1\//7 TAKING YOUR SKILLS FURTHER CODING TRICKS AND TIPS i Lert 4 a N —— EXPERT TUTORIALS TO ENHANCE YOUR USER EXPERIENCE aa Pada PROMO)Discover more of our guides... [7 M 7) C =CODING Welcome back... Having completed our exclusive For Beginners digital guidebook, we have taught you all you need to master the basics of your new device, software or hobby. Mets oau ecg Ere Dee anu eer Reece eon technology and our team of long term industry experts will help OE Len Voce UL ON mtu Rar tem lk PS ara cae Aura tne cea ssi Tee URL ea etree mei Med and trends! We will guide you step-by-step through using all the advanced aspects of the technology that you may have been Fee) ou Ee he eee tol aes eo SCTE BCL Se Curae Kem crocs Ue RUS Ca Go take you from a confident user to an experienced expert. Over the page our journey continues, and we will be PUD Ee peice Ror MCMC Reh Tyee emcee CREa Perret onda ory a Contents aay Erman ge 0 art Cee A Pere uescal eee eens rece eee Nee Ee fore ec Gia clao ened (ere eRe em ON Rice Nao Working with Code Tee Sree Seer a Cece eco ECan eas ECS kent cc eo————_ -—— eae eae eK) So) ok Tula) nea wen basal SiC with He Ih renee sen ANT fe eM ee hed +4 esata x eta een Scratch, EFIGe) ES cover the common pitfalls and CC Mea ole el elu 5 . Peete ae ~ mistakes every coder Falls into yaa rey ras 7 ” ©. eee ida and pista er cau | Cid pene Peseta ieee ne ae becseticer et BB crimes of somrun fee ue cee COCR co Programming VG anaale Oyu Se ee tated ced Pre ee oc ee enue mete DEUCE eS a4 ace) Lae Pa nemo id Pi that’s amazingly accessible and gets students, eee a Caterer cen Cerne) RO Cen ae UC LN Used in hundreds of schools across the UK, the FUZE is the perfect combination of Pi potential, fee aan eu ee come Pee EO na ecru ces eut) Per eee nu ane are) Ce et an et eae Tenet Cen a4 Chee ecard Rn Cece neue ray interact with robots and other electronics. wwmibémpublcatonscom 7Introducing the FUZE Project Baga ed Naina aried tienda a ce ua go Pere ncdnumlacdeuctcl a cecek iso emt teat en cette ants hardware side of the project, incorporating a Raspberry Pi inside a stunning retro- themed case, complete with a full-sized keyboard, IO board and connectivity. The software side is FUZE BASIC, available For both Windows and as a boot image for Raspberry Pi models 2 and 3. The FUZE Workstation itself, styled on ‘3 BBC Micro Model B from the 80s, constructed with a metal body and high quality keyboard complete with programmable red coloured F-keys. Note the holes atthe top edges: these ‘are compatible wth many popular plastic building blocks and electronic struction kis Raspberry Pi 3. t's connected tothe FUZE 0 board via the 40-pin GPIO pins with a ribbon cable, wth the other connections branching from t: HOM, power, SD Card and USB. The USB ports have been rauted to a pawered USB hub attached tothe rear of the workstation, providing the user with Four USB ports accessible through the rear lO back plate; there'san Ethernet port too. ‘The Rear back plate is where you plug inyour power, connection toa monitor, mause, SD card, audio and ‘any USB devices you want to include. Fromleftto right, acrossthe back pate, there's an on/off switch, a power port, ‘bank of four USB ports the Ethernet port, SD card slot and HDMI part. You can remove the four corner screws oF the back plate to gain access tothe Raspberry Pi USB hub and cables inside the workstation if needed. } The FUZE IO board, located in the wide slot at the top ofthe workstation, is the connection to extended hardware. 2 With ityou can connect, program and } use sensors, LEDs, robotics and all 3 manner af amazing electronic proj Ce coIntroducing the FUZE Project Em” ‘Youalso receive an electronics ktas part oF the FUZE workstation, to help you get started ‘on some ofthe projects the FUZE is designed tosupport. within the kityou can find 24 coloured LEDs, 1 seven-segment LED, 1 ight dependant resistor, 8 micro switches, 30 mixed Electronic components Kit specification resistors, 20jumper cables and 60} jumper wires. Complementing the electronics project kit, the FUZE team also bundles an 840-socket solderless breadboard which you can use towire up interesting projets and use FUZE BASIC together withthe Raspberry Pi and the FUZE 1 board to controthe ‘components From the electronics kit. In ‘ase you're wondering why it'scalled a breadboard it's because in the early days of electronics users would use abread board or the base oftheir projects, ‘Alongside the ather components with the FUZE workstation, you also get ether +++] awired USB or wireless (batteries are included if necessary) mouse and FUZE (ogo mouse mat ‘The kit comes with two ring-bound books Containing projectideas forthe electronics kitand a programmer's reference guide for FUZE BASIC. f you've purchased the FUZE kt, then it's certainly worth your ‘while reading through this book and familarising yourself with how everything works. Depending on which FUZE workstation kit you've purchased, you could also have a robot arm that requires building, ‘along with four Dsized batteries, a BBC micrbit or even a Capacttive Touch kt. Needless to say, there's plenty of project potential with the FUZE. CooSetting Up the FUZE Seed cored NRC leke at en RT Monae Muar ur ancnece alan ecm iel eI aces Monnet cette am at Mn orcas Maeno oan LIGHT THE FUZE Getting the FUZE up and running is as simple as plugging ina standard desktop computer; but it’s always worth running through the process For those who don't know what to do, now, use the Ethernet port, LAN cable, for BED ecco sernizemlewre vate EEG rerow, he rear lO back plate ofthe FUZE workstation. The chances are _ ultimately the outside world. You can set up the W he SD card is already inserted but depending on how the FUZE was easier to establish a wired connection First if possi packaged, it may bein the electronics kit box. net cable to rear IO backplate of the FUZE. BLED ceecerencrrricreinamontaier EBB ves cesothetoonatnsthe rosa supporto than one HDMI canecion ble it to one ofthe USB poten the ear af recvtha qulty HDMlcable,remeve tthe FUZE workstation bck plate from its bag and connect one end tothe HOM! port on the rear iO ‘of the FUZE and the ather to the rear of the monitor or TV.Now nthe box containing tt STEP 5 the FUZE and start t You may need to change the source of the monitor orTV's input to the HDMI, or the numbered HOM! nnected the FUZE to. Once the signal i Found by ne monitor it displays the FUZE desktop, that you've Setting Up the FUZE &@ wie BED IF you want the Wi-Fi t connect desktop For the tw inking up, the arrows and the current Wi access points Connect be the active net ork n, look to the bottom right oF the rrows (one: he other down). Click ibe displayed mally. You can now unplug the yours as you would no Ethernet cable iFyou wish, BED Beyond the different desktop presentation, the FUZE setu Raspberry Pi Raspbian system works exactly the same as any other You can click the First F (the white Fon a black background) to open the systern menu detailing the avalable apps and programs. The second F launches FUZE BASIC, which well look atin the next tutorial BED fo ensure you're running the latest software and programs, clck onthe F start button, followed by Accessories > Terminal. Inthe Terminal enter: sudo’ apt=get update && sudo apt-get! upgrade and accept any changes and updates the system has to offer, This will update al your installed software and systemProgramming with the FUZE Getting Started with FUZE BASIC FUZE BASIC is a marvellous programming language to begin learning to code with. It Pelee aN Mua re Men omel 8s) UENO M Leen een een ne Men ean) the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro. BACK TO BASICS Let's begin our programming journey with FUZE BASIC, an environment where you can create anything, from simple scripts to ‘complex games with graphics and sounds. FERRED the retro style interface of FUZE BASIC has several ch themes that you can cycle through, depend ste. The default view s that of a Cor cliferent Inthe boom oh pane. te one tat uP lite on a red background? Click it a the FUZE BASIC ith erste retro interface You can also doublet FUZEBASICV3 con onthe desktop. ft =RIn Ti Ae =e jew press the Insert key to cycle through the jlno doubt recognise some of them, so find one you like PEPER Don't worryityoudon'thave a FUZE Workstation, AVR thescreen you're looking at naw is called FUZE BASIC is availabe For Windows, the BBC immediate Mode; pressing the Enter key will reveal microsbit and the Raspberry Pi (since i's already running on aRP). a cursor where you can start to enter code. Try this: press Enter, browser to wwwuze.co.uk/download-fuze.html and then type: Hello and press Enter again. The output on the for FUZE BASIC For Windows and will splay whatever you've typed into the quotation marks. instalit on a Raspberry Pi p-by-step instructionsGetting Started with FUZE BASIC § FETESE) You con also Print the total output of several BED Before we get into varabl her such ‘numbers From within the immediate Mode. For gramming terms let's havea ite play around y: Brink: 10° 201430, and press Enter. The sumoF witha qucklisting to ask or use input Enter this: the numbers you've entered will now be displayed on the screen, intiscasethenumberé0.Tymorenunbesanderendirent 3068 Ee 20 input “What is your nane? “, nS " shee 30 print 40 print “Hello “; nS Lo Enter pun to execute the code, Por! PEI i yourind the screen getting alitle Full, enter 1S toclear the BASIC di y. BASIC in immediate Mode able of storing variables, something which well look at in more depth inthe next tutorial. For now, try this and press Enter aftereach line { ster 9 ) issecting the previous code, we have the command 10 clear the screen [CLS], then the Input command asking for user input and storing the input as the variable nS. The Printat line 30 putsa blank line on the screen, whist the Print command at ine 40 displays the message HeLLO and the con 10 print “Hello” 20 goto 10 Now enter Fu. The word Hello should now cycle down the screen. Press the Escape keyto exit. BED here'sa lot you can do in immediate Mode: however, to unleash the Full potential of FUZE BASIC you're best working in the Program Ecltor. To enter the Program Editor type in the command new to clear any programs already stored in memory and press the F2 key. As you can see, Program Editor looks significantly different to Immediate MoProgramming with the FUZE_) Coding with FUZE BASIC — Part 1 Variables are used in programming to store and retrieve data from the computer's memory. It's a specified location in memory that can be referenced by the programmer at any point in the code, as long as it’s created and valid. LET THERE BE VARIABLES We've already looked at assigning some variables in the previous tutorial so let's extend that and see what else we can do with them, ESTED ter the Program altor, by pressing the F2 key. Within the Program Editor enter the Following, pressing Enter after each tne: Let x=10 Print x Now click on the Save button, along the top of the screen and save the program as Variables’. Click the OK button to return to the Editor and the Run button to execute the code. afer dng ayn rap back ec guape ‘Mode and the display will output the number 10. To breakdown his simple code, ove created the vribl called, {and you've allocated the value 10 to it. The second line simply prints the current value of X which is of course, 10. Ree Press F2to enter Editor made and click on New. Now lets expand on the simple code. Enter the following: Let x=10 Let y=20 Let 2=30 Print x #y +z ‘Save as'Variables2' and Run it. You now have the output of 60 on the screen, as you've assigned X, Y and Z with numerical values, and printed the total. Variables fuze FPP wracif we wanted to change the value of a variable? Enter this isting: Let x=10 Let xex-1 Print x ‘To begin with X equalled 10 but the next line subtracts 1 making it 9, then prints the current value oF X. Imagine ths as lives in a game, starting wth 10 lives, losing 1 and leaving 9 let.FETED) We can extend this Further with m Try this: Let Gycte Print x Let x=x-1 Repeat until x=0 Print “Blast Off!” End This creates a loop that will minus 1 from X untlit reaches 0, then prints last OFF! PEPE variables can do more than store numbers Input “Hello, what is your first name? Input “Thanks, and what is your surnane? “, s$ as Print “Hello “; #83“ “y s$;* today?” End How are you ‘The variables § and s§ store input from the use, then printedit to them on the same line, FERED) concitional statements alow you to make you program do aifferent things depending on the user input. For example: as Input “Enter your name If name$="Dave” then Print “I am sorry “; names Print “I am afraid I can’t do that” Else Print “That is not a problem *; names Endif End “5 names: ‘Save as'HAL’ and Run, Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 1 ‘The code from Step 7 introduced some new commands, First we clear the screen, then ask Foruser input and storeitn the variable name §. Line 3 starts the ional statement, ifthe us the name’Dave' then the program wil print HAL's 2001 infamous lines. IF another name i inputted, then it wil print something else BED Programs store all manner of information, retrieving i from memory indifferent ways: as Data “Monday”, “Tuesday”, “Wednesday” Data “Thursday”, “Friday”, “Saturday” Data “Sunday” Dim DaysofNeeks(7) For DayNo = 1 0 7 loop Read DaysOFleekS(DayNo) Repeat For DayNo'=/ 10 7 Loop Print “Day of the week number“; DayNos Print “ is “; DaysOfMeekS(DayNo) Repeat End EEXD The code from Step 9s beginning to look quite complex, using the Data command to store stant data, creating a variable called DaysOfweek using the Dim command and assigning itan indexed dimension (7). The code then Reads the stored Data, assigns ta variable dimension from 1 to7 and prints the result werProgramming with the FUZE_) Coding with FUZE BASIC — Part 2 Moving on from the previous FUZE BASIC tutorial, let's expand everything you've done so far and see if we can apply it to something other than counting numbers or asking for someone's name. In the grand tradition of BASIC programming, let's create Elta fel allo “PALE BULBOUS EYES STARE AT YOU. ‘A text adventure game is an ideal genre to explore your BASIC skills in There are variables, events, user input, counting and if you want, even a Few graphics here and there to inject and use. FETTER Enterthe Program editorandbecinwithasimple EMM evs adda way whereby the userisrequiredto clear screen, as t's always a good way to start. What press akey to continue, this way you can leave Wwe need to dois set some basic parameters first, so start with the instructions onthe screen for an indefinite period: aa Printat (15,15); “Press the Spacebar to continue.” as While inkey > 32 cycle Let Lives=3 Repeat ‘This prints the message whilst waiting For the specifickey tobe pressed on the keyboard: the Spacebar. BETTER) Now youcanintroduce the game andlet the player FB Now we can star the'story’part ofthe adventure: know how mary tives they currently have. You can a do this by adding the following to the code: Preiiex=vouTawakertorfind iyoursel fxthranTateLock Printat (41,0); “You have “; lives; “ Lives left.” onboard a space station.” Printat (0,0); “Welcome to Cosmic Adventure!” Input “There are two buttons in front of you: willspecfy locaton onthe seen todsplay 6Pe€N. and Red. Which do. you press?”,, buttons ime connect eon) todisplay Te puttonSe"Red” then J Let Lives=lives-1 Print “You just opened the airlock into space. You ‘are dead!” Print “You now have “;Lives; “ lives left.” enc ccCoding with FUZE BASIC - Part 2 We can now co BED nue the game from line 29, adding ‘another press the Spacebar routine, followed bya Now a If Lives=0 then goto 25 (SUTRAS RE TEAEETCE ar screen ready forthe next pat ofthe adventure. While inkey © 32 cycle Print “Press the Spacebar to continue.” Repeat While inkey < 32 cycle Goto 8 Repeat Else as Print “The door to the interior of the space station opens, lucky for you.” a a pes The Goto command goes toa tine number and continues with the i code. Here you can use itto start an end of game routine ceca Print ee repeat rao Pen the most elegant cade you wll eversee,itbringsin mary different ad elements and shows you what canbe done with FUZE BASIC, PE es rishthis outine off with =, Engi re endif Ee Goto 29 er Print “Sorry, you are dead. End of game. Press Let Spacebar to start again.” oe While inkey © 32 cycle aa Repeat ce Goto 1 are This loses the iFstatements, th Green button) to continue te 08s to line 29f you pressed the game, skipping the end oF ~ BED Before you continue with the adventure, and map PEPER) From line 25 we start the end of game routine as the fate of our reluctant space hero, we're going stated on line 15, goto 25.This only worksif the _toimprove our code with some graphics. FUZE BASIC has some variable tives equals 0; the players ives have run out.Itprintsa| great graphical commands atts disposal, along with some other ‘sorry you are dead! message and asks to pressthe Spacebar to start useful and interesting extras. fe game all over again from line 1, the goto 1 part.Coding with FUZE BASIC — Part 3 Poca ton her treet ier Tee eee aS e While it works perfectly Fine, it would be nice to include some graphics and maybe a Few other elements to have it stand out from the usual BASIC programs. ADDING GRAPHICS FUZE BASIC employs a variety of different commands to display graphics, either drawn on the screen or by displaying an image file, PEPER You're going to start by making the game full FETED ow create anew line 13,by getting the cursor to screen, then adding an appropriate image that sets theend of line 12 and pressing Enter, For the new ne theme ofthe adventure. From line 2 pressEnter,tocreatea new line, type in ine 3, and type inthe following: Hidesprite (spriteindex) Fullscreen=1 Spriteindexenewsprite(1) EarthS="pLanetEarth.png” Loadsprite Cearth$, spriteindex, 0) PEP D You may need to source your own images for your ‘game, In our example, we Found an image oF red ‘and green buttons and copied to the /Desktop/fuze-basic/extras/ images Folder. Now we need to add ito our code From ine 15 buttons$="buttons.png” loadsprite (buttons$, spriteindex, 0) BRED tre codefrom step willimport and displayan _-~PLOtSPrite: Cspriteindex,”300,/400,"0) image of the Earth the image itself is already Make sure the image is called before the Input command! available in the /Desktop/fuze-basicjextras/images Folder. t'snow classed asa sprite and can be manipulated through the various ed beg Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files DORM ana ur een ka Per Cue en sae oS ue) since the early days of Windows and while they are overshadowed by the might of the modern Windows graphical user interface, they are still there and still ate As Bod Cee Oe ee ey administrators still use, so it’s worth spending a bit of time learning how they work and what you can do with them. This section introduces batch files and covers user interactions, variables, loops and even a ene a cei Cuenta in eel)Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files What is a Batch File? The Windows batch file has been around since the early days of DOS, and was once a critical element of actually being able to boot into a working system. There's a lot you eT KelM MEM eran gl (Coole a eS ae Creu na CoRR oe -BAT MAN ‘AWindows batch file is simply a script file that runs a series of commands, one line at a time, much in the same Fashion as a Linux script. The series of commands are executed by the command line interpreter and stored in a plain text file with the BAT ‘extension; this signifies to Windows that its an executable file, in this case, a script. ech Files have been around since the earliest versions of Microsoft requirements and hardware drivers, allocate them a lotin the DOS, Although not exclusively a Microsoft scripting file, batch Files available memory, assign any memory managers and tell the ‘are mainly associated with Microsoft's operating systems Inthe _system where the Command.com file, which isthe command line ‘early days, when a PC booted into aversion of DOS (which produced interpreter for 00S, was. Once it had done that, then the Autoexec ple command prompt when powered up), the batch filewas bat File took over and ran through each line in turn loading rive into the in the Farm of a system file called Autoexec.bat. Autoexec programs that would activate the mouse or optic bat was a script that automatically executed (hence Autoexec) memory areas assigned by the Config sys ile ‘commands once the operating system had finished dealing withthe Config.ys ile. The DOS user of the day could opt to create different Autoexec. bat files depending on what they wanted to do. For example, i 1en a user powered up their DOS-based computer, and once they wanted to playa game and have as much memory available the BIOS had Finished checking the system memory and soon, as possible, they'd create a Configsys and Autoexec bat set of files 5 would [ook to the Config,sys file to load any specific display _that loaded the bare minimum of drivers and so on. IFthey needed xem; ame) PATH D:\WINDOWS :C:\DOS:C:\PCE:C et TEMP=D : \WINDOWS\ TEMP REM LH C:\UTIL\MOUSE.COM Ce ee ee ee ee ee ee ce ccc eres Sed eo cree PSC ec Me) ‘The Autoexec.bat file was a PC user's First experience with a batch fileWhat is a Batch File? BATCH FILE POWER Just lke any other programming interface that can directly interrogate and manipulate the system, batch filesrequire a certain amount of care when programming t's hard to damage your system with a batch file, asthe more important elements ofthe modern Windows system are protected by the User Account Control (UAC) security; UAC works by only allowing elevated privileges access to important system files. Therefore f you create a batch file that somehow deletes a system file, the UAC activates and stop the process. Batch files are plain text and often created using Notepad. However, if you're working in the command prompt with elevated privileges to begin with, as the Administrator, then the UAC won't question the batch file and continue regardless of what files are being delet ‘That sid, you're not ikely to create a batch file that intentionally wipes out your operating system, There are system controls in place to help prevent that; but it's worth mentioning as there are batch file available onthe internet that contain malicious code designed to create problems. "Much ikea virus, a rogue batch file (when executed with ‘Administrator privileges) can cause much mayhem and system damage. In short, don’t randomly execute any batch file downloaded from the Internet as an Adminstrator, without First reviewing what t does. Batch files were often used as utility programs, to help users with complex tasks. You can learn more about batch files inthe coming pages, so don't worry too much about destroying your system with one Allthis just demonstrates how powerful the humble batch ile canbe, ccess to the network, an Autoexec.bat file could be created to (oad the network card driver and automatically gain access tothe network. Each of these unique setups would be loaded on to a ioppy disk and booted as and when required by the use ‘The Autoexec.bat was the First such file many users came across in heir PC-based computing lives:since manyhad come froma 16-bit | Cr even &-bit background; remember, this was the late eighties {and early nineties. The batch file was the users primary tool for ‘automating tasks, creating shorteuts a translating complex processes into something far simpler. Nowadays however, a batch file isnt just for loading in drivers and, ‘such when the PC boots. You can use a batch file the same way {as any other scriating language file, in that you can program t to ask For user input and display the results on the screen; or save to date stamps and only back up the most recently changed content as wel as program the scrit to do al this automaticaly. Batch files are emarkably powerful and despite them not being as commonly used ‘2s they were during the older days of DOS, they ae stil there and ‘an be utilised even in the latest version of Windows 10; and can be ‘a complex or simple as you want them to be, ‘So what do you need to start batch file programming in Windows? Well aslong as you have Windows 10, or any older version oF indows for that matter, you can star batch file programming immediately. Allyou needis to be able to open Notepad and get to he command prompt of Windows. We show you how ll works, so You can create complex batch files or simple ones that display ead on ‘ASCIlimages on screen. aCoding with Windows 10 Batch Files Getting Started with Batch Files errr seed Nea CoM een ae AOU eho} [ate Mey leend il Ke- Re n VAAcre eReader lec one Re leek with Notepad isn’t always straightforward. ANEW BATCH ‘Throughout this section on batch files we're going to be working with Notepad, the command prompt and within a Folder called ‘Batch Files’. To begin with, let's see how you get to the Windows command prompt. but it’s simply another = can navigate by using the CD command (Change rectory). Try ed Document s ‘Then press Return, enter CMD inta the search box. on the search resut labelled Command Prompt BED The prompt should change and display \ (Desktop App) and a new win up. The Document s>5 this means you're in the Documents pt window isn’t much to laok at to begin with but ctory. Now, create a new directory call Batch Files. Enter fows version number and copyright - = wed by the promptitself The prompt detais the Md “Batch: Files? current directory or Folder you're in, together with your username, _Youneed the quotations because without them, Windows creates directories: Batch and Files, Now change directory into the Batch Files = uly cd Batch Files ‘You won't need the quotes to change directories.PEPER Now that you have the directory et up, where you store your batch files, here is how you can create ‘one. Leave the command prompt window open and click on the \Windows Start button again. This time enter Notepad and click on the search result to open the Notepad program. Notepad i simple text editor but ideal for creating batch scripts with, To create your Fist batch file, enter the Following into Notepad @echo off echo Hello World! By default, abatch file displays all the commands thatitruns Uhrough, line byline. What the @echo off command does is turn that Feature off for the whole scrip; with the (at) sign to apply that command to itself once off When saving anything in Notepad the default extensions txt, to denote atext ile, However, you want the extension to be ‘bat. Click on File > Save As and navigate to the newly created Batch Files directory in Documents. Click the drop-down menu Save as Type, and select Al Files from the menu. In File Name, cll the fle Test.bat Getting Started with Batch Files Back at the command prompt window enter: SHEP) iF/H again to list the newly created Test.bat file. By the way, the Av part of dirfw means the files are listed across the screen as opposed to straight down, Enter dif iFyou want {although you need more files to view) but t's considered easierto read with the /w flag, FETED To execute the batch file youve just created, simply enter its name, Test, in the command prompt window. You don't need to add the bat part, as Windows recognises itasan executable file, and the only one with that particular name in the current directory. Press return and see how you're greeted with Hello World! in the command prompt. The eco command dls whatever after k SEP WD to the screen, Right-click the Test.bat file from Windows Explorer andselect to add more echo commands f youll, ths @echo off echo Hello World! echo This is my first batch file echo. echo With a blank Line between! Remember to save each new change to the bat=> Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files Getting an Output Mer eee ULC UEU earns eV AeA Ciera et Paar a orn ha cama Cet ete aes eran amr ancteta earn cma rater lta INPUT OUTPUT Batch files are capable of taking a normal Windows command and executing them, while also adding extra options and flags in tothe equation. View. Start with the @echo off command and under that add: rho meaningful output on the screen. However, iFyou now open Explorer and browse to €:NUSers\YOURNAME, remembering to substitute YOURNAME with your Windows username, and double lick the dinvitew.txt file, you can see the batch fi’s output dir “c:\users\YOURNAME\Docunents\Batch Files” > :\users\YOURNAME\dirview. txt Substitute YOURNAME with your Windows username. PEPE BD the new line uses the dir command to list the FETS youwant to automate the task of opening the contents ofthe directory Batch Files, in your Home text file that contains the output, add the following directory, dumping the output to atextfile called dirviewstxtin line tothe batch file: the root of your Home directory. This is done, so thatthe windows UAC doesn't require elevated permissions, as everything isin your notepad.exe c:\users\YOURNAME\dirview.txt ‘own Home area, Save and run the batch fi. ‘Save the fle and ance again run fram the command prompt. This time, itcreates the output and automaticaly opens Notepad with Ee the output contents.OUTPUT WITH VARIABLES Variables offer a more interesting way of outputting something to the screen and create a higher level of interaction between the user and the batch file. Try this example below. following lines Create a new batch file and callit name.bat. Start with the @echo: of Ficommand, then add the set /p name= What is your name? echo Hello, name Note: there's a space after the question mark. Thsis to make itlook ‘neater on the screen, Save itand run the batch fie The set /p name creates a variable called name, with the /p part indicating that an ‘=prompt string'is to Sa follow. The Set command displays, sets or removes system and environmental variables Far example, while in the ‘command prompt window enter: set To view the current system variables, Note the name= variable we justcreated, Variables stored with Set can be called with the Siar) SWVARIABLENAME% syntax. In the batch file, we sed the newiy created %enamme% syntax to call upon the contents of the variable called name. Your username, for example, is stored as variable, Try this ina batch ile echo Hello, RUSERNAMEX. What are you doing? Thisisectremay self youwantto cesta Su ‘unique, personal batch file that automatically runs hen user gs nto indons Using the defatstems artes that windows sel creates you can mate a batch le tat greets echo off echo Hello, USERNAMEX. echo. echo Thanks for Logging in. Currently the network is operating at 100%% efficiency. ‘echo. ‘echo Your Hone directory is Located at: XHOMEPATH: ‘echo The conputer nane you’re logged in to is: ‘COMPUTERNAMER ‘echo: ‘Save and execute the batch file changes; you can ‘overwrite and stil use name.batif you want. The batch file takes the current system variables and reports them ‘accordingly, depending on the user's login name and the name of the computer. Note: the double percent symbol means the percent sign wil be displayed, and isnot a variable. Alternatively, you can run the batch file and display ton the user's desktop as a text file echo off ‘echo Hello, MISERNAMES. > c:KHOMEPATHR\user. txt echo. >> ci SHOMEPATHR\user, txt ‘echo Thanks for logging in. Currently the network is operating at 100%% efficiency. >> c:XHOMEPATHI user. txt ‘echo. >> c:XHOMEPATHR\user. txt ‘echo Your Hone directory is Located at: XHOMEPATHE >>. C:BHOMEPATHB\user. txt ‘echo The computer name you're logged in to is: COMPUTERNAMES >> c:HOMEPATH\user txt echo, >> c:SHOMEPATHR\user. txt notepad c:XHOMEPATH®\user. txt: ‘The > outputs to a new file called user, while the >> adds the lines within the fieCoding with Windows 10 Batch Files Playing with Variables There's a lot you can accomplish with both the system and environmental variables, alongside your own. Mixing the two can make for a powerful and extremely useful Pelee MMA Re MAC e Meco rl ETC oa USING MORE VARIABLES. Here's a good example of mixing system and environmental variables with some of your own creation, along with a number of external Windows commands. Createanewbatch fle caledit.bat andstr off SP with the @€ChollOff command. Begin by clearing he command prompt screen and displaying list ofthe current directories onthe computer as dir “c:\" > Listitxt type List. txt echo PEED Seve and execute the batch file. within the ‘command prompt you can see the contents of al directories from the root ofthe C:\ drive; and as any Windows has permission to see ths, there's no UAC ileges required he files a user under el EED Now, create a batch file that displays the contents of any directory and post it as atext file to the user's screen. Add the Following to the lst bat batch Fil: echo Hello, BUSERNAMEX, echo From the list, which folder would you like to set /p view= Center as c:\folder) dir “Kviews” > view. txt notepad.exe view. txt { step 4 ) What's happening here is the batch file asks the user -o enter any ofthe directories displayed in thelist t generated, inthe form of ‘e\directory’. Providing the user enters a valid directory its contents are displayed as atext file. We created the view variable here along with HOMEPATH®6, to store the input and the text ieFETED: 2tvays 2 good idea, when creating text files FETED '2st22d of let clicking on the Command Prompt forthe user to temporarily view, to clean up after result, as you did the First time you opened it, yourself, There's nathing worse than having countiess, random Tight-clickit and from the menu choose Run as Administrator. There text Files cluttering up the Filesystem, That being the case, let's isa rskthat you could damage system Files asthe Administrator clear up with butas long as you're careful and don't do anything beyond viewing a directories, you wll be okay. del /Q view.txt del /Q List.txt echo ALI files deleted. System clean. BD ® Fiters Best match fH Corman Prompt © _ Run as administrator se Open file location £ “8 Pinto Start ‘The additions to the batch file simply clear the ieee ‘command prompt window (using the cls command) and delete both the view.txt and lst.tt Files that were created by the batch file. The / flag inthe del command meansit deletes the files without any user input or notification The final message informs the user thatthe fle re removed ° ESSE This action triggers the UAC warning message, asking you If you're sure you want to run the windows command prompt withthe elevated Administrator is privileges. Most ofthe time we wouldn't recommend this course of action the UAC is there to protect your system. inthis case, however, click Yes, User Account Control BaD orcs sour ystemis configured, Boe ~ eae oo nerd directory information a reese atalloramessage = stating Access Denied ‘tonnes - + This is because the UAC on BSTTSET BD with the vac active, the command prompt looks is blocking acess to alitle different. Fr starters, t's now defaulting protected areas ofthe to the C\WINDOWS\system32 folder andthe top ofthe windowsis system, like Windows labelled Administrator. Torun the batch ile, you needto navigate to or C\Program Files, the Batch Files directory with: ed \Users\USERNAME\Documents\ Therefore, you need to Batch Files. To help, press the Tab key to auto-complete the run the bateh ile as an directory names. Administrator, Clik the Windows tart button and — enter CMD again.It's the little additions we can make to a batch file that help it stand out and ultimately [otto AU oie ARAN reo eKe Lr ec UCUceeesel cue Keele] i KecUvel Seema Meee tea orem SEARCHING FOR FILES Here's an interesting little batch file that you can easily extend For your own use. It asks the user For a file type to search For and splays the ests, Weare introducing couple of new commands Sui" into the mix here but we think they're really useful. Create a new batch file called seek bat and int put: echo off as color 2 ‘echo Please enter the type of file you want to search for (MP3, DOC, JPG for example) echo. ‘The new command inthis instance is color (Americanised spelling). Color, as you already ‘assume, changes the colour ofthe command prompt display. The calor attributes are specified by two hex cats, the first corresponds to the background colour of the Command console and the second to the Foreground, and can be any of the following values: O=Black 8=Grey 1=Blue 9 =Light Blue 2=Green A-=Light Green 3= Aqua Light Aqua 4=Red Light Red 5=Purple D=Light Purple 6=Yellow E-= Light Yellow 7=White F = Bright White PETTTED ow let'sextend the seek bat batch file: echo off as color 2 ‘echo Please enter the type of file you want to search for (MP3, DOC, JPG for example) ‘echo. set /p ext= lihere /R c:\ *.ext% > found. txt notepad.exe found. txt als color del /Q found.txt ‘Another new command, Where, looks fora specific file or directory based on the user's requirements. In this case, we have created a blank variable called ext that the user ‘anenter the filetype in, which then searches using Where and ‘dumps the results ina text file called found.txt. Save and run the bateh fie.CHOICE MENUS (_ Batch File Programming Cm” Creating a menu of choices isa classic batch file use and a good example to help expand your batch file programming skills ‘command in conjunction with an ErrorLevel parameter to make a ‘menu. Create a news file called menu.bat and enter the folowing: eecho off als choice /M “Do you want to continue? Y/N" if errorlevel 2 goto N if errorlevel 1 goto Y goto End: ning the code produces an error as weve called STEP 2 a vl a Goto command without any reference to it in the the batch file. Finish the file with the Following and run it again: file. Goto does exactly that, goes toa specfic tne in echo: ‘echo You chose No. Goodbye, goto End echo. echo You chose Yes. Hello The output from your choiceis different depending on whether you pick or N. The End partsimply signifies, the end ofthe file (also known as EOF). without tthe batch ile runs through each line and display the Y response even iFyou enter N;soit's Important to remember to Folow your Goto commands. ErrorLevels are essentially variables and the /M. switch of Choice allows a descriptive message string tobe displayed, Extend this menu with something new: @echo off cls ‘echo: ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo. echo) choice /C 1234 if errorlevel 4 goto Videos if errorlevel 3 goto Pictures if errorlevel 2 goto Documents if errorlevel 1 goto Music FEPISED) Now add the Goto sections: Videos cls CD RHOMEPATHRWVideos ‘echo You are now in the Videos directory. ‘goto End Pictures as CD SHOMEPATHX\Pictures ‘echo You are now in the Pictures directory. ‘goto End Documents cls CD XHOMEPATH\Document's ‘echo You are now in the Documents directory. goto End Music as CD RHOMEPATMusic ‘echo you are now in the Music directory. ‘goto End nd Please choose a directory. Press 1 for c:\Music Press 2 for ¢:\Docunents Press 3 for c:\Pictures Press 4 for c:\Videos when executed the batch fle displays amenuand with teach choice the code changes directory tothe onethe user entered, The sHOMEPATH% system variable wi enter the curently logged in user's Music Pictures and o directories, and not anyone else's,Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files Loops and Repetition Looping and repeating commands are the staple diet of every programming language, including batch file programming. For example, you can create a simple colt cel RR MTU elit COLORS Cece STATES COUNTERS Creating code that counts in increasing or decreasing number sets is great for demonstrating loops. With that in mind, let's look e IF statement a little more, alongside more variables, and introduce the Else, Timeout and eof (End of File) commands. BED 2 eeisercrtocniectedconint EEIER) tecomenatsaron weet terest echo off ry ths example neo i echo off SaRIZOTEoUNESTER for’ 480 in (241,99) do echo sn set /a counter-Xcounters+2 if Kcounter% ==100 (goto :eof) else (echo counter) ‘timeout /T 1 /nobreak > nul goto :nunbers EED Breaking it Zn, there's For, then the /L switch, which . handles a range of numbers. Then the parameter labelled BED 622 eccrine cos ae eae which tells starts at number one and -atement how to count, counts, sralling down the erent asin 1 (start number, 1 (steps screen, untilit reaches 100 ; The Timeout command Se ae eaves one second gap cheewreornenl bea tween numbers and the ata Ise statement continues inti the counter variable ‘equals 100 before going to ne eof (End OF File), thus closing the loop,You can include the pause between the numbers easily enough within the far simpler For loop by E> ‘adding multiple commands ater the Do Far logp. The brackets and ‘ampersand (8) separate the different commands. Ty this: @echo off for /L %in in (11,99) do Cecho %%n & timeout /T 1 Ynobreak > nul) ne ofthe great time saving uses of batch files to SUS create multiple, numbered files, Assume that you want tventy ie text les within directory, all numbered from 1 to 25. For loop much ike te previous example does the tik echo off for /L 380 in (12,25) do. copy mul in. txt PEPIED you open windows Explorer, and navigate to the Batch Files directory where you're working from, you can now see 25 text files all neatly numbered, OF course, you ‘an append the file name with something lke usert.txt and so.on by altering the code to read @echo off for /L %8in in (11,25) do copy nul UsersK¥n.txt There are different ways of using the For loop. In Sar) this example, the code creates 26 directories, one foreach leter ofthe alphabet, within the directory c\test which the batch file makes using the MD command: echo off FOR ¥KF IN Ca,b,c,d,e,F,0,h,1,5,k,1sm,9,0,P,4,0, Sst ,U,vsmsX4¥52) 00 Ch \test\XF) cops canbe powerful and extremely used S1aPS) ‘elements in a batch file, While creating 26 diectrles may not sund foo help agin having to create +100 ers ona network and assign each one ther own set of Unique directories This where a batch le saves an mmense amount of ue. FERED Stould you ever get stuck when using the various commands within a batch fil, drop into the command prompt and enter the command followed by a question ‘switch. For example, for /2 orf 72. You get an on-screen help file detaliing the commands use. For easier reading, pipe itto a text fle: For /? > forhelp.txtCoding with Windows 10 Batch Files Creating a Batch File Game Er RoR a TRC a Cole ekg so Farwith batch files, you can: Peo 1 VACA RN AR Co TRY Ly simple text ddventure or multiple- fee ee Ma eee ella créated, thatyou'fe Free to Fiddle with and make your own. Make up your own questions but how about as including an introductory or loading screen? Make your loading screen ina separate batch file and save tas screens.bat (for example). Then, from the main game batch ile, you can loadit at the beginning ofthe Fle with the call command followed by colorto reset the game's colours echo oft Call screens.bat color set /a scorend set /a question=0 fet /p names What is your name? DIGCLOCK.PY This isa surprisingly handy little script and one that we've used in the past instead of relying on a watch or even the clock in the system tray of the operating system, Gecho oft cis it /a score=0 t/a question=0 fp name What is your nane? cls echo. Scho Shehneteaneasnensanneunavastennensannennannaneanensy ‘echo. fecho Welcome namet to the super-cool trivia gane. echo. fecho Press 1 to get started echo. fecho Press 2 for instructions echo. fecho Press Q to quit echo. See Le neeneon etna neRE NET choice /c 129 Af errorlevel 3 goto :eof Af errorlevel 2 goto Instructions Af errorlevel 1 goto Gane "Instructions els echo. fecho * echo. fecho The instructions are simple, Answer the ‘questions correctly. echo. Scho shenesivaneasensneneennanannasnennenee pause ele goto menu Game act /a question=tquestiont1 cls Af tquestiont ==5 (goto end) else (echo you are on question tquestiont) echo. ho get ready for the question. echo. ‘timeout /T 5 /nobreak > nul A€ tquestiont ==5 (goto end) else (goto tquestion®)a cls ‘echo. (echo. Semmernesaesavesnesnnenneseets, ‘echo. ‘echo Your current score is tacoret ‘echo. (Scho. setesveseeneensansannaneasenss ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo Which of the following version of Windows is the best? ‘echo. ‘echo A. Windows 10 ‘echo. ‘echo C. Windows Vista ‘echo. choice /C abe Af errorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto correct 2 cls ‘echo. (Scho. Setseveseaneensensennanessenee ‘echo. ‘echo Your current score is tscoret ‘echo. echo setentensenrannenennennannnes ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo Question tquestion’. ‘echo. ‘echo Which of the following version of Windows is the most stable? ‘echo. ‘echo A. Windows 10 ‘echo. ‘echo B. Windows 95 ‘echo. ‘echo C. Windows ME ‘echo. choice /C abe Af errorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto corzect 3 els ‘echo. (echo. sernernesaesavennranmerneneets ‘echo. ‘echo Your current score is tscoret ‘echo. (Scho setseveseansensansennaneasente ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo Question tquestiont. ( Creating a Batch File Game ‘echo C. Windows 7 echo. choice /¢ abe Af errorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto correct cls echo. (Scho steneetesseasensenneenennesnas, echo. fecho Your current score is tscoret echo. cho tetvetvasenesnnraneenenanten echo. echo. fecho Question tquestiont. echo. ‘echo Which of the following Windows uses Directx 127 echo. fecho A. Windows 10 echo. fecho B. Windows 3.12 ‘echo. echo C. Windows xP echo. choice /C abe Af ezrorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto correct Wrong: cls fecho *henseteseensanees echo. fecho WRONG!!! echo. echo senrervanenesnnes ‘set /a score=tscoret-1 pause goto igame seorzect cls echo. sranverneseetanena echo. fecho CORRECT. YIPEE! echo. tccho shensateanensanees els cho theivetvasenesnnraneensenenten echo. fecho Well done, names, you have answered all the questions echo. cho And your final score is. echo. fecho tacoret echo. fccho seteeiestantenessresneetneeeets choice /M "play again? ¥/N" Af errorlevel 2 goto :eof Af errorlevel 1 goto startig with Scratch and Python ) EE) Pa brammiSapo Programming with Scratch and Python Scratch is a free programming language and online Se eee ee nur eo but also useful for older users too. It's a visual language Cee ree eae eae eT designed to help teach the building blocks of programming. It’s extremely versatile and as such can be used in conjunction with Python code to create interesting and useful programs. With the pairing of Scratch and Python Rene Ce PCs u Rta kom act CCU ee URL wwmibémpublcatonscom 47EP Programming with Scratch and Python) Getting Started with Scratch INSTALLING SCRATCH Scratch can be run inside your web browser at scratch.mit.edu. You need to have Flash installed in your browser; if isn't already, it can be installed from get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Sign up For an account with Scratch so you can save your programs. BETES Scratch runs from inside the web browser. lick PRTIIEDD 12%’ take alook at Scratch Cat. Use cick and drag Create to open a new document. The Scratch with the mouse to position him on the Stage. At InterFace opens in the web browser, click the maximise buttonon the top, just above Scripts, youl see two icons for Grow and Shrink. your browser so you have plenty of space toview the window and Click one and click the cat to resize him, shift-click on Scratch Cat allits contents, and choose info to access rotation controls. lick the blue back button to get back to the Sprites pane. FEPTSPR) You cansee the Scratch interface with alist of blue EFM scratch cat looks litte lonely on his white space, itemsin the Block Palette, an empty Script Area soles give him a background. Click the Stage icon {and a Stage. On the Stage will bean orange cartoon cat, known tothe left of the Sprites Pane. The Script Area switches to Backdrop {as “Scratch Cat’. This isthe default sprite that comeswith allnew Library displaying the available backgrounds. Click Music and Dance projects; you will also see smaller versions ofthe sprite above the _and choose spotight-stage. Click OK. Script Area and in the Sprites PanelESTeGEERD The background appears on the Stage and Scratch Cat looks a lot happier, Let's create a script that ‘moves him to the stage. Click Sprite! in the Sprites Pane to select the cat and click the Scripts tab to return to the Script Area, Now lick the blue Motion tab atthe top of the Block Palette = SAVING SCRATCH FILES “ Getting Started with Scratch Drag the turn [15] degrees block (with an Sua anti-clockwise symbol) from the Block Palette tothe Script Area, Now crag the move. [10] ‘steps bloc and connect to the bottom othe Trn 15 Degrees lock They il Snap together Change the 1Bin move [10] steps to 100, Ou program snow ready. Clckthe scrip the two Bods) to see what R Goes Scratch cat wl rotate and move towards the stage, ‘Take the time to learn how to open and save your files, and open other test programs, before you get stuck into programming with Scratch. There are lots of Scratch programs available so it’s easy to learn alongside other users. STEP 1 flick File> Save Now to save your project. Enter ‘anamein the New Filename box; we called ours *Scsatch_Cat_On Stage”. As we mentioned in both Python and Unix tutorials, i's important to avoid any special characters and spaces in your filenames. Use underscores ”_” instead. Lots of example Scratch files can be found on the MIT website by clicking Explore. Here you can see ‘a huge range of projects built by ather users and youl also be ‘able to share your own projects. Choose a project From Explore to ‘openit. STEP 3 hoor Fe» Goto My Suto exethe stage ne area view the saved file. Click the Scratch_Cat_On_ Stage nko vew youre You ca add istructons Notes end Credis here and Tags Ck See inside toheadback to viewing Ss cea, ‘You can run the project directly inside the main window by clicking the Green Flag icon. Click the ‘Star icon to Favourite or bookmark the project and the Heart icon to lke i. More importantly, click the See Inside to see the code used to create the projec. This is a good way to learn how Scratch codes being used STEP 4 wwmibémpublcatonscom — | 49)Creating Scripts in Scratch VISUAL CODING The scripts in Scratch are created by snapping together blocks. These blocks are si programming languages, such as Python, but much easier to understand. ilar to the code you find in more complex. PEPE cick create to start anew Scratch project and FETED ick the Motion tab and drag themove [10] name it Dancing Cat. You're going to put your cat ‘steps. block and connectit beneath the when ‘and some other characters ona dancefloor and get themto bust flag Licked block. A quick word about that [10]. When you write some moves. lick Stage, then Music and Dance and choose party-_anumber or word inside those square brackets, that's the way oF room, Drag the Scratch Cat graphic around the Stage tofind @ good saying you can choose a value I’ the equivalent ofa variable’, starting position, because it varies. Wel tell you which number or selection we're using but you can use any you want. Play around, Click on Spritet in the Sprites Panes and click the W's not much ofa disco, soles add some sound, Scripts tab above the Scripts area. Now click Events Clickthe sound tab and drag play drum [8] for inthe Blocks Pane and dragthe when flag clicked block nto the [0.2] beats and connect tto the bottom of the stack of blocks. Scripts area. This block represents the start of your program. ittells Click on the blacks and Scratch Cat will mave and a sound will come Scratch to run thraugh the blocks below it when we clckthe Green from your speaker, Flag con above the Stage window. i = = 0 lL = (2) “=a (Creating Scripts in Scratch Dancing is a back and forth affair, so let's get Scratch Cat moving back. Drag another move [10] steps block tothe bottom of the stack Now click the 10 and change itto =10 (minus 10), Entering minus Figures moves the cat backwards, Drag another play drumblock tothe bottom of the script. Pick different drum sound. We chose 13. — f EDITING SCRIPTS Scratch Cat ony moves back and forth once, which SSIES) isn't much of a party. Click Control and drag the forever blockto the Sriot Aes Careful postion beneath the when [flag] clicked block but above themove [10] steps block The spt shoud nest hin the two prongs of the Forever block Cte Green Flag onto stat the dco cckthe red top lento end the program Nothing is set in stone, and you can move your blocks in and out of scripts and even have several scripts or parts of scripts in tthe Script Area. Scratch is Far more Forgiving than other programming languages for experimentation. STEP 1) fes)pretty bad form to use the forever Block ‘or a forever loop in programming. Programs are ‘Supposed to run from start to a inish. Even programs like Scratch have an end point when you quit the program. You want to replace the forever block witha repeat one, Click the forever blockin {yout script and drag t dowin to separate it From the other blocks. Yourmoveland/play drumBlocks are stil nested within the forever block though and you want to keep them. Click the topmost rove block and drag tout of the Forever block [t's now good to gebtid ofthe forever blockso. drag it to the left and back to the Blocks List to get rid oft STEP 2 = Nowéraga repeat [10] Block fromthe block ist andeonnectietSEfginen [flag] clickedblock inthe Script Area, Now drag the top play drunblockaf the stack insidethe repect_ [10] block If you dragthe top block ll the blocks underneath move witht and the whole lot willbe nested insidetherepect [10] stack STEP 3 ‘You can position the stack anywhere on the Script ‘Area and even keep the unused blocks around, although we thinkit’s good practice to keep only what you are using in the Scriot Area and remove ary unused blocks, Click the ‘Green Flag icon above the Stage Window to view Scratch Cat doing ‘ashort dance. wwmbémpublcatonscom | 51 STEP 4EP Programming with Scratch and Python) Interaction in Scratch INTERACTIVE CONTROL The only Control option we've really looked at so Faris the when [flag] clicked block, whi starts the program. Once the program is running it does its thing, right up until it Finishes. You're going to use the other Control blocks to do something more interesting, (Open the Dancing Cat program from previous tutorials Select Sprite1 and click on Events so you cansee the when [fag] clicked script. Now click Controlin the Block Palette and dragthe when [space] key pressed block to ‘antempty part ofthe Script re. la == = = ce a = — You can drag and rearrange the block scripts to any pat ofthe Script area We ke to have our when [fag] Licked scripts in the top left butt really doesn't matter where they are. t's also worth potting that we now have more than Cone scrit for Sprite; you can have multiple scripts For each sprite in your program. wee goingto mate Scratch Ctjump up and down SEP) when we press the space bar. Click Motion and drag change y by [10] and cip tothe when space] key pressed bloc What's wth they"? Thsisuhas owns Pcoordnae FI aa = = = = — ‘The position of each sprite on the stage is shown Using two variables, xand y. These are referred toas the "coordinates". The xis the sprites horizontal postion ‘on the stage whilst the y coordinate isthe vertical position. Click and drag the sprite araund the Stage and youll see the x and rhumbers change.Interaction in Scratch The centre of the tage x0 andy.0. As youve 1275 the sprite up and to the right the numbers increase andasyourove lef and down the decrease (Gong into negative numbers) Sowhenwe use the chonge y by. [10] block says take the current value of y (the vertical position) and increase it by 10. That mates ow et jump up. hat goes up must come back down, So crag S16 another change y by [10] block and attach it tothebottom othewhen [space] Key pressed cpt Now change [18] to [-10] Clk the GreenFlag and run he program, Now pres the space ar nd. cho, ating heppers Weve js encountered ourfrst "bug FIXING YOUR SCRIPT ‘We know that there's something wrong with our script and we want to see Scratch Cat jump when the space bar is pressed. So let's quickly squash this bug and see it working. STEP 1. ) theproblemis that programs are superfast and highly visual programs like Scratch can move in the blink ofan eye and that's what is happening here. Ifyou tap the space bar repeatedly while the pragram is running you'llsee ‘Scratch Cat Flickering as it jumps up and down. * oo eo The chalenge that our mation conto move the area cat instantly from one place to another, so fast that ie cart see Sometimests ine, Ike our back and Forth dance, but obviously we need to slow downthe ump. Helps than. Click the Mion ab fo vew the Maton Blocks Braganait [1] secs block from the Blocks Palette and isertieunderneath the change Ly] by 10 block Now press the space bar on the keyboard to see ‘Scratch cat jump up, and then back down, Notice that you don't need to press the Green Flag con to run the program; the Green Flag starts our other scrip. STEP 3 We think Seat Cat stays in the aa ito tng see ‘We want a jump, not a levitation effect. Change thewait [1] secsMarableto [0.25 | Thisisa quarter ofa second and il sve usamore fn hop. Press the Gren Flag to Sat the script and tap the space br whenever you want Scratch Catto jump. wu bmpublcations com 53BIBS Proaramming with Scratch and Python) Using Sprites in Scratch So far we've just got the one sprite in Scratch, the eponymous Scratch Cat. In this tutorial we're going to add a second sprite and see how to make the two sprites interact with each other. LOOK SPRITE Sprites are 2D (flat) graphics drawn on top of a background. They are commonly used to display information in games such as. health bars, scores or lives. Older games are composed entirely of sprites, just like our Scratch project. PEPER We're a0ing to add another sprteto our project and JESIEIEM ali the blocks on the Script Area have vanished. The ‘second character to the scene, Click the Choose scripts we built For Scratch Cat relate to that object, Sprite From Library button, just above the Sprites pane. Thisopens not to our newprite. Click on Spritet in the Sprites pane to view the Sprite Library that displaysall the different characters available. the Scratch Cat scripts again, Then click Giga to return to your Giga character. PEPIIPDD click on the Fantasy linkin the sidebar and choose © RAB now that we have more than one sprite, i's a Giga, Click OK to add the character to the stage. ‘good idea to name them. Click the "icon next to Click and drag the sprite to reposition Gigato the right of Scratch Sprite Change Spritet in the text box to Scratch Cat. Take a look at CCat-Notice that a Gigaicon hasjoined Spritet inthe Sprites pane. _the other options here. You can remove a sprite from the stage by Lnticking the Show checkbox, without deleting it from the project. 54) wwldmpublistions.com(_ Using Sprites in Scratch Select ig and choose Evens Drag aie 1275 [space] key pressed and change [space] to [right arrow]. Adda change x by [10] block beneath, Shife-click the script and choose duplicate to create another. For the second script change the when [right arrow] key pressed to [left arrow] and change x by [10] to [-10}. CHANGING COSTUMES (We're quite sure you can see where this is going Press the Green Flag icon and our Scratch Cat object willstart to dance and stil jumps with space, whilst our other ‘object, Giga, can be moved left and right using the arrow keys on cour keyboard ‘Our two objects, Giga and Scratch Cat don't have to look like the original characters. That's ust the name we've given to each sprite. The visual appearance is a costume and our objects can change their costume and look completely different, STEP 1 ) Select Gigain the Sprite Pane and click the Costumes tab. The Scripts Area now displays the ‘costumes being used by Giga, including the current look. Choose New. You start witha blank stage containing a single Scratch Cat spite lick Control and dragawhen flag clicked block tothe Script Area, You're going to create a simple game where Scratch Cat ralls two dice and winsif they're both the same ‘number. Click Data, Unlike other sections there are no blacks here; instead we have to create the variables we need. We need two, one foreach dice Click Make a variable and enter diced into the ? window making sure that your variable stats with @ lowercase letter. There are two options here: For all. sprites andFor this sprite only.For all sprites allows every Sprite to use the dice; this is known as a global variable. For this sprite only means that only this sprite can use the two dice variables hiss known ‘salocal variable. Thisis useful ifyou want to create anather character with their own set of cice and play against each other. ‘We're doing thatin the next tutorial, so choose For this sprite only and click OK,( objects and Local Variables Avhokbunchofessprensinte sk BEER Bah he rt ane arate carey 1275 Palette. We can now use our dice1 variable but Su6 ‘empty. They could be anything we wanted, but wewanttwo des cickMake @ Variable agi endthstime we want them tobe a andom number between | and Drag the enter dice2. Remember to choose For this sprite onlyand set [dicel] to [@] block and click it underneath the when ideo flag clicked boc brag another set [aicel] 0 [0] Bock underneath and change the (ace sting to Edice2) SMOOTH OPERATORS ‘Operators are used to change the values of variables. Some of these will be Familiar; you've used the addition operator ‘+’ to ‘add two numbers together. Programs can also check if numbers are equal, bigger or smaller than each other or even not equal Click the Operator tab and drag apick randor ‘The - operator checks if two things are the same STEP 1 Vito t0bleeandehopitines ie [0Tliiset STEP 3 AT aed ee EES Gicel to (0]/GHSRGEthe [10]toa [6] solereadsset dice1 | BslsanUUise.ice1.tothespaceon theleft ofthe -block Drag) ito pick random [1] to [e]sWhenie cickthe GreenfFlsg) dice2itothe ssae@on the ight of the - block. ‘twill pick a number between 1 and 6 and store tin the dicet Wariable, Addapick random [1] to [10])blocktodice 2nd. also setitto [6]. ‘We need to check the two dice. Click the Control Finally click the Looks tabanddrag say [Hel lo! j) area tab and drag the tf else block tothe script. sree blocks into the 1 f and <| se spaces. Change the PRESSE ete block vesebstorebutiesas trthe (TETToT testinal win! Tandinel seta (On no. ‘happens, do this; if not, do this instead.” Now click operators and 1 lose! ]. Click the Green Flag to play the game, took forthe - block Bragitint the space next to oa b= le ng eyes wwmbémpublcatonscom | 58)Fab) Programming with Scratch and Python Global Variables and a Dice Game DOUBLE TROUBLE We're going to start with the dice game from the previous tutorial, but create a second character. The Fancy OOP word For this is “instantiation”: creating an instance of something ~ in this case another instance of Scratch Cat. BETTSEDD . This sits between two numbers, i.e. 3> 2 and lets you know ifthe number on the left is bigger than the one on the right. STEP 1 Bothspritesare going to announce their score and the one with the highest score wil say, twin! CRETE drag say [hello] for 2 secs: Naw dick Data land drag_vic_total Rofeplaes [hel Lo PRRs part of the ‘game is réady, we're going to use an iF block with an > operator, For the next part of the game. Eom = ee =e, Be mere] = a] = ==> ie — = STEP 3 ‘Bob needs to run the same script, only with bob_ total in place of cat_total. We could write Bob with the same code but the point of objects that you can stamp out ‘copies. Shft-ck Bob and choose Delete, Now shift-click Vic and ‘choose Duplicate. Click the Info con and rename Vic2 as Bob. {lick Controtand drag an «block to the script ag I Slot in the «block. Click Variables and drag vic. total tothe left ‘ofthe block and bob total to the righ: Finally click Looks and, dreqa|say [hel Lo!) BIGeRinside the «F block and change the Roxio win' ‘ou need to cange Bobs variables Change sree iset_vic_totalfgset bob_totaljandsay frTetotatllsay bobo li spiaahe vc Totaljandbob total | blak Now eke Gree Flag conto play the me, Vic and Bob role the de andthe inners announced wurbémpublcatonscom | 61EP Programming with Scratch and Python) Classes and Objects SCRATCH THAT ‘00P can be hard to explain, but makes sense when you start using it. Fyou've used Scratch then you already have an idea of what an object looks like, it looks like a sprite. This is why we detoured into Scratch. It's great For learning OOP. PEPER | thistutorial we're going to open the dice game program that we created earlier in Scratch. Resize the window and place Scratch on the leftthand side of the screen. [Next we're going to recreate this game in Python using objects, so you can see how objects are similar to Scratch sprites ‘Open Python 2 and choose File> New Window. Resize the Editor window tothe righthand size of the screen. Choose File» Save As and nameit dice_game. Now let's hhave a look atthe objects in Scratch. We have two: Vic and Bob. Each has three variables (two dice and a total) both pick random, ‘numbers between 1 and 6 and check ta see if their totals bigger than the other, from random import randint PID ow let's define our cass, which we're going toca. Diceanimal. Enter: class DiceAninal(: dicel = 0 dice? = 0 total = 0 Notice the funny capitalisation of DiceAnimal. This is known as CamelCase and class definitions should be named in this Fashion.(Classes and Objects Now we'e gong to define a function that os both ona dice, and adds the two together to create the total. inde the class indented our ines tone up wth ce, dle? and talent ths def rotlaice(set®): self.dicel = randon.randint Ct, 6) Self dicee = random: randintCl, 6) Self total = self-dicel + self.dice2 CREATING OBJECTS ‘Now that our classis ready, we need to create two characters from it. One ‘vic’ and one ‘bot Looks Scat, ndyou'see th the sre as S16 the set dice? to pick random 1 to 6 block. But what arethose sel bits about Remember that ic and Bob have the din dee. ies ke re going beacesed sevice ane diced and Bos using bob det andbobiced but the dass doesnt Know what we'e gong to calleach object stead uses"sel 953 placeholder This works matter what name ech objet hs "These are known as objects, and ‘also sometimes as instances (or ‘object instance’). Because each one is an instance of the DiceAnimal class. STEP 1 £feating an object in OOP has abig fancy name: "instantiation’. Don't be impressed by the {fanquage, allt meansis creating an instance of your class. And this {s exactly the same as creating a variable, ony instead of passing in ‘a number, orstring, you make it equalto your class, Enter this. Wvic = DiceAnimal() b= DiceAnimalc) ‘There, that wasn't hard a all. You now have two objects, a vic and a bob. You area access the variables and functions inside the object. using the objects name followed by a dot. To access Vic's dice, you “usevic.dice1 and vic.dice2. We're going to get both objects to roll thei die and store the total inthe own seltoal. Enter Wic.rolldicec) bob. rolldiceC) ‘Now we're going to use dot notation to access the values inside both the cat and lobster. Enter STEP 3 this code: print “Vic rolled a™, vic.dicel, “and a” ivic. diced) print “Bob rotted a™, bob.dicel, “and a” bob. dice7] Finally, vee going to use if elif and else statements to create the game. STEP 4 | Enterthiseade: RF vic.total > bob. total: print "Vic wins [elif bob. total > vic. total: print "Bob wins” jelser print “It's a draw” ress FS to run the game, wwmbmpublcatonscom | 631! a Ls TT Dp anil Working with Code Na UU) CDRS UC ECA oD IDE and expecting a result. Working with code Uo eT Rod ee Lm Cele T CUT: Rod Sees EE aE re ee ed PT SU EU eee ce Oo ees UN Ce ete er er cueeea Leen) how to avoid them. You can learn how to check your code with checklists, find sources of help when you're stuck and test your code online ina safe and secure environment. Pe ere UR eRe am Re een aun ec eu Re ee aC code from other developers. Being able to. recognise mistakes, fix them and then help others is all part of becoming a better coder. CoCommon Coding Mistakes NUR eee hae NR Mu Aue cme ey Tag down to inexperience and those mistakes are great teachers in themselves. However, even experts make the occasional mishap. Thing is, to learn from them as best you car X=MISTAKE, PRINT Y ‘There are many pitfalls For the programmer to be aware of, Far too many to be listed here. Being able to recognise a mistake and fix tis when you st Ie would be wonderful to be able to ‘work lke Neo from The Matrix movies. Simply ask, your operator toads it into your memory and you instantly know everything about the subject. Sadly though, we cant do that. The First ‘major pitfallis someone trying to learn too much, too quickly. So take coding in small pieces and take your time. Use comments. I's a simple concept but commenting on your code saves so many problems when you next come to look over it Inserting comment lines helps you quickly sift through the sections of code that are causing problems; also useful if you need to review an older piece of code. 10 move into more advanced territory. "Meaningful naming for variables is @ must to eliminate common coding mistakes. Having letters ofthe alphabet isfine but what happens when the code states there's. a problem with x variable. It’s not too dificult to name variables tives, money, playert and soon. points write" write + "totaltimes" secs’ write( Y write("Your total Score is: “+totalscore) 4 PLAN AHEAD While it’s great to wake up one morning and decide to code a classic text adventure, it's not always practical without a ‘good plan. Small snippets of code can be written without, too much thought and planning but longer and more in depth cade requires a good working plan to stickto and help iron out the bugs.USER ERROR BACKUPS RE-INVENTING WHEELS SECURE DATA Co eeWorking with Code Beginner Python Mistakes DEF BEGINNER(MISTAKES=10) Here are ten common Python programming mistakes most beginners Find themselves making. Being able to identify these mistakes will save you headaches in the Future. RECTAN) To .2dd to the confusion that most beginners already Face when coming into programming, Python has two live versions of is language available to download {and use. There is Python version 2.7 xand Python 3.63. The 3.6.x version isthe most recent, and the one we'd recommend stating, But, version 2.7x code doesn't always work with 3.6.x code and PT tela) Bem {'eProarammer has and does at some point go on the internet and copy some cade to insert into their own routines. There's nathing wrong with Using others’ code, but you need to know how the code works and what it does before you go blindly running iton your own computer. Creatldlete a tt fen a python program INEM ononusesrecse displaying ts code. The indents mean thatthe code in that section isa partof the previous statement, and not something inked with ‘another part ofthe code, Use four spaces to create an indent, not the Tab key, FeV a emp 92! we mention commenting l’sa hugely important Factor in programming, even iFyou'e the only one who is ever going to view the code, you need to add comments as to what's going on. Is this function where you lose alife? Write a comment and help you, or anyone else, see what's going on,Remember that in Python a loop Goa Ese 75 doesn’t count the last number you specfy ina range. Soif you wanted the loop to count from 1 to 10, then you will need to use f= ListCrange(t, 119 Which will return 1 t0 10. neem =e x (SSIS need to check any variables you assign. For example, Lives=10 isa different variable to lives=10, calling the wrong variable in your code canhave unexpected results Baw File Eat Shell Debug Options Python 3.6.2 (v3.6.2:5¢433b5, Jul on wins? Type "copyright", >>> Lavessa0. 35> Laveass >>> print (Lives, lives) 109 Python i a case sensitive programming language, so you will fndow Help ® 2017, o4iaes wozedite" ox "License()" for mor ERE &eryone forgets to include that extra bracket they should have added to the end of the statement. Python relies on the routine having an equal amount of closed brackets to open brackets, so any errors in your code could be due to you Forgetting te count your brackets; including square brackets def print_game_status(self): pEint (board[ien (self.missed_tetters)]) Print ("Word: ' + self.nide word()) print (‘Lercers Missed: ',) letter in self.missed letters: Print (1etter,) print () print (‘Letters Guessed: *,) for letter in self.gueased letters: print (letcer,) print (0) Beginner Python Mistakes el / \ XN ls common for beginners to forget to adda colon tothe end of a structural statement, such as def quess(self, Letter): ‘And oon. The colonis what separates the code, and creates the indents to which the Following code belongs to. Using the wrong operator is also a common mistake to make. When you're performing OPERATORS ‘3 comparison between two values, for example, you need to use the equality operator (a double equals, ==). Using asingle equal (=), isan assignment operator that places a value toa variable (such as, lves=10), » is not equal ase 10 19 equal co eR ne Witing code for multiple platforms is difficult, especialy when you stat to utilise the external commands ofthe ‘operating system. For example, iF your cade calls for the screen tobe cleared, then for Windows you would use els. Whereas, for Linux you need to use Clear, You need to solve this by capturing the error and issuing it with an alternative command, ‘esayetem(tcieas") print (s\moossoooopbyehon 3 File Managerccececccce\s")BED g with Code ) Beginner C++ Mistakes There are many pitfalls the C++ developer can encounter, especially as this is a more eon ener Rote iMaelene tes enursem cists helt Lemay step at a time and digest what they've learned before moving on. VOID(C++, MISTAKES) Admittedly 's not just C++ beginners that make the kinds of errors we outline on these pages, even hardened coders are prone to the odd mishap here and there. Here are some common issues to try and avoid. Ce Scommon honest a common mistake with most programming languages, is when you try and output variable that doesnt exist. Displaying the value of x on-screenisFine but not if you havent tld the compiler What the value of is to begin with File Edit View Search Tools Documents Help Hoalinw~|xoHl|ag (Citestt.cpp x #include int main() { | std::cout using namespace std; int main() { int x; string mystring = "This is a cout << "What's the value of cin >> x; cout << x; { cout << "\n\n"; cout << mystring; } PERT 0 e+ variables aren't Intialised to 2ero by defaut. ‘This means if you create a variable called x then, potentially, itis place at the start: ./MySeript. . davide mint-mate ~/Do. Fle Edit View Search Terminal Help Cire Toten ese ote) once fotecrae ‘Most of us automatically continue waiting script code without entering Pee} wihitespaces after a variable butf you've been using other programming languages then it can become habitto hit the space bar frequently. In criting, there's no spaces on either side ofthe equals sign for variables. So, word = Helo is wrong, whereas wordsHeLlo is correct.(_ Beginner Linux Scripting Mistakes El” eee eR Setting ascript that copies files from one place to.another, such asa backup script, can be tricky. ‘The part that stumps most Folks isthe naming oF some files. I you set variables as the file and target, you need to encapsulate them in quotes. This way any whitespaces and extensions are considered. suchas, €p “Sfile” “Starget” bin/bash file=*.mp3 target=/home/david/Music $file’ "$target" (ooh Sg MUN} ‘sal too easy to mistypea ‘command inthe Terminal. When you doit ina script though the end result can be failure or something totally different. Bore you save and execute the script, have a Auick look through to check you've not mistyped a command, ’ “Hello.sh (-/Documents) le edit View Search Tools Documents Help Ho%®nrv|/xyoH ag Ba *Hellosh x #1 /bin/bash Jecho "Hello World! ehco the best script ever Tee While frustrating to the coder, it's always amusing to see someone who's written ‘script and inserted a Microsoft command instead of a Linux ‘command. Clearing the screen is popular, where in Linux you use ‘clear, someone who's got their DOS head on uses €1S. . ‘Helle.sh (-/Documents) Fie Edt View fog Search Tools Documents. Help XoO0o ag Ba tHelosh x #1 bin/bash clear ‘echo cls echo Welcone to eee Sm Abv2¥5 be cautious when copying scripts you've Found online into your systern ‘and executing them. There are some Linux commands that kill yur system beyond repair, Forcing you to reinstall the OS. The rm “tf command, for example, wipesall the Files and folders off your system, Always research script contents before executing +1 saya tear Steep 5s read <2 pass ~ step 3: che spore | sudo "s ra rf PSR Following on From the previous common mistake, never blinly enter ‘awebsite into a script or the Terminal that downloads and executes ‘script. There's a good chance it could cantain something malicious ‘or wipe your Files. The command wget http//somewebsite-O |sh downloads a script and automatically executes it. PSI ae eR popular mistake with most Bash scriptersis missing out vital operators in their code. Missing quotations marks in an echo ‘command, oF square brackets when using loop, and even Flags For ‘external commands can have undesired results when you execute the script. Bestto check through your code before running it. pea xoajag ie C6 on such Tei i=> Working with Code ) Code Checklist IFyou want your code to be effective, portable and useable by others, then you need to Pteuiaiahcuotente mee ek eee en tee ern Ce Mako mur Sca a tide eon cet PLAN AHEAD We've compiled a brief checklist that you can start using to help you iron out any issues. Then you can ready your code so it's well on the way to being used elsewhere. Recent research by the Software Engineering Institute suggested that programmers can make between fifteen to twenty mistakes intheir code, and these are experienced coders. The rest oF us probably make significantly more as we earn our coding stripes and build our skills ‘Therefore, having an effective plan that you can run through once you've successfully created a program helps you immensely and ensures that common issues are identified and dealt with. The checklist we've created here is merely an example you can use to start with; as you build on your experiences as a coder, and as you stretch your coding skils, you wil undoubtedly expand thelist to include your own identified checks. Don't Forget also, to continually add to the last part of the checklist, the Mistakes check. Being able to see your past mistakes helps you form a muscle memory that gets ri of them before the ‘actual checks begin,( Code Checklist Performance bottlenecks? Sr any mistakes yoy find to help get lext time, ent "id of them ny=P Working with Code Where to Find Help with Code Esc a ee cR es Mon tee smu asl sc like sorcerers in search of the fabled Philosopher's Stone when they came across something they couldn't fix. These days, help is just a click or two away. HELP == CODE Here are ten top places you should bookmark as a beginner coder. These places offer invaluable advice, help, hacks, tips, Fixes and everything else to do with your code. ECTS 22otebionespresramming StackOverfiow has millions of experienced and beginner users who are ready to offer help and advice. Within you can ask questions about Python, C+, scripting, networking and countless other topics Check cout at: www.stackoverflow.com/. ‘also a lot of coding jokes, the sort that only pragrammers would get. Find out more at: wwwawww.reddit.com/t/programming/. a ‘Quora deals with a wide range of topics, from who ‘would win a fight between Popeye and the Hulk tohow do passa sudo password through C++ code. Once you've lagged in you can browse the questions, search for specifics and post your own. Login at: wwwamww.quora.com/. Baraat em 4 p2rt ofthe StackOvertiow network oF communities, ‘StackExchange is by far the largest programming led cammmunity on the Internet. You can ask any programming specifi questions (as long ast follows the rules) and it gets answered professionally and cexpeciently: www.stackexchange.comy.( Where to Find Help with Code ei” PRMD With articles, discussions, source code and an excellent community, CodeProjects certainly worth bookmarking and paying daly visits to. It covers virtually every programming language you can think of and questions are quickly answered ina professional manner: wurw.worw.codeproject.com/. Pellet eel SSR coosle Groups has encompassed al the alt.comp IRC groups these days ‘and made them viewable without too much difficulty. There are Countless programming specific groups available; all you need to do 's find one that suits you and get posting: www-groups. google.com. (ool a7 Ne) ‘This friendly discussion board sa great place for new coders to start looking for help or advice. t's an easy to use setup where you can learn about and ask questions on programming languages, books, careers, engineering and much more, Checkit out at www.coderanch.com/. May levels. However, that doesn't mean non-students are excluded from the huge resources availabe, There are plenty of sections that cover programming, so dive in and have a look aroun: www.chegg.com/. Dzone offers the user a wide range of help on Java, |OT and much more, There are guides, Zones, where you can, ‘get specfichelp and information and tons of tips for upcoming developers. You can findit at: wwwadzone.cony,. {OZone ED This sa kind of a social media network for developers, where you can ask Fellow er ‘aquestion and they answer you as quickly as possible. There are ‘also blogs, tutorials, projects and much more to discover: ‘wwe findnerd.com/. Thissites aimed more at students who are studying coding at school, college or university eae ea eee ts aWorking with Code Test Your Code Online WWW.TESTINGCODE.COM You can test all kinds of programming languages online or just one in particular. It all depends on what language your working inand how you want it tested. Here are ten testing sites For bookmarking PESTER What can you do to further your skills, learn new coding practises, experiment and present your code and even begin to help ‘others using what you've experienced so Far? more than wing to spread thei coding knowledge, We recommend alive and up to date, There are millons of projects to choose From, s (SESS BED iereteccnten uel tentensr ERI secon orci oncodngond deelsnet atlentonta Ctra even CH sil Lee our Python knowledge ses such as SaciExchange Ifyou have shls going butlering anew cing nguageteeps the old rain. thesilsto stat and el others out ret onl wl you eel eal icking over nicely and give you a view into anather community, and good for doing so but you can also learn a lot yourself by interacting how they do things differently. with other members.( Where Next? El” Themebiemaistisagestricetotetour | EERE fyosverveshowtocoewthaneyfore Susp coding skills and present any games or apps you've SSIES) developer job in the future, then it’s worth starting created. f your app is good, then who knows, it could be the tobuild up an online portfolio of code. Look at job postings and see ‘next great thing to appear on the app stores. i's good learning what killsthey require, then learn and code something with those experience nevertheless, and something worth considering skills and addi to the portfolio when it comes to applying, include alink tothe portfolio. D coset = My Work: = cronicedorg Online cousesargndexilesofwteto — ERRERR) canyon tour cosn is ae soko, SUS take your coding skills next, even if you start S1aPS) consider approaching a college or university to see From the beginner level again. Often, an online course follows _iFthey have need fora programming language teacher, perhaps 8 strict coding convention, soifyou're self-taught thenit might be _ parttime or evening course. Ifnot teaching, then consider creating ‘worth seeing how other developers lay out their code, and what's your awn YouTube how to code channel considered acceptable ESTeGE AD etsharing, evenif you think your code isn't very ESSE) Contributing to hardware projctsisa great ‘900d. The criticism, advice and comments you resource for proving your code with others and receive back help you iron out any issues with your code, and you _learning from other contributors. Mary of the developer boards have ‘add them allo your checklist. Alternatively your code might be stings For coders to apply to for hardware projects, using unique utterly amazing but you wan't know unless you share it ‘code to get the mast from the hardware that's being designed.) Working with Code ) Glossary of Terms ST ednrete SiN ge MMI CUE MCR TEIN] De en en ooo terse ects coma CeCe eect Rp ote gain experience and try new things, your coding vocabulary will naturally expand A ALGORITHM process orset of rules tobe followed in calculations or other pprablem solving operations, especially bya compute. ANGULAR.JS ‘Angularjsis an open source web ‘application framework ‘maintained by Goode. APACHE ‘Apacheisan open source Unicbased Web server. ewas created by the Apache Software Foundation AJAX ‘AJAXstands for: asynchronous davaScriptand XML. Itisa set of web development techniques \tlsng many web technologies on the client side in orderto create asynchronous web applications. API ‘AN APlisan application programming interface. bisa set ‘of routines, protocols and tools Forbuiding software applications. APIs express software components interms (oftheir operations, inputs, ‘outputs and underlying types. B BACKBONE.JS ‘Backbonejsis a JavaScript Framework with a RESTFul JSON, interface andisbased on the ‘model view-presenter (MVP) application design paradigm. BOOLEAN SEARCHING Boolean searches allow you to combine words and phrases Using the words and, or, not Cen (Boolean operators to limit, broaden or define your search, BUG ‘Ammistakein the program. A point of error that causes the ‘program to top, or behave differently than expected. BRACKETS Characters often used to surround text. The different types of brackets are Parenthesis, Curly Brackets, Angle Brackets and Square Brackets. C CALL Torun the code ina function; also referred to as running’, “executing” or “invoking! function, CLASS InPython,atemplate for creating user-defined objects. lass definitions normally Contain method definitions which operate on instances of the class. CODING Codingisthe act of computer ‘programming ina given coding language. COFFEESCRIPT Coffeescriptisa programming language that trans compiles to JavaScript. COMPILER Thisisa program that takes the code you have written and translates itinto the binary ones and eros of actual machine code, CONCATENATION Combining two things together, suchas two lit o strings of text CONSTANT ‘variable that never changes its value, Example: the Pl constant has the value 3.14 D DATA STRUCTURES ‘data structureisa method of ‘organisation of datain a computer so thatt can be used efficiently DEPLOYMENT Software deploymentisallof the ‘activities that make asoftware system available For use DJANGO ‘free open source web ‘application framework written in Python that follows the model-view:contraller (V0 framework. Dump Allst of data thatis saved fa program crashes, often asa textile tis very useful For siagnosing problems. E EXECUTABLE ‘program, usually single Fe, ready to berun, EXPRESSION A piece of syntax which can be ‘evaluated to some value: An ‘accumulation of expression ‘elements lke literals, names, attribute access, operators or function cal, EXPRESS.JS Expressisisa Nodes web application server framework,

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