL. (a) Which letters are never joined to their left, ie. have no short form ? (@) List the letters for s,s, 4, and # which are mostly used for foreign words, " Lesson Eveven 30 (0 What is the commonest way of writing () 5, (i) % (i), Go) m2 (@) A word beginning with a vowel other than alef maddé must be introduced by... ? (9 Is ‘ain a vowel or a consonant? (D What is the short forin of wy? TIL, Translate 1. My friend eame to the bridge. 2. Tam coming before you 3, What did I give him? Nothing. 4. He has bread and water. IV. Read: aT TT pale bob Ue ol Ley AT obg shoo oS pole od ote Me dye alas Ho eT ae Gl oo t V. Read your Persian for Ex. 111. VE. Translate Ex. 1V,PART TWO Grammar peLESSON 12 ‘The personal pronouns in Persian are: tt gman I md we and [2 shomd you LE shoma you Dd heorshe aa) fehiw they (people) ns Chama they (ne) ‘You will notice that (1) t+ shomé you "ike its English equivalent, is used for one person of several; (2) there is fa" gender” whatsoever in Persian words. Hence we use °F for both “he” and “she”. The plural of 3 1 is Bull tendn "thoy", only used when speaking of people {@) things ace designated by ot dn it” iterally “that ") twhoce plural is Tn" they (erally those things”) ‘When speating of annals, we can ase either 4! @ and aul fohdn oF dn and dnhd (13%, thoogh we ussally use Strictly of and (dvd for the lower animals. “The Persian verb isa very simple thing to master: there are a mere handfal of iregulars, ana even they follow a Clear pattern, Those students who have studied French oF German or Russian will ind the Persian verb refreshingly simple. “The infinitive of Persian verbs always ends in either 92> ston or tan ogc or take cS gerftan toeat or drink du ye Ahordan tosre Dae ddan togive bab ddan“ Mopenx Pensta rm i we take the &-an off these verbs we have : ~38 geret- wu Rhord- ne dtd ss aaa Which is the Past Stem. To the Past Stem we add the personal endings, and this tives us the Past Tense : iste sam tm Ped ae td td {(n0 ending) cand ra { fe cnaee) (00 ending) ‘The conjugation in the past tense of the verb ci ereftan to take or to get, is therefore : (1) took BS (a) (man) geretam | es ©) you took 55 (2) (shomd) gerefita he took — <3 (4!) (@) gereft jit took = (11) (in) aia enka) ata dads os to give, past stem ls ddd (0) (any dtem pls (22) (nd) ddim gals (O) (2) (oma) dddtd sole (2) (ehomd) a4atd pls (Z) (@) daa sis (3) (Gokdn) dddand a's (822) © {nites Sy (nna) ada a's Ct) Ahordan b3192 to eat or drink, past stem -295 Bord (8) (man) Rhoda 28 (ie) (od) Miri g29e C) (2) (shoma) Rhordta 4x (\2) (shomd) Rhordtd 4 9 (\+) @) Mord ni (3) (Uh) Bhordand sn. SL!) (Orne Oy Gamay stort oe46 MopeRN Penstan ” If the subject of the verb is emphasized, then we use the verb together with the personal pronoun (which we have bracketed in the tables above)—otherwise, the ending of the verb itself indicates who the subject is BS Tot Chey gave gaye we ate Tor the next few lessons, until we deal with the Present Tense in Lesson 14a, we shall give verbs in the Vocabularies fist in the Infinitive, then the Past Stem, thus: tosce ts 4s ddan, dds The Past Stem is not given in dictionaries written for Persians, as itis always regularly formed. Note that the verb usually stands last in its clause, Vocapurary 1p man to take/get SIF gerftan, past you > shomd stem ie per ofan oa toeat/drink Joy 94 Ahordan, past they SUEY thd (peopte) i Ne ana tehings torpive ots ddan, past stem Exercises 1. Translate orally into Persian : (1) You gave bread to that man, (2) We saw a friend with his horse in town. (8) He got bread and water. (1) They ate bread with butter, (6) T gave (to-) him everything, w Lesson Twetve 4 7 TL, Write out Bx. 1 UL, Read Bx. 11. TV. Read aloud: bos oe oF 950 Tally eee Cee yo TTI BF at ate Te el? sf alae pb daa ¥ (0 ae ee ae Tet alls sae poe ye V. Translate Ex. 1V. VE. Copy Ex. 1¥. LESSON 124 E5iaj farhang, Vocasutany . Pere seein wpa Soe ichly 92) 24d carly. quickly tice 73> daar avec, reasom oa aabab Both ce arma, for this reason —— colt (Ga the) a Using this vocabulary, read aloud the following text: ak OS BN gan 9 BS cle a aS dee be Jae Bae ae ee le 9 Eas al ogi on eth ee (a CAT i oe pe48 MovERN Persian ws aks e2ch sentence again slowly, practising ts promuncl tion: Atrks havd RhEitE garm bad. 96 ¢S et be 529) (2H 55 OE yw 9 AS ple ary ‘man sid hammdm gereftam va ghabot va nén va karé Bhordam, bas be-shabe raftam, (by oe8t ot ba ot6btsraftam. Cs wens Wt Tae too ee ca 9 AT a aon ‘otdbts dtr dmad va bé-tn sabab man bécdaftar dtr dmadam, (98 (Ea pal die ee shab man bé-manzel émadam va shim Bhordam, In this lesson we have three new verbs : to gos tocome dit tobe amy ‘These verbs all form their past tenses regularly, by first taking O- ~an off their infinitives to get the past ster a and adding the regular endings, ‘All Persian verbs, without a single exception, form their ppast tenses regularly in this way. tocome oT dmadan to be dx Badan ast stem ~Tmad~ past stem ~my bd- O et gt om fo @ eT gat set a at wal ‘a of 2S 2 8 “ Lesion Teter 4 ° cones rates ee oO & ra @ se SS of SS oF lamin, Exercises 1 eonoete and nthe pt Oe oT ase past stem Ll dade past stem — © ee — @) “IT —e oa oS "a o os Sp ca TS IL. Answer orally, in complete Persian sentences, these ‘questions on the text: fon eS he be Sot SBS wit Seu oF 40 aod (how? — chéore) saber rt Spb Fe ow ashe rt Sal ang WAT 3 const 5a9 8 IV. Write out your answers to Ex. IIL V. Translate into Persian : Yesterday I went late to the office. The weather in Teheran was very warm, and the bus was (came) late, In the evening T went home and had (ate) supper.50 MopeRw Persian LESSON 13 Negative verbs. Any verb, irespective of tense, is made negative by prefixing to i€ =i ma. ‘The prefix -+ na~ is atoays stressed in pronunciation. you didn't get 435 (2 shomd magenta T didn't see se madtdam he/she wasn’t 95 ndbad (Occasionally during this book a grave * accent will be put over the stressed syllable, to remind you that the stress falls there.) Pronounce (1) man pit nagereftam I didn’t got any money, piSi ce ¥ (2) shomd shim nahondta we eer ‘You didn't eat supper. (0) fohdn Reman pitt nadddand als og LN “They didn't give me money. Tefore a verb beginning with a vowel, + d+ becomes J ndy- (pronounced lke English" nigh") He didn't come 1 1d ndydrnad Jn Persian we use double negatives, for example: SASS ng got 3 Mich che nageret Iiterally: he didn’t take nothing Cr ge). Here are some more negative expressions. They all require the verb prefixed with 5 na-oF i nay-i es ga nowhere ("no place ") te place jit ge never (" no time” i time vaght WS ee nobody (no person") gS person has ” ‘Lesson TurerEeN ot (1S qrnone (of them) ("no which") lis which? Aoddrs Eno, not a single Joy ge nothing ("no thing ") sex Shing chte In all these cases the go ich may be written on as one ‘word with its successor, but the separate forms are more wor SD ot Se tore Spee Ot oe oe Practise pase pt ae VEY (1) I didn't see you anywhere (“ nowhere ") yesterday. coe bea ea ae (@) Twas (" wasn’t “) never in his oMfice (@) Nobody came (" didn't come") home yesterday. Sas GUS ge Seb a St (4) Which man went? None of them went ("didn't go ")- pln ge sae 8 (6) 1 dida't get any (“ no") money yesterday” cot ost (©) We ate (“didn’t eat ") nothing. The Definite Direct Object. Uk we use a verb with a direct object in Persian, and that direct object is a definite known fone, we usually suffix | rd to the object. This b -rd can bbe written on to the word, or written separately. is not ‘a word, it is a particle, a Suffix. But because it indicates jething definite, we ean often translate it into English fas" the”, using the definite article, There is of course no definite article as such in Persian,8 Mopsnw Pensiax ov Compare I got money man pal gereftam £35 Sy oo 1 (ic. some money—any money-—an unkown quantity) with 1 got the money man pa-ré gereftam iS \ Sx or ¥ (Ge. a particular, known sum which we have already men= tioned) In sentence r above we could write bday as Ls one word, if we wished. It is usually a matter of personal choice. Similarly, in the negative, compare 1 didn’t got the money 38: Uy oe ‘man pdl-rd nagersfian with 1 didn't get (any) money (35: Jy ser ‘man prt nagerftam 1 -rd can never be suffixed to gx» hich or its compounds: I didn’t get any money at all c3S% Jy er ce ‘man hich pal ndgereflam 1-14 is also suffixed to the personal pronouns: mard | (the 3 is omitted) me shomard VW you (object) fir 43h him, her aura iT it (object) mard Ue (note: two long 4's) us fshdnrd Ot! them (people) dovhird WigT them (things) or Lesson Tuuereew 53 Note: (a) oe +4 ‘The m & is always dropped and the result is always written as one word. @) In Le us, both a's are long. In |} me, the first a is short, the second long. Pronounce : (a as in” (das in“ jand ") mard + me, father ") mdrd UL us. ‘These pronouns denote the direct objec of the verb. Don't tse them for the indiret object. Compare: ‘The man saw us ap ble 9 with The man gave us (= fo us) money as dy We 3 The indirect object (—= to me, to us, ete) is of course ‘expressed with the ~ é prefix tous, Mem to you Ls Béshomd wo em | 2 Beta po UE bednht (things) oman, In English the “to” in “The man gave (to) us money ” is usually omitted. In Persian we must use ~ Bé: "to". mard bé-md pal did The man gave us money sls dy a and ard pilerd Bé-mé dd slo Wy Wn 24 ‘The man gave us the money (busy money is here the definite direct object, with b -rd sufixed, and ls (to) us is ‘an indirect object, with + Bé prefixed). ‘The direct object normally precedes the indirect one in Persian,ot Mopurw Penstax oe S05 farnang so, nt eo Meh nowhere te gos th jt rote as Tome ttn ge Aon time 5 waghe Sister oe hdhar (silent) Loy, son oe Peso Note: (a) Do not confuse 24 father with -~ son, @) oy ails, val, and 325 are historically the same words as their English counterparts, of course. father 9a; far brother ashe herddar oF tamrin I. Translate into Persian : () My father dida’t give me any money. {@) He didn’t give me the money. (3) My brother dida’t go anywhere yesterday. ( gave bien nothing (5) My mother gave my sister nothing (1) or ~ ?). (©) His daughter never came to the office. () Nobody went. (@) His father came to the office late yesterday. (9) That bus never comes early. (10) T sow the bus.” We saw a bus M1, Transtate into English : Saeed ott Er ere PS Se et ce ecb et boma Sas le eb BV lan at os Sas Bal, aE Lesson Tunnreen A 55 IIL, Read aloud your answers to Ex. T and Ex. If IV. Complete these conjugations in the past tense not to take 3353 not to eat da, ast stom —3 5 past stem 28 3S oe aie pe ak —e Ss wee ot a) a =a Lt V. Put an appropriate negative with go in these sentences: (eg. 45/ Lt ais oo B) sigs — aus ban gh pote be OG sas BS noe LESSON 134 ‘The word g+ and its compoundsanswer questions. These ‘questions are usually introduced by special question words. ee itself, with a noun, answers the question ap ché (colloquially chs) what 2 Similarly, cin answers the question Ret when? & US hojd where ? on won vi een oF Mf whio? oS oo . (5 koddim which? os et noe oy chd chtz what (thing)?56 ‘Mopen Persian » Note: J héi when? and 5 Af who? are written alike. In all of these cases g and its compounds give a negative answer: where? nowhere ; who ? nobody ; when ? never. When we make a question in Persian, we do not alter the order of the words. All we neod to do is to raise the voice towards the end of the question, In print, we sometimes find a European question mark used in reverse f. But this is by no means compulsory : in fact we should get accustomed to reading Persian without any punctuation at all, or at most the full stop . , question ‘mark $, and parentheses (— ‘As well a8 qt Afch, which is a negative answer, we have several positive answer words, some of which can be pre- ‘xed, like qo, to the answer. We shall deal for the moment with just a few: A har any, every Tan that gel fn this Question “Anewer Positive Answers crwoat? ——garno, none yaevery ol that cet thin F nen? citys never ctzce every Sit then Yoenow* US where? Geet nowhere Ue every: Wut there the! here F who? Fee nobody Fe every. yates i! this person body ans SI that person eS venich 2 ptaF ger none of Ei each one” yh OF that one therm FE ca tis one Decent? ho eo nothing Geese everything sow ST that thing Seva! this cig ov Larsson Tunnreen A 37 Note: (2) * “now” is a special word, hl (©) ASAI this person and .n2sT that person do not form with 5a person ; they form with the Arabie word att shakhs, written separately or as one word. (@) Se cal {tm yekt this one and i oT du yekf that one do not form with el, but with 5” one Tn addition to the above list, we can add an entirely new word ash oy cht lar ? oF asler cheldur ? how ? in what way? negative answer! 2b p+ in no way, in no manner, by positive answers: 4b» in any way, in every way. ash cel oF 9 lel in this way, like this, thus, so ab oT or asal in that way, like that, thus, 0. sky oF sshor has also another meaning: asan adjective it means what tort of, what kind of? Tt takes no dxf What sort of house is it? Soot dite ash oe hd tour manzelt ast? and the answer: This kind 23h ca! fuldur. ‘Also : of another kind S25 3b téurédigar (dif here) of every kind 3h har tour (08) that kind ash Tn tur ‘Two other expressions meaning “ what kind of Ee end one wd} "wat nd 7 * apr + ed jr (two words)} (00 édfé) We do not usually employ the answer forms corresponding to these expressions ; instead we use the constructions with ab above.88 Moen Pexsiaw b. ‘The particle 4, used for the definite direct object, comes after the whole group of words denoting the object. For example: pi ban oT op saw that man i U pomp oT They saw that man, my friend eis not necessary, as You see, to use} alter every word : \ isa particle which appears only once after the last word- unit of the definite direct object. Even if we have a com- plicated direct object such as a string of words connected with the é34/é (see Lessons 6 and 16), we merely pat one by vritten either as a separate word or on to the last consonant of the last word tas bart og gm hasan-d-petardalmatrd didand They saw Hassan, the father of Abad or if the objects are several, linked together with and, the same rule applies (ED aah gabe sale oot pedar 0 mider 0 Khdtar 0 baritar ré nididam 1 didn't seo (my) father, mother, brother and sister. LSn5 ow Yo here tn thea 233 of there cat very =] fverywere tee swbenever | oss nowhere te ga Seo that one eat ewer 3s a= shore his tine 3 oe that person yah ST dnshathe this person ot GA tnchabhe nobody ween everybody om this ome GE at ry Lesson TunRTEEN A 59 a exch on8 Toot one yt Sorin Go Soh Siccnoon’ op 3a batad ar soir noon soba rotor ent Sie askin Konus ca Tanch si nahir pod ten AAlin, 85 main tan dant Test Note: In this text, and throughout mast of the book, an unveitten ésafé (é, é, oF fe) will be shown with an * asterisk. This is merely as an aid to accurate reading—it is fof course never there in a Persian text wn Oe ee is Ie gt oa om Feb OS Ss OS ge fay dh ele Soi) Ole ch ga eb Oh Se Set Fy pan © Bass bald bel Se Sl one ah dyna abe 3 oale Ue al ag ss 28 IG pas ot 1. Answer orally these questions on the text: Bax OS om Sous SS al Sa Saas barl jue Sob Ober Samet ty Sie ot So IL, Write out your answers to Ex. I. TIL. Read aloud the questions in Ex. 1, reading the ‘appropriate answer from Ex. Il after each question, IV, Write in Persian (1) Did nobody come yesterday ? (@) Tsaw where he went. Where did he go? He went ‘there.60 MopeRw Pentax t (8) How did they go home? They went home this way: by bus and by taxi (©) Thave never been (= I wasn't never) in Tehran, ‘Were you there? (8) Which bus did you take? This one oF that one ? (6) T never saw this person the office, I never saw anybody (= didn’t never see nobly) there (@) Where was his brother at that time? His brother was at that time in Tels, V. Read aloud your Persian for Ix. IV. LESSON 14 Plurals. In classical Persian, the rule for forming plurals of nouns was : (@ add 3I- ~dn to animate nouns (people or higher animal). @) add U- -hd to inanimate nouns (lower animals or things). But in modern Persian we can use Ls or SL for most animate nouns. We always use lL for inanimate ones, Sy a friend Beas oF (as friends 285 oF (G5 women Gel car (nuishin) sok ears n Lesson Fourtens on bk after a tong 1 @ becomes Ob- yds for reasons of euptony : 16T gentleman, \ builder aubT gentlemen bby builders ‘and in nouns ending in a vowel » ~, the # -< is dropped 8 and we add 36° ~dgdn sur slave, bande sig ied, parandé oe slaves, bandégdn OS, birds, parandégdn ‘Some animate nouns have retained exclusively Sb fn as their proper plural suflx, and never take le ~hd, even in modern Persian, Among these few are most animates fending in | -d and + -4, such as those above. “The easiest way to learn Persian plurals is to study these few rules (@) All inanimates take Ue ha © A fos animates take exclusively ote or Oke oF 1F- ‘these ean be learnt as they occur. (0) Most animates ean take either Sl or ts indiserimin« ately. (@ A certain number of words borrowed from Arabic form their plurals as in Arabic, but these nearly always have in addition a 3!- or b- Persian plural, whieh is universally ‘accepted by educated Iranians. Thus: Sh manzel, house, is an Arabic word borrowed into Persia Its Arabic plural is Ji mandzel (a medial 4 is inserted). Hts Persian plural ip Ux or Wii manselhd Both the native and the Arabic plurals are acceptable,62 Moperw Penstax Do not attempt yet to learn Arabic plurals as such: they will be dealt with later. The ending Sl is always, if possible, joined to its word, ‘The ending U- can be written either joined or disjoined. Alter a vowel + -4 it must be disjoined, to avoid the confusion of having two letters + together. For example women (animate plural) 045 zandn 5 sah women inanimate pra { * sah but child py bachché childsen lhe Bachché-hd iF lalagfox Prowunctation ‘The plural endings ol- and W- are always dtressed. Pronounce dghéydn sist) The grave * accent finda 5 "| shows where the heavy ankd (| stenfll, Stress eld the doubte ectchbad wag | sborand In ted ne ‘The plural noun can take the usual prefixes and suffixes : in the case of sufixes, the plural ending is added before any other suftix : Lesson Fourrees os end =p gentleman &T to the gentleman BT, to the child to the gentlemen o&6T to the childron Wap house di my house J my houses {t+ or Ubi four house GUise our houses SUL or ots (after 5 and /-am and -emdy become -yam and -yemdén eo his friend iss heir friend Olt his friends Siew or ult their friends OlSleys or Oia» (after and |. -esh and -eshin become BL -yeshdn). Tn the case of a definite direct object in the plural, the ‘usual suffix b-, coming right at the end «the whole object expression, is used. yesh and polis T saw the fiend pebete et T saw his friend eb ben oF T sav the frends (Ho Walton ont 1 save is friends pie balsegs go saw their friends pe bolts oF Taw their friend64 Movers Persian ve ‘You will notice that the combination in no. 9 : bolas ditstdneshinrd hhas as its first element ys friend ; the first il is the plural, friends ; <2 -esh is his, which is itself made plural ‘Gt eshdn, their; and |, is the suffix of the definite direct object. There are two separate syllables ~il -dn- in the word. The first is a plural sign transforming “ friend” into " friends”; the second makes the possessive " his into " their After ok, Sle, and S- the dsd/é is unwritten and pro- nounced ," After ts it is written «and pronounced -yé. good boys (animate ph) ws Oly pesardn-é-Rha good boys (inanimate pl.) = wlap pesarhd-yl-khdb little children 455 glans bachchiha-yt-hichek big birds 7 i, parandéginé-bozorg cil this and oT that do not change to mean these and ‘those when used before plural nouns : cpt oT Led that car this ear best oT bat cl those ears these cars but when these and those have no noun after them, oF when the noun is understood but not expressed, then they take the plural inanimate ending l invariably Which women did you see? uses lis plas Tsaw these (ones) pas bul Tsaw those (ones) gas LUT re Lesson Fourtoen: 65 Do not confuse (:T those ones (animate or inanimate) ‘with the subject-pronoun 7 they (inanimate only), which ‘we had in Lesson 12. Tn Lesson 12 we learned that (77, referring to inanimate subjects (Le. lower animals and things) takes the verb in ‘the rd person singular form. This rule applies when the subject of the verb is an inanimate plural noun. Compare ‘The women come aT They came Tot! with, ‘These things were (= was) bad s¢ 4 by cal ‘They were (= was) bad ay VT Sens cite backchd eat =F port ied a parade Teron Cg) Saye Ahdtan, pot SASF nay hasan, hind ot ath own pn pd ghatam Sat af hacket Tine, writing he hat paper a Alpha ake, carry (2) S22 Bordon I. Put into the plural WT Gr = ie ate =66 MoveRw Persian ” IL. Put into the plural AT el UT ol So at ae oy ot oat pe Y ae pail, ie ae 1 r ‘ seb ole em 8 sede Sal cea de ay area alk 4 (OE oa Pathe TLS phe a a Jot a ST Mt, Translate: 41, Did you read the letters? Which letters ? These. 2. My books were not very big. 3, He took pens, papers, and pencils (singular) to the office, 4. Yesterday I wrote a letter. Which letter? This 5. These children came late. How did they come, by bus or by ear? 6, These houses were big, but those were small. 7. Lsaw the birds in the trees, ‘These bad boys pulled that dog's tail, He drew a (e5:) line with a big peneil. (24.85 to pull ‘also means to draw, in all senses) 410, His dog and our cat went in(to) our garden. 8 SS Le Sie ca he tle Ww ‘Lesson Fortes er IV, Read aloud your answers to Ex. I. V. Read aloud your answers to Ex. IIT VI. In the spaces in the sentences on the right, put the ‘correct form of the past tense of the verb on the left oan yy ace tho ost oe bes ee taht et eB ol oon Ky To 8 oe Fs Le ae sal oan ST ade cbt vy oe ae vole ® oe AUT ee ball 8 oat ae isl dy Ue pe See a VIL. How is the éz4fé pronounced in the following, é or yé? Shen # ulate petdhe aT ay VITL. How is the ésd/é expressed in the following, unwritten org? ae Tote eee aati wouos Mopenn Pensia r LESSON 14a Sen Dao wd hese ak big 4 tovore 1 haven't ess nadévan Thave cle dram but do eal Soy many} tor chant? You have site data weave 03 din ‘Text sal onl Sasa Se ge sea gual Te path ae oa Pea opule ale Ke Sy pal sale oe Manabe abe 9 a0 ly ey Sach abe gy aaly ae ES oe ge tale oe Soe he gale ob oe Jk OSL pole ple dy pula abe oe SHS Je Oke a 8 7 AR Take each sentence individually, and read it slowly, making sure (ase the vocabulary where necessary) that you derstand it: oy tn mard pedaram ast oleate ap Gal Y ‘This man is my father fn 2am midaram ast cl gst 5 Ty ‘That woman is my mother ‘man yeh pedar va yeh médar dram. ¢.)» he Si ya Kice Thave one father and one mother chand barddar 0 khdhar david? aej\s ple 5 she Sy How many brothers and sisters have you ? fs abe Se da pulal sale ceo man barddar ndddram vali yet Rhdhar daram Thave no brother (I don’t have a brother) but I have ” Lesson Fourrenn 4 6 seu sonmesh chist 2 Sonue ie 5 ‘And what (how much) is her age ? Sol (1+) Son oe abe toy senn-e-Bhthar-éman Bish ast My sister's age fs twenty Tass ab a asl, ap Ew shomd chand barddar 0 thar david? How many brothers and sisters have yow got ? wpa al, 2 Ja cuit ale oe 8 sma Rhthar naddram vali do birder diram Thave no sister, but I have two brothers sd yok manzel dar tebrin dirim glo Obey» Sie 0S U0 ‘We have a house in Tehran mansel bororg ast ool Sy, Se 1 “The house is big manzel-éshomd bozorg ast? Goh Sy 29 ve 1s your house (the house of you) ig ? et 5, Jet LG a a ‘ald manselemdn RMI Bosorg ast ‘Yes, our house is very big Practise reading the text til you can do it duently, before continuing with this lesson. oat “The verb ay bdan to We is itself very rarely used in the Present Tense. Instead we use this Present Tense : (lor Tam, you are, be i, ete) 1 (oan) hastam (se) (md) hastin gor (Q) 2 (ehoma) hasttd La (C2) (ehomsy hast “an (L2)0 MopERN PERSIAN ve {Qe8 32 (shin) hastand 2 (21%!) (dn) ast 2 (A) (ahd) ast E) ‘You will notice (2) the endings for the at and 2nd persons singular and plural, and the 3rd plural animate (Ls!) are those we have already met in the Past tense ; (@) the Ist and 2nd persons singular and plural and the rd plural animate (oL4)) begin with » 4, The sl, cT, and UT forms have no + h. ‘There is a 3rd singular and plural (,1, :T, and \yT persons) Which goes with an 4: cu hast, This form means there is, ‘here are (itis an emphatic form), Compare : Ttis ahouse manzel ast col Se ‘with There is a house manzel hast cow Je ‘The negative of all these forms is 1 nfstam nistim 3 Dnistid sg fetid Seg (tent nist yt = is used as the negative of <2 as well : Itisn’t a horse ‘There isn’t a horse Gls dashian, to have “The verb ¢ils ddshtan means to have. In the Past Tense it is regular, ic. we take off the dan, leaving 2s ash as the Past Stem. To the Past Stem we add the regular past endings to ‘got the Past Tense A dishiam (2s dash 8 sb nts ” Lesson Fourteen 4 a 2D ddchitd wets dshitd apts fdiskt ctl dshtand 12213 \dasht oils ddsht 2 =, you, he, she, it, we, you, they had ‘The present tense endings for all verbs except &3y, whieh ‘we have just learned, are the same exeept in one person (Ged singular, and hence also 3rd inanimate plural) as the ppast tense endings. The difference lies not in the endings but in the stem to which those endings are added. Of S25, Stem. ls is the Past Stem and -.!s the Present ‘The present tense of sis to have is: stem bs da 1 déram palo divin gas 2 dirid oe david jis g[dérad als Miranda) dared 3) dérad lo ‘You will notice that (a) the 1st singular and plural, 2nd Singular and plural, and the 3rd animate plural (Gs b, (2, and ot form) have the same personal endings as has the past tense, but (b) for the 3rd singular and 3rd inanimate plural (41, 5 and (7) the ending is > -ad; (@) the stem vowel of this verb is pronounced long, @ the ¢- -am, 2-nad, and. -and endings are pronounced with a short 4, While, as in the past tense, the £ of 4 -td and g- -fm is, song. The endings given above are the same in spelling and pronunciation for all verbs in the present tense except, San to be,2 Mopexy Pexstax vr ‘nd- is added to the present tense to negate it just as it is to the past tense: GLE ndddshtan, not to have past stem “us present stern past tense resent tense : 1 pole le gle 2 fw we as ett 3s abs ele cates a ‘ols ‘The present tense of all verbs is normally used to indicate the future also. This is especially the ease when the context of the verb tells us that the future is intended. Tam (C shall be) here tomorrow f» lu! las ‘We shan’t have (haven't) a lesson tomorrow gl gos lsd ne I, Read again the text and the vocabulary, to refresh your mind on the words and constructions, and then answer orally the following questions, with reference to yourself : Task abe eal be fasts oa sly sw ltey Sect S55, USEF LE tet Tas Eh IE, Write out your answers to Ex. I. HIT. Put in each space the correct past tense form of 334: fo jae OUUT oly ve Lessox FouRTaEn 4 B Sauer 5 AS ol oe Et al, a ale ph ds oo IV. Translate and write out 1. Tomorrow I shall be at the office early. 2, Yesterday I had two gentlemen at the house 3, [didn't have the money—did you have (it)? 4, This room has four windows (om Panjeré) and one ‘shishé) door. The windows have six panes (W each (one). 5. These aren't my borks, Where are they ? T didn’t see them anywhere, YV. Write the negative of these sentences sect Ho oT et fae ae al foes Sl de or ee lye § “have been here « here a long time "—the present, not the perfect or past, is used when the action continues from the past into the present, Cf. exactly the same construction in three major European languages : [Je suis fei depuis seen} Decause I am Teh bin hier seit langer Zeit } PCI 1 8 AA nano unece:” MopERN PeRstan ve LESSON 15. The indefinite sufix st When we wish to use a noun and to make elear that it is indefinite, we add to it the suffix w - 3 mard man, the man 2 mardi a man, some man or other, any man ‘The suffix can be added to a compound, ie. to a noun followed by a qualifying adjective: west tae mard-é-Rhalt some good man or other 805% ae shabrd-bocoret any big city It can be attached to certain pronouns, and to the word 2S yok one Su yeht someone wt! shakist somebody 5 hast somebody, anybody use Hicht none, nothing (at all) Tf we wish, we can add it to the noun and not to the adjective west eee mardé Hib any good man Jn which case the é=4/é is dropped. It is most important to remember that if y- -f is added in the middle of an ésdfé compound, such as w+ * 3 mard-£-Mhib, then that interrupted és4/é is dropped. We have thus several good ways of expressing, for example, “some good man or ve Lesson Firreey ~ ete Te In each of these combinations, wt we | much the same thing, but is by far the most common, If the noun ends in & further eto it already, we cannot add a ‘de sandait chair, or any chair, or the chair (GES kashif boat, any boat, the boat If the noun of adjective ends in - -@ or 1 -4 we Pronounce a glottal stop (sce Lesson 9) between this final vowel and the f, We have already had, in Lesson 9, the letter ¢ ‘ain, But ¢ ain is only found in Arabic loan words, and this -f suffix is purely Persian, Instead of “ain in this ease we use the sign ‘, called hamsd, Hamzd is not letter, itis a sign. It is written over what we call a bearer, which looks like a: b without its dot, thus ‘Thus UT aghd with 1 indefinite added looks 1 ‘GST “ some gentleman or other” land is pronounced ghd't. Do sof, in pronouncing this word and others like it, run the ! into the g The is6 MopeRs PERSIAN wv ‘there expressly to prevent this tendeney. Pronounce & clear stop, a catch of the breath, between the | and the si SUT pha’, Exactly the same thing happens with a word ending in aa “ba smell 4 Sb Bayt bad the bad sill SE oat some smelt 4 Sar at bad } or} some bad smell or other we x bitye baat Similarly ty baron the builder Buy banat any builder yj place ie ja't some place, somewhere ‘An indefinite -f added to a word ending in + -d (vocalic A) fs written either with a hamzé over the + and nothing else: ce Whénd house BL Bhind'é a howse for the Aamsd can be left off, giving a form identical with, the definite form ‘le Bhdnd house, oF khdn't a house co the syllable -f is written ! siole Ahdne’t a house Tt goes without saying that as «is an indefinite suis, w Lesson Fieveen n fone very seldom finds 1) the definite direct object suifix ‘connected to it, Compare: cus ty saw a builder fae bY I saw the builder 4 JE saw some builder (or other) Nor ean x be found in conjunction with such definite words as! this and oT that and » every, There are exceptions, to this: Sigh means this one Set that one Sur") every one or everyone eis often found with negatives, and especially with q-* fo, none, not a. In this ease the wr i= best expressed in English by " any "swith the verb in the negative sup Did you see anybody ? (4s oF grt No, T didnt see anyone (at all) Srhich could also be (without ev): pd po ot Noy] didn't ee anyone When the word immediately before the verb ou! “is cade in ws the lof <1 isnot pronounced. ‘The | may be “Gropped in writing, or it can be retained, but in pronunci- tion it must be dropped, Ifthe | is dropped in writing, then we run the coat straight on to the ge -f, which i Shortened from gto fect se ap cal fn chd chte ast ? vot What is this? } bn etd etter? sol78 MopERN PERSIAN vn. After a word ending in long 4, the ! of +t is dropped, both in speech and in writing. Sees hojdst ? Where is it? SSiy 5 ST os! tm db mst, vod ‘This isn’t water, it's vodka ‘After the question 5 Af who ?, the verb 42 you are joined on in the same way. These two words are almost invariably written as one when they oceur together : SS Afsttd ? Who are you? ‘The unblended Af hastid $4» 5 form does exist, but it is very rare, Something, somewhere, somebody, someone, followed by an adjective, are regularly expressed by using the e- suffix fon the first word and dropping the é24/é link. Learn: something good something bad someone (somebody) good somewhere else Ses Scone more, another one, a different one (54> digar is an adjective meaning other, different). ot I. Give the indefinite form of these words: we a we be eS Sey whe Gey le Se vw Lesson FIerEex: ” IL, Write in Persian, 1. I saw that man yesterday, He had some book or cother in (his) hand. 2. Which bus came late? T didn't sce: sometimes (BS gdht) the buses are late, sometimes early. 3. A gentleman came to the house today. 4, Did you take anything from the table? No si 1 didn’t see or (= and) take anything. 5. Who is this ? It isn’t his brother, it's someone else. MIT, Pronounce : (voice rising) Aojdst? aS fn hist? eae oh Inet Ril nae eo IV. Read: wed Sa gf We tee Se oS al ey ed pre Sat el te ae an cel fal ges ae Gall of Bis Sie ab jane ds Sh fi is ts ie le Et ol el oe RA le cut HIE LE Y, Translate Ex. 1V.80 Moperw Persian A LESSON 152 Possessive pronoun endings. We have already had the endings ¢- my, Ole our, .his/her/its, and JU thelr, Here now is the full table of possessive suffixes : (=! a horse) (1) getasbase Shel asheman my horse four horse (2) 0 asbetin Det asbetdn your horse your horse (8) eel asbesh ole asbeshn Dis/her/its horse their horse We can add these endings to a plural noun : (les friends) (0) Gas ddsténam Seles dittanemdn my friends our friends (2) Stats dstanctae Sella dstdnetin your friends your friends (8) Begs dstanesh blsiegs distdneshan his/her/its friends their friends If we add these endings to a word ending in a vowel, for example an inanimate plural in ls -hd, we put in a 3 to make it possible to pronounce the word : (eet horses) (2) let asbhayem Slee asbhaveman my horses four horses (2) Skeet asbhdyetn. Salt asthayetdn "your horses. your horses (8) abel asbyesh Sealeel asbhdyeshan hiis/her/its horses their horses ay Lisson FIrTEEN 4 st “These are the possessive endings we usually write and speak: they are unstressed. If, howover, we wish to siress the fact of ownership of something, then we often use the noun followed by the é34/2 followed by the personal pronouns (not the possessive) : ete toe tot g! in asb-t-shomd nist, asb-é-man ast ‘This isn’t your horse (= the horse of me) the horse of you), it's my horse pes bal Same di pao b Et dae sandalt-ye-shomird nadtdam vali sandalt-ye-a rd didam T didn’t see your chair, but I saw Ais chair If the possessive pronoun refers to the subject of the verb, eg. in such constructions as 1 took my (own) money He has his (own) house ‘They saw their (own) friends wwe cannot use either the ¢- 0-2, ete, endings or the défé construction shown above. We have to use the particle Bod 2 “own” 4 can either be used by itself, Unked like any other adjective by the éed/ to the noun possessed : ASU ethos ‘mah piibe-khod ra gereftam T took my (own) money fn which case the 2 Alod is invariable, and does not change for petson82 Mopnaw Penstax a aS bart ue We took our money BS vet He took his money and so on, the contest showing us to whom the a2 refers, fr we can, for special emphasis, add the f= ot- t ete, possessive endings to the a, depending on the person ‘concerned : Palékhodum rd gorsfiam — gS Yee * Bn y Pril-éhodomin rd gorefitm gS \y Syed ¥ Pril-é-khodesh rd goreft Sob et dee 2, with or without the f- ote, ete, possessive endings suffixed to it, can take the | definite object ending, if desired : PALL Bhod-rf percflam BE be te {il-ethodamerd gercflam — (3S \y pass * Sy fille Bhodrd perefion (af bee be PALA Bhodemar PALLRIodord poreft PaLLMiodesh-rd gereft and so on for all persons, This structure is used whenever erefim gab Wease * Sy v SS be ae Sob ede ‘the possessive rofers to the subject of the verb itself, Compare: AS aeete 1 took his fe. somebody es’s) horse and soe hele Te took his (somebetly else's} horse with BS bse tle He took his (he. his own) horse a Lessox Fiereen A 83 eka ambassador a safir eniany wa fae Ministry of War ox Ministry of Justice #20134 enibaeddgotan P38 lane -e3F hchd enuital nt) phashang oebic waika2¥ Adskfhért Venous 12 mobile to pass by) oh goat ovashia,goeashi- (2) Pethouel(a Borsa poet) 39.3 to stop ea! ooking futon, dviver A shaper Read: country ayiF eshoar comer “2 gishe “adn dyirst tongues language SU aut King ose psec Fstice goF to dagostant eet Blue yt at Yyellow/golden 2.5 card oot tale Se Sy So, 8 LONE Ty AS gS US Saye er ESS Gale Ey HN G FU AF GT ot ee ASE A He cele DOLE ES LT Bae UP ouge glee oe ole cel ee VG He Je tS tabtlhe pe eel OL! SL GL Ub Tse ae Yee, She cat pes b Sindy BASSI OUI 159 teiel can Su * cle \Sastais84 Moveny Persia a BY) G4 deine noon 5, Mee HS OLE eB We PASE NST Se oe IEEE gy) ee ISS Fi yue os like pcile N Get GEE le ep Fatt Jor itl 9 ot sz be le bb gee teh oe Me SE Saas on masid also has an Arabic plural: arbor masjed at 1. Fill in the space with the correct possessive, either sufix oF 3 * as appropriate Sane bE apt bong Sas Y VOWS GF Lo US a fale BS abbot ae a» Lessox SIXTEEN 8s se ke ae ela ae bo BA taal tale IL, Write in Persian He passed through his (own) garden. I passed through his garden. T pasied through my garden, He passed through my garden. He passed through her garden, TIT, Answer orally and in writing: Sool age ys Ob (aS Sel Ole #35 gob MEF fab b oboe * EE Say tee oo OS Suns b GAIT Set Sas gS Pie Lala b Sline et fagsls cos oo by Okie fF DE LESSON 16 ale Exsfé tis time to revise the éed/é. ‘The é:dfé is a short syllable, pronounced ¢ after con- sonants and 3 after vowels. It is used to show: oat ae take ae cl ot act say tt Peres wet hol Sap phe ®t (@) noun + qualifying adjective Soa te eb tes SUNT aleet as fh ol ne br86 Monenw Penstax ” (© apposition (agreement) ae gil petty Bite Note: (1) it ean be used to denote any combination af (2), (, and (¢) above ult eet ot the horse of* my friend* the Iranian ) If we use the indefinite sufixe y- after a nown linked by an éafé to the next word, that éd/é is dropped and, replaced by the & Dut wot wee (00 dele) The writing and pronunciation of the éifé (2) tis unwritten, and pronounced as a short vowel -é5 after a word ending in a consonant : So, tt Remember that a breathed « f, that is to say, one following. ‘a written or unwritten vowel, is a consonant Old # Lt shih-d-trdn the Shab of Persia () Tt is written g- and pronounced -yé-; after a word fending in a long vowel | or 3: el aye uss tye my books ge" all big houses oy 5, * gLite asx the bad smell (0) After the long vowel g-fand after «é (2) as a vowel, " Lesson Sixreex. co the é:dfé is pronounced -yé. It is usually in these cases ‘unwritten, but it ig occasionally written, to avoid possible ambiguity, with a" haved over the g of the « good fruit es fod ye-Adaib abig ship yz GH or Sy % aS hashet-yé-bosorg his gentle UT al ie or BT gel le sandalbg-in dghd man's chair If we wish to add the definite direct object suf 4 to compound linked by an ésdfé (or with many ésdfés) we add the | to the last element only. It is either written on to this last word, of written separately; more often, separately, this big chair 5 alice cul fn sandalf-yé-bozorg BE US bey z ode oe fn sandalt-yé-bozorg ri hojd gerefttd ? ‘Where did you get this big chaie ? The possessive affé (ce Lesson 15a) is often used, especially in conversation, with the noun Ju mal “property thus: * Jl. mdld- "the property of". We ‘use * JL mdld- when the possessing ia the thought upper- ‘most in the mind of the speaker. Compace : This is my book 555, oto, a? Meets ese ees eee eet V. Complete, in the Present Tense: oa Se Jee let OL! aot : —Syie ea e eter te St oahe 2 galb OUT ah gl ge 8 w Lesson SEVENTEEN 7 LESSON 17 Prepositions. Prepositions in Persian fall into two groups! ‘those used without being connected to their noun by an 4afé link, and those which require an ésd/é after them. ‘The ones without an é:d/é are pure Persian prepositions Proper those Linked by an é2d/é to their noun are usually adverbs, nouns, adjectives, or foreign words borrowed and ‘used as prepositions. (a) Prepositions which do not take the é=4/é: 44-1 Bé (written joined or separate) to 2 dar in bd with wet UE without I az from “Je jor instead of, exeept for (© Prepositions always joined by an é2a/é to the noun ‘they govern : or towards eee inside br Birin-é- outside =, bartyé for (colloquially bar-é) *dp4 Bede without between in front of behind Pablid-yé- in the presence of riyé on wird under ty in on nasdtht near ($0)98 Mopenw PErstax 4s Note: (a) <4 “behind "will be familiar to Latin scholars, () v2 dar has two meanings : (1) door, and (2) in, (c) There are many more é2a/é prepositions —those given above are merely the most important, Compound prepositions are common in Persian. They all take the é:dfé: 653) ar tuys from out of Sano arruyé — off 875 5L assiré from under Sy béaraf-t- in the direction of * Ge béjdye in place of, instead of se; gl ax poshtd from behind "Sj J) as nazdth-é- away from (" from near to") + Si 31 ax taraf-é- from the direction of, on behalf of OL bs dar mféne among ol. Gaz médn-é- from among cyl az béin-é- from between Sas fable ot te pan she dig carpet 8 farah, JU ehait Tighe i here ‘pres em -nochine ten te chat ug owl ghiltent Tench sit hdr Ealeony St hatton od ie ton take Key a he laced, siteated ely deta” wall ls dar Rested = meshaste Stove goer tokhars Cup oes fond Sac tedtam, place canes Borhghas Spoon G20 ghdshogh eset ry Lussox Seventeen 99 ‘a glase Oty) Heda Tampshade 43341 dbdshitr Totter oft alphabet S= hart fork diRr chang street door, front dovr 2 dab comsating of J coke ‘erat at Tock Jeb phot breakact 2020 ndcheet Pleture = maghch ransation ne fanjomeé Bow! ob war Note + (@) 3! cule consisting of, is always used wit! the verb sy to be, which is always placed alter the 2ote “ebivat wn G Net ee US oly fn hetdb “ebdvat ast az tarjo This book consists of translation(s) aasdseash az che “chirat bid 2 What did his furniture consist of ? @) 42 bow! and letter of the alphabet are Arabic words. We can either use their Arabic plurals Sy 2 soriif and y= horff or else the Persian ones Usb sarfhd and Ue harjhd. With Arabie plurals we always have the choice ‘of using the Persian plural, It is of course considered more educated to use the original Arabic one, though no foreigner ‘would be criticized for not doing s0. ot 1. Translate and write out 4. A plate, a knife, and a cup are on the table, 2. What is near the table? 3. In this house there are three people (2). Outside the house is a garden, and in the garden there are flowers.100 Mopeny Pentax ve 4. Did you see the key in the door? Yes, it was in ‘the door, but I pulled it out 15. What do you have (— take) for lunch every day ? 6. Do you drink coffee with breakfast ? In England they drink tea out of cups, but in Tran we drink it out of glasses. (Use the singular for “cup” and " glass".) 17. Who was standing behind the door ? 8, I saw my friend with his father yesterday. 9. Did he say this in your presence ? 10; No, he said it to his friends outside, 41, Inside this house there is a lot of furniture. 412, His house is situated near the Embassy. 13, What does his furniture consist of? Of chairs, tables and beds. 14, He goes to work without me, but it is very near. 415, Is the stove near the front door ? Yes, itis situated ‘behind the front door. 16, I went towards the mosque. 17, My brother was sitting inside the bank. He had a ‘book in (his) hand. 18, T never have a hat on (my) head. 419, Who put the picture on that wall, near the window, under the light ? 1. We took the rug off the earpet, and under it we pat ‘our money. 21, This is your room, and this big bed is for you. ww Lusson SEVENTEEN A 101 IL. From the examples below, pick out the prepositional wiring the éed/2. Then mark that ézafé with an * asterisk. Say how the éd/é is pronounced in each case: suisse Suh She et age ofl le et oe Sen we etal LESSON 174 ‘The stressed prefix of the Present Tense, + mi ean be written separate in most verbs, There is no difference in. the pronunciation : pose Of pase mbravam T go. ‘When this prefix is attached to a verb beginning with Ta, the” long sign over the | alsf is dropped when the ne mt-is joined ; thus from Jx),1 dvardan to bring, present stem -25T dear, we have fouls or poste mfdvaram I bring We must write at one word, dropping the | dummy alef, all verbs beginning in short a. Thus from 3211 anddkitan to throw, we have ple mfandézam I throw. We must write separately the Present of 2st! fstddan, to stand. This is to avoid the clash of two long fs: fol a mbtstam T stand Trregular Present Stemns—Ast group : Bho2, Bhs, Bish Verbs whose infnitives end in the guttural combination Ge -bhdan change this ending into a sibilant sound, =, +, oF th, to form their Present Stem,102 MopERN PERSIAN ve (Note: In the following list, instead of quoting the Past Stem after the infinitive, we shall omit this Stem and quote instead the Present Stem, This system of quoting verbs is ‘he usual one found in Iranian grammars and dictionaries, 0 we shall keep to it for the rest of this manual, omitting the Past Stem which is always regularly formed.) Group ta. kiez Infinitive English Present Stem eel dmndithtan teach whet dite. SaaT dmtkhtan mix ma dmtee GEN dothitan hang oh dots cel sdéhlan make Le sien See sithtan burn (to be on fire) SE) rikhtan — pour GEIL andékhtan throw anda. Belg parddthtan pay spardé EA; pokhtan cook paz. (root vowel also changes here) Gxovr 1b, Others GALE shendithtan know a person, * comnattre S45) fonithtan. sell Note: (a) gett shendkhtan to know is used only like the French connative or the Spanish conocer or the German ennen: to know a person, to be acquainted with, To know a thing or a fact is a different verb. () Ta i pokltan to cook, the vowel also changes in forming the Present Stem: -3- -par. ver Lesson SEVENTEEN A 108 Sins foo de you seed eA! toe fein a trae sa world Slew jah, Wis domyd ea so dad EC SRN ian “se lay nnd mountain } ar {top layed Fin ob bad snow op barf plain ss ashe inter Sn} semen eS snowing “it~ J barf autumn sau pate layed imate tga 9 ot abo hand summer Stl teste Wille oo a8 Spring sl Badr Iron col thaw Titi, tow ohare season, chapter (book) ea fast coumiry 95-2 Reshoar Seasons, chapters Ja! (Arp) Fond st 0 Vosaligias (ese ph) Jaiht Fainey Jel ea rtpaten ele so Jost Peracsbeny Sesert gus Bidbén ieeet Gus meh Text (Ls) pat FOUL Obed os ele OL AF Sy col wee cae OEE Beet pS OLY ale Shs FLY Bs Gl oe Uy ake he BB OLNEY bab os by el pF OLE she AF yale Os os Oy ak ST Eb Be tea y bee Hayy Leste Hol SE hee pO EL cee Ub tee pee eee fet ekees We ek LE tay Tc Foy cts oe OLN eta er ba ala oy Olea} as (which) SS Lis ye lat ah ak So Eolas Hess ale ae tah Lj Sy Oleh oe108 Movers Persian ve Ceo sts (0s damdvand, Bighest mountain in an) oF 1. Answer each of these questions orally in Persian, then write your answer out: EYES Je YY aS 30 Fale i, dos (lS 9 wee SEF Beg oat (ie, “trees im general) — eye, Fenn cate OU o> Set a0 col ly aa oo Stee w Soe eel pS oh By oF Sale 83, ale oeS ely vee Lessox Gols Wale FOL Ole * ab ae OL ae IL. Translate orally and in writing : 1. He mixes flour, water, and salt and pours it into ‘a cup. He cooks this on the fire 2. We is standing near the door. 3. The fire is burning well. 4. What are you making ? Will you sell it? 5. T know that man. He teaches my son Persian. 6. Why did he throw this paper out ? I paid for it myself. 7. He is hanging the picture on the wall. 8. When did he sell his ear ? IIL, Pat into the Present Tense : Bear cee leTy sehg te sell» cee eee uae sody LESSON 18 Present Stems ending in long vowels Some present stems end in long vowels, bd or 5 d. eg. The present stem of ST dmadan to come is -| and of cS goftan to say is =5S- In these verbs, because of the final vowel, the present undergoes slight changes, for phonetic reasons, before the addition of the personal endings ¢-4-» p- ete. We shall take UT and chi" as models. All verbs whose present stems end in ~d- go like oat, and all verbs with present stems ending in - -@- go like 23.106 MopeRy PEnstan ve To come Tosy eal dmadan SE goftan UT dmad~ past stem “38 goft- past stem sleds pres. stem, oS th pres. stem O ee gle Se miayam wlan migdyam —migdi Cres Se Se midta ata miga'id—igtd the he BBs Se téyad —mtdyand migityad —migiyand Or ae ab 2S ae mtdyad —mtéyad migiyad —mipyad w, - wes oS oe az = we Lesson E1cnreen 107 wwe put a” hameé, resting over a“ bearer ”, a bearer being, ‘you will remember, like an undotted , 6, thus: This + is pronounced as a glottal stop, like the letter tain Pronounce (Catch your breath on the hamzd) migi'td 03S mitad he igi gS But pronounce a -- glide in these ones midyam Ge migiivam ¢ Sa mildyad tle mbgiyand a Bae ‘There is no glottal stop, no catch of the breath, in these last four examples, He careful to sce and hear the difference in: Giottal Stop Glide we and ae ae miata imtayad —mitgiyad you come hecomes he says ae and gu fe milan migtion milpam ipa wecome —‘wesay Teome "Tay Irregular Present Stoms—2nd group : dant ‘Verbs whose infinitive ends in d2y- -sidan take a Present Stem in -- -d- and conjugate exactly like OT dmadan above in the present tense : Infinitive English Present Stem UanS farmadan command “Ls fara ‘Syd mamadan show oles “nama108 MopERN PERSIAN ven ail afeadan increase afd Sal demddan test, examine GT stoma Sing peimidan — measure skis “peima- 2:5 zddan bear young (animals) sd (he infinitive has the present stem vowel here) |, Note that the irregularities we are listing concern the ‘present tense only: the past tense of all verbs is always regular in Persia oble (0) tak og eh farm? Ste soyeh pd format Bidnom ? (60 lady) $6 sk oy eh farmdd dghd ? (0 a gentleman) “These expressions, meaning literally What did you com- rand ?""are used in polite conversation to mean " What id you say? XPRESSIONS “ebdrdt (0) $a bald ? (" Yes?) said with a rise in the voice : Bald? means " T beg your pardon—what did you say ? ‘We can use (i) and (i) together + Sayed ay de Bald, ehd farmadta ? Excuse me, but what did you say ? (0) Se abe Rhdhesh mitonam Please (requesting something) eta Sgt Fab (So tbe Muthesh mthonam — réb-éshemirdn kojst? ‘Excuse me—where is the Shemirin road ? (Shemirim is a northern suburb of Tehran) ry Lesson Eicwresw 4 109 oF I. In the following verbs inthe present tense, a=" bearer” has been written without its necessary mask, * hante oF «two dots (y+ glide) as the case may be. Fil in the hhamat or the =~ glide as necessary (ea. whe L should be ashe Ce (Seo should be eS c-) foe Sr Se lat abe Te plete Aste taba Ee He os esi iT Soe 8 II, Now check your answers to Ex. I with the Key at the bback of the book: correct your mistakes. ‘Now pronounce carefully each example of Ex. T ‘a glottal stop 7 TT, Put into the present tense: sali fake ote couse ae LESSON 183 Numbers Cardinal: 3 ade 1S yeh y 4g chaldr Gore 2 doy110 MopERN PERSIAN ve Bete hast w 5 gi panj cord 2S nok § 6 shesh vor # 10 dah ye 7 Sis haft 0 Ae sehr Ordinal : 6th =F sheshom Ast bt — aval 7th Ge fy haftim Bnd ¢59 gy doovim Sth (2 GA Rashlom rd pep seem Oth Ge GA mohdme 4th polee pF chahdrim 20th pas gb dahdow Sth gay 8 panjdm Note: (a) Apart from dl Ast avval, which is taken from Arabic, all ordinal numbers are formed by adding the syllable ¢- -dm to the cardinal number. This p= -Om is stressed, (b) The ordinals are adjectives, and are joined to ‘the noun they qualify, by the éedjé: tole * os dars-tchahdrdm the fourth lesson pry Bake safheayé-panjdm the filth page (pit als jeld-é-hashidm the eighth volume (@) The cardinals are always used with the noun in the singular. We say lq! asbhd horses, but with a number it is singular, thus: Col aly chahdr asb four horses. B cts lS 2 shesh hetab va panj ghalam “ six book and five pen ‘When the noun denotes people, we often use the word F nafar persons between the number and the noun. When the noun denotes, things or animals, we ean use ed pieces in the same position = uy Lesson EiGuteeN 4 an 2 ein AS) ap SU A panj afar rind oa do naar ingit haf nafarand Five Iranians and two Englishmen are seven people pols dal bE eT BE ol fn shesh td phalam vas dn sb td etd rd b6vhdn dddam 1 gave them these sx pens and those three books “The eardinal numbers answer the questions $y Ohghadr ? Sse chand ? Ab ay chand afar ? $0 ste chand fd? How many? ‘Sue chdghadr ? also means the singular : How much? “This expression never takes 2 nafar or U after it. “The ordinal numbers answer the question, untranslatable into English Scpay chandomtn ? the how-manyeth ?* ct, the German adjective der Wievelte? “ire chandomfn is an adjective, bu‘ ft always precedes noun and has no ésdjé Read these examples for practice : Seal ib us Gaal os ai oe 23 Ae Eade aes og tea oe et ee al Ce ea War o fab dn et oF 1. Write in Persian numerals (eg. 6-+ 4 = 10 becomes yestte): (4) 2x 3—6 () 6}-+3}— 10 (c) 6th, 7th, and sth IL, Write in words in Persian (@) eighen @ first (0) second (2) thirdcy Moperw PeRsiax ue IIL, Fill in the blank with 2 oF & as necessary dpe pd SU gal Spek Sede Jule Bale Oe gi Stile Oe tt Sets Bim ay oO a guest) (hee median LESSON 19 The Subjunctive ‘The subjunctive mood is used a great deal in Persi By itself, a subjunctive verb has the meaning "may" of “might ” or “let me (do) —". ‘The Present Subjunctive is formed by taking the Present ‘Tense, dropping the -» mf- prefix, and substituting the Subjunctive Prefix — b¢. This —y bé is usually joined in writing. Compare, for example, the Present Tense with the Present Subjunctive Tense of Sb raftan to 60 Present Stem =~ -ra0- Present Tense Present Subjunctive Tense (1) pa mfravam T go 2) sap mfravtd you go of sr miravad be goes syop miravad it goes 24, Béravam T may go Aya, Bravia you may go “1, Béravad he may go 247, Béravad it may go ne Loscox Niwereen a3 34, bvavion we may 60 2is7,bérautd you may go sj| “ae mtravand they go 3, be {22 Ment ey eo (1) coz miravtm we go (2) ay miravtd you go rand they may go ‘2, biravad they may go “The 4 bd is always stressed. Pronounce: coz Béravam — 38x bépdyam gilt bébhdntm ay yu befortishad Sil bénama'hd SLA bifarmdyand When the verb begins with T long d or | short a, the ~ becomes ~z, and the whole combination is pronounced 1 Bi or U Bla (the madié is dropped) T verbs: ail: Blémizand gly bléyam 1 verbs: (iy ils Blafa'im lal, Bland: Before date! fslddan to stop, the bd- is separated: id fail 4 béetstam T may stop ‘To make the negat of the Subjunctive, we frst remove the na bd or Bh, and then replace it with the negative prefix nar or ~2 nay- before a vowel. This negative prefix stressed ete ay elsewhere, Remember that the ~ Bé of we Bs droped in the Negative Present Subjunetive, So, for Gis for example: Present Subjunctive Present Subjunctive ‘Atirmative Negative Fi eiyam may say (584 napyem may not say SSS: bid td you may say 438 magi’ youay not say ALS: Bigtyad he may say 31585 nagiyad he may not sy Se Udg'im we may say Ss nagd'in wemay not saya4 Mover Persian Ms ABS, Bégd'td you may say 235% nagd'td youmay natsay LS; Bégtiyand they may 5: nagdyand they may nat sy sy ‘The second person of the Subjunctive (both affirmative and negative) is used by itself as the Imperative or command form 5, biman biga'td Tell me 2555 Jy bed nap’td Don't tell him sin die manzel Bératd Go home 4 lel fd naya'td Do not come here seu LoS ST dn hil Bedehtd Give that book Similafly, other persons (without pronouns) ean be used to express the idea "let 244, béravad let him go, he may go, may he go (Si magi let us not say, may we not say and the question form of the Ist person singular is very ‘common, thus SesSiez chéBigiyam ? What am Tto say? What can Tsay? Sufix 2- -esh, Besides meaning his, her, or its (posses- sive), the sie 2+ -esh ean be added to prepositions, This ‘usage is particularly common in colloquial speech : Wha di ou | fe gd Sash oe shy tell bims/ier ? Loke es ested 2 ses By Washed i et for dish prom pnb his/heename Laseskndmesh porsidam pany bolas) ¢ (ie, Porstdan, z= -pors- = to ask) ve Lesson NiwerEEN as Prepositions normally taking the é:d/é after them drop their dé if this 2 -esh suffix is added : Hestood behind [penned tudd sea! tot 8 sumer fehesn tea pugeucoin pein apias Suh St amare pimanrantes, tay Sons If the preposition ends in a vowel, we put a-s glide between it and the 2 -esh to facilitate pronunciation. + Is the book on the [e-1 oT * gy) 4 table? bale vityé dn ast [Soo} ze esl 4 Sl tsa a [hetdb rye mite ast ? até riyesh ast My friend went instead of him/her aiistam bejfyesh raft iy le cops Ve “The ut -esh suffix can also be added to verbs, to indicate the direct object of that vert Yes, itis on it Phere = bal or bot cae bal 3 tha tir nadidam a madidamesh No, I didn't see him/her In all the uses of 2+ -esh outlined above, we can use the corresponding plaral suffix OL- -eshdn = them (animate dand inanimate). This use is similarly colloquial T told him/her besh goftam pS sh T told them Beshds goftam 8 oles116 MoveRN Punsiax uw Soe ealy EY Were you at his/her house ? shomd pablityesh bata ? Suan Otay LEY Were you at their house ? shomd pabldyeshan bata ? T didn’t see him/her nadtdamesh oust I didn’t see them nadfdameshin Steoust « Note: dm biddan and cls déskan, Do not attempt yet to form the Present Subjunetives of these two verbs, They have special Subjunctive forms which we shall deal with later, nF I. Put into the Present Subjunctive : fom dr pe) Seo aS aoe ey TL, Make your answers to Ex. Nos. \, t,t. 8, vy and 4 negative subjunctive, TIL. Make your answers to Ex. I Nos. ¥, #, A, and t+ afirmative subjunctive, IV. Write in Persian and then read aloud, paying attention to the stressed prefixes 1. May I go out? What am I to say ? Come here, I. Where is he to go? Let's see him. (One word.) 3. Don't take his money. nw Lesson NINETEEN a7 7. Let him not take his (own) money. 8. Say this after (= with) me. 8. Don’t cook my dinner late tonight. 40. Why may T not pay? Y. Put into the form using’the suffix 3+ -esh or ot esha: ser Sasi UTL neat aa oly as SUI oie VIL Translate Ex. V. (Drawn from BA. Robinson's Persian Miniatures", by hind permission ofthe Publishers, Drums Casson, Lid, Oxford)ua Mover PERSIAN va. LESSON 192 (Questions, We said in Lesson 15a that we make a question in Persian by raising the voice towards the end of the sentence (fn speech) and (in writing) we occasionally, though by no means always, use a European question-mark reversed $, Not all Persian books, and very few Persian writers, bother about te mark, Persian books printed in Europe usually do, of course, use ‘The order of words of the statement is not changed to make a question : ‘They saw him rd didand 23s gl y (falling tone) Did they see him ? rd didand ? $s Luly (rising, inquiring tone) Question-words. Many questions in Persian, as in English, are introduced by question-words why? chird? Ue what 2 chd? (colloquially cht 2) ch hts ? inp =~ Which ? Rodd? gh who? M2 5 when? Adi? S where ? hojd? WS how? chitiur? sue how much/many ? chand ? ty ehéghadr ? ie and the many compounds we ean form from these words Me 6 edb for what? bard-yéochd? az * ale whose? mul vs Lesson Nivereen 4 119 from where ? az hojd 2 US 3! until when? Aéi? SU and 20 forth. ‘When these words are used to form questions in Persian, we can put them at the beginning of the question, as in English Where did Hassan come from? aT WS) gen To whom did he say this? foi ly ye lS 41 When are you coming tomorrow? Yates lab Er Why did you come today ? Saud Saal bet But it is far more usual to put the question-word im- mediately before the verb, ie. nearly at the end of the ‘question : SATS oe Soi Sabor alt Sale Sha ee Saal be Salt In good conversational Persian this latter order is much better. Indirect Speech, Tn English, we have two ways of indicating speech. We have Direct Speech : (a) He said" Lamy alt and we have Indirect Speech or Reported Speech : (@) He said that Ive was i ‘These two sentences both mean exactly the same“thing, Dut in (a) the exact words of the speaker, with no altera- tion in tense or person, are used. In (8) we merely get120 Mopens Penstax we report of what the speaker said: the tense of the verb and the person of its subject are both changed to fit the report. In Persian there is no distinetion between Direct and Indirect Speech: we always use the exact words of the speaker, #4 Inverted commas are occasionally used in Persian : they are not obligatory. See cuca bythe junction a on, baie, Ay vther athe wae | aE LEE ‘ei oes Exactly the same method is used to express questions, in speech Ahmad asked "" Where are ‘you going 2” Bina OS Ey dey ant on Sea lS Ey aly Abmad asked where T/he/ } Gat meta (25 dog arly she was on we/you/they | jeu.” Sanat eres Sas OS LenS sey al In the questions 1, ¥, r, and ¢ above the £ may also be omitted. The context of the speech usually indicates who is meant by the “"\e", but the exact words of the speaker are always wy Lesson NivereEn A at used, As you see, the conjunction “4.5 is not always translatable into English. ‘A question which requires an answer “‘ yes” or “‘no”” way be introduced by Ul This is an untranslatable question particle, Tt always appears as first word in the question clause : shomd Birie mfvavid ? Syme tae EY Are you, cons out? oe yt shod Birin mach? $5,500.92 Y 16 wo wish fo quote a yesno question as speech, we rusually introduce this question by MIS, which fs then fronslated as “whether” in English. Again, nether the nor the tis obligatory: ‘Ahmad asked “Are you scoing out?" Ahmad askod whether 1/ he/she was on we/you/ they were going ost Al the above, 1, Ys ¥, and 4, can take cither ¢# or f or both together; and the conte! of the question tells us who is indicated by (> shoma. ‘Again, the same method fs used to express commands as soa a Baal soe oa Tag aly Aa Ba ES te ele Sa S a ate doe quoted speech : Gol Béravtd woe He said “Go” (goft béravtd a oS on colt Béravtd esas He told me/him/uer/us/]goft A Béravtd uy, © oi yyou/them to go oft Re bdrantd oy zy SoS322 Mopuay Penstax vr Irregular Present Stems—8rd group : -stan verbs ‘Verbs whose infinitive ends in ¢ irregular Present Stems. irregularities encountered Grovr $a, 5 stan nearly all have Here are the most important Infinitive English Present Stem GUS Adstan lessen, wish, want She bhdstan jasten jump SE -shoban= Snes (vowel change sso here) Grour ad. Others Ge rastan escape Grour ab, snd 4 bastante, bind, close —y- band Sot peivaston unite wee “peivand- Grour ge. = KE shehastan break neshastan sit Sok eto. LS -gosel- SES goststan et shosten wash no sha Ge jostan ook for, seek p= oj EU Bhdstan arise oie Bae In Group 3d above, note (a) i+ goststan to break has an alternative form in the infinitive only—the present stem hhas only the one form. This verb is not a8 common as 2c SZ shekastan. (b) In all these four verbs there is a vowel ‘change as well as a consonant change. (¢) Do not confuse vr Lesson NINETEEN 4 323 Ba GLUE Rhdslan — to wish (pres. stem- be --Phdh-) with 3d gol Ridstan (no mute -»- v here, N-B.) whose meaning is to arise, with the pres. stem n+ -Rtz. Text ae Ub tee Haye yang ob pS ale eee ase sate Sah ant NS Bs Sn snot Shes ae gle a So Mae Us ae 2 ob sab gi bal Ula tae fad ae ke she ened int Tag an SAF Ula ay aed ey Sa aoe Sap hi Fay be oy oF ly a tee ol 22 Se pelle ese bs GS Mh tngne ab salen pe TV ene td went tt Sap ick, ae ate wane (2 pd at S80 a sah rate De surprised O08 wna! ta'ajob ‘hardon ‘second time 459 ts daf'eve. sok (08) —at- Sarma forsidam, pore) shen oe pas Dut Jo ont snow thay Yin Ald ste 34 marae Fellow gon shaths ‘Walking, om foot ase pldaé ‘when “Gia eaght Mer Sam bad ae moment bye manish noe ea time a date ink Sa.5 80 fehr hardom FOIE i open ca lycarl, sooner, quicker ‘Boment } #2 decoh ‘dar Mithout a word 095 Stone, setive oo Sty ratdam, are” Redan Speake So) > harf sedan slowly) Yolen ti soda CaM GaP to sd harden Know fa fact) te gamle hour, wate ale sat ‘Abnestom, nai ce I, Answer these questions orally and in writing in Persian : Swe Sy Sop OH LS Ul tant Sole ile we Ula ae yt Gate ap Ula hop Gl asky tae m mm. Fonlad be ae Sl bbe gl bp Ub tan ‘Translate: 1. don't know what his name is. 2. Did he say where he was going ? 3. Tell him to go. 4, Hassan said he had seen someone in the village, but. he didn't know who it was. 5. Tell him to wash his hands. ‘Translate (a) into English Direct Speech, then (6) into English Indirect Speed eg. sa, S aS oy (a) He said to him: “ Go. (@) He told him to go. Sly ad otk see esl Le Spe, Gt BoE tt bee gat ah aS Bae OE Sp Ol og ee eT Saal ve Lesson Twnery os LESSON 20 After the verb cant beable fo" and“ want to" in Eng, wo we the neti ofthe vob Teas go Tamale to go } {athe Preset Tanto I could go Tsai} aster T wanted to go Tn al these examples, “ go” and“ to go” are infintives in English. In Persian, we do not use the infinitive in such cases, Dut the Present Subjunctive Tense (the ~ bé- tense) in the appropriate person, thus, for example: p31 Mravam that I may/might 60 can, 9 be able to Infinitive : Past Stem: Present Stem ENS tavdnestan Is tavnest- oe stave ‘Thus the Present 1st person singular is (le (1) (an) ‘ttzvdnam Lean, Lam able ‘2. ‘The Past 1st person singulaz is 15 () (man) tevdnestam T could, I was able to, Infinitive Sle Bhastan Past Stem: “aie Bhdst- Present Stem: -ale- -bhdh- Present 1st singular alice (5+) (man) mfbhcham T want to, Past fst person ‘singular c-L= (s-) (man) Rhdstam T wanted to126 MopERN PERstax we Examine: ‘man mttavdnam anja Beravam 992, ET flee ot Tam able to go there (literally, I am able that T go there) shomd tavanestid nj béravkd uy, ET 4eils Ly ‘You were able to go (literally, that you might go) there shan namstavdnand fxja bidyand ely Lol lee OL! ‘They can’t come (literally, They cannot, that they may come) here HE mtththad bd man béravad ? $24. co \ snbine S ‘Who wants to go (literally, that he go) with me ? Mchkas nabhdst Bédaftar biravad 7, ji SE Sn 8 Nobody wanted to go ta the office pat ple Fe So stam goft hé namtththad dir bérasad ‘My friend said he didn't want to arrive late (or: My friend said: “I don’t want...) The sibs or ihe form (called the auxiliary verb) can ‘come just before the subjunctive verb : shomad Snjd mRhGhtd beneshintd ? Sac saline nal LE Do you want to sit here ? or just after its own subject : shomd milhahta fnjd beneshtnid ? Sates Lal Salinee LEA Do you want to sit here ? ‘The subjunctive verb can be understood, of course, just as the corresponding infinitive ean in English : ‘bkhdham Dégdyam valt namttavdnam flit Js 584 groree % T want to speak, but I ean't vw Lesson Twenty 337 rah namfravand. namsihthand sabint nat dh Ve ‘They aren't walking. They don’t want to Alter the verb “want to” ia English, we often have an object before the infinitive: want him to write (Le. I don't want to write myself) ‘This is translated by putting the object between the ci-be ausiliary and the subjunctive verb, but in the subject form: ie. no b- -rd particle attached to the noun or pronoun. For further clarity a 5 Ad particle can be used set gabe oe 1 T want him to write (man mthhdtam a béncotsad (literally. T want that oR hie should write) sae NS pate OY ‘man mithdham KE a béncotoad A further word about ibe: it can of course take an ordinary direct object, a “* want ” can in English Twant an apple 0 mthhdham abbne ee VP Le I. Translate: 4. Can he write Persian? Yes, he ean. ‘Does he want to learn this ? No, he doesn't (want). 1. Where do you want to sit? Tean't wash (my) hands without water. Why don’t you want him to see your house ? Nobody could tell me this.128 Moers Penstax ara 7, Do you want dinner now ? 8, He wanted to sleep, but he couldn't. 9. Yesterday he was very ill and couldn't eat any- thing, 10. When did you want to soe us? Are we to come early? II, Put the infinitive on the left into the correct subjunc= tive form to tthe sentence on the right : coe ed lee GIS Gil a9 8 IIL, (a) Put into the Past Tense Ex. II Nos, 1. and (® Pat into the Present Tense Ex. IT No. ¥. LESSON 202 To ask. Tho English verb " to ask” is translated into Persian in two ways le Hdstan (to want) = to request, ask for something Ste, porstdan = to ask a question ‘They both take jl az (from) with their personal object : What did youask of Seb p ce st me? as man che bhdstid 2 wu Tasked him to come 2 es cabs st gt LE ‘alone ac Whdstabs tah Bia td wa Lessox Twenty A 129 What (question) did you ask me? as mare chd porstltd ? Tasked you what this ur al S peg lt st pou, was as shomd porstdam bd tn chtst Irregular Present Stoms—uerbs in dx dat ‘Verbs whose infinitive ends in ds- -davs fall into various group: (@) 85 ~dan verbs are the second group of irregulars. ‘See Lesson 18 for these. (8) Sap -fdan verbs are all regular, forming their present stems by dropping the &4- -fdan, except those listed below under (6) and (d). (0) The following verbs in 2s- ~dan have present stems in 1m, and occasionally other irregularities as well, Which should be carefully noted : English Present Stem hit ou hardan do “S= -hone ba, 3T dfartdan create A Apert Dus diden see xz chtdan arrange, lay out (2) The following verbs in 3s ~dan have present stems in =~ -t- a5 well as a vowel change: Infinitive English out shenfdan hear At Shodan become ye shave Present Stem. -shenas-130 ‘Mover Penstax ie Compound Verbs. You will probably have noticed that ‘we have learned comparatively few verbs, so far. Persian thas very few simple verbs ; it uses simple verbs combined with other words, usually nouns or adjectives, making ‘compound verbs. Compound Verbs formed with 25° hardan to do wait (on) sar hardan (bardy@) (ole) 2S thante (o somebody) tashabhor h(a asl) (gS soar Ret speak sohbatb. D5 eee work har be as oF ccept, agree ghabil as bs throw out, reject Brn A. af & prepare Iser ag Ae arrange donot an Hive ina place) mance! deg de live (exist) endegt Bs 5 move off Iharakat k. aS Se sat. O35 gee ed {ihe a as ae open ‘ask OF He find p6idd b, aa hg ‘think Sekr ky oS SS help (fo somebody) homak k (6 hast) (Si) 205 SS change “anas h. Ons ue Compound verbs form all the usual tenses, by infecting the verb half of the compound, which is never separated. ‘The Subjunctive, and hence also the Imperative, of a Compound Verb has no - 8¢ prefix ; compare wt Lesson Twenty 4 a3 tal fie mttavdnam bard békonam Lean do this with em et fey mnttavdnam Jars sobbat konam can speak Persian Let us examine a typical Compound Verb, 025° <3 tashakhor . “to thank” in all its parts, as an example: Infinitive: 35° S3 fashabhor &. to thank Past Stem: 3 S84. hard Pres. Stem: 5-535 f “Rom Pres, Tense: —¢Sq 355 4. mthonam (ete) T thank. Past Tense: 25" |S, hardam (etc.) T thanked Subjunetive: "(5° [S35 ¢, konam (ete.) may T thank Imperative: £5" 7S ¢ Ronfd Thank (someone) ‘The negative prefix 1 nd- is added of course in the usual way to the verbal element of the compound. Remember ‘that the non-verbal element of the compound never changes land never separates itself from the verbal element.132 Mopenn Prnstax wr If we wish to sullix Jt -ech or SL -eshdn (him or them) as a direct object to a Compound Verb, we attach the suffix to the nonverbal element: Throw it out | Dirdnesh hontd 435 35.» T didn't open them béseshdn ndkardam 725i oly Text © pte, BN Se BS pS cnet TES dae SS oh OF SIS ES GE Dy Ke I ae ES fll oo de oe OULe os Pe pa ie s tel Se Ue Ft 1 Se ae e + conversation Sone stat don't mentions it. ts nothing) salary Gait hoghash| hope at omid Biadnese oUsh lsat Thope (Lam-bopefal) estas for your hindness G2 +250 omtidvarn to wlsfattohoms we L , SSL ASS GS ETS BE v SAS Si ie Se cas USF (E'S ota a 4 ale yee dee SBE IL. Translate 1. He moved. 4. Get the dinner ready. 2. Let him move. ‘5, Where do you live ? 3. Am Ito speak? LIL, Give the Subjunctives of : Ke S50 Ket pote Fee (Stowe TV. Translate, taking care with “ ask": 1. He asked me for an apple. 2. He asked me what the time was. (Time here = hour) ‘3. Ask him where he lives. 4, Don’t ask for money. 5. He asked too much for his fruitsa Mopens Persia wre LESSON at Comparison of adjectives and adverbs. There is no ditfer- cence in form between adjectives and adverbs in Persian 4 Hlth = good on wel, a: bad = bad on badly, ‘To form the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs, we add the suffix J -tar to the simple form of that adjective or adverb, To form the superlative, wa six a j= tartn to the simple form, ig Spy Bororg — “small SSS Aetck Viger 3555, Bororgtar smaller GSL56 cholfar Diggest x55 Bosorgtartn smallest gues hilhehtarts bad, badly 4 bad worse G4 badtar worst aie badtartn ‘There are only fwo irregular comparico good, well 52 Bhd sks stad better fe bebtar NY ™MCRL A aneilt best othe bebtarin more ay Bishtar most ca Fy Bichtartn Note: (a) The comparative form of the adjective follows ‘the noun it qualifies, and behaves exactly like the simple (Positive) form, taking the é24/é, ete. : a big house manzel-é-bozorg S's, * Jie ‘a bigger house manzel-é-bozorgtar js, * We some good place ja't Rib ye Sie some better place ja't behtar ee diz () The superlative adjective always precedes the noun it ‘ualifes, and there is no é24/#, We ean, of course, becatise ve. Lesson Twenty-one, 135 of its meaning, never have an indefinite sux ge -f associated with the superlative. ‘The superlative always ameans the best, the biggest, ete. ‘This is the biggest house 2-1 J ga iS, fn Bozorgtarin masizel ast ‘That is the smallest boy 21 pp cei oT dn hidchektarin pesar ast (0 than = 5I az or & ud: ‘This book was dearer than that one 2» S51! ALE GAS gl fn ReldD gerdntar az dn yok bid too much" and" too". These English expressions such ‘8 in" too much money ” and “ too good”, are not easily ‘expressed in Persian. As a rule we use, for pec asthe too much money for PaALERKIE sH4d 33 Le * dy t00 good BAG RAD oe eo Both these Persian expressions really only mean very ‘much and very. Nevertheless, we have to make do with ‘them, as they are the nearest we can get to the English idea, Numbers 11-20: Cardinal Ordinal 11) ail peda, 11th gay yudadahdm 12 vy ibe davdedae 12th pass davdsdahdm 13 yeep ainda 13th paste sfadahdoe 1A V4 salyy chakdrdab 14th goal chahdrdahim 15 \e wily fdnsdeh 15th pass Paduedahdm136 Moprny Prnstax we 16 1% afl shdnsdah 6th paszlt shdnzdahdon 17 \ysais Aendah 17th paste Hovdadn 1848 18th ates jdahdon 48 10th pasigh nidadahon 20 re Doth ay Uistom More about the comparison of adjectives and adverbs, Some complex adjectives and adverbs, as in English, do not add suffixes but form their comparative and superlative degrees with the use of more Bishtar 2 most Bihari ou. Thus: pleasant (it. pleasure-bringing) neshétoar 51 bles more pleasant bishtar neshdtdvar 53 Li Fy most pleasant neshdt-doar tarin op 7 37 4s Interesting (lit, worthy of note) ghidbel-é-avajjoh ens ous more interesting Dishtar gh. angi * Ub te, most interesting ghabel-é tactarvajjoh tarin oe j angi * Si Jn colloquial Persian, the superlative is often expressed, by using the comparative degree followed by « 31 az hamé “of all” or than all”, especially when the adjective is the complement of the verb fo Be: SN ie 8o5 geet Ie ea) 1m bosorgarin miz ast = tw mts bozorgar az hamé ast This tbl the erst ary Lesson TWENTY-ONE. 137 Sap (good wat Ahad forbidden ty mama? Detter ve bear ratetus{ eater Dost cee Behar Same memmte wellknown sine maim Important cae mohemm fort tae betas Tappy dows ahochbal ay J tomb (eso (3 pro stubborn AF r+ sarhack ‘Bounced mb) 21d (ot peopl ae Pir aati (Et sap pleasant jal bs mesh doar oor sates blchdrd Fh 2p dénlatmand fall, gh = otand ld (ot things) done ed 3 ghermes blac oath Ihot water food, ote) L'8dagh easy LT ded gut 5 fang ‘cheap SU erst Dright, allt, light (of colours) woollen gms pach ‘pone raushon white a> ef fut, ‘extinguished (of Ughts, Uetle fadverb) Aa ‘Sres) vigil Khdonoh ait (advert) soF hart (ee ro cua ae 50 tare Swarm, Bot ef gam empty Je haat Toaee Js shad heavy, hick ati ang fall por ‘thin, Hight (wedge) a sabon Dappy Jin RhosBhal stupid rage tab Egyptian Se mesrt French 1p) fordnsaot German Git dindnt $2 Ptr“ 01d" always precedes its noun : fn old man pirdomand 90 * 24, fn old woman pindan 3) #36 ccxcellent Je "at fntelligent Ayal banish Tanah fF tort138 Moperw PERstax ara. Pakistani Jit, pahesint ‘Ameria 51 dmrtia't Kind, gontlo cite motiafeh ready present rat heer sorry wate ota sbeont le ghd Bnet people pays mado CME port ay an hamid evccemtal Shoe movafagh famous jo ma'andf at 1. Example: ol Sie oe ah fe dy Cah U2 Ue fed Aa Sie cel tee eds el sie aa A NS WS pe tt by ol pas tt 8 pol bs pate ele oF taste the tale de Seale tt al ds ee et set Sy ae dy tas tel gy HO HI, Translate: 1, Who is the richest man in this town? 2 Allis rich, but you are much richer, 3. The eleventh chapter is more interesting than the third. 4. Which book was most important ? 5. Old people know better than young ones, 6. Tean walk faster than you 7. Can you give me a cheaper one than this ? va Lussox Twenty-one 4 130 8, He always arrives at the office earlier than you 3 does he have a faster car than yours ? ‘8. Why does the cat always sit on the most comfortable chair? LESSON 2ta relative, Tn the sentences: (a) The man ho came here yesterday was my frend (6) Give methe book which you bought. (©) Dia you goto the place where I sent you ? the expressions the man who, the book which, and the place tehere are called relative expressions, ‘They are all expressed in the same way in Persian beget AT bal iy9 Saeed ‘mardt Re dire tnjd dmad diteoman bad ‘The man who came here yesterday was my friend sak oe ee TS bildbt hd Bharkdtdb6 man bedded Give me the book which you bought Tet pet bo Siete dnje't hd mann shomé vd erestadam raft? Dia you goto the place where T sent you? ‘You will notice: (a) We attach ay -f suffix to the noun beginning the relative expression. If the noun ends in a vowel, or if it, carries a l- plural or b- definite direct object suifix, we put140 Moperw PERstax ae ‘at hamzé on a bearer before the w- -f, and pronounce a glottal stop. Nouns already ending in gf, ike Jin sasidalt a chair, do not add a farther gt (0) After the yf or Jf we have © Ad which we have already met in Speech (Lesson 194). The s+ -f or J ‘may be written together with the S° Ad as one word: AT isa9 Sey see SS se PERLE oe SET Here are some further examples of relatives Sol oe Bad te TL al, SS nbhartkd bard-yé-md har mtkonad esmesh hasan ast Hassan is the name of the servant who works for us 2 PS abil pan ET oe Si 0 vaghtthé man anja badam urd besh goftam ‘When Iwas there ("The time that I was there ") I said this to him... Piel a i bea! © Se sanhd ‘rd he inj mansel mikonand mishondsd 2 Do you know the women who live here ? Pens fist he ce SL ani Ty dts Rardi 6 Gb san 02% foribitum Where is that knife (which) T sotd to him ? 434 Sabine She ns shar jit hi mthsdhta Blpaoid Go wherever (" every place that ”) you wish ra Lesson Twenty-one A sat ‘You will notice that we have given Si vaghtié and ‘Kil, ja'the, when and where respectively, as relatives. Do not confuse these relative words with 5° Aéi? when? and US foji? where? which are both interrogative, question words. The relatives Se) the ale, which fe pronounced short, iim the Arable fashion. Hamed nev (@) Formed with dsls ddan to give: shake hands dast didan sls o> teach dars di, bala a> give, cause trouble zalmat dd. dsls en3 give up, lose far dast dd. dsl 33) give back pas da. Salou, show fneshan dd, sls OU accomplish fanjém da, slo lel (0) Formed with 01,25 hashfdan to draw: take pains, trouble salmat kashidan ous ens bbe ashamed (of) Rhejlat Ash. (a2) (31) O48 elle to last, endure til sh. anes Sb revolt sar bh. Oe bring forward ish sh. as Note: Verbs formed with (%) os!5 dddan retain the +: Bee prefix in the Subjunctive: Show me that dnrd Béman neshdn Béddhtd Ane 0 The Subjunctive of 3 0 De “The stem of day bdan from which we form the Subjunc- tive is 2 -bési-, To this we add the usual endings, omitting the customary ~ bé- prefix. 1 bé= is never prefixed to any part of bay ddan. 5 og UTus Moers Persian va to be~ Present Subjunetive (1) Bisham Gey Dashing (2) basta Ly tama Say of ishad 24 Bashand 24 MN odshad 42h Bashad wy ‘The usual negative sufix ~ nd- is added to make the Negative Subjanctive of this verb: gly ndbdsham, nabéshtd, ete. ‘The stem ~~ -bdsh- isin fact the original Present Stem of day biddan, and there does exist a form of the Present ‘Tense of do2 badan made regulasly from this stem : (1) mihdsham pile mibAshtd the (e) mavashiad GC. mbasasa eofniaihet 2S mibdoland 22 fmfbished 2 pithéshad a ‘This form is rather rare and means fo exist in everyday specch ; itis only used in rather formal speech inits original meaning fo be, More about the Relative. Yt in English the “ whom”, “which ", or "that " beginning the relative clause is governed by a preposition: (#) The box from which I got the money .. . (@) The boy you spoke with (with whom you spoke) «. (6) The man to (* el; berdyé here) whom I wrote the letter wwe say it thus in Persian : 22 GS Wee Tal oo Kine Sanddghthé man az dn pitrd gerefiam Jit. The box that from it T took the money » ves Lesson Twenty-1wo 139 cee ee NUE Say pesarthdshomd ba dl sobbat kardid lit, The boy that with him you spoke 2 ba oe (ALD Nt al Se smardthé bart’ (bardyesh) man néndrd ncveshtam . lit, The man sho to him Lote the letter ‘You will notice la) The Sr or & --fkd which we met in the last lesson fs the only relative particle used. ‘There is no other one in Persian. (0) Wefollow the «-.fhé with the preposition, 5! or 4 or oT din, oh i, OU! fohdin oF LT + Gl, of whatever it is, = dnhd as the ease may be. (©) Im English it is possible to cast the sentence con- taining a relative in a different way, and omit the relative word "whom", “which or "that". ‘The examples above could read, with the same meaning : (a) The box I got the money from. (@) The boy you spoke with (6) The man I wrote the letter to In Persian this is not possible: the relative word must always be present. Whose, of which, of whom. ‘These are possessive relatives and are expressed in Persian similarly to the prepositional relatives deseribed above, but we use the é:d/é instead of fa preposition:180 Mopenw Penstan ve (1) The man whose son goes to this school . dae tot cde (Er) oly Sg t Imardt hi pesar-éed (on pesaresh b8 tn madrasé miravad . (literally) The man who his son gocs to this school . “The man who the som of hi goes to this school... (c) ‘Those whose books are on the table can go a bee Col pe Hess OE ELT SET sin, tthiee col Spe Bays OLN t alnolh Sue 8 Gnd thé etdbhayeshdn (oR helibhd —yé-tohin) riyé mt ast mitavdnand déravand (Giterally) Those who their Books oR Those who the Books of ‘them is on the table... ans 0 much 2atT anghadr 2 well ote ab ‘all (ion) gx eh Bandar Shab (4 port) Sport sus bandur andar oe Translate: 1. Where is the book you found this in? 2. The house I live in has a beautiful garden. 3, When Iran was the centre of civilization, she was very ich. 4, What is the name of the school your son goes to? ‘The one where they teach Russian and Turkish ? 15. The boat he spoke of in his letter arrived at Bandar Shah yesterday yoy Lessox Twenty-1wo 4 aot 6. They draw the water we drink from wells. 7, Whose house is that? It belongs to the gentleman, ‘ho teaches my son. 8. Which one do you like more, the one I showed you or the one you found ? 8. 1 should like (0 thank the gentleman who took so much trouble with this work. 410. Does he have any pain in his foot (there) where the ‘ail was that we found and removed yesterday ? LESSON 220 How to translate -ing into Persian. {) The English continuous verbal forms “is talking”, “were going, and so forth, cannot be exactly translated. into Persian; we use the simple Present and Past Tenses instead : He talks, or is talking aS. ce 4! d sobbat mtkonad We went, of were going ¢2b md rajtim ‘There is, however, an Imperfect Tense. This is used to denote an action which continued for some time but was interrupted, or a repeated past action. It is easy to form, We prefix v mf or -mt- tothe ordinary Past Tense (82 DIS oi dine Oday ‘man be-esfahin mbraftam vaghtthétrd didam T was going to Isfahan when T saw him (Le. my journey was interrupted by my seeing him) Ke Ue mo‘allemeé-md migoft ‘Our teacher used to say We can only use this device in the past. Examine :MoveRx Persian Se RS OS et ‘man dirs iar thar iam vaphtihe 2 pisheman dmad 6 goft I was working yesterday when he came tome and said . A Sal 9S Ute cy OT a9 Olas TET énji thé distoman dar dn vaght manzel mitkard tasddof shod (At the place) Where our friend was living at that time there was an accident () TE the -ing word is a noun, the subject or object of a verb, or if it is governed by a preposition, we use the Persian infinitive: ver Sabject of a verb St Je Fy 5 OE dy ed SLT OS oe ul ¥ ‘ars sobbat hardy sn ast vals Khindano novelas mosh ast Speaking (to speak) Persian is easy, but to read and ‘ite (Feading and writing) is diiult Object af a Verb PE BiB 7 Sale Sy pals cose oe OAS com gull t ‘First sohbet Ravan rd.man dist daram valé hhdndan neveshtanesh rd niéomidénam. T like to speak (speaking) Persian but its reading and writing (to read and write it) T don't know “ing Governed by a Preposition wee S pallet OL ey he a porstdan-d-d midénestam he , ‘From his asking I knew that . (6) If the ~ing word is an adjective and is not preceded by the verb “to be” in English (ie. is not an English Continuous Tense, see (a) above) then we use its exact Persian equivalent, the Present Participle, ‘The Present ver Lesson Twenty-two 4 153 Participle is an adjective, and is formed by adding the suffix andé (stressed) to the present stem of the verb. Present Participle = Present Stem ++ +4 nde Examples: doing Rondndé ws working ir komands 53S wishing Bhdhandé wale having, possessing davandé Pe knowing dandndd sila coming ayandé wt ‘This adjectival Present Participle ean be used as an ajectval noun ee gt davanat-yb-elid béman goft... ‘The possessor of (He having) the key said tome... Used in this way, the ++ -dndé can take a plural BIE. -anddgdn or andégdn Bone} Ste, comtieatee Tue muoners | Y () sa dotdan -dan to 8) and you already know, from the verb 10 fly Ou, (+22) partdan, -par 22, pardndé (= a fying thing) a bird 282; parandégén (Sying things) birds Which are used as nouns. Hf the verbal adjective is in effect a relative expression, use the relative in Persian 1 SS ieee oll a2 Set aashihdsiké dar tm deh manzel mthonand “The people who live in (living in) this village154 MopeRN Persian vot The adjective #21 dyndé “ coming" is used to mean “next " in expressions of time or of sequence : next month mdf-édyiindd ott * oe (Giterally, the coming month) next lesson dare-dydndd al * yoo next week hajlé-yé-dyandé wt & (eis hafid = week) the fature vaphi-é-dyandé ws] i es eden Mhhas namidanad ké dar zaman-é-dyandd che migozarad Nobody knows what will happen (pass) in the future Irregular Present Stems—Group 5: -ordan -dr ‘Verbs whose infinitive ends in 23 -ondan have present stems in te -dr- Infinitive English Present Stem San shomorian count whe -shoma Sage sepordan deposit, entrust = -sepdr= a5 feshordan squeeze, press + -feshdr= ‘There is one exception to this group: d9z (-4,) bordan, bar- to carry ; this verb has a short a in its present stem instead of a long 4. Sup toring a bell 525 625 sang God tab Ahad ae ‘Shapen se ee Gente Sts od her Tee iy i. Yan) et it. God protect) ‘ates to get pleasire (rom) 391 oi) ‘eat tordam (as) OO ye Lesson TWENTY-THREE 155 oF I. In these sentences, put the bracketed verb into the ‘correct past tense (ie. with or without the Impesfect Prefix mf), eg. ae LL Sb deat tole Ue at Parvic was running from home to school when he saw us (CL) ot batt al O25 HE) 2 oo SN SO) bE & SBE GY WS Sat (Oe WY de ga Ker 35 By) oll KH Gas) EEE Ce) 5 GS) bbe ato Ii, Translate: 41, Do you like working in the garden ? 2. Cooking is easy. 8, He gets a lot of pleasure from reading Italian, 4. Next month the bus coming from Tabriz will arrive ‘an hour later. LESSON 23 The Relative—continued. When we have “whom”, “that, or “which ” as a relative, and it is the object of the verb following it: (2) This is the man (whom) I saw. (@) gave you the book (which, that) I bought, we can translate with Sj kd or g- -f Aéas we have already learn156 MopsRs PERSIAN vor fm hamiin mardst ki mam dSdam § piss eS Snape yh eldbthe Rhartdam Béshomd dédam esls (2 page Kal ¥ ly" the same (ea) man wh « Relative without . -1 or 2 ~'t. We learned that the rela- tive particle © Aé does not usually occur without =f or ¥ de. Rd does occur without gf or J- ~f, but only in a rare and rather special kind of relative sentence. Compare : barddarthtin ketdbré Rhartd AY AS lS gssle \ (with s--f) The brother who bought this Book with arddar Re tn heli ré Khari BALE lS sale (without «- -) The brother, who bought this book. « In (a) we have what is called a limiting relative: it 4s implied that there are several brothers, but “that one ‘who bought the book..." ete. In (6) the relative S fé “‘who" docs not limit the antecedent “brother " ; there is only one brother, and he (incidentally) bought this book. If you find this distinction a difficult one to grasp at first, work to this rule, until you get the habit of distinguishing ! IL we cannot reasonably place a comma before the relative “who”, “that ", “which ", ete., in the English, we need the suffix yf or J-~ in Persian, If we caw reasonably place a comma before the relative in English, we leave out the ws -f or d-- in Persian. rev “Lesson TWENTY-THREE, 187 More examples offing relatives: Tot ile Os pla ces Ay oo SS etdbiné man dishtae dist dram diode hifes ast “The boot Tike most i the * Divan ” of Hafee le sy oS gus 59 Set Y habythé die didtm ghashang Binezar midyad “The city we saw yesterday appears tobe (it. comes to the ye) beautiful And of non-limiting relatives: cles tS IZ S cee OS etd masnawt he bosongtarin hetdb-é rm ast ‘The book “"Masnavi”, which is the greatest ook of Romi SN yes tp ake is SSS eae t shahri he ghashang benaoar okdyad sar--hih aghast “The ety, which appears to be beautife, is situated on the top of a hill Palite Speech. (a) Tn formal speech itis considered more polite to refer to oneself not as ge man 1”, but rather a8 TE; bandé slave ". ‘This word takes the ist person singular Of the ver, just a8» man does: Thank (you) bandé tashakor mthonam (Se S35 ost Tehould lke to say that ves... Be ie ot ‘and ‘are mthonam ke. (© 1 similar circumstances we use instead of L2 shoma + you" dl * wl jendb-edt "your excelleney "—with the ‘ad person of the verb, a8 with (2 shomd: endl farmiitd BE Std dle tole “You said (it. Your Exceliency commanded) that =158 Mopeew Persian yon. (0) When referring respectfully to somebody, we tend to avoid the use of 3.7 dmadan to come and 3, rafian to 60. We use instead the noun wy 5 fashrif " presence ” together with another verb, making a Compound Verb : Su JT Ga tashrlf dvardan = to bring one’s presence (Ge. to come) 4. bordan = to take one's presence (ie, to go) and also Sele 18th ddshtan = to hawe one’s presence (Ge. to be somewhere) Examples: Aol a 8 Sle Molin Sand ges 92S cdl Sy p34 ‘rds telefon kardon va Bhinom farmidand Be jendb-é-alt laskrlf ndddirand Yesterday I telephoned and Madame said you were not in When is Monsieur going? {sine Gy a5 SUT y ghd hei tashrif mibarand ? Madame hasn't come yet uh ashi Ge 5 ign fy thdnom hans tashrif naydvarddand ‘These details of polite Tranian conversation may seem to ‘the Western reader extravagant or servile, but the simple fact is that they are in everyday use by all classes of Iranians, and are therefore important. Iranians are generous people and will always forgive a foreigner for inadequacies of speech, but will always be careful to use the appropriate mode of specch themselves, and will naturally expect the same from a fluent foreigner, Lesson Twenty-nine, 159 Seng travel 98.6 oil mosfferat& tolear youn arta, vos storm oU3t eft Journey ss asfar ee ae ie wt mau setae Soci iain a and Boonen et Bhinae Sees antes Ge ety to Hines snd Send). ign ooe mordam,-mtr- tend Saf ae amt Moment or woven says ee halohd Siepore sf .9 foradeto ‘ead soe mond ES rogue Oo eae ihdbesh he camel 2 sholor Semen) saat dnghadr Old oa 2S oeite je unwritten ‘Note: From now on we will no longer mark th S deajé with an asterisk, but leave it entirely unmarked, as it is in Persian writing and printing.160 MovERN Perstax at pbk be BIKE ay OUT SL wo da sl ee bas as White Wine te NS ofl OF by a SY Soe OUly SEIS 9s fobet Towas os eu $e ele sole Ol oe Sarl a $A ony Ge Olt a dle long Shane et ETS sale Joey Sal oad Saale Lala Sine & phe he SET pe de OIE a Se $a bl 065 OG oa LL, Put into more polite forms Ae EE ee lL ely bad oe SAF ae ee fle oe 6 DE CAE LE oe a tale sone Bite eal bee LE al IIL. Translate, giving particular attention to the relative 1. The camel, which in the past was the most im- portant animal in the desert, is now not so important for travelling 2, Bring the chair which he has mended. wy Lesson Twenty-nunes A 161 3. Have you travelled in the ship he was talking about ? 4. This picture, which they bought yesterday, is one ff the most beautiful I have ever seen. 5. At that time (— moment) he lived in Shiraz, which, is an Iranian city. LESSON 384 “Te English language has to compound past tess form witht pat of" to have" anda Past Partie: (oT have writen have", "had felled the sry } Serbs! wntten” ie the Fast Par tad witten J ep ot ote ‘Tens 1 above i clled in gl the Perfect Tens 2 sealed th Ploperec o Past eve ean ean alin form thse two tenes Fit, to form tne an Parteipy we ald or = tothe Past Stem of the verb, Thos, for two typical verb! towite gs Infin. cas todo hewrote oti Srdsing. Past 2 hedid written 3 Past 2S done neveshié——Participle hardé Having got the Past Participle in this way with any verb, wwe use it together with an auxiliary to get the Perfect and ‘Pluperfect Tenses.162 Moperw Penstax ver ‘The auxiliary verb we use in English is fo have: but in Persian (this is most important) it is Say Badan tobe Thave written (lt. I ame written) ¢l ei ge man neveshtd am We have done (it. we are done) gl «a5 L ma hardé tm Thad written (lit, Twas written) pay 225 neveshle badam We haven't done (lit. we aren't done) gl 025 ndkardd fm We hadn't done gy +354 ndkardé badtm ‘You will notice three points here: (a) in the Perfect Tense we use the short form of fo be day, written not as a suffix but detached, ic. with its own | ale. Do not use the long form (+ hastam, 2» hastid, ete., a5 an auxiliary. (0) We attach the negative prefix “i- -nd- to the Past Participle, not to the auxiliary verb, and (¢) the Past Participle does not change to indicate tense of person : ‘the auxiliary docs that. Use the Present of the auxiliary verb and you have the Perfect Tense ; use the Past of the auniliary and you have the Pluperfect, or Past Perfect a8 it is sometimes called In Lesson 22 we gave the special Subjunctive Tense of Gay to be: p2ly Bésham, th béshtd, etc, This tense, used as an auxiliary, gives us the Perfect Subjunctive : ‘that T may have written (4 #35 Ad meveshté Basham that you should have soem 42 as hd dtdd Bashtd that you might not have gone 42h ij 2S Bd shoma ndvaftd bdshid Notice that in this tense, as in the two other Perfect tenses, the negative sufix is added to the participle and not to the auxiliary. \re Lesson Twenty-tunse A 163 ‘The Present Subjunctive of cla dashan “to have” rot used in modern Persian ; instead we always use the Perfect Subjunctive, but with present meaning : 1 pth etle ddshté Basham (that) T may have, let me have 2 dtl ets dtshtd béshtd may you have ete. wth etl ble S pabie t ithdham hd showed fnrd déshie bachid X waa yo to ave thi ain ver in the Present he IES ober smtbniton Bishan rd ke Bsn T wanted you to have this (main verb in the Past) ‘The frst three tenses we learned in this book, the Present, Past, and Present Subjunctive, are by far the most common land most useful in Persian, ‘The three Perfect Tenses we have learned in this lesson are rarely used in ordinary conversation ; but all the same it is necessary to know ‘them, as they occur frequently in writing and occasionally in rather formal speech, While we are on the question of the subjunctive, it would be as well to note that constructions of the following type require the next verb to be in the subjunctive, either the Present Subjunctive or the Perfect Subjunctive as the time- sequence may require: It is possible (that) momen ast (Ré) (S) o- oS [ghtir-d-momben ast ool SP 8 omben niet oa Se itis not certain ma’ldm nfst ona ¢ she fone hopes that omfd ast (Re) (S) Sal sol hope omtdedram cel sient gasta_{104 MopeRw Persian ve ‘These constructions can all, as in English, be followed by “that” S kd, This is not obligatory. From the meaning of these few phrases I hope that, itis not certain that, itis possible that, we can see that when an action oF state of ‘affairs is uncertain, doubtful, or is an idea or hypothesis rather than an established fact, we use the subjunctive to express it. Examine: omidodrams Rd Bad Aha Spalted Y hope that you may come (Ge itis not certain that you will come) be WIE SONS BY ehirtmomken ast kd Rirelan movaffagh bashad It is impossible that your work should be successful (he. the very idea ofits being suecessfl is impossible) ‘And similarly, after expressions of emotion, we use the subjunctive: eal eye eS flaca er Andilt Bhosbhalan he distam dmadé ast Tam very glad that my friend has come Us Ue aS gan ele nota’ assef bidine hd pilré midasttio We were sorry not to have the money (~ that we did not have the money) Conjunctions and Prepositions. Such prepositions as : without Sy Bediin-é- apart from, except for 5 ab ghéir az for gl, bardyé- with bd instead of ule béid-ye- vee Lesson Twenry-runee A 165, after jlty Ba'ad ar before 31 JF ghabl az because of <=? Bf sabab-d- in spite of ca ly bd vojid-t- (4yr9 vojd — existence) ccan be made into conjunctions (Le. to introduce clauses) by adding S gl or x! inké, Compare : Prepostion Conjunction except forme apart from the fac that he came ele AT Sah Sl ae chr azman phir as kd énad fer thewar after T went che dle Sy Baad as jong ta an ind raft inspite of tim, although 1 ith a went tt sel isa a Sete vaftam before the war before Xgo See NSS 9, Sa NE hati exjong plaid atl revo Instead of him instead of going, he = a ms Se a tity Lejeytabd bared. because T went as pe Sal ol, for hin tardy tnd raftam 20 that I should go (subjunctive) daragta 194 Sal ly dardyb-tnkd Béravam108, Mopenx PERstAN ve because of that because T went TT et Po Becadab-éan Décadab-é-tnké rajtam without them unless they go tel Ot, i, Sel Ont, Bedind-tshin deddnd-inke Béravand ‘The preposition governs a noun or pronoun: the conjunc ‘on introduces a subject and its verb, ie. a second clause. ap to weigh O89 cig Rasldan, return C249 eth bar hash ashton, bar oarde sweet 339 same seca i habe Ste han Tink 09 fet el ah) Ga Bohton, ove {eewens oxmed) tobi e208... Iga te aoa Gas srante ge akin Ba gfve portion Sots let ded Snserech Mab tly Bs Saye let 6 farmidan (emai) collet 30 er jam h yourcem tome to tees. phe tag AF A inaaram a vesting Je mye ome atts (0 my Lay I Andncedce eye youre.) reimaia ny Sale madam, Mapa bon mote § an arddarcom fiver fai end 22 el tam h—prnion ote fied | Tn some Arabic words Snal 4-8 pronounced 4 wy Lesson Twenty-tunee A 167 Ft We de ‘When Ali Baba had collected together all the gold, he “wished he had brought weights and a bag with him so that he could weigh it. After he had thought about this for some time, it seemed wise to him to go to his brother-in- Taw’s house to get some weights. Mustapha (which was his ‘brother-in-law's name) was willing to give him the bag an the weights, and Ali went off to weigh his gold. ‘Some hours later, after Ali had finished the weighing of his gold, he returned to Mustapha’s with is things. Although Mustapha was of the same family as Ali, he did sot love him, After taking the bag from Ali, he said: Before you go, Abi, tell me where your gold is, You seem to me to be avery rich man, since there remains some gold in this bag. All gold belongs to the king, and in spite of being (" although I be") your brother and your friend, I will tell all I know unless you show me your gold I, Fill jn the blanks twice with the verb given in brackets, first using the formal tense (ie. one of the Perfects) and then with the conversational tense (Present, Past, or Present Subjunetive) } eg. (Ox, 45) BS eo el dag ong ABUT Se) ly lh 2S laa ET SN ay wt St ds Gal) pn ae, Se Ebned108 Moens Persian va G5) Jaze bab ol pal, Sow Key (de) 25 ale © od pole (uly EI BLS we Ble « Gand tel) IE ae aly, dle le Spay a alo LESSON 24 Further uses of 9 Bhod. We learned in Lesson 15a that the particle 3 hod “* own" and its extended personal forms p22 Rhodem my own, ote Mlodelds your own, ttc, axe used as possessive pronouns when the possessor is the same person as the subject of the verb Ttooke my’ (own) money’ itLé Khodaon rd gereftam 5° ee dot The particle with its endings, gr Ob, gy Sia, ete, has ‘wo other important ses. Fitst, a5 a reflexive He deceived hiemselé Khodesh rd farift cin toe vs Lesson Twenry-roun 169 sedi Oliye 5I Don't be afraid of yourself az Bhodedtn ndtarstd PS ctlne poe al Tam ashamed of myself az Alodam hhejlad miashann oS SLi ‘They said to themselves... Bdbhadeshdn goftand .. Note: b+ -rd is never used in this construction. Secondly, the particle is used as an emphatic word : She ae He said it himself and went Madesh goft 0 rat As the sentence 255 toe dy could be read either (a) pll- éthodesh gerft "He took his own money” oR (0) pil Rhodesh gereft" He took the money himsell’” we ean put the emphatic particle fist, to avoid ambiguity, thus: 22 1, can also be used by itzalf: (2) As an absolute expression, doing the same work as a verb or a whole clause : fn rd poflé 0 pid ddd raft iy sls Jy 9 288 coh Having said this, and having paid the money, he went fe. When he had said... ete.)370 Mops Penstax we (0) As an adjective, in the usual manner of adjectives et aT ys col OS ob was rayb-dtvdr yeh of'até bozorg dvikhid ast (On the wall is hung (there hangs) a big clock. ‘The Past Participle-adjective of the verb (98°) 2s ‘gorashtan ~gosar- to pass, to happen, is used to mean “ast "= ‘Time passes quickly vaght 2A mfgozarad Sv 295 2% last month mdh-é gosashié e238 she last week hafte-yegorashid 235 ein last lesson dars-d-gozashté 2235 3 last year sdl-t-gozashld 2S Jue and a proverb: ‘gorashld he gosashté 28 S oxi lit. Past what (is) past (Le. Let bygones be bygones) Must and may. We have learned how to say “‘ can" and “want to”, using SuIlS fandnestan and y= Bidstan : Tean do this work (5; bi gal fla caw mitavdnam {n'havrd bikonam Do you want to come tomorrow? Sails loi aabige WANT TO ntkhahtd farda Bia'td ? ‘The verbs “ must " and “ may" both take the Subjunc tive in the same way as do can and want fo, but must and ‘may axe impersonal verbs: they change for tense, but not for person: must, infinitive ial Bayestan, only has the two im- personal forms lf béyad (Present) ‘‘it must be so” and Sail bdyest (Past) "it had to be 50”. wy Lesson Twenty-rour am ‘may, infinitive i212 shéyestan, only has the impersonal forms {2 shdyad (Present) ‘it’ may be so” and cult shdyest (Past) “it might be so”. Examine : (a) Must T must do this bdyad fm ay rd Békonam (Ss 1S ge aly (it. Tt must be T do this) ‘You must come tomorrow bdyad fardd bia'éd 43s 133 ale ¥ (it. It must be you come tomorrow) @) map to (Past of must) Thad to do this bayest fn hdr rd békonam (it. Te had to be T do this) Sty Jase oat ‘You had to come yesterday béyest dirs DEa'td (It had to be you come yesterday) Salo e OS re may come shiyad Bityad aly 12 (it. Te may well be he come) I may do this shdyad fn kar rd békonam (S11 3S cpl alt (It may well be T do this) (d) sncirr (Past of wav) He might have come hdyest dmadé bdshad st wa.T oly v (It might be, he come) Whether the impersonal verb is in the Present or Past form we normally use the Present Subjunctive of the verb following it, as you see from the examples above. If we use the Perfect Subjunctive of the second verb, we get the ‘meaning “* must have (done) ”, “may have (done) He must have gone éyad rajté bishad 2 <3) 4b d (le. Surely he has gone)172 Mopern Persian’ wr He may have gone shdyad rafté Béshad 524, iy lt 4 (le. Probably he has gone) Coltoquial Pronunciation. Colloquial Persian pronuncia- tion differs in some respects from elevated pronunciation, ‘which is the pronunciation we have been using throughout ‘this book so far, Colloquial Pronunciation is not a matter of class difference: educated and uneducated Iranians alike ‘use both styles of pronunciation, depending on the occasion. Colloquial is that used in ordinary conversation, Elevated fs that used on formal occasions, by rich and poor alike, ‘We must also remember that Colloquial ean still be polite ‘and grammatically correct : the Polite Forms we have learnt are just as frequently pronounced colloquially as in elevated pronunciation. Colloquial uses the same grammar, the same vocabulary, the same Polite Forms, and of course is spelled like Elevated ; there is only one standard Persian spelling, ‘The two principal things to learn are Blision and Vowel Change. Elision, (a) In Colloquial, the present stoms of the verbs Gals ddan to give -goflan to say 22 dmadan to come raftan to £0 EY tavdnestan can SUE Bhdstan to want to ut shodan to become are shortened thus: sts sidehe becomes -d- == -gi- becomes -g-: pase mfdam I give aLSe mfgand they say we Lesson Twexry-rour 173 sb -t- becomes - ce mtam T come Lady, etd come: Gb mi'im we come say raw becomes =: fay, Bram lot me g9 SU sadn becomes diese ndottintin we can't Le “tide becomes Hd, and the stiort vowel a Aisappears, thus! gala mikhdm T want, Bor poh mihi, Sabine mined. ns shave bécomes the! ¢58) ndsham let me not become (0) The » -ad ending of the 3rd Person Singular Present and Present Subjunctive becomes ~4: AS mfonad becomes mfkond He doos 4 Blshavad becomes béshé Let him become But note these exceptions to this rule: LE ube milhdd, bébhdd He wants, Let him want i le mtd, bad on | ‘mad, Bad “The same is true of the negative forms of the above. () At ast following a consonant is pronounced in Colloguial as ¢: eel zs dir €Wslate bas deol 3 Wes open ‘The pronunciations of =» hast, i nfs, and = ast OF st following a vowel, remain unchanged. (4) The only Past Stem which is colloquially shortened that of Ais tevdnesten, which, like the Present Stem (oe (a) shortens -ao to Glee mstdnam Tan (ails misanestam, 285 tanestam T could |e cone ny374 Mopeaw Prnstax we Vowel Change. (2) Belore the nasals 3 m and ¢ m, long | 4 becomes sometimes d, sometimes a short w, a8 in“ pull”: ST ain or wn that AT fimad He came fl mtdsinan Tinow 2467 dphéyin gentlemen obige Rhodetun oF Rhodetts your own, yoursell/ves » LL mundan oF mndan to remain ‘his docs not always happen, ‘The Colloguial Pronunciation of Ol i the same as the Elevsted, tends. The form lebrin is dialect. (0) When the negative particle 1 na precedes -y= mis ft is often pronounced ne: Z ndmttonam Y'm not doing Sed ndnigd We isn't saying but when not followed by ~~ mf- it remains unchanged, Tin all cases the ~1 nd- or nd is stressed. ot I. Writein each of two columns on the right the (i) elevated ‘and (ii) colloquial pronunciations of the following phrases? e.g. Perian | Elevated | Colloquial aS | mamtgdyad | mentee 1 poe WT 2, whee Bale as 4 5. ale 6. 4s 7. SS Bp, abe oe 8. es 10, cot LT our we Lessox Twenty-rour A 175 IL. Translate: 4. Tean speak Persian well. 2. T want to speak Persian wel I must speale Persian well, may speak Persian well. Thad to speak Persian wel. 1. Twanted to speak Persian well. 7. Tcould speak Persian well. 3. I might speak Persian wel 9, Tmust have spoken Persian wel 410, T may have spoken Persian well UL, Translate: SS Bae an cel SS geld Sine (Seb Olaye let 2h ab Olas AL Si Oe 8 LESSON 24a “The following conjunctions wssally take the verb fotlowing them in the Subjunctive ‘Sal Se magar fake unless Sal Ba twbd although , v Lusso TWENTY-FIVE 193 Put the form (a), (8), (¢), (2), or () as appropriate into each of the blanks in the following sentences : Sal aly galas cs at a ASE UNS er ee oh yeLESSON 26 Word-building. By the use of suffixes we can form many derivative words in Persian («) If we take the Present Stem of some verbs and add the suffix --esh (4- yesh after vowels), we form abstract nouns of quality oF of activity : ser head) A+ serzanesh (5) 85 zadan, -2an- beat | = punishment (3S) GAS Adshtdan, -bdsh- to strive: ESS Mishech effort (sax) S54 varstidan, -varz- to exercise : ins varzesh sport, exercise Similarly, from obvious sources, 2 dmtzesh mixta ol dmazesh learning, knowledge ; ule namdyesh exhibi- ion, show; ile dinesh Knowledge; isl demdyesh experiment, test ; and many others. (@) If we add to any adjective (including participles) ‘ending in + -é the suffix - -gf, we got the abstract noun of the activity concemed : ssl, rndndé driving (ad) JL rdnandégt (noun) + bhastd tired Ss hhastdgt fatigue 21 bastd bound .S=» basidet bond, link, connexion 2S gorosnd hungry SS" gorosnégt hunger (©) Many words of activity are formed by coupling together the Past and Present Stems of a verb, or two Past Stems: 197198 Mopenw Penstan wa from BE goflan: Saif (8 5 ei8) goftogti quarret Gi jostan to search: ron jostojd search Ss dmadoraft or sik dmadoshod trafic (2) Th we add the suffix 24- baw (rarely, Oty -udn) to a noun, we get the name of the person tending the place or thing : the égh garden: key déghban gardener FE shotor camel: —ob.52 shotorban . 213 thoes Joel er ‘Ske darban concierge, janitor OLY pashén watchman, policeman, (e) The suffix ot. -stdn, estén, means “ place of, SF gol rose: OLA golestdn rose-bower SEAS englestén England Sle! Lehestin Poland rt shaby city ! Slog! shabrestin a county OLS piestdn Pakistan Oley henddstan India SLI! afghdnestdn Afghanistan Lx ‘arabestin Arabia Sk-Sj torkestén Turkestan os dar door wh fas watch (/) The suffix «= -g4h also means " place” 1S ted station Stila déneshedh university Sail? namdyeshedh theatre Sx 3 fortdgdh airport sSeLsT aemdyeshgdh laboratory «S24 bdshgdb club 11S Bongdh society, office (s) The word ote Akdnd “ house" is used as a suffix, for a place where things are kept or where a certain activity is pursued: ry ‘Lesson TWENTY-sbe 190 SUES hetdbihdnd Wibrary eS Rérhhdnd workshop SI dsbpackhine kitchen sl martebhdnd hospital ‘SL mehénbldné tel (i) A few abstract nouns of quality oF condition are made by adding the suffix 4) -dr from Sb raftan: 15; raftdr behaviour from sAF gorgtan: 18S gerefttyaiction from GF goftan: 1S" goflr speech, talk from 325 hardan: la Rerdér action (vowel change here) i) We can ada, to adjectives of quality, the sux bf to give the abstract quality, a noun : cx abn wide, broad Le palnd width, breadth eS garm warm US’ garmd warmth (@) Many abstract nouns are alo formed by adding « f (St alter vowels) to other wor spl dahpas a cook iT dapat cuisine 204 béphitn gardener ial Magid gardening (JUD naghghdsh painter naghghdsht painting ‘ls dnd wise Suis dana’t wisdom 14, bozo great Fo4 bosort greatness ‘And, from equally obvious sources rts stbdshendst aesthetics EIKIS hdshthért tework, mosaic eae ndmneote registration 2, vasntasht weighing () Finally, for this lesson at least, a colloquial sufix denoting the operator or handler of something. “This sufix = eit is taken from the Turkish sua! meafdshad ova yh sob ‘funean @ 90 tl ovenoon sb 3S chabl ar shy second (of tine)

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