| LAPLACE TRANGFORM “esynstag is on integral transfirination of a Function PL) from the Kme domain yntothe complex Frequenoy Goma), giving FS). Giver a Ainction Ff te), its Loplace transform denoted vy Fug) or LCF EY] is defined by: . St L[puy] Fea f fne*at where is a compen Yaridble. gen by S = Tt yw Find the Laplace transform of Ube). Solution: og est LLuey =f Meat = - ye = lL dm =| 4 = yO+ So 5 oO ° Find the Laplace transform of fu) = 6 wk), azo Solution. o LTPuy|: Le“ = f 6*e*at I e sta) Sta °Proper’ Li neasity Seal NS) Time. ghift Frequency ont Time differenhation, Time \wkegraton, subscribe 09 yutuloe, Jo Fs) = 7 @enginordinath Fle) FY aft) + 0, 4,14) a, Fut a. Ft) Fat) a FCG flt-a)ult-a) e* FG) oe P(t) Flsta) ae SF - Fi) dt GF Ry - sf) -F'0) a* a's SF)- GO) - Sf'W)- $0) ae d’f 8 *F(S5)- 3" am grt! (v) ay _ - Fo) J, at gfe)“Cont me Subscribe, on youtube, REG / @enginerdmath Frequenoy_ottevenbation t Flt) - 4) Frequency. integrat tory te) °0 Tequency ny 7 i, Fid)ds Time, periodic ty f= FE nT) _ Fie) [= et Initial Value Fu) limeFls) or Final Value $(00) lin SFCS) so Comyolut jon fe)* Re) FFAS) $)_ + 9 SSS \ ae). A - = = SP +a Sin Wt +8) ——_____, sind + wast St wo cos (WE +6 geosh — wWsnd : Sr wm - at, Ww 2 *sin wot (ray ar = Ab op, wt Sta e SI Baa Note: Defined hr t =O, Fe) =O, for t <0 Obtam the Laplace trash of Fle)= BE) + 2ult) - 367*ult Solution: : By ‘nearrty prperty: FA) = LTS) + 2kCWWI -3L TO wey] = = a + «| toby ala Deteremine the Laplace, ansfomn of Flu)= £%sm 2b ult)5 Subsofilbe, on vypatuboe, fb Solution Gemnerdnath We know hat f [sin2t | = SE Using, Hequensy diftevenbation: 2 jA2 oe Fis) = A'L¥sinat]= EN ala lea 12s" = Ve (s*44y° Find the Laploce ‘ems OF fhe gate finction wn the Fue 10 dj} t 3 aC We am expess te gate Faurckiot above as: gl#)= |0Lutt-2) ~ ult -3)| Since we know the Lodece transform pf ult) ,ue OpAy Hye, Fine anift property and oan: Cu)= 1o(< ~ 2) =p ce" é*) olution:6 Fs se-2 _ +804) fos +4) (2st) | = 52.3 (s+5* s2 4 pp 4_22 2 J) = = + 3F2 (s+2)* Sina ap (4) ad" Len] + Pbk" ed eli- we’ +Be" + mte* The conplution of fo signals consists oF tne veyening one of the sgrals shifting it, and mathpyig iF ponnt by point wrth ‘the sexi sign, and \ntegratng the pridudt The convolution of two Functions Fle) and gl) 15 the fynction of + that is £ 1p guy = J Foaglt-wax Assuming nat thic integral ext. whee X \s q dummeny \avialle and gated. CX) denotes wrrvelubon.i “The wmmutotve Law for wnyolutin 1s sabshed thab is pootibe-on ype, fe Fux gt) = ¥ FE) ™ asinccinth A S. Gigtt ra = Ff goopen 70d L Le gh] = Lf LA 0 C9] 10 ano ther Ryn Ang teaalt can te writen as a fotinula Br the ierse of a product that is £ [FD G)|> FA) * gt) uber $l) = "DED and gy= $' Les) ] Find the Laploye vansfivm of 2% e* Solution brag f CEH) * 94)) = ATELY) ACG) where DUK= CY ond gl¥) =o™ fet * o*) = de) £le*] Using toryolubion, Find the inverse Laplace transform of aessubsorte, on yputulbe, Rf Solution: _ Genginordmath : _ oy Eee |" TaeG ) =f" $7 recy “Sh heptying f£' LFA: Gel|= $ay* gl where: Foy gy 3 and = G (6)= =< a ~fi)=e* ord glt)> € Celnny Fle) gl) = e * et -f e pate aa aK = fete an _ WK + -7ere']’ . tfette -t ee") glee “e ° see] Application of Loploce Transform tn Solhiing Differential Equohons with initial conditions. Values We can use the tite differentiation property of Laplace trunsfrn cline ty sone differential ‘aquat ons suit initial condition Nalues s Svhe the PEt y ty =sinx y ylo)=0] ulpsot lo, chal b Toke the kaplace transfim of both sie: seared @enginerdmath SU yh fara a&ly'l+ &LyJ = SY) -0 + Y)= 5 ST Yo) (s+ = =a a Ye)- Siw) Taking He inverse hoplate transfirm of both sites: SIH] = y = 8 lahenl 7 A A Bst Ct (s+)Cs*41) sr\ s+) y= Alot) + Bst CYESH) By equating wefh cents: pr: OF ATB 70) sit 07 BtC 2) ° ga | = dC) Elimnak Bin cy 4 (2) OFAtTB ~ 0 -¢+B 0 =A-c (4) Elimnate C in @F4 q=Ate typzrarwe Togn APShy 5 sl Using 0 Subsorilie, 01 Your tbe R06 @engynerdmath qa bts Eng \a oot , B ay Sing (2 9 -$4C Cr ay f x ~gs+s y s+] S? +] | has y g8 Len ae Teal * at ea] ele* 4 y ze ASK 4g SNK Theveml Let $1) be a finckon of expend wider and that Flt) is integrable on the ynterval CO, fr wery t 20, Men dls ; fat |= SRW Similarly, re | bP isab- kD - Lf. 30aIS subsatte 09 youtube, 2.0 @enginerdimath Trewin Let FL) be a inction of eapnentia) order ond agumme, that wth f+) and a nave Lapleve teans firm. Then & [207 = fo etputas Find the \oplave transform vf: a) St singt dt b) ia e* at Solution 0) of] Seosatdt] Us reotom = $LCos a | -1.—£ “gy St _ fol - S74 yy f [Seta] = Lote Lf eat oa w|i . aad ttre | D i“ \ = J 20) 210) Gs2) 28 Ee -s J eh 1 (e’-}) 82) 28FOURIER SERIES “*acueatia @enginerdmatn Fourier Series The fourier gortes of g periodic: Furchon PY is o representation that, resiyes PEE) whe ode cements | and an ac component compnang, an fate series ¢ harmonio, anusdids, Gwen a patitdic furchon Plt) that sahefes fay= £A+ nt) where 1 is an wheger and T ic the period “Fourier Thentem ony practical pertodue Aincion of fre wreney Gy can be enpressed as an mofinite Sum of sine or (ystne, fnekone that ave ing mutiple of Oo Jean Fourier Fk) = Mp + G,oSwot + b sinwob + A. ms 2wot + D_MMIWot +A, cs 3Wot + bo, an 3Wot + i oO m | fu)= Yo + Z (dq t0s Wet + bas nid ot ) Fr dc ac v trepnometvic fourier sories: f= A - Findornental Sequenay (tad.| see") SINDWst of Cosnwt = Mth harmonic of Fl) Qo- de Component of avevage ~alue of FL) On ¥ by= Founer we fhicrents, where2 Subsorilbe on youtube, 0b @enginerdimath “the precess of finding Fourer tocffiaerts Qe, On 7 by lets derive the value of faye Integrating Voth ses from D tT. Sipe « Q [aot Z (ancasnait + by smudst 9] ab gL T 7 = Saat + 2 [Sh oncsmvbtat +P basomt at] Since Yo we ndegrate tsnwt ond snot over its period T the patie and vepate area prions cancel out , a . Son cost dt =o 4 J, besinnant dt <0 & dg Sewage = Srosat = 0,7 a, a PU) dk | average vebve of A) For ai) lets mally oth sides of the equator vy asmnuet he wage fon 0+ T e a) asmuet dt = ft Oot Z (oncas net + loyamauet ) [Cask = J ovcsmnatcl ey [ Jasasnust usmulst at 7 I 4 fT bysinnulst cxermanst at J Again, Jrascosent += 6 5 ft byan aot cosmwat At =O b 4 m zy For 7 essnuot cosmulyt ot -7 Fuse ones3 subsotibe of youtube Rf Therefore, For m= ¥) Genginerdmatn fT Ee) osnucegt = Oxy On= = i Fie) eesnudet dt For by , bes ma IKgly velh Sides by sinmust then wkgrale. fem ObT si £ sn most dt = Sr [as f a Anasniust + by sinvuiot | siomubt dh eral = PTa,anmustat + Z FJ, oncuendst aw mart at t it b, sinmudst anmurt dt | Aga, SV assnnustat =o, o iw On wsNWot anmuwetdL =O _ Sd mtn Fur FP sonwet cinmunt dt 15 8 wie There fre fy m= J" $)simudst 2 bo n = 094) sin Wetdt4 supsorive 04 youtube, $b ‘Arnplhide= phase am: Gengwerdmata fuy= dt 2 Anostaudt + 40) Aepying tryo \dent ity: Cos (a+ B) = cosol CosB — eine sin vheve: A= o, 5 B= nwst fle) Oot ZA Anas (nut + bn) > O 2 (tncas bens nwt — [Agsindy )smnwet | n=} oman the mane te the Rem: ° Pay= ag TD Posnut + bysinnwit J =| =O An = An msdn, = as he VOztb = Pax ~*00" 7 Dylon - n=) by ‘The plot of An vf the Mnarmnones versus WWe I¢ called the emmplihile, “geet oF FD. The glot of prose by Versus nue Is called tne phases) “spechiur of FU), Frequency spechiun of a Signa) consists of he plots of tre amplitudes and gases of he harmontes. Yersus Peg vey5 Subsonbe, on youtube, AT'S poanaioaly FOR \NTEGRAL MULDPLES OFT Fundhhion Nalue cos ZN ————— 1 Sin In ————> 0 wos WY —————5 1" ann ————+ 0 (\)* n=even om, ' OSL ic Needed ey); - sn § ——— * 4 n=0dd jar ° 5 SEN) ee —— 1 on —_____, i ov er preen ————— net Je aed Determne the Fouvier series of te wayefvm shown vn Figute tedon Votan the ampitnde and phase speck. Fw)6 ssubsorite 09 ypatuloe £96 Solution: @enginerdinatn The Furier series is sp by: Fu)= do 4 ZyCanuasnwdot + Dyawnovet) wy} Lets do Fowier avalysis ond Ard the wethaen. 0, , dr and bn Lets tepresent first Ye Function aleve as pice wise He) 1 b4b eI Pays | 5 eter FU) is poriodic such tat = PU)=F(EtT), Sime T= 2 Wp= AW = Wo = 7 dy br Fed: Affi rae + PPodk]-d4), = a} Hemant at - aff lepsrt ak } ° D: wentiat | et wrt} = — gn vt) = = 7 , ww Lene sq wT) | =|O eA “gee shit 20 fr all ne bn= a FUL) annwet at “0 sinntt ah + fro sont dt | \ \ S ae cos TY | = ap [as napa) - vos HHL) | =~ efeasnit 1] —> GRO RATEDSubser'ie. 00 yartube, > @enginerdmatn » Pa) = Zona + 2% 4 Aan att t+, . ei Sq SNe or Since Ft) wntams ofly Me de components ard the site fewns wily tre firdamental avd odd harmones, ray we uxiten. as ra due) = +4 £ Anson » Ne Qk-l *Y) \ Wore form, @N=" 2 Af o ’ To dota the ormpli tude and phage spectta for the signa] Since Aq=o Anz Nant be Ay =a ob pe V2 aed Iba = 9 O , nFeNen b- ng a= 70 te odd ) ne een i ° Phase spectrum o ee wo a0 Amplitude spechrum aSubsorilbe, on yartulee, 2 ft Genginerdmath Obtain the Fourier series hy the patoaic funchon in Figure Uelow and Bet +ye onglihide ond grave, spect Ry ) 2a ON Solution: The fimcion is desafibed as gan G so Vi ) sb that Ay Le. = On, = Oa Ans lols qe 2 Me 2 Ayo dye oh REA For odd Iarmonics, On = “2 /oka, by Veww) 0 teat by Lids dan jy Ee = That 1s, Aye N ata byt Rian ae aver , From the equation, we mohue that ch hes tn thied quadrant, = Jqo? + baw! “ » N= 13{0 Subscribe, on, yputuloe, Rf An 28 On 4 Pree, sper @eroinerdmath " inglitade Speckrum, ant aspys RH URRP 035 Olle : oll \@ 0.08 2 Ap? oF o» lis “ELL LL + + > + T > oO pf a aD ADP OP HP W lf me mT mM bt ® } , ~h findion Fle) is even if ts piot is. syrnmnettical dbout the vertial ans thats, Puy = FEY) exonples 7) t*) toot and the Fgues below: a) wu) A A > Th —m ap [2 NE b eax property vf even funcion is J" f.@at= of” Rw dt Far even Ainctons the Fourier Coefficcents Va. a, 2" ridt| |Ox- of fHasnwtdt| | b=0\) Suber lve, 09 youtube, BP 2) @engiyordmath ~A Rincon PLE) is said ty be odd if tks Bak is any immetial alas the vertical amis, Yat is: FEL) = -F) wrangles ty £?, sint and He Rquies \belnw ho. 08d. Fuwction ‘has a mojpt charoctelistic, Th Jy, Wdt-0 For odd Fimctons the Founer Coefficients 1" O.=0 On= 0 n= TI, fWsnnent dt 1) The product of two even Anchons is also an even Rinchon 2) The product of two odd fincions is an an even Ranchon D The edu of an exten fanction and an odd Ainchon t¢ an odd tact ) The sun (or ditererce) ot tuo een Rinchons js aloo an even Aanchon 5) The sum (or diflerene) of tus odd Ranchons 1s also om odd Pnckon t)The gum [or difference of an-even ond an odd Rnction \s neler odd nif ofan,ie Subsorilbe 0 yoatuloe, RP 3) Genginerdmatn A funcion is half-wave yminetne if each \alf oyde is He imme wmrage of the next half- tyde £(4-F) = -f) examples arc the Aiguees Velo) For half-wave syanetic Aurehions, te Founer Laetticrents qt ph dee an} Ts PWDucnust dt , fr 1 odd D for even Th bee {* 5 Fe) smnWstdt = for wodd fy never Syrmetry a. On Frey yt Ow at © Tage oct Te Teovby oho Odd Qo=0 Anz 0 by to Ereqnle et i an ny Hae tue dy-0Dan= 0 bua=0 Sigler Hota otyerte Oamif Oban) FO wFiurent BYFunchov, D) Square Wave, $4) A 3) Sawtioth Wave Maa. an + 4) “Targ ulay Nove subsotilve. 09 youtulbe, 2. Genginerdrnath Fourier Series ~ 2-1 We fuy- 2am SMC2N-1D Wot 00s (2nr1) Wetcont ivi " subsoribe, on vyautube Bf @eno\nerdmath 5) Half- wove rechhed sine 2h 4 A fuy= A+ Kenwet FE Oat D T & o) Full-wave iechfred sine an 4k FA / f= , a avr=| Osu oT ¢ T * 5 3 uy ia vo), 2 a ys > -1 Solution The Buckon PY isan odd farction « Hence Qy=0_ ond MnO The period is T=4 and we = STA = 2/4 « y o> that bez +P fu) smawet dt AP) Van Feat 4 J" o-s Teallis Subsonilte on youtulve, Af > al’. 2 @enginerdmatin a) or = 4 fi wp on Salo ay bm es ence 2 FL fT) gin Df (4) = ap 24 a 2 Determine the fiurier genes for the half-wave vechfed casine finction chown Inthe Saube below : Fl) I 543 21 0 1 2 2 4 S Solution: This ts an even Riretion so that loy= D. Mso, T=4 , co.= 20h Wp = 2 = Wo. Ove a period. 0,» -2| Subsotilve 1, yortube, fb But och ereB=- Leostat) + os (A- BY]. Then, @emnerdmatn Qn: ci s [ cos Boneiyt 4+ ws Fone | dt For w=! i \ Lf Sart 4 =) Loser tjdb= aL as ++] [+ in \ T l TX ontt) + —bL—and cnt On* om D+ remy SZ) For n=udd ety nti) and (M1) are, hoth-evem SO sin E (net)= 0 = anEum) , neodd For n=even fal 24; 6,0), UN) ard G1) ave beth od, Koo Sin une) = — sn (m1) = WsMh 2 € o, n=eren Therefive 7 y Qe ED 4 =O" . ~2¢-1) TOntt) TUNA) TCn=-1) 00. Wo, . Lge 25 OA ost y $(4) +goskt~ Zoi » Y= ever) Thus, | Tv To aod Using N=2,4, 0 and also te ease computertion , we can repace W vy 2K, ubere Ke 12,3). ard vblain re K fajs k+ hake - aot "ops RTL 1 Gert)ie subscribe, on yartulbe, Rf Genginerdmatn Colulate the Fomey Serres Arr Pre Fiction in gute Velow : ge) Soluboy: The furehon mm the Rgite aloe ts hal-unge, odd apnmietne,, so that O)=0, QO . This desurved aver ult the peed as Pye, 14061 T=4, wor Vr = M/y= Va ene, % - +3 Ft) sin nWet dt Instead of wlegeg PU) fom 0 1D , HF Us moe conve emt b were ™ bl, by: 4 s san % ye [sinless wtf | veg /2h W/o. = A[onat - an(-A8)]- Sith esl 8 ? ree oH Swe MEX) =— SNK 15 an odd Finction whe, (0S CX) =~ OK Is an enon Tunction . Using dentines Far smn No,Subsorilte, 09 youtuloe, Af @enginerdiatn _ oma. _ _ ba? ae) , Ns 0dde |, 3,3) Therefie : - oF o, wth 4 w= Zi os where lp, Is given above, l 1 Ying Euler's wen wath, ws nut = & Ve ‘\nwob nat sinnwet = ae ~t | et" Subabhihng Misty f= a+ FHrcendst +e anna) ard collecting n=) like dems, we have: eo * “ynwo ~yawet Fue a+ $F [Oa Jrie™ + Cantj bye") Tf we dehned a new cethaent Cy, x that, -1, : Coz A , Cue ee ) Cun” ote An +) 2 2 then FUL) vewrmes: 5, jaunt Sit faye + Ble + Calnwt i Puj= 2! Ge Ne-00 v of Fourtel Series, Subsofilte on youtube, fo @enginerdmatn -of a periodic Function FE) desurthes the sgecivury of £4) in devms of the ampihide and. prose angle, fac comppnents a paste ard neyatve harmonic frequen des, The wefhuents of the tice fins of Fauntet series: ( tryprometri, ampitode -Prase and vptvential form) are tdlaled by: A, Los = Qy Jb, = 2Cy ov |. \Cn| 29a = N agtboe Lae oe 2. The wethuent Cn , Coe ef, fe At Find Ye. exponential Fourier Series expansion of the periodic Aieion Pte)=e', 0 <4 4am uth FUE ran) = FO)20 Subsorilve: mn yputube, Afb Solution : @enginerdmnatt Swe Te AP, Wo = SV = AT aw = 1, Vence, T | nwt 1 9a? ¢ ajnt Cr tf foe dt- apd, Be at 4 eum at = 1-jn But by Euler's Identity, em a . | [ee - ] > ann) = cos2tn~ysie2hn = 1—J0=4 Therefore Cy - aT (\=yn) ] yn L__ fee] -_ 85 - The complex Fourrey Series is oo at = 2b e€ FW) ZnSubsoflve on yartube, Bo COMPLEX NUMBERS °°" Complex Numbers A compex tuurrloer 2 is an ordered pare C%,Y) of real numbev.s andy , Z= (KY) = xKtly of At yy where x is called tHe veal part 2) ts He nag Inary port of 2 and v= Na oo u=-1 . The comnplex oxy ugate, & of the complex rumen = xt YL is de Rned by: Z= x-w and aD = (ve yi) yi) 22 = Ky A Complex rumoer 2= %+yr Gan Ve tinideted ag a pont P with Coordinates sf) vn a vechargular %-Y Pane Called mthis case complex plane oF he Acgara Siagran Let be tne dictarce DP and B Ve the ange made. by OP wth the positive, Xeoris: heme , X= rcos yersing wez suosofilbe on yputule J.P @enqinerdinath A complex ruamber con be written vn the ‘lowing fms : o) ReseguaH vy) Tigpnaroette: Fir Ze vas) +1sind) = Vcisd Z=vL oms(O+ k-3u0") + i sin(B +340") J K= 01, 2,3) owhere Y= Nye tye | modulus w ducluke Value ofa §= tan! [4 f— argument, ie am degrees ©) Paar Form. 2= ZB) — read as ¥ bor, angle B or 1 general Rem 2 vob Kae? = 0,4 2,3) 01 3) Exponential Fo 1 z= re’ vy in al vm ° spree Ll + 2k) =e Where: S is in Yodiah measure, R= 0,1, 2 Ban Considering We omploy Mumbexs, 2,2 FLY amd B= 7, +tYe, “the operations are as fellows:subsofilbe, on yrtuloe, R96 3 a) Aaaitions @enqnerdmath The complex. umber obtained by adding the teal farts: a urayivarry pats, of 2, ard 2p respediiely Zit 2.= (Hid WY)t Ont oy) 2te,= CNM) F 14) 6) Subtraction The capex rumbor thtaned by subbed te ial parks ard imaginary parks of 2, ard 22 respechicly . Z-2.= Kt Wy) - Ont YR) QB. (HR) + TOA) 6) Muttiglication the wpe wumber dbbaned byrulkipyingtte, eal parts ard vnagiravy parks of 2, ard 2, Zr 2= (Ht WW) + Ort by) QB, = Oey) + 1 Oey, Hey) d) Dixision’ The compen number dytamed by dividing 2. by 2, Bo = Boil + Arti .%-1y 2 Bit Ys BAL %y—by) 22 = MXP y [| A= %Y, 2 M+ Ye xXPt yeSubscribe, on youtuloe, hf @enginerdnath To dota - square rst r a ge wumver 2 = xt iy , consider these: i) Let yriy be equal to the squat wot of the gp ‘given vsiplex warner, 2) Square both sides of the resulting quoton D Fquak Ye weal parts ond mmagnnary pats of He equation esgechvely, D By smpe subshivtion, She fv the required wots Simpl fy the Filowieg: aw by UHL og eS Solution: gy eG) b= hte veefi bite = Ue - aye +(e = We OEY + We = [att diye =tyt et am V U ey “TH (du =H! = kt .2b = aa - a Perform Ye indverled tpevations: 1420) + (6-4 a) (tai) + (-344i) — (8-61) gy fit2) + tea) (2-3L) ~ (-3~bi) by (142 2-3i)(-34+4t) d) Jaa Solubons: a) Za crt C3hai) ~(-s-0 . = (i-34e)4 (L2¥abl) = [BETZSubsoribe, 01) yortube Ato @engnrerdinath = (2-31 LAL LO)(-3 Fi) (ati)Carar) “2431 4 52). ~ 4 = (2-31) = -a-bi) HBL 3-34 ~ Frat ese = |DB%6- 0. 4bby 5 r= (yal 2-31-34) Ww 29+ 241 it Il d) bt w+ y= NSA Square both stdes: + wxy-y? 2-3 a gs et yr y= 3 6) Dy= 4 (2) 2 Subshink @) m0) ye (2% -3 AL ts o> a -S X= 4= —3y x4 +a 4-0 G1) Onn =0 K-1=0, x*ty=d xe tA 5 xe ED (eget) For y, using 2) 4.42 Ey nw: V=3FaY = #4 #2 =3ha, =| 1+ 20 vmsray = [els 2Subsorilbe on yputuloe, Bo Operations OF Complex Nuribeks in Paar Form) Gerpnerdmatn Considering tre to umptex numbers 2,= 1, 2B. and 2-2 L be the wperations are as frilows: 6 Trans form Phe Lomplex wambers 2, and 2 bs Herr equivalent "eckargular fens ant Yen ywrfirm the \ndicaed operations ( add we subtract ) 1) Mika" The wmplex mumiver ditaned by mulkipying 2, ard ee a2, = U2: t, 282 = Vy Ceas8q+ 158, Fo( Cost (sind, ) = (iV, (650, 0058, — 998902) +, Comb aD. 9n8(68)) = VV, Fos(8+0.) tian (Bt 82) J Zee HY, Loree ©) Division"! The wmplex rwimber qotaned by drviding Be by 2 Loe 2. zy N Lh - to Ceost, tisinBs) , Cosy = Len Vr Cost, Fes d,) —— Co6B,~ ign _ te [os CoB, + sind, sinB,) +i (sind, G0 sin) osP, J] 4 Cos + sin? J > ~ [ $18.8) + {sinlB,-8,)) 22 - & / b-84 2) \3 Suosorilbe, on youtube RS lDporations ORGANI NUNES INT ENpKEtalTean) —_ @emgnerdmath i 8. Considering He tuo umplox nwrriers 2,= yen! and 2,-ne the operations are as follows: Trans firm Phe Lomple yunbers 2 and & b Mev equiatet "ecranular froms ard tren gore the yndicakd operations ( add w subtract ) b) Muication The wmplex vmmiber geared by mulipying 2, and so wv ee ee hO 8 ay 2, = Te ne Virb) Bee = rhe ©) Division” The wmpex number grtained by drviding Ba by 2 Be. elt 2 hel Be te 1 (82-B,) 2 q Coreider the Comper number 2= 7 £8 vale to a certan power 0 , 2= Tr Ze1” = [yGos® }ising)a” 2"= ¥” Copp nOt isin 8) are 7ndQ Hors tin = ¥" Cost icininB) then Hie is fram as Me De Moivre's theorem that is , @ 2"= CeognOt (ain) = CsB+ anti)” TE He complex amber in rectangular fivm is raed to a ertain power, feanshn HF fy Ae equivalent polar form , Yhen evaluate rerdinath To trd the rests of a comple iminlber , coniider the of vodk of t tn the etl pat oF genetal engonent ial fms a4 chown: iL. a*= fr otk 300° 1" A. 4 / poe Kate) 2 y" Tt Stenilard [+ 2Kn)7 H m u! 37 = [ret | b+ Kr gts pte where: k= D2) 8514) cnt) Feefum the tndvceled opwations ond express the: taults redargular Siem cornet ty nce deamal jlaces ty 6) Wet + 2/106" —(i44.) Solutions q let a= Feet + 2/06" — (+34) Trans Fir yet! and 2£-las> bh rectanguled Siem Subsorilve, on yputuloe, Sbq Subserilve on yartue, fo ue*! = 4 {eas EB) +i sin (BF 1494 2.6 2¢ Omareramatn 9 L-las® = 1 wsl-la5*) +e sin( tae y] = ~ 1149 - 13. Be 1GQt 2.820. +49 - borer) — (143i) 2 = 6.661 - |etoL b) 3 (20° (443i) (2. & 5) _ - 3/ (20° Solution. let = any) Transhem (4+ 2i) ty Pray form. } re Wyss B= tan’ d Ls reo B= 36.670" 7" * 443) = 0 / 30.690" 2 Transform 2 €?* + Polar Arm: w? rer 2 fs = = 2/ 0° 3 J\20° - ole 640°» 2]? [20° - Bos70"+60")] Bw ee 0:30 Z 23-130” 0-40 ffos (23-50%) + Lain Q3- 013") ] 0.246 +0: IIGe we \bo ye 5 Lode" )C4 Loe?) Subsorile, 99 youtuloe, BP Soluton : @enginerdmath ld 22 [0300.4 foe?" Transtrm 13h" ty polar firm: 5 ae" = 2 /o4): 3 = 113 J ¢0.24° a2 Cla Zeoay? 4 Joe 7 = (vas)? ZS (wa? + 26°) = 14.969 /S4l.090° = [9.96 9(cosS4). 090” +1 sin S409) 2% = 19.966 — 0.3937 d) N3=a le} 2 = NB-a Transform (3-8) 4 Polar Prim r= Varroa b= 360° tani) b= 38. boy B= 326.099? 3-QL = 2-b0b (326.297 2 = [3-606 / 326 299°] 4 4 / 326,299°+ 360? z = 3.606)" a | - 326.299°t k:360" B= (3949 | For 2) 7 when k-0 326.299 (360? 2,= lag 226089 7 Bo =1.93¢ /@. 54 = 1946 (cos €1594 (Sin C1544)i Subsorite 09 youtube RE For 22: when k= 4 326.2997 (1360? Genginerdmath 2E 1.349 pe 2+ 19%¢ L1H? = |,59¢(c0s F154" Hom eAsA4) Bq = — 13 F 0.202 For %, when k= 2! - 326.299°+(2)360" ar 1398 / 2 = \3aq L26)5942 = 1376(«5 Wl.EF? +1 4m 241.694") 2, = 7 0.202— 1.3634 For 24) uben k= 3% 326,299 °+ (3)3b0" ee [ag / Bee Oe By = bre ZF8IH? = 15H ons 361. GI" bisin351 5H" Ly = |-363— 0.2020 1 Samgle Preble 4 Vain Be, More's Theacin find the \dontihy of: 0) Sin (8 and Ws 68 Subon: luton ash Lemie = Comp tian)? Use Pasal Trange ; n= & iy }) 2 1 13 31 14 6 Ad }o b&b wool |b hb w we \Subsonibe, 0 yortulbe, Af'S @enginerdmath tas HR USN GD = LSB L bors B (isin) +15 coctB Cj inB) + 20 o> Cons 1D 0&8 Cand) + boos (usin d)® + C csi)! \2 Cosh LsinbD = CosPO+ b¢ ys? BSB ~ rs ~stt¥ gyi2@ ~ 20/ co¢?8 sin?0 $15 £0 smt + biosdaneb ~ sin’s = bos dant ~Was’d gn0 +b O58 ans SINGB = wShh = — Cosh — re costdain?d +15 Gos" antO— sng b) sin48 and costs 2!= posh + lsing — 00 E = wH- ising — (2) Ehminate vsin@ wn (1) and (2) Soluhon i 4 p= sOt (sind y= O50 -15inB 24 = 2osh Elimnate, 58 in (and @) _ 2 = Cs8 + (sind ele Od -151nB Bq = zisind Snilorly, VE P = Lesn8 — (dD Pe es 2iannd — (4) Hence, Using Pastal tnange n=u ( ony de tats (sine) (f-2#) Wwitctnt@ . a4- ag ath 62% v* -Yyolt2? + H4 Ibsintg= Catt &8) ~ 4(2%4 B46\3 Subsotite 09 youtuloe, h.O @enginerdmnath IbswtB = Leos 49-4 (20820) +o ginitb > t (eosup — 40628 +3) (2s)! = (a ba") Iboost® = 244 4 -21+ 62% 27 avigtted = (244 et 4C VET ID LO = Dees + A 200520) +b cost = fy Coste + 4as20 +2) “Egonents ard Lagpittin of Complex Numbets Some Foblem B: Evaluate the Following: a) In(-2+ bi)! Solution: = det B= Wl 2+ bi)! > 4 Invetsr) ween (-2+9%) i vaprentat Bem: = NCO ops Tt (3) te 3.305 D= 48 | rad ~24y5C = Spel a N5.38 et =o ol Hes +1950) \na¥ti) = Inet Het £1.45) = beh hast 2 = 4 bet 1.51) 22 bast TO,My Subsorilbe, on youtube, D8 @engunerdmath b) Incaaiy tO let 2 = Ins-4i) _ = (ati) naa Transhiin (3-40) 4p Baa ae re ay t GP Re 2H tan (3) (ake) =o D = 5.350 vod SAp= Bee = lh, oom 3a = [l-€09 + 53%) ln) = Inet 9) = | danas seu, B= (Att) U609+5.9001) = (bab + | boa + 21-424u- 5-H ) p= TOF isa ) (hw oe Sduin, et B= (tai) Take the natural \wyonthmn of oth sides . Ine = Incr ary Ing = (2-i)incy ai) Teanshrin tai ty expenenhal Aire: vey ta y= taw'l 4) Y= 2.295 pe |:\07 rad \yajy< 2-296 ells ; [WIL = pltaaay e i)IS Subseribe on yurtulbe, Rf Qengunerdmnath (ROE FH) yore |. t0R{ ence: Inf + av)> \ne Ine = (2-0) (o.s0S + 11091) = ].6IO~ 0.805UE 2, WALT |. )0F \ne = FF $1 409i Toke the inverse natural logarithyn of bith sides: elt 2 ht + RAY cs 4dr oS e°* e t = Js el = 1B.136 fos (1.409) + Osin G 404) J Z= QH3e+ \ih.9399( 4) log (atv) Ua) Solution: lek oe 100) s4e3 i790) (ati) = a K Toke rete lon thm, 2alnbott) = Incr) Wty Transfivm City) te eyponethal im: e) y= Vrs p= tar! (7) Y= Bilb2 be 1249 rad [ta = 3429! " = (ny 3-1b2_ 124%, C.ts14 b24%) 1FaL= € Wu) (Cyt) a nel pes PIS = Os F142) z Similarly , pitt) _ dtr ohh =(@52,+15in%) (5%, - isnt.) TEND) = ( Cosmogs%a ~ sl Mr) + L[SINOs%a + G$25iIN2.) — |) ¢ ona (at ty) Eh gm = (o52,— Laine) ( tos %2 - [sin 2x) ~ (Cat Be) . (eat Be) Qos, We. ~ SN, INA) —t ( gin oS%+ O62 Snr) -{%) Salesibahng (@) aed (6) 19 results 4 SLB) = MH se + O54,5N%,MW Subsorilve on yputulve, Rf> Sulsshhng (3) and (%) to |) realty t Gerginerdmata CosL%t % 2) = COS, OS SMASING. B= BtF= (AF IY) Honce. « . sin (+ iy) = SiInx os Ly + Ox sin ty : py _: . ote’ ee = sx | 2-2] + cogx JS «| - ]+ al = °S 7" . Ls we eote ee sinceriy) an] i ] Hex z | Since Moet M1 - shy = 2S and coshy = Ctr” 2 2 sinCxt ty) = 9in% Boshy + j cosmsinh ad | gin Lxeiy) = SINK Ooshy = sx sinkiy Similarly , _— _ cos tly) 8 Cosy sir siny “3 y apy = os] SE] ~ ann es Zt oe, yy ws Urtly) = wrx] SEE] eng aa CoSCXF LY) = Coe cooly ~ Caine sialny coe %- iy) = cK ashy + (sinrxsinhy ana shee: Sinty = Usinhy Costy = Cosh y4 —4 are x (a4 Ale 4 edn AY-gae—4 =O a. 64) TNT awe) Consider: nf a= ay Subetitwte (2) 19 By quadratic Femula: x Toke (+) Ke E204 -_ -2 Yo “E203 Y= Fo.ai0a2 Subsofilve,0n youtube, Rb Hone NGaaq = £2149F0.410y Gengjinerdmatin and re In [-2kt) £ aig Fo-a0i] tA be- 7 (eati)t (2199-0.410:)] By =-iln c0.199+0.0401) Transit (0. 194+ 0-401) to nia frm TA FOOD B= tay! (Doe ge [be - (hie: = aie B= 142% wad ue bla + 0-040 = = bane! = el (0-2) oe DH278 © ps2 +p-4rei) |r (0.199 D.0f0) = aq (-ls2g+ 0.428.) [ny (0.1994 0.040) = 526+ p.4aee By= -l(-|528+ 0.4260) DB, = DG +1.52¢1 if © B= —Uln £l-24i) — C2.199-0-0700)) Dye —t In C4149 + 14100) Transtm (4,199 + 14100) b exponential frm - Y= ny G4199)* + (40)2 be T- ba 1 ie 19Y fe Aol B= 9.316 rad L140 419 LL = bolle intel 29160 =e ~Hl994 ADE = ouswt nasi)B Subsarlve, on yprtube Rf Ind -4199 + 000) = [n eiisecknac) —— @enginerdimatn In-419 Fate) = ber azo. Q= -UC KR6+ 4950) Dye WHE, 5 ee bos! (2-40) Solutions ket ® = costy'(2-4i) <\n Tad t Viera = \n Ya-404 eter De |y fo-a ty-B-wy I Consider V=13 = Tot rly = N-13- lee Wt Quay -y= “3161 Roy 18 Oxy = le yk 0 Subsite (2) ind) = x= (-$)--B Pia i >-B XH bye —44 =O By Quadratic Primula: 2. =B Foflisy*- 4 eu = 21) x72 _~B top .t1b Take (+) . 2 X%= =Bt 2o-ble bs xt 1.954ay (2) ~% Subsorilbe on yputulte Rb U (S - t SIN4 JE 454 Genginerdinath Y = ¥F4(00 Won. VBoTeo = £ha51F $100, and % Bein Cla-ar) + ch. 951 F awv00y) f) = Dye (nCa-4i) * Casa — 4.10075] Dye [nC Se5t- Swe) J Transhom (3:951 ~ ©1000) to eapsrurthal frm ¢.0d sa x eee neny B= at ta! eq e100 Y= 4012 He Samed lier BaB1~ G0, = Gore _ In ole Gilby 3.061 «ID, = elrter tse) (494 Tilbb In (3.451% ¢100) = In 2 ‘) Inc3.ast~ po) = 2194 FS: Ihr By= 2199+ Globe FO Bae In Per-av— WV B= (nl0.049 + 0-l01) Transtim 0.049 + OIDDL Ay exqovental x nb) y= VOU FO B= tan? x D.04a v= O-N| fe VAG rad Poe, oe \n 0.044 0 iw, =Ine (-2jag + bltse) \nco.04eikd. love) = 4.\o0vy] -2.196 LUISE = Basubsofilte.0n yputulbe, S06 MATRIX/MATRICES — eesisanat Matrix A matrix of ordet Cinxn) ov an m by n matrix ts a rectangular array of umbers weelements lurvng m rws and alums and (ay be wiiten wy He Bem: Oy On Ors ws Qin Qa Orr Oey my Aon A= [0% Os Os 0 Oy my my ota Qn, Om Ons in Onn Endy vamlber (ay) Wa given matrix is called an -dement ure subscripts “and K inchicate vespec ely he yw and column, where He element Opa, Addition of Matrices T{ A= Cay] ond B= Cbg are wabrites of the sume vder, Hen the alforaic sum of A and B is equal b> La, + by). The commutatve and agodiative laws fir addition of rabies are, abshed gwh that fr matyites A) B ard C ATtB = BraA (Asay) t ¢ = At CBtc) Subtracion of Matrices Tf A= Lay] ond B= Coby are wetter of the sane vider, ten the diflucne beturen A and B is equal tv La, - by] . The vommutadve ond agociative laws At subbrchin ot mabnuesare. nxt cabshed such Hat fr matviies A,B ard C4 Subsotilte, on youtulbe, Rb A-B # B-A Gengnordmath (A) -C # A-CB-c) Mulaplication ot Matrices TE Ne Loy) is an wan marx and B= Loydis an mep mater, then the product of Nand Bic equal by matnx C= Ley an mp she where: Zeb vey QE 443) wn 42,3) P) Matnx a 5 fi B of AB \s defined urd only rf the tumor of cdumgs of he equals he Wambooy of us of Bauch ynalnces are, aid b le onfirmadde . The oonmutatwe (aw fr mnultip\iation FF matnees 15 wt satished 5 iy goreral ABZ PA. Thwewr, We associate and distributive, laws ate sahehed, ence for watrues AyB ard C, (BC = ARCS (Arb) C = ACT BC Alek) = ABLAC A matiex can be. wrltighed by sel 1 and inly F Fis a squave enaliex Matting Mulkidied oy @ Salar Tf matix A> Cae] 1s rnulbli@d yy any rambo or salar Ye, Hen the peduct wil be matrix P= RLp]- Cee]3 Subsorilbe, on yartuloe, RFs Transpese of a Matrix @enginerdinatn This 15 the resulting mate iden the Mus ond caumns fF 6 gion maby ave wltdanyed ands deroke y AT such that of A= Cay. Hoon A fag) _fi3 + [143 vale me Symmetric ord Skeww- Symetne Matrices 2) Symmettc. Matroc A square matrix Is Ald ts be. symmetic when ATS A) that is f A isa Square watriny ton C&e]= Cay) fy all ~alues of and b- \ 3 i =] te aE i 4 5 b 4 5 6 » A square mati is said ty ie, Sarcyinmette. shan “AT A, of Ne What is f A 1S a unre malin Phen Cay j-Cay) for all ~alues of) and = 0 3-4 = ols ee peed ER] “4-1 0 4 1) 0 4 1 O01 [4-10 Conjugate of a Mattix TF all the elements of matrex Ae Lay] are eplaced by herr uniugates TG.] Hen is called the wiyugate of A and ig denied by A= £4] lke & 3 _ | lea 3 fae fii 3 mt ythen A= | ltt 3 At aay dal |ea a aH4 usar aul Hermetion and Skew= Hermetian Matrices ° ees ) Sah WatttX A soyave wnat 18 said to he evnchan uhen BEA tha ie af Aisa squate matrix, tren Cap] = Cay fir all values of and k oo Ait _,|,! eu wt rf IE ama fe Mansel Sal Lm 8 -i a 3 LoS ) Ske exertion bx A-sqpae nati 1s. satd th lhe, skatiormnchan ulnen-B= A or Asa, Hat os , iF Aisa smate matrix, then Cae] = CO,3 fica values of) md k i oie 3 ~ fu ce 73 If ohe bs 2 je ahi 20 | and —s 4 8L 3 ~4 B® TP Li, Ae e) fp ti 3 Ib 20 A Pte eae m4 3 ~4 ~* > 4 Main Diagonal and Trace of a Metrix Ty A= Cyt is a squre inatrixy Hen the dicgpnal tat contains te elements [ay] rm uhidy 2% 15 Caled the main diagonal of the ratrx and He sun of all the eemeribs m the man diagonal ic called the Arte of the matrx o) Diag mai > quae wali woe the elements \vebw and above the main dearals are all yevo 95 shown Welsw Mate ssofte-0n youtube 9.5 @enginerdmatn 100 A-]0 20 005 5) Sealar Matrix A diagonal matrix ubhose elements mat diagore) ave the same as show [oxo] A=|020 p02 0) Tdenkty mater: A diagonal mat whose elements in the mam diagora are al! the. 1} 60 A=|D10 db ol D squme wwotix uhose-elemints Below or ale he eran Aiagon ae all an. 1 4 3 | ° 2 | » Upper ‘Wiangalar matrix 4) D Do 2 i lower tnavgular matryc 35b Subserilbe on yputuloe, fF find: 0) 24 +B-3C ond 6) AD Genginerdmath Solution a) 13-2 “6 || 3 4 -3 | aa+B-3c> 2{4 ! vial 1 4 2]-s3lo | 3 34 2] 3 1-4) oad _f 2 &-4] Jf-2 137 To-33 © 2 2/)+) 1 4 2J]-]6 34 6-2 4] [3 I-l} [3 e3 2tCD-I2 GtI- C4) - 443-3 ~9+l-b 2469-3 242-9 brs C3) ~2tI-6 Ate -e3) | 2A+B-30 = fe wa 3-5 5 2-4 bl ) 3 -2773-l bd MD =P 4! yf ye 37 2{,th FOB t@D+ eM Me) +t H+) fn) FOU) + COW) EF a e)* COU) OO} Fa +O) BENE HD+ ud -2 2 AD = i“ ‘| bh 3+ Subsorilte, on youtuloe, Sb Same Privlen 2° Gerginerdinatn dv Le E met, Gear if | 4 1te 0 | b-| ve oot Ne av 0-2 3b we 2 Solukon: roy) dce 1 ba Wf i. pte NBe} i wt oo |fat I-v 72th) Tf a-au at _ [ltl t2-143 ~6u 21-4 -2tig WelpOt4— HT l42 lb 2420-l 4140 -t-Ibo+0 Leltoe 6+ tAIEb “LECH VEL E0-% $y 423 9-H. b-AV Tet = ANB = [ -let | thy i FRY Rermutation and (version 0) (Permutation Tis is he ordcacch arrange ment of «sob of jects, hence tavstetny He, ot of weer |, 2, and 2 taken all tyethor the perinatations are ]23, 132, 23, 73\, 312, and 32| oF there are 31 = pur mustations 5) thnwereiann This 1 the charg tn the order of te aiangerment of a set of dics, or inegpes «Hin @ giten yurinctabion a Lavy wor prectes a Shalt one hon tae Is an Inveloan. In He poriuutahon 463591 the are SHAF2E DH =12 wnsersions Th Ane narmloey of inversion \e-even [odd thon fhreve's an even/odd por mutation,4 65) WORST @enginerdmath he Ou Oy Ory M1 On Ory QO) O32 Oss det A= irs AnQrsA53 + Eiy2QyOr3Ase + Ey Air AerAs + Eg QnAAnt Cop AMA C32 AsAFy del A= QnA — Ayr ~ Ans F DAA) + AyAyAsr.~ A132} eS the delermnant ob k= Salubon ; det A = Ens HUW) + Em CHD) + Era) 4 0) ¥ Lom DDN + ErCQUHCD + Gcguyls) = 5 ~E8)— 4) FED E EMb)-2 det b= 4 Sample Pele a B-\ 2 41 3 | if = 2, then Rnd te value of x 2-\ \ x 3 -\ \ 3 L Sluhon: Ep, LOMA) + Ena MIE) + ErplAULD + Een DQ) + CpOUK)+ Es LL) =2 d= CL) E94) $A)~3x = 2 Hz Y[0 Subsctilte on youtulve, A> Proprtes of Delerminants @enginerdmnatn PATA very vevnent ofa vow (column) of a Square nats Ais2er0 Hen detl=0 P2. TE fis a square metres then det AT = deb 73. HF won eteront of a.vowl Clumn’) of a Ackevinmant \Al ws oultipled by a scalar k, Ye delorrminanit rg mmulh plied by k, if ery dlement of 4 port (alums Of & dekavmicanit |B has & 0S a factor, Fen ray We, Facoved froin 1M. PY. I Bis obtamed fem A boy Inlet caring ony an of tts rows Cclumnns) fran del B=~ dekh. Pe. VF Bis tad fam A hy corying its CH ow (adam) wer p us Columns) jttun deb B= (1)? det A Pe HE tw rows Ccclumns) of A cre (dentical of popstional tran det A =o pa. EF Bis odtatned frm A by adding ts the elements of ths 1% mw Clary), 0 stot male of +he ttespnding venus of anothar you) lun) tun det B= det A %. If exon Aerront of the YH wu Codumn’) of A as the suit, of p ams trun det A can be yore og ve Sun ot p elev Minas PE-HEA ond B ate squqre rnatices of the same brdor tin det AB det Ade, Mid The value oF the delormminant Ik} 15 the sum of the produc cytatned by mulbphyng. each aonent of a ww Column’) of iAl by ts cafachr PU fhe sum of the prauds Aumed by wnulkipy ing Ye elements of « nv Column’) of an fr squont, matrix h by the Carespondi cofachrs of another vow Column of A Ws ero.| Moor and CoPador oF an Bement a) Mar of an Plewent Tt A is square mate of order n, where 1 =2 Ahan the minor of dy doment Ac he delovininant Wye where My Ws Me culo matrix Oblaed firm A ‘hy déchny te my and whan tanta ng the dement. &) lafvewe of an Fetenb Th Ais a square mates yf oder 1 wheye = 2 Yen the cafachr of an damnent 1s CE) mwor of the element thats Ay = GPM, Cofactor Expanciot\ Wang the afachy exginsion method, We value of Me dekermnant is He Aapaic sum Waived oy multipiying ench clamunt of He mw Column) by Are Fadae or signed nor lene for delwmnant df ody 2 a5 dno wr Subsotilte-0n yputube, R06 Gengynerdinath My On Os Ae Da Oe Qa3 OH 032 Oss Corder SF vow 5 dek f= On Aw + On Ai + gh (4 Qa Oos |p Lye Gu Aes} y Eat ag.) 4a Qa (AY on On Op 1) Qe yO (45 Oy Ose det B= Qn (AnD OesA) ~ Oia Ladys ~ Orsay) + Aig (Oarr ~ Oryus Subsotive 00 yputulbe fe nl: 2 @engnerdmatn Find fhe determinant of hela 3 \ 72 Solution. onsider 2" vow: | a -) det A = ey | tent} {| rep |? 5] ENL Oa - MQ + OT Ow — oy -BLae)- Ol) E4) C44) (1) 03-2) Bb +1 det A= 4 Pivotal Element Mebnod To waluak, the debwiminant using He Protal ehevient nicthod 5 oder the fillow ng deps ay lf He gyeen_ delor nant, of order y has an clennant prey Yoon use this as the pootal ehernent » Der \ee chow a conyonvent homent ay Oe ard reduce hs ty one hy drwdiny wither He aw y 12 clam by My. and balana, by mulhipying the dekarmirant by alo Oy, 4) Cng-out he ww and column thud Oy c) Firm the resulting detevminant OF order (in-t) , subbact the prada of the demonts ti whtdn Hoe you and column containing Oz aie Met hy he rv! and Column containing Hal ele ment . d) Be value of the delevonirant 1s CIY** times the value, of He, new dekey minant 3 -[ 2 Find the determinant of aft 1S 2 |3 ; Subsotilbe, 0) ypatulie, RP b Solution Genguerdmath Consider the ar ww, \* lum, 3B 1 2 4 13 1-21 he det A = C4 “I~ Ghz) 2- eo) 1 -Wey 3- Ye) rate Fodor out Dm the [row ord ander I ou , 2" alum; dek A= (CN E | =) cp? 1a syd) = U)(%3) Get b= y Laplace Development Let A be the deletmnant of order n and M he the \* mor of A whe elements ate 1 any | Wows and « alumns of A. To eriuale, the determina nt sing Laglave development, tensider she Allowing See: 8) Chinse Guy & ews Cislumns) om He gyn delormmant: / By Theralue of Me delormnant 1s the alyloratc sum of all the o* ynvers HA contarned in the chosen ows Columns’) mulb ged Wy Mere uitepording tladaeave compet.iy the oomapemnennry wninor Of WM) 15 the delreninawt pf ordey (1) Hat \s oo ofey deleting the vows and calumns oF | from A, the dydrae Wrpement of « minor 1s Ye canpemartay ir ot n whl by (a) WHeotint i HK Fee tet ke ubee S., Jnyrvadi dente tre mws and Kyte, i ke demo te wWumns, Subsofilte 04 youtuloe, fb Z @ dmnath Find We delevmmant of A= : } 7 ee nara Sdution, n= i Consider \* “ ~ rus * det A = by! oy) Sp =(9 — = WU) F W324) det k= 4 Diagonal Method To wraluale He detarmmnant Using Tre Diagonal Metnod, under Me fallowng : 8) Reduce He square mater otoder nb an wpper ‘rong ular vnabrrx. UsIry alggovaye operations * b) The Nalug vt the delerininant: 1s the prducl of oll Hie elements in Mie, main diagonal Ov Ar Aw ue An R=] 0 Qa, Aas on an DD Ag vy On , then ek N= Oy Ga-Oas* 6° MY Wy cer 0 0 Dow annSubsoribe on youtube, hb Genginerdinatin det ho =-14 1 383i = ay a -| @ 4-4 2 q “lle, HC, a ee q 5] ah ~2 1 49 p 0-4 v deb A= (Oe)ey) =| 4 Applications of Determinants ond Matrices 9) the aca of a tangle whose Yerhces are (7, ,) , Ce, Yo) and ni) 1S g\¥en, vy [em Ae ty Ye | % | Whee He ag L#) 1s chesen ty ge a psitNe aiea\b Subsofilte 0 vypatulbe, fb b) @enginerdmnath Fre equator of the Nine puny Hag Ake distance pants Oy, and Ua, yp) 16 guuen by 1 cgyphgrarn 4 message uiritton cording ta scoret cake, Mata mulbgheabod 1s used ty Ynude and decode messages. hag a wae ty each lefor in the algrabet (wth 0 assy)ped toa Wank Spate) as Fallows : D= gl WeR l=A wet 14 = S. 2-6 Weg we T 3=C vel as 4=0 B= M Pe Bek Ihe BW 6=F wep we X 4-6 Wwe D wey q=H \t- Wwe Z Sample Paver 4: Find te area of the inane whore Newhies are | 1,0) p42), and (4,3) as sown m the Figue v4)\t Subsoribe on youtube Rf Solubon: Boynerant delrmmne A: pie! Ae File 21 a}]4 3) +1 6-¥% 432 tot 3-0] A > NB square units Sanpe: Pblem (0% Find te equation of Phe (ine passing thinugh He points (214) and (1,3). Sdlution delerming the equation of He hive x yl 24 1 - D | a | By cofact Expansion Method, cansder | vw 4 | 3]2 | 4/24) _ "le F yy] FR we] 3) =o URS) —y catty # (bra) =O * 3y 1D =O Sande Pm TE Wile the unioded mw tamnes 6! wider (x3 fv the message: MEET ME MOND IN Solution : determine Hoe unwed mabnces [nb S]foo BITS o BICe uw 4Ic PJ MEET _M —E_M 0ND AYO1G Subsorilbe 09 youtube, Afb Derivative of a Determinant @erginerdinath let the tr square, matrrx A= Cay] have as elemonts diftrentiable, fanchons of oNanadle %, Shem the davinote SEIN sof VAL wel teopeck ty x 1S Ye sur of n deloryninante dotaned wy vepacing w all pouivle way Fhe elements & one cow (alumin) of Ul yy pew dernatyes wih respect tb %- Rarke of a Mok rx Jone vem votre Mis said f Maye a yank + Hf at least one of te square yntmovs 15 neh equal 1D. yx while query Gr+s) square enor, Any is oro. Leon mats 16 sma ty have wuNlc 0 ro squnre watery Ais Called win srgulowr if Hs ra, =", Yak, VF IM $0 Oenwise yA is caked ding lar ‘Sange Prodlern V2 2 3 Fndthe deivwtne of A= |), | Sdubon: Woon, -d_\py- ox 3? xB ax IK WH 223 = glam) — LoxXgr) + OB) ~@oe) = byt 42x — bx? E Xe? i IA] = Amt axt G2 Find the vark of f= [333] 3544 Subserlve, on youtube, ff Sduhon" Genginerdmattn Far (33) matrix 23 he Fp 3 | 254 det A= Alt 244 90- IF -W~26 det A= 0 Pr 0) matey (a Be [3 3 dekB= 3-4 = -1 Line dek BFP hence I Aajont of 0 materx Lek A= EOpI bean square matvix and hy bethe cafachyr of Oy Vpen Ww deAnition Ay ber As Aw adn A> ad) A=] hn Ben Aion Ane hy By Be ws Ae Bm Dy Boy an Dag ‘The wfadars of the elements of te i” wwalumn) of Soe 4he ddoment, of Ihe U odtama Cw) of adjoint Inverse bf a Moatrrx Ht A ard B ate square mnabnces of order niand such that AB= BAST EY wats) thon he can We called the inverse oF B LA] Boy B dhe wvece of & (B= K*)2 Suosonie 0 youtuloe, LP, ; @enginerdinatn ie A sauioae watryx A hag ay ynverse sf ard only tf 16 oti sinqular wnat ii \E A 5 @ von ang lor mating and AB= AC then this inples B=C he IE bts a non- gala enatvix if order 10, then there ensts a unique invae, A” Using the adjoint of mates A and tre ~wlue oF the defevininant Ay he anverte of Inatrix A, 8" cay We enpreded as -|_ adjh ar iv WE Ars edtued by T by a sequen of row transfirmations alte, than MM Is-equal > the prduct in terse vider a the canesp9 clemuntary, mates, Some Problem 123 Find the adjoint of A= | 232 334 Solution For Ay fr ai Tol hy 3 23 Ay Lea dy: oo [2 3 Ayr oly 32 | > Upte-b) = Gy (4) = Oya) Ay= G Aa =l Aye -O For An . | 24 Fer - a|t 2 Te Asy \3 An=Cy}3 4 brs?) 134 bao AY I; 3 =) LEN) > uy 4-4) - Bt —— =(4) (2-6) Ay oySubsorilie on yortubbe, Afb Q) @enginerdmatn For Ay For Aw Fr bas b\ie Ay -n'|?3 | has?) ‘| A hy > 1) ht 3 = L = (Dea) - pul =( NO-4) y= Bol For od) A+ Ay hay bea ad) he An Da Bev hy Dy Pros | 6 1-5 adj = |. 3 4 “3 2 -| Sampe Proom to 2134 Find Yhe trverse of A=] 4 > ' ) 24 Ss ¢ sul For det A: 234 Art 3 124 det A = 2443432 -1—-4-4K h=-5 : ane E F ’ T-| @ 32 A 4 \422 Subsets, on yartulte, Bb ter a ah @engnerdmath ia al ig? 4 AA 4 | Aral deal ltd | 4 | -| val | 24 Lise 2 o2 33 fio -4 -4 ad) Aelag 4 14 4 -l -6 For Ay is ad) A det A 10 ~4h =O -|3 3 ° as 4 tt -6 +5 8 aD -l —b = + xg -2 Ve Ye “| 3 Ys “Ys “1 V5 Ye Linear Rquahovis Consider the sysems of mm linear ‘equations besing YL unormwns as chan: One) + Ga, + Ay%st wt Oin%y = V, Gary, $ Orr% + Das Xs bint Aan Xn = A31%) + As2%y $ Og %st wt Oxy =Vs Pree UE Ue eye ey Se fy OnyX 4 + Ber + Amy Bet Wet Omy Xa %923 \Suoseriloe, 99 youtube, RP @enginerdmath In matrix notations ) tre alove \Wwear equations (an We writen: Qi On Asn Arn x y Oy Orr O53 wy Orn | 1% % O55. Oy 11 Onn Ks Y Jala, sage Oe ee , Orn Ome Ams ver Amn | | Xn f, A x R Synth cally ; Y hy =R ThE 1, #0 in dhe lnenr equation Qutrt InAs I A,t nth =H, then iF is sad b be a ron heregerreaus ney equation, pPheviase, hs 4 homoggneou » Solution By Gamer's Rule Denote Ai (i= 1, 2,3) 10,0) He matin olotamed from the murbroy A by replaing fre U wlumn of J y the awn of wagtants . HE the dear vminant 15 nat equal to 10 jth Hu ~alaes Of Hy Kay Bay 15 Bn will bes x, = Lb Mol yal. A eth? oo tt he yn tae HB Solution \ny \wyorse of a Matix TE He delorrmrant of the sy dems of 1m \ineay equations is not equal te doo Hen Wainy the, He US Ys, Nyy an wll beay Subsotilbe,0n yprtube, RF @engiyerdinath Solve the syiom of hnear equations: A> ayt eet MA y- BE 4 KF BY -Hy="B Solubsy: ‘ Transfoten ty matyex frm: 1-2 37K) YF 2-4 -l yaya 4 2 -a])2} By Gramer S Rule ; lo 3 For det A A=] 2-1-1 3-4 dekh = 4- 2414-343 -Ib debA = 4 For x et © ~4 4-1 . |As| . A ua | 280s yatese ac dev 4 4 143 For y 24-4 byl Las -a] _ taep-p-stse | ¢ Ye det h 4 4 Far 1-24 | oe lA. | — LEED | eeiw-ta-a det b 4oy trasce of 1 Whee Subseries on youtube, Rb @eno\nerdmath Por AT ; 2 3] > Ai=|24 3 3-4-4 For ad) A ogy t= B- 2-| L-l I. ‘| 1331 (33 Per 43 HV -[us odyh= |; 13] S43 | th Vy Bly a_ _adh We eth * fs 4 4 ly Vy 7y Fo X= FR Fh Vy Sly 7P4) y=] ye 4 | Th Vy Fy |/5 %= CUPa)y + Va) + CANES) S15 Y= cay + EVay-4) + (4/41) = z= (ont) + Cay(-4) + Ga) (8) = A =ob Subsofilve-9n youtube, 2h Gengnerdmath Gousian Elmnaton ond Gauss -Swdan Redick Consider te systems of mm \mear equations hewn Y unknowns as shaw Onx, + Agxy 4 Ay yt wrt DinXy = Vy ark, $ Drake ¥ Das Xs bint Aa Ky = fo Gaim) + As2%y + Ags Xs t wt Oon%q= V5 Pr UN Re eS Nouv Amy + Amr} Dm WY VL Oy, Fa 2% Let Nhe augmented matrix CARI represent Lee sytem 4 i heen equi hav 1 unk nowhis Q) Aa Ain Ae Lh, [AiR] [2 On Os wi Gan | Ga On, Oy it Gon \% Ir 2 pyy ber vty Vee ed Qmy One ms avr down Y0 a) Causien Eliminator “the mated ulnar the augmented mnatrex LAL] isin > edaeton Rim a5 hows | | On Ys i Bay lg, oO | bs inbo | iS2 ie pb OD | ban Iss myo e vaa te D0 Van | Kh 5) Caurs- Jordan feduction “he matted whe the augmented yma. LAIR isin Mw echelon Ren a5 hows :subsorlbe, on youtube, Rf Genginerdmatn Be --4 Bao Ot = oo b> = @ 2S ~2ao fe up 0 2 = LH at Sobve the system ef linear equations 7 a ~KE i) “ADL FD Kay + 32 ax- yt Suh 1) Trangm +h onugenonticd matrix By Gaussian zlimmation Tue 2% Br | 4 nr 1 * vs eo —— ees eee noe es 9 a 7 7 i se sq- so -2° _ fo1 Subsor'lbe, 04 ypatulie, fe @engnerdmnatn "9 y-fpia)=+ ai dy +3%=9 y= 6 + GO) 42 9 HOW - OY ee By Gaus-Todan reduction }-2 3 ty] 4-35 [aR] ~ [ \ ‘ ver For 2 0 0 ib 1-2 Ol-\] titer, “} bd 1 014 doe X=5 yd 2-6