UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE 2019 May/June Examinations ENGINEERING FACULTY: CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT: | CE 406 — HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES PAPER CODE AND TITLE: Ree 3 HRS DURATIO! gone DR. TUMBARE/DR. MHIZHA EXAMINER: SE Be AO AUTHORIZED MATERIALS: (eg. Calculator, Statistical Tables, Act, Statutes (List the relevant items). | INSTRUCTIONS: 1, This paper contains Sections and § Questions 2. Answer Questions 3._ Start each question on @ new page 4, This question paper comprises 4 printed pages NB: DO NOT TURN OVER THE QUESTION PAPER OR COMMENCE WRITING UNTIL, INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE _ B.Sc. (Engineering) Honours = - Level IV Hydraulic Structures May/June 2019| Engin. CE 406 Answer any 5 questions. Each question carnes 20 marks Start each question on a new page. This examination Paper consists of 4 printed pages QUESTION 1 (a) A dam has been designed with a capacity of 690 Mm? and a mean anhual inflow of 670Mm?. i, C9mment on the adequacy in the capacity of the dam with respect to optimising the hydrological potential of the site. [4 marks] ii, Discuss one possible reason why the dam site conditions and one possible reason why the dam basin conditions could have influenced the choice of the finlal design capacity of the dam. [6 marks] (b) A dam spillway has discharge capacity felationship depicted by equation QIb. i, Cdmplete the computation for table Q1b. (6 marks} ii, Daw the inflow outflow hydrograph and determine the peak discharge over the spillway. [4 marks] Q2 = 0.1882(Q, +25) — 120 Equation Qib Table Qib T (hrs) o| 657] 9.85 23 29.6] 39.41 52.5| 78.82| 107.79 se(m3/hr) o| 314] 3349] 16121| 20308| 19261] 11724| 6768| aan 2S /at | (m3/hr) ° x(m3/hr) o QUESTION 2 (@) A sump dollects water from a cooling tower. The water is then pumped using four pumps as|shown in Figure Q2. Each of the four pumps has an individual pump curve shown in [Table Q2. The pumping line has the characteristics listed below. Static head=40m| Length of pipeline=3.0km and diameter 500mm. The equivalent total head losses are given by; hy = abe, where A = 0.02 Are the pumps connected in series or in parallel? [2 marks] ii, Draw the combined pump curve for the four pumps. [6 marks]On the same graph where you drew the combined pump curve for question (ii), draw the system curve for this pumping system and indicate the duty point for the combined pumps. (6 marks} (b) Explain How water hammer and cavitation affect pumping schemes. [6 marks] Figure Q2 Table Q2: Variation of pump head with discharge Discharge [0 [36 ]72 [108 ] 144 | 180] 216 | 252 288 [324 ] 360/396] 432 (n't) Head (m)_|- [800 [798 | 783_[ 780 [7301733 | 712 | 688 | 660 | 62.0 [590 | 530 QUESTION 3 Table Q3 shows information for a crop of maize to be grown in Zimbabwe under irrigation. Note: Take each month to be 30 days, the Ke factors are already weighted for the months, and use the FAO effective precipitation (Pe ) formulae as follows: Pe=0.8P-25 for P>75 mm/mth & Pe=0.6P-10 for P<75 mnvmth,Table Q3: Crop nd irrigation water requirement calculation Month > 2 3 4 5 Ke factor 70 0.90 110 1.20 0.85 ET. 40 475 5.30 5.60 5.30 (mm/day) ET. (mm/mth) _ ET. - (mm/mth) P (mm/mth) | 20 30 93 105 80 Pe (mm/mth) TWReei ; (mm/mth) Note: IWRne = nét ittigation water requirements (@) Compute the missing information and complete the table. (10 marks} (b) Theoretically, how much water should be put aside to effect the above irrigation (mm)? (2 marks} (©) If the total area under irrigation is 50 ha, how much water should be reserved for irrigation in m*? [4 marks] (d) If the distribution efficiency is 80 % and the irrigation application is 75 % what is the ‘water requirements at source for the 50 ha? {4 marks] QUESTION 4 (a) State and) describe 5 data types that you would collect in order to select and design appropriate irrigation systems. [10 marks} (b) Discuss How the, pressure and the infiltration rate of the soil affect the design of a See Ney oa Sa sprinkler jrrigation system. ic [6 marks} (c) What is the meaning of the following time phases in surface irrigation: [4 marks] i, ii, iii iv, QUESTION 5 Allvance Phase Storage (Ponding) Phase Depletion phase (lag time) -cession Phase (a) Given that the probability of a dam filling from empty is 50% and that the constants “‘c” and “n” are 0.9 arid 1.72 respectively, what is the storage ratio of the dam? [2 marks} (b) Given Mitchell's formula: Ln(MPF + 1) = 1.175[Ln(A + 1)}®755 + 3.133, where MPF = the Maximum Probable Flood in m’/s and A is the Catchment Area in km? and the followi‘A= 150kin2, Spillway coefficient of discharge = 3, length of spillway = 250m and the Spillway Design MPF factor is 0.742; i. What is the wet freeboard of the dam? [4 marks] ii, What is the rainfall intensity from the catchment? [4 marks} ook (6) If there ig a site restriction with regards to the length of a dam’s spillway, give five examples of how this challenge can be mitigated. [5 marks} (4) Instrumentation Philosophy for monitoring of dams requires the instruments to be used in a giver situation to have certain characteristics. State any five such characteristics, [5 marks} QUESTION 6 (@ State A proposed 50 ha citrus irrigation scheme costing $100 000.00 of which the pumping unit accounted for $10 000.00, is to be powered by a 40kW diesel generator with a pump which delivers 120m'/h. The total scheme capital cost is to be paid over a 10 year Period with an interest rate of 5% per annum. The application rate is 1500mm per annum. The cost of on-farm diesel is 60c/l and labour is $5 per 10°m? of water applied. Given the above and that the Factor A = 10; i. Calculate the unit cost of water in cents per cubic meter. [5 marks}. ii, What is the total cost that the farmer has to pay for the water used for irrigation per year? [2 marks} (b) State any five situations when in-kind compensation is appropriate for project induced resettlement. [5 marks] (©) A dam was built in 1960 at a Project Cost of $10 million. The Interest Rate on the Project Cost was 10% per annum with a Project Cost repayment period of 50 years. The terms ofithe Project Cost repayment remain fixed over the 50 years. The 10% risk yield of the dam is 5 million cubic metres per annum. In 1980, the dam was raised by 2m at ‘Project Cost of $2 million. The Interest Rate for the Project Cost to raise the dam was 5% per annum with a Project Cost repayment period of 30 years. The terms of the Project Cost repayment remain fixed over the 30 years. The new 10% risk yield of the raised dam is now 8 million cubic metres per annum. The Operation and Maintenance costs fot the dam remain constant at $50 000 per annum throughout the life of the dam. Calculate; i. The unit cost of the water in cents per cubic metre before the dam was raised. [4 marks} ii, [The unit cost of the water in cents per cubic metre after the dam was raised. aBbinarks} END OF EXAMINATION