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ar;cGef;(5)rSm Definition or Explanation or Statement (1)rSwfwef (8)yk'fygygw,f/ Definitionudk Chapter(3) Stoichiometry rSmawmh "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckrSmygwJh "mwfjyKypönf;^"mwfjzpfypönf;wdkU&JU yrmP
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isotopes. (or) Isotopes are the atoms of the same element with different masses. (or) Atoms of "mwfypönf;rsm;&JU molecular mass (formula mass), relative molecular mass eJU molar mass awGudk
the same element can have different numbers of neutrons”. vdkU ajzqdkedkifygw,f/ wGufcsufjcif;? "mwfypönf;awG&JUyrmPudk mole (odkY) millimole eJY wGufcsufjcif;wdkUudk od&Sdem;vnf&ygr,f/
tckqufvufNyD; Section-B ar;cGe;f (6)rS(8)txd ajzqdw k t hJ cgrSm Chapter tvdu k f owdjyK&r,ft h csufawGukd "mwfjyKjcif;wpfcrk mS yg0ifwhJ "mwfjyKypön;f rsm;teuf "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;t& vdt k yfwmxuf enf;yg;pGmyg0ifaewJyh pön;f udk
ajymjyygr,f/ 'D Section-B rSm definition, law, explanation ar;&if (2)rSwfay;wmaMumifh example awG? limiting substance vd Y k ac:y gw ,f
/ tJ
' "
D mwf jy K jcif
; ujz pf
a y: v mwJh "mwf jz pfy pön;f yrmP[m limiting substance ay:
Mathematical expression awGyg xnfah jz&ygr,f/ Oyrm - State Charles’ law twGuf t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf ckd suftjyif rl w nf a eaMumif ; em;vnf z v
Y k d y
k d gw,f /
Mathematical expression udkyg ajzqdk&ygr,f/ Volumetric analysis (xkxnfwdkif;"mwfcGJjcif;)rSm Burette, Pipette, Conical flasks awGoHk;NyD; aysmf
Chapter (1) The Electronic Structures of Atoms, Periodic Table and Chemical Bonds tcef;rSm &nf t csif;csif; "mwfjyKjcif;udk avhvmwmjzpfygw,f/ Titration, standardization, molarity, molar solution
j'yfpifwpfck&JU tufwrfwpfckrSmygwJh ta&twGufudk wGufwwf&r,f/ yg0ifwJh awG&JU wnfaqmufyHk wd u
U k k d em;vnf &r,fhtjyif equivalence point eJU end point jcm;em;csufwdkUudkvnf; od&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aysmf&nf
trsdK;rsdK;? Electronic structures, Complete electronic structures eJU Essential electronic structures? rsm;jzpf w t
h J wGuf ,if;aysmf&nfrsm;&JU jyif;tm; (molarity) wGucf sufjcif;? pHaysmf&nf (jyif;tm;odaysmf&nf)azsmf,jl cif;?
'Dj'yfpif&UJ Periodic Table &Sw d nfae&m(Position)? 'Dj'yfpif&UJ valence, type of element (metal or non-metal pHaysmf&nfrsm;toHk;jyKNyD; acid-base titration vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;wdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfzdkYvdkygw,f/ Molarity
hJ cg jzpfvmr,fh "mwfpnf;trsdK;tpm;? 'DjzpfvmwJh (concentration) &JU unit awGrSm amount of solute udk mole eJU jy&if Volume udk dm eJYxm;&jyD; millimole
3
or metalloid) awGukd &Smwwf&r,f/ j'yfpiftcsif;csif; aygif;pyfwt
j'yfaygif;&JU Formula, electron dot – cross structure awGudk a&;wwfzdkUvdkygw,f/ octet rule udk vdkufemwJh eJYjy&ifawmh Volume udk cm eJY a&;&rSm jzpfw,f/
3
j'yfaygif;&Sdovdk rvdkufem(jcGif;csuf&Sd)wJh j'yfaygif;awGvnf;&Sdw,fqdkwm odxm;&r,f/ tJ'D j'yfaygif;awG (Oyrm Dilution of solution (aysmf&nfa&a&mjcif;) ykämrsdK;udk wGurf ,fq&kd if ,if;aysmf&nfxrJ mS &Sw d hJ total amount
of substance (mole or millimole) [m rajymif;wJt h wG
u f M1V1 = M2V2 eJw Y u
G v
f Y k d &w,f qw
k d m owdjyK&ygr,f/
- BeCl2, PF5)&JU dot-cross structure awGudk avhusifhxm;zdkU vdktyfygw,f/
Oyrm - 6C twGuf Complete electronic structure qdk&ifawmh 1s2 2s2 2p2 vdkU sub-shell awGeJU Titration ykämawGwu G &f if balanced chemical equation udk rSeu f efatmif a&;edik zf Ukd ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ Chemical
formula rSm;&if equation rSm;r,f (odkY) formula rSefaeayr,fh equation nSdwm rnDcJh&if mole ratio
tjynfhtpHka&;&r,f/ Essential electronic structure qdk&if outermost shell jzpfwJh 2s 2p udkyJ a&;&r,f/ 2 2
position uawmh Period 2, Group IVB jzpfNyD; Valence 4 jzpfw,f/ type of element qdk&if broken line
rSm;Edik w f maMumifh ykämwpfy'k v f ;kH rSm;edik w f ,fqw kd m txl;*½kpu kd &f ygr,f/ Molarity &SmwJt h cg Molarity yHak oenf;udk
rSefuefjynfhpHkpGma&;NyD;rS wGuf&ygr,f/
&JU nmbuf p-block element jzpfvdkU non-metal jzpfw,f/ 'Dj'yfpif C [m Cl atom eJU aygif;pyfwJhtcg covalent
Chapter(4)Electrolysis tcef;uawmh aysmf&nftajctaetrsdK;rsdK;wdkUudk vQyfacgif;wdkif (Electrodes)
bond yJjzpfr,f/ Formula eJU dot-cross structure udkvnf; a&;wwf&r,f/
trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;jyD; vQyfppf"mwfoHk;NzdKcGJjcif;awGudk avhvmwJh taMumif;t&mjzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcef;rSm conductor
jcGif;csuftaeeJU Al [m dark line &JUb,fbufrSm&SdNyD; p-block element jzpfayr,fh metal character
eJUinsulator jcm;em;csuf? electrolytes eJU non-electrolytes jcm;em;csufawGudk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef vdk
ydkrsm;w,f/ metal eJU non-metal aygif;&if ionic bond jzpfw,fqdkayr,fh Al metal eJU Cl non-metal aygif;&if
tyfygw,f/ Conductor [m owåKtcJtajctaeESifh t&nftajctaeESpfrsdK;pvHk;rSm vQyful;edkifw,f/ metallic
covalent bond jzpfwmod&r,f/ 'ghtjyif alkaline earth metal jzpfwJh Be eJU non-metal Cl aygif;&ifvnf;
lattice xJrSm
awG a&GUvdkU jzpfw,f/ Cu, Ag wdkU[m solid conductor jzpfNyD; mercury uawmh liquid
covalent bond yJ jzpfw,fqw kd mawGukd owdxm;&vdrrhf ,f/ bmaMumifv h q
J akd wmh ionic bond, covalent bond
conductor jzpfw,f/ Insulator uawmh metallic lattice r&SdwJhtwGuf vQyfrul;Edkifygbl;/ Oyrm-opfom;?
jzpfEdkifrI[m aygif;pyfwJh atom ESpfck&JU vQyfppf"mwfrqGJtm;jcm;em;rI(electronegativity difference)
a&mfbm? yvwfpwpfawGaygh/
tay:rSmrlwnfvdkUyJ/ Oyrm - AlF3 rSm Al eJU F [m ionic bond jzpfNyD; AlCl3 rSm Al eJU Cl [m covalent bond
Electrolytes awGuawmh electrovalent compounds awGjzpfNyD; olwdkY&JUtcJ&nfaysmf (molten salt)
jzpfw,f/ Al eJU F &JU vQyfppf "mwfrqGt J m;jcm;em;rI[m 1.5 xufBuD;NyD; Al eJU Cl &JU vQyfppf"mwfrqGt J m;jcm;em;rI[m
odkYr[kwf a&rSmazsmfxm;aomaysmf&nf (aqueous salt solution) rSm ion awG a&GUvsm;vdkU vQyful;Edkifw,f/ Oyrm-
1.5 jzpfwt hJ wGuaf Mumifjh zpfw,f/ Ionic compounds eJU Covalent compounds awG&UJ jcm;em;csufawGuv kd nf; Molten-NaCl (tcJ&nfaysmf)eJU Aqueous NaCl (a&aysmf&nf)awG jzpfw,f/ non-electrolytes awGu covalent
odxm;&r,f/ compounds jzpfNyD; molecules awG yg0ifaew,f/ ions awGrygvdkY vQyfrul;Edkifygbl;/ Oyrm-oMum;aysmf&nf?
aemufwpfcu k awmh molecule wpfcw k nf;&Sd atom ay:rSm lone pair &SNd yD; 'Dypön;f u

,l&D;,m;aysmf&nfawGaygh/
(or) atom (or) ion eJaU ygif;pyf&if co-ordinate/dative bond jzpfaMumif; odxm;&r,f/ Oyrm- NH3 &JU nitrogen Electrolysis vkyf&mrSm molten salt (tcJ&nfaysmf)eJY aqueous salt solution (qm;aysmf&nf) b,fvdk
atom rSm lone pair &SdNyD;? H+ ion rSm vdkaewmaMumifh olwdkY (2) ck aygif;pyf&if nitrogen u lone pair uGmjcm;ovJqdkwm odxm;&ygr,f/ molten salt rSm salt rS xGufvmwJh cation wpfrsdK;eJY anion wpfrsdK;pDomygNyD;
pHkudkay;NyD; tJ'D pHkudk N eJU H+ ion wkdY[m zufpyfoHk;Muw,f/ 'gaMumifh co-ordinate bond udk Special type aqueous salt solution rSmawmh tJ'D ions rsm;tjyif a&rSxGufvmwJh H+ eJU OH- ions awGygvmr,fqdkwm
of covalent bond vdkYac:w,f/ od&Sdxm;&ygr,f/ electrode reaction a&;&ifvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygr,f/ aysmf&nftrsdK;rsdK;udk vQyfppf "mwfNzdK
Periodic table &JU group eJY period tvdkuf Periodic properties awGjzpfwJh atomic size, cGJjcif;rS &vmwJh "mwfjzpfypönf;rsm;[m electrochemical series rSm&SdwJh owåKrsm;eJY tkyfpkrsm;&JU wnfae&m? vQyf
electronegativity, electropositivity, ionization energy eJU electron affinity awG ajymif;vJru I kd avhvmwJt h cg vdkufypönf;rsm;&JU yg0ifudef;? vQyfacgif;wdkifrsm;(anode,cathode) &JU obm0pwJh tcsufrsm;u vTrf;rdk;aeaMumif;
Atom awG&UJ size [m tkypf w k pfcw k nf;rSm tay:rSatmufoo Ukd mG ;&if t&G,Bf uD;vmNyD;tydik ;f wpfcwk nf;rSm b,fbufrS &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
nmbufodkYoGm;&if t&G,fi,foGm;wmudk awGY&ygr,f/ period wpfckwnf;rSm b,fbufrSnmbufodkYoGm;&if pmrsufeSm 21 okdU
pmrsufESm 20 rS zdtm;? tylcsdef? "mwfulypönf;rsm;? a&mifjcnfeJY "mwfjyKypönf;rsm;&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,mwdkY jzpfw,f/

'grS cathode eJY anode reactions rsm; a&;edik Nf yD; b,f"mwfjzpfypön;f u cathode rSm xGuNf yD; b,f"mwfjzpfypön;f u Effect of concentration of reactant rSm "mwfjyKjcif;xJrmS ygw hJ "mwfjyKypön;f (reactants) rsm;&JU yg0ifued ;f rsm;
anode rSm xGufr,fqdkwm rSefuefpGm qHk;jzwfEdkifygr,f/ Oyrm-fused (okdY) molten NaCl qdk&if a&rygbl;/ Na+ eJU &if reactants tcsif;csif;xdwdkufrI (Collision) ydkrsm;r,f/ 'gaMumifh "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;[m "mwfjyKypönf;rsm;&JU
Cl-ion awGyJ &Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh cathode rSm Na+ uNa atom tjzpf uyfwifNyD; anode rSm Cl2 gas xGufr,f/ Concentration rsm;vm&if xdwdkufEkdifwJhtajctaersm;wJhtwGuf reaction rate jrefw,f/ Effect of
Dilute NaCl qm;aysmf&nfjzpf&ifawmh Na+, Cl- tjyif H+, OH- wdkYudkyg pOf;pm;&r,f/ electrochemical series concentration of reactant udk OyrmeJY avhvmMunfh&atmif? Mg ribbon 1 g udk 0.5 M HCl eJY 1.0 M HCl
(E.C.S) &JU position atmufbufa&mufav discharge jzpfvG,fvdkY H2 eJU O2 gas awG xGufr,f/ Moderately &SdaewJh Beaker wvHk;pDxJudk xnfhvdkuf&if 1.0 M HCl xnfhxm;wJh Beaker cGufxJu Mg ribbon awGu
concentrated NaCl solution qd&k ifawmh concentration effect aMumifh anode rSm O2 rxGub f J Cl2 xGurf ,f/ jrefjref"mwfjyKNyD; ukefoGm;r,f/ 1.0 M HCl &JU jyif;tm;u 0.5 M HCl &JU jyif;tm;xufydkrsm;vkdY jzpfw,f/
Brine (saturated NaCl solution) udk Pt or graphite electrodes oHk;NyD; electrolysis vkyfr,fqdk&ifvnf; wpfenf;tm;jzifh1.0 M HCl xJ&Sd acid molecule ta&twGuf[m 0.5 M HCl xJ&Sd acid molecule
NaCl &JU jyif;tm;rsm;wmaMumifh concentration effect &Sdw,f/ Anode rSm Cl2 yJxGufr,f/ 'gayr,fh brine udk ta&twGufxuf ydkrsm;wJhtwGuf Mg atom eJY acid molecule awG xdwdkufwJh tBudrfta&twGuf ydkrsm;vmvdkY
graphite anode eJY mercury cathode oHk;NyD; electrolysis vkyf&ifawmh nature of electrode t& product "mwfjyKEIef; jref&jcif; jzpfw,f/
taeeJYu Na/Hg xGufr,f/ Electrolysis product awGtay:rSm oufa&mufwJhtcsufawGudk Table(1) rSm Effect of pressure uawmh "mwfaiGUrsm;omygwJh "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;eJUom oufqdkifw,f/ solids, liquids eJY
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ aqueous solutions rsm; yg0ifc&hJ if zdtm;oufa&mufrI r&SEd ikd yf g/ oHpav;awG[m oxygen 20 % omygwJh avxJrmS
jznf;nif;pGmavmifuRrf;NyD; pure oxygen rSmawmh rD;yGm;rsm;xGufNyD; jyif;xefpGmavmifuRrf;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/
oxygen yg0ifrIrsm;avav ,if;"mwfaiGU&JU zdtm;vnf;rsm;avavjzpfNyD; "mwfjyKEIef;vnf; jrefvmw,f/
Effect of temperature rSmawmh "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;[m edrfhwJhtylcsdefxuf jrifhwJhtylcsdefrSm vsifjrefpGm "mwfjyK
Edik Mf uw,f/ 'gaMumifh a&cJaowåmxJrmS odr;f qnf;xm;wJh tpm;tpmawG[m tcef;tylcsderf mS xm;wJh tpm;tpmawG
xuf ykyo f ;kd ysufp;D rIaES;wmudk awGEU ikd yf gw,f/ tylcsdef 10 'D*&D jrifv
h m&if "mwfjyKEIe;f [m 2 q ydjk refvmw,fvq Ukd ykd gw,f/
Effect of catalysts rSm positive catalyst eJU negative catalyst (2)rsKd; &Sdw,f/ Enzyme (biocatalyst)
udk ouf&Sdrsm;&JU wpfoQL;rsm;rSm awGU&w,f/ tpmajctifZdkif;rsm;jzpfwJh wHawG;xJrS ptyalin eJU tpmtdrft&nfxJrS
pepsin enzymes awG[m starch eJY proteins wdv Yk kd armfvu
D sL;BuD;awGukd cE¨mud, k q
f v
J rf sm;rS toH;k jyKEdik w f hJ sugar
vdk ao;i,fwJh armfvDusL;rsm;tjzpf ajczsuf&mrSm vsifjrefapwJhtwGuf ,if;tifZdkif;rsm;[m positive catalysts
rsm;jzpfMuw,f/
Effect of radiation udk "mwfjyKjcif;wcsKdUrSm awGUEdkifygw,f/ H2 eJU Cl2 gas wdkU[m awmufywJh aea&mif
atmufrSm jyif;xefpGmaygufuGJNyD; "mwfjyKEdkifw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tvif;a&mifuae Energy (hv) udk pkyf,lNyD;rSjzpfwJh
"mwfjyKjcif;udk photochemical reaction vdkY ac:ygw,f/
Faraday's laws awGut kd oH;k jyKNyD; owåKj'yfpifawG&UJ relative molecular mass, cathode ay:rSm uyfwifwhJ
Effect of surface area of reactants udkvnf; OyrmeJY avhvmMunfh&atmif/ 1.0 M NaOH (100 cm3)
owåKyrmP? electrolysis vkyfaepOftoHk;jyKwJh vQyfppfyrmPeJU anode rSm xGufvmwJh "mwfaiGUxkxnfawGudk ygwJh Beaker ESpfvHk;udk ,lyg? yxr Beaker xJudk 1 g Al Powder rsm;xnfhNyD; 'kwd, Beaker xJudk 1 g Al foil
wGu,f El ikd yf gw,f/ Electroplating vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfwhJ aMu;&nfprd jf cif;? aiG&nfprd jf cif;ESihf c½krd ,
D rfprd jf cif;awGrmS vnf; rsm; xnfhNyD;Munfhyg? Al Powder u t&G,ftpm;i,fNyD; surface area rsm;vdkY "mwfjyKjcif;jrefwm awGU&w,f/ Al
Faraday's first law oH;k NyD; owåK&nfprd w f hJ ypön;f ay:rSm uyfwifapr,fh owåKyrmP? vQyfppfjzwfoef;ap&r,ft h csde?f foil uawmh t&G,ftpm;BuD;NyD; surface area i,fwJhtwGuf "mwfjyKjcif;aES;w,f/
jzwfoef;&r,fh vQyfppfyrmPwdkYudk BudKwifwGuf,lEdkifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif electroplating (3)rsKd;rSm toHk;jyKxm;wJh "mwfjyKjcif;wpfck rQajca&mufzYkd 'D"mwfjyKjcif;[m tjyeftvSe"f mwfjyKjcif; trsKd;tpm; jzpf&ygr,f/ Reversible
electrolytes awG? anode rSmoHk;wJh metals awG? electrode reactions awGudk Table (2) rSm avhvmEdkifygw,f/
reaction rSm a&SUodkY"mwfjyKjcif; (forward reaction) qdkwm product jzpfwJhbuf? nmbufodkY oGm;jcif;jzpfw,f/
object (uyfwifcHr,fhypönf;)udkawmh cathode rSmyJ xm;&r,fqdkwm aocsmpGm rSwfom;xm;apvdkygw,f/ a&SUodkY "mwfjyKjcif;eJY qefYusifbufoGm;wJh "mwfjyKjcif;udk reverse reaction vdkYac:w,f/ product awGjyefNydKuGJNyD;
reactant jyefjzpfoGm;wmyg/ rQajca&mufNyDqdk&ifawmh tjyeftvSef"mwfjyKjcif;(2)ckvHk;&JU "mwfjyKEIef;u wloGm;NyD;
yg0ifypönf;rsm;&JU yg0ifudef;awG rajymif;awmhygbl;/ 'gudk dynamic equilibrium vdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'D dynamic
equilibrium ay:udk oufa&mufrIawGay;vdkuf&if rQajcvm;&majymif;vJyHkudk Le Chatelier's principle u
azmfjyxm;w,f/
'DrQajcudk ajymif;vJapwJo h ufa&mufr(I 3)ck &Syd gw,f/ temperature, pressure eJU concentration wdyYk J jzpfygw,f/
rQajcudka&mufaewJh"mwfjyKjcif;wpfckrSm tylcsdefjr§ifhvdkuf&if tylpkyfwJh "mwfjyKjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;jzpfjyD; rQajc,m,D
ysufomG ;ygw,f/ jr§iv hf ukd w
f hJ tylcsdeu
f ek o
f nftxd tylpyk "f mwfjyKjcif;jzpfNyD;&if rQajc (New state of equilibrium)
udk jyefa&mufygw,f/
xdeYk nf;wlyJ "mwfaiGyU gwJ"h mwfjyKjcif;awGrmS zdtm;jr§iahf y;cJ&h if Boyle's law t& xkxnfusHKw U bhJ ufukd OD;wnfNyD;
"mwfjyKjcif;jzpfumrQajc,m,DysufoGm;ygw,f/ "mwfaiGU reactant eJY product awG&JU mole (odkY) volume wl&if
zdtm;oufa&mufrIr&Sdygbl;/ Le Chatelier's principle eJY ywfoufwJh ykämawGudkvnf; avhusifhxm;zdkYvdkygw,f/
Chapter (5) Oxidation and Reduction tcef;rSmawmh oxidation eJY reduction awG&JU t"dyÜm,fudk yg0ifypön;f rsm;jzpfwhJ reactant eJU product awG&UJ yg0ifued ;f awGukd ajymif;ay;&if yg0ifued ;f rsm;wJb h ufrS enf;wJh
½Iaxmift h rsdK;rsdK;rS zGiq hf okd wfrw
S ef ikd yf gw,f/ j'yfpifawG? j'yfaygif;awGeYJ ions awGrmS &Sw
d hJ elements awG&UJ Oxidation bufudk OD;wnfNyD; rQajc,m,DysufoGm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wpfcsdefcsdefrSm rQajcudk jyefNyD;a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
number wGufyHkwGufenf;udk avhusifhxm;&ygr,f/ Oxidation number a&;&if ocsFm*Pef;&JUa&SUrSm (+) (-) Chapter (7) rSmawmh Energy changes in chemical reactions ("mwfjyKjcif;rsm;eJY oufqdkifwJh pGrf;tif
vu©PmxnfhNyD; azmfjy&ygr,f/ Ions awG&JU charge udka&;&if ocsFm*Pef;&JU aemufrSm vu©Pmxnfh&r,f/ ajymif;vJjcif;)awGudk azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ Energy trsdK;tpm;rsm;eJU "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfay:&if tylxGufjcif;(odkY)
Oxidizing agent ("mwfw;kd apaomypön;f )eJY reducing agent ("mwfavQmhapaomypön;f ) jcm;em;csufawGu tylpkyfjcif;jzpfwmawGudk awGU&ygr,f/ "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfvdkY ywf0ef;usifudk tylawGxGufvm&if exothermic
awmh awGudk vufcHwJhypönf;[m Oxidizing agent jzpfNyD; xkwfay;wJhypönf;u reducing agent jzpfw,f/ reactions vdaYk c:NyD; tylajymif;vJjcif; wefz;kd udk tEkwv f u©PmeJY azmfjy&w,f/ tu,fí "mwfjyKjcif;wpfcjk zpfzUkd
wjcm;ypönf;rsm;udk "mwfwdk;apNyD; udk,fwdkif"mwfavQmh&if Oxidizing agent jzpfw,f/ wjcm;ypönf;rsm;udk ywf0ef;usifu tyludkpkyf,l&&if Endothermic reaction vdkUac: NyD; wefzdk;udk taygif;vu©PmeJY jy&ygr,f/
"mwfavQmhapNyD; udk,fwdkif"mwfwdk;&if reducing agent jzpfw,fqdkwm odxm;oifhw,f/Oxidizing agent eJU "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfay:wJhtcg heat absorbed (odkY) heat released jzpfjcif;udk constant pressure rSm
.
reducing agent awGay;xm;&ifvnf; a&G;wwf&r,f/ Redox reaction awGrSm reducing agent &Sd awGu avhvmcJh&if Enthalpy change ('H) vdkY owfrSwfw,f/ tu,fí standard temperature (25 C/ 298K) eJU
oxidizing agent qD ul;ajymif;oGm;wmudk oabmaygufem;vnf&r,f/ standard pressure (1 atm /760 mmHg) rSm avhvmr,fqdk&if Standard enthalpy change ( )
Chapter(4)tcef;rSm awGU cJh&wJh Electrolytic process awGrSm Redox reaction awG yg0ifaew,f/ "mwfzdk jzpfw,fqdkwm owdjyK&ygr,f/ Thermochemical equations awGudk a&;om;wJhtcgrSm "mwfypönf;awG&JU
ions (cations) awGu cathode ("mwfrwdkif)rSm"mwfavQmhjcif; jzpfay: MuNyD;awmh "mwfr ions (anions) awGu tylajymif;vJjcif; (taygif;(odkY )tEkwfvu©Pm)rsm;? physical states awGudk xnfhay;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/
anode ("mwfzw kd ikd )f rSm "mwfw;kd jcif;jzpfw,fqw kd m &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;odxm;rS electrode awGay:rSm jzpfay:wJh half- "mwfjyKjcif;trsKd;rsKd;rS&vmwJh heat change awGrSm heat of combustion, heat of formation of a
reaction awGudk rSefrSefuefuef a&;Edkifygr,f/ compound eJY heat of neutralization qdkNyD;(3)rsdK;&Sdygw,f/ ,if;wdkU&JU symbol awG? wefzdk;udk (+) (odkY) (-)
"mwfwdk;"mwfavQmh nDrQjcif;n§d&mrSm n§dyHk(2)rsdK; oxidation number method eJY half-reaction method vu©Pm azmfjyjcif;awG? unit awGudk cGJjcm;NyD; rSwfom;xm;&ygr,f/
&Sdygw,f/ ar;cGef;rSm b,fenf;eJYar;ar; tqifhqifhajzqdkEdkifatmif avhusifhxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/ oxidation number Hess's law ykämawGeYJ ywfoufNyD; owdxm;&r,fh tcsufawGuawmh ay;xm;csufeUJ aemufq;kH tajz[m heat
method eJY ajzr,fqdk&if ay;xm;wJhnDrQjcif;rSmygwJh "mwfwdk;"mwfavQmhjzpfwJh elements (odkY) ions rsm;tay:rSm of formation (od)Yk heat of combustion vm;qdw k mudk ar;cGe;f rSm aoaocsmcsmzwfNyD;rS "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;a&;jcif;?
element / atom wpfvHk;&JU oxidation number udk azmfjyjcif;?
a&;ay;&jcif;? n§djcif;? wefzdk;rsm;a&;jcif;wdkY vkyf&ygr,f/ physical state, heat change ( ) &JU vu©PmawGeJU unit rsm;
transfer ta&twGuf (oxidation jzpfwJh atom twGuf qHk;½IH;rIeJU reduction jzpfwJh atom u &&SdrI)awGudk udk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygr,f/ heat of combustion rSm oxygen gas eJY aygif;pyfr,fh element (or)
rSerf eS u
f efuef a&;ay;&ygr,f/ cJweH YJ ra&;rdzv Ukd nf; owdjyK&ygr,f/ Oxidation number udk oufqikd &f m tufwrf&UJ compound [m 1 mole om jzpf&r,f/ heat of formation rSm product compound u 1 mole jzpf&r,fqw kd m
tay:rSmyJ a&;cGifh&Sdygw,fqdkwm aoaocsmcsm rSwfxm;ay;zdkY vdkygw,f/ awGudk owdjyK&ygr,f/ compound 1 mole jzpfzdkY element rsm;om aygif;pyf&r,fqdkwmvnf; owdjyK&ygr,f/
Half-reaction method qdk&ifawmh oxidation eJU reduction jzpfwJh half-reaction ESpfaMumif; cGJa&;NyD; Heat of combustion eJU heat of formation awGtwGuf unit u kJ mol-1 jzpfNyD; heat of formation udk
tqifhqifh rSefuefpGmajzqdkay;&ygr,f/ aemufqHk;tajzxkwfwJhnDrQjcif;udk tao;i,fqHk; mole ta&twGufeJU oauFw f eJY azmfjy&r,f/ "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;rsm;u(1)xufBuD;wJh ude;f jynfh ajr§mufazmfued ;f wpfcck ek YJ ajr§mufvu kd &f if
azmfjy&r,f/ wcsKdU molecular equation rsm;udk ionic equation ajymif;NyD;rS half-reaction method eJYn§dvdkY unit [m kJ jzpfoGm;NyD; rlvtylwefzdk; ajymif;vJoGm;ygr,f/ Thermochemical equations awGudk reverse
&ygw,f/ (ajymif;jyef) vkyv f u kd &f ifvnf; heat change &JU unit rSm kJ jzpfNyD; vu©Pmyg ajymif;ay;&ygr,f/ aemufq;kH tajzrSm
Chapter (6) Rates of Reactions and Equilibria tcef;rSmawmh "mwfjyKEIe;f eJY "mwfjyKrQajcqdik &f mtMumif; heat of combustion qdk&if oauFw eJY heat of formation qdk&if oauFw[m f
jzpfygw,f/ unit
t&mawG ygygw,f/ "mwfjyKEIe;f qdw k m tcsdew f pf,el pftwGi;f "mwfjyKypön;f (od)Yk "mwfjzpfypön;f rsm;&JU ajymif;vJjcif; awGrmS kJmol-1 jzpf&r,fqw kd m aoaocsmcsmodxm;zdYk vdyk gw,f/ heat change ygwJh thermochemical equation
jzpfw,f/ "mwfjyKEIef;aES;&if tcsdefMumNyD; "mwfjyKEIef;jref&if tcsdefwdkygw,f/ 'gaMumifh "mwfjyKEIef;[m tcsdefeJY ay;NyD; ¤if; equation &Sd substances awG&JU mass udkar;wJh ykämawGudkvnf; avhvmxm;&ygr,f/
ajymif;jyeftcsKd;usw,f/ "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckrSm yg0ifaewJh "mwfjyKypönf;rsm;xJ&Sd Particles(Atoms/ molecules/ Chapter (8) Some important metals and their compounds eJU Chapter (9) Metal reactivity uawmh
ions)rsm; tcsif;csif;xdwdkufwdkif; "mwfjyKjcif; rjzpfyg/ vHkavmufwJh pGrf;tifeJY "mwfjyKjcif;jzpfapr,fh oifhawmfwJh metallurgy (owåKaA')eJY ywfoufwhJ tcef;awGjzpfw,f/ Metal awGukd olw&Ykd o UJ wåK½dik ;f (Ores) awGrS xkwaf zmfy?kH
taetxm;rSm "mwfjyKypönf;rsm; tcsif;csif;xdwdkufrI tBudrfrsm;avav "mwfjyKEIef;jrefavav jzpfw,f/ metal awG&UJ reactivity ay:rlwnfNyD; b,fowåKawGukd electrolysis enf;eJY xkwrf ,f? b,fowåKawGukd reduction
"mwfjyKjcif;wpfck&JU jrefjcif;? aES;jcif;tay:oufa&mufwJh tcsuf(6)csuf &Sdw,f/ "mwfjyKypönf;rsm;&JU yg0ifudef;? enf;eJYxkwfr,f? b,fowåKawGudk obm0twdkif; awGU&SdEdkifw,fqdkwmudk avhvmxm;&ygr,f/ pmrsufESm 22 odkY
pmrsufESm 21 rS Petroleum industry and petrochemicals taMumif;eJYywfoufNyD; non-renewable energy source

owåKawGeJYtufppf? av (atmufqD*sif)? a&? a&aiGUwdkYeJY "mwfjyKEdkifpGrf;owdåawGudk azmfjyxm;wJh reactivity rsm;jzpfwhJ fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas, coal) jzpfay:yH?k renewable energy source rsm;jzpfwhJ biodiesel
series udkvnf; aoaocsmcsmodxm;&ygr,f/ Ores awGeJY Ores xJrSm trsm;qHk;ygwJh j'yfaygif;awG&JU trnfawG? & biogas awG? crude oil udk fractional distillation enf;pOfjzifh oefYpifjcif;? ,if;enf;pOfjzifh &vmwJh
Chemical formula awG? owåK½dik ;f rS owåKxkwaf zmfwehJ nf;pOfawG? ,if;owåKrsm;ygwJjh 'yfaygif;xkwaf zmfyakH wG? ,if; Hydrocarbons eJY ,if;wdkY&JU toHk;0ifyHk? kerosene, diesel wdkYudk catalytic cracking enf;pOfoHk;jyD; gasoline
wdkY&JU toHk;jyKyHkawGtjyif "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;awGudkvnf; avhvmxm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ ajymif;vJEdkifyHk? Gasoline, methanol (liquid fuels) &JU !awG?!eJY ignition temperature
Steel trsdK;tpm;(5)rsKd;? alloys (owåKpyfrsm;) eJY ,if;wdkY&JU compositions awG? properties awGeJU toHk;0ifyHk jcm;em;csufawGudk odxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
awGudkvnf; aoaocsmcsmodzdkYvdkygw,f/ NyD;awmh oHacs;wufjcif;taMumif;eJY oHacs;wufjcif;udkumuG,fjcif;? tpm;xdk;avmifpmqDrsm;jzpfwJh methanol rS xkwf,l&&SdwJh gasoline eJY diesel awG&JU taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
recycling metals (Al & Fe) taMumif;awGudk avhvmxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/ avhvmrSwfom;xm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ 'ghtjyif
enf;pOfjzifh biodiesel xkwf,ljcif;? anaerobic
Chapter (10) Nitrogen and its compounds tcef;uawmh nitrogen qdkif&m "mwfcGJcef;"mwfaiGU (N2, fermentation enf;jzifh biogas xkwf,ljcif;? ausmufrD;aoG; jzpfpOftrsKd;rsKd;eJY ausmufrD;aoG;rS&EdkifwJh chemicals
NH3, NO, N2O, NO2) xkwfazmfyHk? Chapter (11) Sulphur and its compounds tcef;rSmajratmuf (ay awGtaMumif;? tJ'D chemicals awG&JU toHk;0ifyHk? crude oil, diesel, LPG, CNG, biodiesel, biogas, zeolite
700 0ef;usif) xJrSm&SdwJh sulphur udk Frasch Process eJY tajrmuftjrm;xkwf,ljcif;? sulphur eJY oufqdkifwJh ZSM-5, coal eJY coal gas awG&JU composition awGudk od&Sdxm;&ygr,f/
"mwfaiG(U H2S, SO2) xkwfazmfjcif; Chapter (12) The halogens tcef;rSm halogens rsm;jzpfwJh Cl2, Br2, I2 aemufq;kH Chapter (15) Chemistry in Society qdw k hJ vlaerIb0eJ"Y mwkaA'bmom&yfwYkd qufo, G af eyHu
k kd
xkwfazmfjcif;awG avhvmxm;&r,f/ "mwfcGJcef;rSm "mwfaiGUxkwfazmfyHkawGudk avhvm&if tñTef;rSefuef jynfhpHkwJhyHk? avhvmwJhtcef;rSmawmh tyifawGBuD;xGm;zdkY vdktyfaewJh elements taMumif;awG? tyifawGtouf&SifaeEdkifzdkY
rSefuefwJhpmom;nDrQjcif;eJY oauFwnDrQjcif;? rSefuefwJh"mwfjyKypönf;rsm;eJY "mwfjyKtajctae? "mwfaiGUpkaqmif;yHk? vdktyfwJh oMum;"mwfudk photosynthesis rS&&SdyHk? obm0ajrMoZmeJY"mwfajrMoZmwdkY[m tyifawG&JUtoD;? tyGifh?
"mwfaiGU jynfhrjynfh prf;oyfenf;? vdktyfvQif"mwfaiGUudkajcmufaoGUatmifjyKvkyfenf;wdkYeJYwuG aocsmpGm avhvm t&GufBuD;xGm;rIudk tm;ay;yHk? insecticides trsKd;tpm;awGeJU tyifBuD;xGm;rIudktm;ay;wJh growth substances
rSwfom;xm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ awGtjyif cement xkwfazmfyHktqifhqifh? cement xkwfazmf&mrSm oHk;wJhukefMurf;ypönf;awG? Plaster of Paris &JU
"mwfaiGUpkaqmif;wJhenf;awGudkvnf; oufqdkif&m"mwfaiGUawG&JU ½kyf*kPfowdåawGeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; rSwfxm;&ygr,f/ composition? xkwfazmfyHkeJY *kPfowdåawG? yifv,fa&xJrSmyg0ifwJh qm;rsm;eJUyifv,fa&rS qm;xkwfazmfenf;rsm;
xkwf,lr,fh"mwfaiGU[m tufppf*kPfowdå&Sdvm;? aAhpf*kPfowdå &Sdvm;? *kPfrJhvm;? aysmf0ifowdåb,fvdk&SdovJ? taMumif;awG yg0ifygw,f/
avxufav;ovm;? ayghovm;pwJh *kPo f wdaå wGeYJ pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfNyD;rS "mwfaiGpU ak qmif;wJeh nf;awGukd od&x dS m;&ygr,f/ 'ghtjyif plastics and polymers tydkif;rSmawmh natural polymers eJY synthetic polymers awG? rsKd;wlwJh
nitrogen, sulphur, halogens awGeYJ qdik w f jhJ 'yfaygif;wd&Yk UJ ½ky*f P
k o f wd?å "mwf*P
k o f wdeå YJ toH;k 0ifyakH wGuvkd nf; monomer tcsif;csif;aygif;NyD; homopolymer (addition polymer) jzpfay:vmyHk? rsKd;rwlwJh monomers
odrSwfxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/ Caustic soda (NaOH), chlorine, ammonia, nitric acid eJY sulphuric acid wdkYudk tcsif;csif;aygif;NyD; copolymer (condensation polymer) jzpfay:vmyHkawG? rsKd;wl monomer awGudk addition
tajrmuftjrm;xkwfvdkY&wJh Manufacturing (Industrial) Process awGudkvnf; aoaocsmcsmem;vnfatmif polymerization reaction oHk;NyD; PE, PP, PVC, PTFE, PS tp&SdwJh addition polymer jyKvkyfyHk? rsdK;rwlwJh
avhvmxm;zdkY vdktyfygw,f/ monomer ESpfckaygif;NyD; a&armfvDusL;z,fwJh condensation polymerization enf;jzifh Nylon, polyester pwJh
Chapter (13) Acids, Bases and their Neutralization rSmawmh Acids, Bases wdkY&JU t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf condensation polymer jyKvkyfyHkeJY yg0ifwJh "mwfpnf;trsKd;tpm;? addition eJY condensation polymer awG&JU
trsKd;rsKd;? proton xkwfay;EdkifrItay: tajccHwJh strong acid eJY weak acid ? pure acid yg0ifrIay:tajccHwJh *kPfowdåeJU toHk;jyKyHkawGudk avhvmrSwfom;xm;&ygr,f/ Thermoplastic eJY Thermosetting polymers awGudk
concentrated acid eJY dilute acid wd&Yk UJ jcm;em;rI? Ionic product of water (Kw) &JU mathematical expression, jyefvnftoHk;cswJhenf;awGudkvnf; avhvmrSwfom;xm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ aemufqHk;taeeJY qyfjymcsufjcif; taMumif;?
numerical value wdkYudk odxm;&ygr,f/ tylcsdefwpfckrSm Kw wefzdk;udef;aojzpfw,f/ tylcsdefajymif;&if Kw soapless detergent taMumif;eJY ,if;wdkY&JUacs;cRwfEdkifpGrf; owdåtaMumif;awGudk wnfaqmufyHkrsm;eJYwuG
wefzdk;ajymif;w,fqdkwmvnf; od&r,f/ &Sif;vif;xm;wmawGudk od&Sdxm;oifhygw,f/ Addition polymers, Condensation polymers wdkYeJYywfoufNyD;
pH eJY pOH wd&Yk UJ oabmw&m;zGiq hf ckd suftjyif pH eJY pOH wd&Yk UJ wefz;kd udMk unfNh yD; aysmf&nfwpfc[ k m tufppfvm;? odoifhodxdkufwmawGudk Table (3) rSm azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
aAhpfvm;cGJjcm;zdkY toHk;jyKEdkifygw,f/ pH wefzdk; 7 xufi,f&ifawmh acid aysmf&nf? pH wefzdk; 7 xufMuD;&ifawmh
alkali/base aysmf&nfrsm; jzpfw,f/ pH 7 rSmqd&k ifawmh a&oefY (od)Yk "mwfjy,f (neutral) jzpfwahJ ysmf&nfjzpfygw,f/
acid awG&UJ jyif;tm;udk Ka (dissociation constant) odrUk [kwf pKa eJY jyEdik o f vdk Base/alkali aysm&f nfawG&UJ jyif;tm;udk
Kb/pKb eJU azmfjyEdkifygw,f/ aysmf&nfwpfckxJrSm [H+] rsm;&if Ka wefzdk;BuD;r,f/ Ka eJY pKa ajymif;jyeftcsdK;usvdkU
pKa wefzdk;i,foGm;r,f/ 'gaMumifh acid strength aumif;w,f/ NyD;awmh [H+] enf;&if Ka wefzdk;i,fNyD; pKa
wefzdk;BuD;r,f/ 'gaMumifh acid strength enf;r,fqdkwm em;vnfoabmaygufzdkY vdkygw,f/
qm;trsKd;tpm;(4)rsKd;jzpfwJh tm;jyif;tufppfeJUtm;jyif;aAhpf? tm;jyif;tufppfeJY tm;aysmhaAhpf? tm;aysmh
tufppfeJYtm;jyif;aAhpf? tm;aysmhtufppfeJY tm;aysmhaAhpfwdkY&JU qm;awG a&oGif;jzdKcGJjcif;jzpfwJhtcg pH wefzdk;
rwlnD&wJhtaMumif;&if;awGudk qm;erlemrsm;ESifh tusKd;taMumif; qufpyfajz&Sif;wwfzdkU vdkygw,f/
Buffer solution eJY ywfoufwJh t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsuf? Acidic buffer/Basic buffer examples eJY
ykämawGudkrSefuefpGma&;Edkif? wGufEdkifzdkYvdkygw,f/ Buffer aysmf&nfrsm;u strong acid/strong base tenf;i,f
xnfhaomfvnf; pH udk rajymif;atmifb,fvdkxdef;xm;EdkifwmvJqdkwJh &Sif;vif;csufudk odxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/ Buffer
solution ykämwGuw f t hJ cg tufppfaysmhawG&UJ NydKuGrJ uI kd tjyeftvSen f rD Qjcif;? qm;awG&UJ NydKuGrJ u
I kd wpfzufomG ;nDrQjcif;?
concentration udk square bracket [ ] eJY azmfjy&NyD; unit udk M (odkY) mol dm-3 eJUazmfjyjcif;? tvm;wl Ka, Kb
wdkUrSmvnf; M (odkY) mol dm-3 unit eJY azmfjyjcif;? pH, pOH, pKa wdkYrSm unit azmfjy&efrvdktyfjcif;pwJh
owdxm;&r,fhtcsufawGudk em;vnfzdkUvdktyfygw,f/ acid, base awG&JU pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-], pKa, Ka &SmwJh
ykämwGufawGudkvnf; mathematical formula awG rSefuefpGma&;NyD; wGufEdkif&ygr,f/ tMuHjyKcsuf
Chapter (14) Organic Chemistry tcef;rSmawmh alkanes, alkenes, alkynes eJY alcohols awGudk tck Chapter wpfcck sif;tvdu k f avhvmrSwo
f m;&r,ft h aMumif;t&mawGeUJ owdjyK&r,ft h csufawGukd tao;pdwf
yg0ifwhJ carbon vH;k a&tvdu k f graphic structure, molecular structure eJU molecular formula a&;yH?k Isomers aqG;aEG;ay;NyD; jzpfwJhtwGuf wynfhwdkYtaeeJYb,fvdkavhvmrSwfom;oifhw,fqdkwm oabmaygufNyD xifygw,f/
awG&JUwnfaqmufzGJUpnf;yHk? ,if;wdkYudk trivial eJY IUPAC system awGeJUtrnfay;yHk? ,if; Hydrocarbons 'gaMumifh chapter wpfckcsif; tao;pdwf aocsmpGmavhvmzdkY? usKd;aMumif;qufpyfawG;ac:wwfzdkYvdktyfwJhtjyif
j'yfaygif;awGudk "mwfcGJcef;rSm xkwf,lenf;rsm;eJU ,if;wdkY&JU*kPfowdåawGudk avhvmxm;&ygr,f/ ,if;j'yfaygif;rsm; zwfpmtkyfrSmygwJhykämawG? ar;cGef;a[mif;awGudkyg avhusifhxm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ xyfrHowday;vdkwmuawmh ykäm
xkwf,lenf;eJY "mwf*kPfowdåawGrSmygwJh "mwfjyKjcif;trsKd;tpm; (substitution, addition, reactions)awG? j'yf wGuw f t
hJ cg vdt
k yfwahJ e&mawGrmS unit rsm;xnhzf ?Ykd yHak oenf;rsm;udk jynfph akH tmifa&;zdYk ? oufqikd &f mar;cGe;f ykämeHygwfukd
aygif;wpfckrSwpfckajymif;vJjcif; (Conversion)awG? ÓPfprf;ykämawG? cGJjcm;jcif;awGudk aoaocsmcsmavhusifh azmfjya&;om;ay;zdo Yk wdjyK&ygr,f/ txl;owdjyK&r,ft h csuuf awmh ar;cGe;f yHpk t
H opf[m a&G;cs,cf iG ehf nf;oGm;wJt h wGuf
xm;&r,f/ cGjJ cm;jcif;awGrmS awmh alkane & alkene, alkane & alkyne, alkene & alkyne, alkynes tcsif;csif; trSwfrsm;rsm;vdkcsif&if tcef;(15)cef;vHk;udkaphpyfaocsmpGm odxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/
cGJjcm;wwfatmif? cGJjcm;&mrSm rsufpdjzifhjrif&NyD; odomxif&Sm;wJhta&mifajymif;vJrI? tenfusrIwdkYygwJh "mwfjyKjcif; aemufqHk;taeeJY q&m q&mrrsm;&JU oifMum;jyorIeJY rdrdwdkY&JU BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIawGudk aygif;pyfNyD; tckaqG;aEG;
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