9th May 2020 

 
Chemistry Book pgs: 308-312  
 
Trends in the periodic table:  
● 7 rows called periods  
● 18 columns called groups  
● Elements arranged according to atomic number (proton number) 
 
Periods: 
Show the elements electron shell that is being filled (1st, 2nd, 3rd,...)  
Groups: 
Show number of electrons in last shell  
*Carbon: 6 protons G:14 (4) P:2 
E.C= (2,4)* 
 
All elements in a group have similar chemical properties (same number of valence 
electrons. Chem property-depends on movement of electrons) 
 
Trends across periods: 
● Elements change from Metals to Non-metals  
● (More protons in the nucleus, pull the electrons closer in) decrease in atomic radius  
● Increase in first ionisation energy (energy required to remove the outermost electron) 
Trends down a group: 
● Elements become more metallic  
○ Metals react by losing electrons  
○ Non-metals react by gaining electrons  
● Increase in atomic radius (more shells added)  
● Decrease in first ionisation energy. (def. above) 
 
Groups usually studied: 
● Group I (01)Alkali Metals 
● Group VII (17) Halogens  
● Group VIII (18) Noble Gases  
 
 
● Group I Alkali Metals 
○ Metals- more reactive  
○ Losing electrons  
● Group VII Halogens 
○ Non-metals- less reactive  
○ Gaining electrons  
● Group VIII Noble Gases 
○ Very unreactive (full outer shell)  
○ Density and boiling point increase