TỪ VỰNG PARAPHRASE CÁC CHỦ NGỮ THƯỜNG GẶP

TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1

Một trong bốn tiêu chí chấm IELTS Writing task 1 là từ vựng đa dạng phong phú. Tuy
các đối tượng so sánh trong writing task 1 không nhiều, nhƣng thực tế các bạn lại
đang gặp phải 1 vấn đề: Thiếu từ vựng để paraphrase đối tượng được so sánh.

Hãy đọc kỹ ví dụ để tránh dùng sai!

1. Từ vựng về nhóm tuổi

One person:

 He is 10 years old.

 He is a 10-year-old.

 He is aged 10.

More than one person:

 The children in the class are all 10 years old.

 It is a class of 10-year-olds

 It is a class 10-year-old children.

 The children in the class are all aged 10.

Age groups with more than one person:

 The chart shows the hobbies of children (who are) between 10 and 12 years old.

 The chart shows the hobbies of 10- to 12-year-olds

 The chart shows the hobbies of 10- to 12-year-old children.

 The chart shows the hobbies of children (who are) aged 10 to 12.

 The chart shows the hobbies of children who fall into 10 to 12 age group

Ngoài ra một số từ khác nhớ:

Children = youngsters = the young = young people

The number of people in their forties (những ngƣời ở độ tuổi 40, tức từ 40 – 49 tuổi)

Teenagers (miêu tả độ tuổi teen, tức từ 11-19 tuổi)

The elderly = elderly people = senior citizens

Adult (ngƣời lớn)

2. Giới tính
- Male và female vừa là danh từ đếm đƣợc vừa là tính từ, và nó được dùng
cho người ở bất cứ độ tuổi nào
Eg: The number of males aged under 14 years old was 100 The
number of male children aged under 14 years old was 100

- Men và women chỉ dùng cho ngƣời lớn. Tức khi đề bài nói đối tƣợng là
children hoặc là ngƣời dƣới 18 tuổi thì không nên dùng từ này để thay thế
- Boys và girls chỉ nên đƣợc dùng cho trẻ em

3. Lượng chi tiêu hàng tuần

- Average weekly spending

- spent on average
- average expenditure
- weekly spending figures
- levels of spending
- spent per week
- expenditure per week

4. Từ vựng về tên nước và người nước đó

 Tên nước Người ở nước đó
Canada Canadians
England The English/ English people
Turkey The Turkish/ Turkish people
Spain The Spanish/ Spanish people
The USA Americans
Germany Germans
Italy Italians
Sweden The Swedish/Swedish people
Mexico Mexicans
Japan Japaneses
Ireland The Irish/ Irish people

Trong phần đề bài, nếu câu hỏi không liệt kê tên nƣớc (e.g. "in three countries"), bạn
có hai cách để viết lại trong introduction của mình nhƣ sau
- "in Britain, France and Germany"
- "in three countries, namely Britain, France and Germany".
Không quên dùng “the” trƣớc 1 số nƣớc nhƣ "the USA", "the UK" và the “US”

Các cấu trúc câu có thể dùng vs tên nƣớc

 The number of elderly people in the USA rose.

 The number of Americans aged 65 and over rose over the period shown.

 Canada also saw a rise in the number of elderly people.

 However, the figure for Australia fell.

5. Người dùng Internet

 The percentage of people who used the Internet

The percentage of people using the Internet

The percentage of people who had access to the Internet

Internet usage

The percentage of Internet users

Eg:

- The proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%.
- The proportion of Internet users in the USA was about 20%.

6. Tỷ lệ thất nghiệp
The proportion of people who were unemployed
The proportion of people who were jobless
Levels of unemployment
Unemployment rate
The proportion of people without job
Level of joblessness
Eg:

- The number of 16 -to 24-year-olds who were unemployed in England was around
18% in 2000
- Level of unemployment in England fell to only 10% in 2002
- Unemployment rate in England was higher than the figure for Mexico

- The proportion of English 16 -to 24-year-olds without job was around 18% in
2000
- Level of joblessness in England fell to only 10% in 2002
- The proportion of people who were jobless in England fell to only 10% in 2002
7. Tỷ lệ người nghèo
Poverty rate
Level of poverty
The percentage of people who live in poverty
The percentage of people who live under the poverty line
Poverty level
Be poor
Eg:

- Poverty rate in Vietnam was much higher than that of Canada, at 10% and 2%
respectively.

- The percentage of people who live in poverty in Vietnam was much higher than
that of Canada, at 10% and 2% respectively.
- 10% of Vietnamese people were poor, compared with only 2% of Canadians.

8. Doanh thu bán hàng

Sales = turnover
- Sales of fast food increased over the period shown
- Turnover from fast food increased over the period shown
- Fast food earned/obtained/gained just under $6 billion

9. Hàng năm, hàng tháng, hàng tuần…

Per person = per capita = an average of = average + Noun
Annual = yearly = per year
Per week = weekly = each week = a week
Eg:
- Average yearly spending on landlines dropped by nearly $200
- Consumption of pizza dropped to 10 kilograms per person per year
 - The per capita consumption of beef in the US rose from around 60 to a peak of 90
pounds
- US beef consumption rose from around 60 to a peak of 90 pounds per person

- The amount of beef consumed by the average American rose from around 60 to a
peak of 90 pounds

10. Chi tiêu

Danh từ: Spending = expenditure
Động từ: be spent on = be allocated for = be used for = be expended = be paid out
for
Danh từ chỉ ngƣời:
Spender Eg:
- In 2010, expenditure on mobile phones rose to around $750.
- In 2010, spending on mobile phones rose to around $750
- In 2010, Swedish consumers spent around $750 on mobile phones

- In 2010, around $750 was allocated for mobile phones by

Swedish consumers
- Swedish people were the largest spenders on mobile phones, with
around $750 expended on this
- Sweden had the highest percentage of expenditure for mobile phones

11. Phương tiện giao thông

Các từ và cum từ paraphrase số lƣợng ngƣời dùng xe ô tô, chúng ta sử dụng tƣơng
tự với nhiều phƣơng tiện khác nhƣ bus, train…

The number of people who use cars

The number of people driving to work
The number of car commuters
 The number of people who commute by car
The number of people who travel by car
The number of car users
Eg:
- Approximately 5 million was the number of bus users in 2010.
- Around 5 million commuters traveled by bus in 2010
- The bus was used by about 5 million people in 2010
Nếu đi bằng xe đạp: The number of people who cycle to work = the number
of cycling commuters
Nếu đi bằng tàu hỏa: The number of rail passengers

12. Sư sản xuất và tiêu thụ

- Tiêu thụ
(Noun) Consumption
(Verb): be used, be consumed, be drunk or be eaten
- Sản xuất:
(Noun): production, manufacture
(Verb): be produced, be made, be manufactured,

13. 3 notes quan trọng nhất

- Don't forget to write a good summary/overview of the information. A quick one-
sentence conclusion is not good enough. I prefer to put the overview straight after
the introduction, and I try to write 2 sentences describing the information in
general. You won't get a high score if you don't write a good overview.

- Don't describe items separately (e.g. 2 lines on a graph). You should always try
to compare things if it is possible to do so. Instead of describing 2 lines
separately, compare the 2 lines at key points.
- Don't try to describe every number on a chart or graph (unless there are only
a few numbers). A key skill in task 1 is being able to choose the key
information and describe or compare it well. I usually mention around 6 or 7
numbers in my main paragraphs.