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    3 Gases Calculations

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    Clinton Chikengezha

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Basic Calculations Involving Gases This chapter builds on Chapters 1 and 2, but needs no greater knowledge of chemistry or skill at maths. Avogadro's Law In Chapter 2 we were looking at calculations involving the masses of substances taking part in reactions, but with gases i i offen more convent to measure the volume rather than the mass. Avogadro's Law underpi volume calculations. Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain | equal numbers of molecules This means that if you have 100.em? of hydrogen at some temperature and are it contains exactly the same number of molecules as there are in 00cm? of carbon dioxide oF any other gas under those conditions ~ Anote on units of volume Volumes (of gases or liquids) are measured in: W cubic centimetres (cm) 1 cubic decimetres (di W litres (L) 1 fitre ~ 1dm? ~ 1000 en? Ifyou want t talk about 100m, the cubic devimetre is the preferred unit rather than the litre, but it doesn't actually matter. “Methane (natal gas) burns in air according to the equation: + COs The equation says that you need twice as many molecules of oxygen as you of methane, According to Avogadro's Law, this means that you will need ‘wie the volume of oxygen as the volume of methane So, if you have to burn 1 litre (idm?) of methane, you will need 2 litres (2am*) of oxygen Similarly, for every molecule of methane you burn, you will get a molecule carbon dioxide formed. Therefore every litre of methane will give 1 litre of carbon dioxide, because | litre of methane and 1 litre of CO; contain the sama number of molecules. E> People sometimes worry if seal volume at the end she same asthe total ‘atthe beginning, Itis tobe different ifthe ‘of molecules changes Heo case, 2 molecules are from 3 original iecules. According to ros Law they are bound Basic Calculations Involving Gases Care! Avogadro's Law only applies «gases. If the water is formed as a liquid, aan cay nothing whawsoever about the volume of water produced. Howe ‘tis formed as steam, then you could say that every Titre of methane will produce 2 litres of steam. “Avogadro's Law allows equations involving gases to be interpreted directly in terms of volumes. Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen © give carbon dioxide 2€O jy) + Ong) > 2Oai8 It you burned 1 lite of carbon monoxide, you would only need half of that Volume of oxygen (05 litres) because you only need half as many molecules. Because the number of molecules of carbon dioxide produced is the same a5 the number of molecules of carbon monoxide burn, the volume of COs produced will be 1 litre What volume of ai is needed to buen completely 100cm* of propane? Goa) + 50249) —* 3COr9) + 4420 You need 5 times 2s many molecules of oxygen as you do of propane, and so you need 5 times the volun The volume of oxygen needed is therefore 500.cm’. But take care! ‘You arc asked about the volume of air, not of oxygen. Airis only vppraiately 1 oxygen ~and so you need 5 times more air than you. woul en, The amount of air needed is 2500.em* Hydrogen and oxygen react according to the equation: What volume of air is needed for the complete combustion of SO0cm? of | | fyarogen? | ; ae y Example 4 > Note: In calculations of this sort, pay attention to the temperature quoted. fit is 100 Cor more, any water produced will be a gas, and so ‘Avogadro's Law applies to it. [At room temperature, it will be 2 liquid, and Avogadro's Law will not apply. [> with experience, most people would miss out the stage involving the “1s and jump straight to the second version of the equation just by looking at the ratios of the volumes, ie. 2:7:4:6, > We areusing the normal Short cut here. Ifyou aren't happy about it, work t through in the same way as example 4, taking “n” molecules to be in Ocm?. You should end up with the same equation after canceling the "n" Using Avogadro's Law to work out equations and unknown formulae Suppose you had an unknown hydrocarbon, C,H, whose formula you wanted tw find, One way of doing it is eo burn the hydrocarbon completely in oxye measuring the volumes of everything used and produced. The next two ‘examples show how the results would be processed, butt are not concerned ‘with how you would obtain the results. Example 6 shows how this might be done A simple example 20cm! of an unknown hydrocarbon, C,H, needed 70em? of oxygen for complete combustion. 40cm’ of CO» were produced as well as em! of steam. All volumes were measured at 100°C and the same laboratory pressure Write the equation for the reaction and so find the formula of the hydrocarbon, All the volumes are simple multiples of 10cm’, so lee’s assume that 10cm! contains “n” molecules ~ and because of Avogadro's Law, this will be true of all of the gases in the reaction. Ie follows that 2n molecules of CH, react with Jn molecilles of oxygen to give 4 molecules of COs and 6a molecules of 2nG.H, + 7n0; —+ dnCO, + 6H; You can divide the whole equation by *»” to simplify i to: 2GH, +70; + ACO; + 640 Now you take advantage of the fact that you have a balanced equation to find wand y. Look at the balancing of the carbons) 2 x ‘and now the hydrogens: Yale y=6 The hydrocarbon is C3H, (ethane), Making it slightly more awkward ‘You can solve this problem with one less bit of information. You don’t actually rnced the volume of the steam produced ~ which means that you could equally find a solution ifthe volumes were quoted at room temperature, where the water would be liquid. 10cm? of an unknown hydrocarbon, C,H,, required 30cm? of oxygen for complete combustion, 20em? of COs was formed. (All volumes were ‘measured at room temperature and pressure.) Write the equation for the reaction and so find the formula of the hydrocarbon. Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules at the same temperature and pressure. You therefore use 3 times as many molecules of doxygen as there are of hydrocarbon, and produce twice as many molecules of Op as you had molecules of hydrocarbon, You can't say anything at all about the water that is formed, > Exposing the products to ‘secium hydroxide: CO, is an [eos 925 which reacts with leocium hydroxide (an alka Fthe drop in volume at this Jase is due solely to the |carnon dioxide being removed > Hint: You started with [Sbcm? of oxygen, but had Je0cm" let over he volume fell by 20cm? seen the gases were exposed & sodium hydroxide solution eee! Basic Calculations Involving Gases Git +30, —+ 2€0; + some HO Its easy to find x from the balanced equation: x =2 You have to find the number of hydrogens in a roundabout way via the s. There are 6 oxygens on the left, and so there must be a total of 6 on the right. 4 of those are in the 2COs, leaving 2 to be accounted for in water. ‘There must therefore be 2HO. The equation now reads GH, +30; ~+ 2€0, + 240 Now you can easy count the hydrogens: y= 4 The hydrocarbon is CH (ethene) This example shows how these results might be produced 20em? of an unknown hydrocarbon, C,H,, was mixed with 80cm’ of oxyge (an excess) in a graduated tube, A spark was passed through the mixture, and the resulting gases were allowed co cool back t room temperature. 60cm? of as was left. When this gas was exposed to sodium hydroxide solution, the volume fell to 40cm. (See side note.) Write the equation for the combustion, and so find the formula of the hydrocarbon You need to pick out the information that you were given in the last problem, Why is there 40cm left over at the end of the sequence? There won't be any hydrocarbon left, the COs has reacted with the sodium hydroxide solution, and any water will have condensed to just a drop or so of liquid. The 20cm? of hydrocarbon was used 40cm of oxygen must have been used up in the combustion process. 20cm? of COs was formed “This time the ratio of volumes (and so of molecules) is 1G,H, #202: 160; Gil, + 20) -+ CO> + some HO There must be 2H,O to balance the oxygens, which gives x = 1 and y The hydrocarbon is CH, (methane). 20em? of an unknown hydrocarbon needed 120 cm? of oxygen for complete combustion. 80.¢m? of CO; was produced. All volumes were ‘measured at room temperature and pressure. Find the formula of the hydrocarbon, [Since rae how many lots of 1.339 (each fof which occupies 1 dm) there are in 324 of oxygen (which is the mass of 1 mole). The molar volume of a gas Avogadro's Law says that equal volumes of gases atthe same temperature and pressure contain the sume number of molecules ‘Turning this around: at the same temperature and pressure, equal numbers of molecules ofa gas are contained in the same volume. ¥ Ifyou have Imole of any gas, it will contain the Avogadro Number of molecules (approximately 6 x 10° molecules). The number doesn't really matter, but if you have 1 mole of any gas it will contain the same number of ‘molecules and therefore occupy the same volume. This volume is called the molar volume. Another note on units Densities or concentrations are measured in unit like grams per cubic centimetre oF moles per cubic decimette. You write these a Bec 1B moldm™ You should read the minus sign in the unit as “per” ~ so that moldm”> is read as “moles per cubic decimetre” mol dev? is the same as writing me Calculating the volume of L mole of oxygen, Oo ‘The density of oxygen at 25°C and 1 atmosphere is 1.33 gdm. This is simply a way of saying that 1.33. occupies a volume of Ldm’. (O = 16) 1 mol of oxygen, O2, weighs 329, 133 The volume occupied by 1 mols therefore 32 den? = 24.1 dm? If you work out the volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure (Ftp) it turns out to be very elose to 24dm? (24000cm!). So we can make the following useful generalisation, 1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure (rtp) occupies a volume of 24dm’. This is called the molar volume. ceeyieeey| ‘The molar volume varies with temperature and pressure, Another value sometimes quoted for itis 22.4dm’ at 0°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. eRe a, Simple calculations using the molar volume In all ehe examples that follow, we will assume a value of 244m? for the molar volume at room temperature and pressure (rtp) > Hint: it may help to insert Jan ox stp: 2 of hydrogen occupies 2am? Fg of hydrogen occupies adem 1©.079 of hydrogen occupies j@.07 « 12dmm* = 0.12dm" D> Hint: Work out the mass of ex (by dividing by 24000), < then multiply by 100. > The commonest mistake in [Sem ofthis kind isto work out ISe mass of 1 mole of CO;. Once| feew have that figure of 44g, you [you have to do something [ee itand wil probably work [Get the mass of CO; produced festesd of the volume, “Prere are two things you cando [stop yourself making this ort mistake. Read the question “Geefuly, and notice that it asks gee forthe volume of CO; ‘Produced. Realise that you are ‘Geen a value for the molar Soiume, Ifthe examiner gives ses ths, then you must use it Somewhere. ifyou get to the Sedo the question without ‘Sing it you've done it wrong! Calculating the volume ofa given mass of gas Caleulate the volume of 0.01 g of hydrogen at rp. (H Imol H; weighs 2 g and occupies 24m‘ If 2 of hydrogen occupies 24 dm? then 0.01 g of hydrogen occupies OO x 24m? = 0.12dm? Calculating the mass ofa given volume of gas Caleulate the mass of 10Gcm* of COs at rtp. (C = 12; © = 16) 24d? (24000cm!) of COs at ep weighs 4g (1 mol) 100 10cm? of COp weighs 100 x aa ie 3" 54000 “89 =0.1839 “Take the molar volume to be 24.0dm? at rtp. (a) Calculate the mass of 200cm* of chlorine gas (Cl) at rtp. (b) Calculate the density of argon (Ar) at rtp. (©) Calculate the volume occupied by 0.16 g of oxygen (02) at rp. (@) Ifa gas has a density of 1.42gdm- at rtp, calculate the mass of ‘mole of the gas. (0 = 16; C1 =355; Ar= 40) Calculate the volume occupied by 1 mole of nitrogen (Na) at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere pressure if its density under those conditions is 1.25gdm * N= 14) Calculations from equations involving gases. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide evolved at room temperature and pressure when an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 1.00 of caleium carbonate CaCOs + 2HCI + Cah + CO; + HO (C= 12; 0 = 16; Ca = 40, Molar volume = 24 din! at mp.) Interpret the equation in terns of moles: 1 mol CaCO, gives 1 mol CO, Substite masses and volumes where appropriate: 100g CaCO, (1 mol) gives 24dm? CO; at rp Do the simple proportion sum: 100g CaCO; (1 mal) gives 24dm* CO} at rtp 41g CaCO, gives 1/100 x 24m? 0.24dm* > Maths a bit weak? Use the extra step: 72000em* H; comes from 54g of A ‘em? Hy comes from 93855 9 a 005 100m" Hy comes from si -ifas *1009 = 0.0759 of A Cee read > Note! Check your syllabus. Not all examination boards require you to know about this 48 A student carried out an experiment in which she had to produce some hydrogen from the reaction between aluminium and excess dilute hydrochloric acid. In order to measure the volume evolved at room temperature and pressure, she collected the hydrogen in a 10K1cm® gas syringe. What is the ‘maximum mass of aluminium she could have used so that she did not exceed the 100m’ capacity of the gas syringe? 2AL+ GHCI + 2AICls + 3H, (Al = 27. Molar volume = 24000 cm? at rtp} Interpret the equation in terms of moles: 2mol Al gives 3 mol H, Subsite masses and volumes where appropriate 2x 27g Al gives 3 x 24000cm} H, 54 g Al gives 72000cm’ Hy Do the simple proportion sum (You need to work out how much aluminium would give 100cm? of hydrogen the maximum allowable.) 72000cm* H; comes from 54g Al 100 Hy comes from 54 x 9 Al= 0.0759 A) 72.000 Take the molar volume of a gas to be 24dm? at room temperature and pressure Chlorine can be prepared by heating manganeseiIV) oxide with an excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid. What is the maximum volume of chlorine (measured at room temperature and pressure) that could be obtained from 2.00 g of manganeso('V) oxide? MnO, + 4HCL—+ MnCl; + Cl, +240 (0 = 16; Mn = 55) What mass of potassium nitrate would you have to heat in order to produce * 00 dm of oxygen at rip? 2KNO} + 2KNO» + 03 (N= 14; 0-16; K = 39) The ideal gas equation ‘The molar volume lets you convert from volumes of gases to numbers of moles (and vice versa) at a particular temperature and pressure. The ideal gas equation lets you do this at any temperature and pressure (sce Figure 3.1) > Ideal gases a which obey the ide Jequation. There ise thing as an ideal gt gases obey the eau reasonably well at pressures and tery Higher temperatun pressures make ga ideal. For an explar this, see a standart > Ideal gases are those which obey the ideal gas equation. There is no such ing as an ideal gas, but real jg2ses obey the equation reasonably wel at ordinary Dressures and temperatures, igher temperatures and lower pressures make gases more seal. For an explanation of this, sce a standard text book > Hint: You can usually tell ‘hat you've forgotten one of ‘hese conversions if you end sp with avery sily answer — wrong by a factor of a shousand or a milion > The units are sometimes ‘expressed in the order Jmol! K-'. Don't worry about s. As long as these three units are attached to the number, you are talking about the same constant. Basic Calculations Involving Gases” Figure 3.1 The ideal gas equ Notes on the various terms in the equation Pressure This is measured in pascals (Pa). An alternative name for the pascal is “newton per square metre 2), Examiners sometimes give the pressure in kPa (kilopascals) IF ehis happens, you must remember to multiply by 1000 ¢0 convert it into paseals, For example, you would have to put 1O0kPa into the ‘equation as 100 000 Pa, Volume This is the most confusing part. The volume has to be in cubic metres — not com? ot dm’, Ifthe volume is given in the wrong units, you must convert it 11m? — 1000dm? ~ 1 000000cm To convert from dm? tom? divide by 1000 (that is the same as multiplying by 10") ‘em? tom? divide by 1.000.000 (or multiply by 10"*) Examples: _2dm is the same as 2 x 10-3 m? 25¢m? isthe same as 25 x 10-6 m Temperature This has to be in Kelvins. To convert from °C to kelvins, add 273, Examples: 100°C = 373K 25°C = 298K The gas constant A value for this will always be given in an exam, To 3 significant figures its value is 831] K-! mol-!, Data books give other values for ehis as well, but in different units (eg. em'atmK-' mol). These other values apply if you use units Tike atmospheres for pressure or em! for volumes. You ean ignore them, CHAPTER 3 ‘able to work out this version ‘of the ideal gas equation. ‘Almost every sum that you do will involve you having to ‘ART into this form betore you do anything else, > Ifyou are happier pttng he nurnbersin frst. and then rearranging to find V, do it that aye 100000 xv = 222.31 298 ae Wt doesn't matter how you handle the equation a5 fong asyou get the ight answer. you want to use diferent method, do s0 jst check that you answer is the same atthe end [> See the previous side note if you aren't comfortable with this, Number of moles Remember that mass (9) ‘mass of T mole (9) Number of moles = Its offen convenient to merge this equation into the ideal gas equation, giving: ov Tass of 1 mole (gy *” Find the volume occupied by 2.20 x of carbon dioxide, CO», at 298K and a pressure of 100kPa. (C = 12, O = 16.8 = 831]K' mol") It helps to rearrange the ideal gas equation before you start: py =o0RT mass (9) Tass of T mole (g) ic mass of T mole (g) “ p Now substitute in the numbers. Remember to check the units. Everything is OK except for the pressure. This has to be entered as 100000 Pa. The mass of Imole of COs is 4g. -—_™s (9)_, AF imass of mole (a) * » 2.20 , 831x298 44“ 100000 = 1.24% 107 m? You could convert this into dm? by multiplying by 1000 if you wanted ro. ‘There's probably no point, What pressure is exerted by 1g of oxygen, O: temperature of 80°C? (O = 16, R= 831] K-! mol) Again, rearrange the ideal gas equation: pV = 0RT it mass of 1 mole (@) “ V > Once again, if you aren't SSovfortable with this ssoroach to rearranging the le2t0n, see the side note for jexarple 12 Cee) Ce) ese Basic Calculations Involving Gases _ Now put the numbers in, checking the units as you go. The volume isin the ‘wrong units, and so is the temperature. V = 2.00 x 10m} and T = 383K. Tmole of oxygen, O2, weighs 32g, mass (9) ar mass of t mole (g) “ V _ 1.60, 8.31353 32 * 200% 10 = 73300 Pa This is an example of one of the most important tses of the ideal gas equation — which is finding the relative formula masses of gases. Remember that the ‘mass of 1 mole of something is simply the relative formula mass expressed in sams. In the equations we've been using. the “mass of 1 mole (g) numerically the same as the relative formals mass (cm? of an unknown gas X, measured at a temperature of 90°C and a pressure of 101 kPa, was found to weigh 0.135. Find the relative formula mass of the gas. (R= 831JK-' mol!) Rearrange the ideal gas equation to find the mass of 1 mole: pv mass (g) x aT mass of mole (9) Mass of 1 mole (g) = me Again, slot the numbers in, checking the units as you go. This time everything rnceds to be corrected except the mass! Make sure that you understand the reasons for the numbers in the next equation. ar Mass of 1 mole (g) = mass (g) x 9 (9) x 31 x 363 = 0.135 x 101 000 x 56 x 10° =7209 The relative formula mass is therefore 72.0. R= 831)K 'mol Find the volume occupied by 0.100g of hydrogen, H:, at 293K and a pressure of 100kPa, (H = 1) Find the mass of 200m? of carbon monoxide, CO, at 17°C and a pressure of 98.900Pa, (C = 12; 0 = 16) 1.254 of an unknown gas occupied 923 cm? at a pressure of 102 KPa and a temperature of 290. Find the relative formula mass of the gas | 51 End of chapter checklist Can you do the following things? 1 State and use Avogadro's Law. 1 Understand and use the concept of the molar volume, including calculations from equations involving working ont volumes of gases produced, 1M State and use the ideal gas equation (if required by your syllabus), Revision problems Numerical answers are provided for these problems, but no worked solutions. (a) What volume of oxygen would be required to burn 1 dm? of ethane? | (©) What volume of carbon dioxide would be produced? PANE uring the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia, ammonia gas i oxidised by passing it with air over a ree-hot platinum-chodium catalyst ANH, 4-50; + ANO + 60 (a). What volume of airs required by 100m? of ammonia? (Take air to be 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen ) | {b) Assuming the reaction is complete, what volumes of what gases willbe | present in the mixture leaving the catalyst for an input of 1.00" of ammonia? (Assume the gas volumes are all measured at the temperature of the catalyst) 20m? of a hydrocarbon needed 90cm? of oxygen for complete et combustion. 60cm? of CO; was produced. All volumes were measured at : room temperature and pressure. Find the formula of the hydrocarbon, PRRSPBRBEES 10 cr of an unknown hydrocarbon was sparked with 100em? of oxygen | (an excess) When the resulting gases were cooled back to the orignal room temperature, they had a volume of 75

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