yw" wave ahapig __cfacutts diecles , Ric RC cfreute 1 HEh Pass re cfacutt fq: J fo Pas % Leneat woavesha pf) —usikg Ric 4 Non- Unear woave cha pia] Linear Waveshaph Wane snore > ustag Afecles, parteatesr, Transistor _on-tfnenn voarestery clfectes , transistor, batteasles £4: cleppeas, Clampet Non-sinsofelol Alg fit be attowecl ch Binusoidat ancl Bo non - sinusctctak uooNe hape vor be charged a Integy mathematicrt ge High Ro cke chy Deyerertoer” a HEY poss ‘ gatfon FWP pass RO aK {_s decaying exponential rep2h9 TT] Hfgh_ Pas BE eke: i Arr, “e aha Qvte ——> Aas’ “d eran newtfal ‘Scanned wih CamScannerRole 4~Sapagim os) (Xe? 4 2 pots neactance tess ‘ ae WlO= * Fean e capacitance atts a4: 4. Ops chee sua ; fe eA" = outpeet eet a f ne i ceapactton ats anid sherk okt ae e waxtenutn- | [rete orrpae vortag® ae cand Aamp Ag rale on Nowaee ccporse or” uste Fe ere a Fl wt ; a Mathevatfcat CH) Fonte p_votage fie! pep ee a o fa t< ore \ Vy) = \ x y 4ye al | \, cow t oe step VP . or) poets Ye ; Voce? igi) |__+1 i : F fi) at Aire) = Vet) + Velt) ‘ x 2 LL fteyadt + RCD —@ “ ° we know that t e ] o! » toe s Volt) = (4). —* ® Then #4) = Volt) . Si & c ° ds G+O nO t a f vA dt +, Volt) a i ‘Scanned wih CamScannerSS «) —@ vt, Fura + %e i l Wil ge 3 dBbh- wa. t both ides duvet) = Ne &) ie eC +e aw Ct? ® Re elt ee Linear non- oraogeners equation - —t/ee oO Vo CE) = By, + B82 & — 1b- 12 aol? a ' ee _ciacutt we ipttghe_ Pass a ue) we? 1) 0 \, cout raed Vote? = B, + Bs 0 B, No (0) 7B! dr t= 00 : vo) = 8 — © sur @ fr @ B, = Vol) = Ve) 78 ar @r®@ * Oo | ut/Re vce = Vole) + [voce~ Ye (2) e —~® doar Vole Aavig eqn@® %& @ genet, expression trettal awel feaak voles f Vp Co) respec tvely ac tA me constant sd TS.4 time Aqutved. fpr capacfioa Kt yo Aeach al steady state and Vol?) ‘Scanned wih ComScannerNp SY VOU on frat vourdge. Assum vee VetR 7 Seow dingy? (rad) vie Ve te v= Ve +Vo Vo = V-Ve ltsurne that The capaction i fnttfa. Uy / ° at a time t=0- wince ann haage as Vp =O ic Vp le) = v —+ goats | ds time incaenses capacttoa , “ch ‘ho and Poa. Fr creasing. WRK f decacasing. At t= 00 the le capacttoa Fe fully chang ed to the “Pi Yo foe Nola) = VV —0 sub @ +O ir © ~tRE t) = Ve —@® ye Y pass RC Ckt for step voltage lp at wee Tre —~@ thr whne THRE 5 tuls Ait values at Vi take = in @ ‘Scanned with CamScannerelp vetage fs, -t/RC Yt ie MoCo) + lo) ~ Vo Co) ]é —® Geneal expression hon Oeste Nogales ‘Scanned wih CamScannertub @ “ lee ol 1 v4 | t ; | Vol) 4s | 7), I afoat v0 7 v | . wi po one Ty. ehh fpr wey y Lan pase RO ve yoy: howd} tne pao . at ; «ty take Mirae) { Trae . takes the voltage dn she fm " oft ffrns von qi “7 li tye Cin ApoE Mndfontfon dy sows fort the fn voltoge. re a ds continut 4 \ tee 1-204 Cpise time) = ob ect Mp eel v, 6ub nW@® a Vit) = vie] -t ON = v[i- é lee On = to etre, -tiee = 0.9 | -t; y Fs sie Pi Re (9) 4 | ibys 051 i", a v t= OR? are) L? ‘Scanned wih CamScanner£, to seach Ohe- tenth of the frat value - at t~ ta ~ tale | Pe ie eal : Hb/RC ont to: la y= 0.4V, vue fr @ ° - ae _ anton) 7 i on fesse] ty = * Fala 3 for t. Roop 8” qun0 ga wsavefoarn whien &% we whieh Prcacases Less thon, “00 ~o is Catleal aarp on Whi, aime for t 72 pineep a Yotkage aignes ‘Scanned wih CamScanner Lineal,yplt) = . ar +t>zo >t e uy Tes “the waveform for ax deno on Slope gamp vl the Jarnp gna. ¥ Apply tk MO Hay wrt? oH wpett) = Ve CHD + Vet) c et acaosr the ACTA) ) Vote) = et) * fey = “oe) R Wit) = Peay at + Rt) OL WO =e Putty. dt + MO ee o) R ett) = 769) Fe [%o@)- dt + Volt) —>O 5 6 ° dit, . both weides. drt) ot a Re 3 Volt) + ANCE dt URE step sancti y a1 y CH) + due elt) Reo t) dyyl! ig te . Eransfoim on bon ustles lat: SSPE Se dt RC it SNp Os) & votince Vplt) = xb. uct) — [ule) Rs noting but ] _ Toil 0 tx®O Ng(s) =_Ni ls? se [e oo Nils) = Ves). sc [r+ a] SC = WO). se [1 +R] =e Ve() = \ of if oS) 1 It Res | —> aerly LT on ©. ‘J ® Net) = J sz +6 LO As . Lanes ant ‘Scanned wih CemScannerEE 6h—hl( kewl CY ub © in @ oe Up (S) [resec| oe ol wd VS) = GF (ie sro vet) = te) " secs rs paxtiad fraction * ee a ay Fe TF oe P(e) \ oa 1 = As(s+-) +B (stHe)* wi . L.@ a eae | RC s=-YVee ~~ 7 pe ele wt ‘Scanned wih ComScannervyts? ~ Ss Wal both “ides Apply frverse LT OM : en TRS ee) 2 +0) Vet) = 9 a gs with b tonto wo ON etn OW ) aoken Ro ff « ! aaa Q@ whe — >»! RO —TIRC \ Then © 2 @ an above value |” Sub vet) = X@l— XRCO b) when RO>T » RO» I = — << || h Re * ~The Ea € e1- D+ To Re ert? Sub tke above vatue fr ® VT) = AT eRe + wee [pot 4 RC gRc?, aii me | ‘Scanned with ComScannerwit? = KPH ARC FARE HOT + T yah \ Vo = vy, € Ni Me wg oy ate t - Me. Cit) when Re << T Sur ® fn rom. the My Ct) Wey, entre mas GLY 7 ewe ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4 -ol- 2020 —_—_ Peacenctoge Hit Cp? i defined by ' Wo vice = —— > @® Viz ; oa) From tre HY ge +O - é oi Ni © sec a) Vo = V2 © ' Vo _v a ® vi“ oe ge wave A agree tT +] because | aye ie a yohkech TO t) 2 Ne © t yi = Me —® sub Ow 6 —+®© ~T/RC = NV Nt on sur © fn © =T/RC -~N vy, PRO yo is y =T/RE = vy e eae . -% y, (1+ A Rc) =v ‘Scanned wih CemScanner= Vv 2ati-%/2) 4 = 2) a It The ey é dR PMA Ctay® t4 Ci+ka). ev 1 +X.) sub ae thee ‘Scanned with CamScannery= b [= C+ #)| oe 1 ae woz eaten - Slee 4 Ire i = = _v bt (14) = Vv gtn a 2 (eee) “ (i+ xfs) > (1-3) jw slits) |e | sar OO % © yioo V/2 : = eT yioo ARC fa T too —-@ 2Re : 9 Relatfons Lip blo TRUE and Hie one Rc.=T at ‘Scanned wih ComScannergdb vrowe $req AY 2, Ms Relatfonete Due -es ») fect P se cores vies agen | Vo\C# sap dower HAI) — yl c) Relationship ho & on sub @ @ 3 Voie p= ae rl0o ot += 2RC No\ Bete ee) P 2T = T xI00 Pallant, ) fe Po Th. x rf, x l00 2 1$201- goa0 . Noy cu) The autponse of dow pas Re ckt to Aquat] sob @ ‘Scanned wih CamScannerThe -erpreasion {or olr ptt? = vy Ce) + [M00 ~~ |e a)Eqn__4p%_’ vy (2) = velod + [ atlec =Y, Mole Vp Co) 1, Vo we aye Ve Oe ‘Scanned wih CamScannergs PL | ateee wieder [eT ® Z tye y -T/2RE = e ve Ewe 7 os a a _t/2Re -ThPE{ — Ve © ae /, ~ “ed _Thec z v|[ “6 a [i é eet eee \ 7 aa) - ~(i-e Vv © 8 S reas) no 4 ome in Ar + = tH te - (e 2RC | ) 20-01-20 ee r= = ; “ gee? ape no vy = vB A compan 2 ze 7 ) compo = Ala © xi to Ce 41) ta! cot Cg Et ty Nv Dr a ~ swalt Mie MeN e% bs a (e wis ) TH Fic ne the (c%e*) coped = V [e%me-® a =v 2 a Mth hoe Se vis Csha a ~—— tan : a: Ao es NE on Osttive (peek 4 — ‘Scanned wih CamScannerdime Constant 72 nh. aa lp ‘ole ‘Scanned wih ComScannerte dams of current _ i ; Voltage i vi) =e feed , ° ith ~ 1 t®) é dvelt) AWD dt ee avy) lt 1. rh Integdotoa : vale? vet) => i Ro dr Jaw pos RO Ct th the trae Cony ey ve e fn arson worth thas Aequize fox The Pip lg, to wake On apprstate change the cht Ps Wed an bacegratoa - Voltage clasp acaoss C will be vi Awall tr Lson to the Voltage ag acapss R, and consthes tnat the 1 fle Ve appends acaoms KR only. Hence V, te) O App KVL Volt) = 1) = Ve Cr) + Ce) +0 ‘Scanned wih CamScannerUpc) = YR OP Rome S t vib = J Pu). dt ot \ \ 1). db = — ® No? a ° by & wily 2 avide EHS * aan muleiply ye [ ep. tin dt Vy le) * 6 RO oy vy lt) = a J te ae an regu “eg acaoss RK, Ae Rens wae wt abt gL tag conpactance the POE ex an augative. attennertor pecowes . Ake nich 2.fs not possible to Physioty ats vstay empacttance but tks pred, % hay capecttance can be neut 2o.4% 8 this is done by & attenuator — by tonne Cy acaoss r, The condiion that Psi +0 ee Precgy satis{y sfoa peyeck compensation Pe RC, = ke Oo —— © Compersccted . atlenuatoa ensoting pp * vb 1 vet) & es + : Comp ens ated attenuator vredaawn as & bry ugpose A uke fp eh magntiucle ¥ toa Connpersatech attenuator Arply KVL ytelds YCt> At t=o0? NS Myst Vogt = & py teame y ay wy f ate aot be ~ aber ‘Scanned with CamScannerro EES“ v=9[E2] vei Cs q {er rea] = vas qT Cyt Cn © the ole Voltage aN yo (ot) = 4 —>® 2 q@n® ypto? = vo & o * ate Co Vp Code NOE , Lo ! —>+ @ Cyr Cn ata ofp votige 1, detest behave Like -Ajroat ckl eroq coe Ty frstant enous ue “ deterrtnect by joa oO” the frol ole eg he nestetor OF ot ‘al tondstion works Fas on open ct. nda o steady Arte ceaien yo) = Vf — > © wes Rake : mpensation ts) applet“ Foa gerbect © | VpCo*) = Vole) —@ =v C) x VOR a - Cite, RytRa_ ‘Scanned wih CamScanner“CAG cy CR RD) i (crt c2) 2, C pt Cakes cy) Rot | ck fa Ry Ro Cr | gacolzo20 ; wees | P} Litters, 4 lo 7 eo son the ceatct. gone be, " i paueyox wt above OF pelow the x i the 4 tremrent i a Rectifier okt sortes, Mpg a Clépper Poole Upp, Types + Postetve Fat Negative CUPP ZS pPonatlel oj, Clipper = Neqattve Serer Chppen ee y fdegh tote dlfocle a Rp ee Bosates Potential : Ailton diode O-1V va Gerranfum clfocle 0-3V Adel Tamla, chonactestshies : \ ‘Scanned with CamScannerete: vel Non- fcleat drode Non = ENO NS $n non-teleal dfecle , Rfode

Hve Cléppe hb) farattel clipper sorte nego’ Peg 4 ~~ . f ye WeRL foa Wy 7oV Rit Re vy t ‘ 1 Ve ‘ , 1 ' t 99-01-4020 aa Two way parotlel clippers : R AW 4 OD y D Ned ie. DEEN + Vp » D+ ba OFF Vo = Min Ve > v. aM >, » 2 ON a0 Ore ‘Scanned wih CemScanner }ter, Jewel shthiend clacurt (Vollage dao fo abst dhe clestqnecl below the le vorsvelpy re cA cla are Clamp above 4 wave|oan? eriher operon’ clovel votthout otetvd the ha pe The evel bh por in the Ala car be hited cuing the Camper ckt fonce the clanepet can be vugeraerl as Level shiiser : Applleatee tse fo test equtpments conad blr e . aive__Clamp™ ps forward bias , st a} \o = ov piode foaucad aowrstan ce (Re) pg small The chugtg ob capacion depends 0 tT. te keto fg & aye cycle > wpfode fs AeveAsE bfas , operckt discharging oh copactto* doperals on & vor 0 ERC R vale es dawge “Ue Auigk Ctme constr is kg) tery KV poe ‘Scanned with CamScannerPosttve ClanP “ ae ver | Vo dfale ? RE N, =OoV ‘0 3D 4t he =m ‘a Apply ku owt Ne + % Fey Yy =P -Ve Vy 2 +¥ro7 (vm) " Men f= Sd Veo oe ae to Ms ° EB, pyrort cht dfode > “s KB, Open ckt ‘Scanned wih CamScanner10-02-2020 CAamaping Theorem fox any Tip wavetoan the AAea uncles + ° tae PA the foruoad ances oe in the Reverse attacction fs .equat to the aatio ey Me [Sa i Ag _ kg aua une he Guveue Ay =| Tenet noat cht ij fateaval O Genaation + cose Of. pure nO ioaveforrn ro 4. pure" @ monosiable MY? dt wos On ne stable tobe TH rate 1% or duccole on quosl tant stoke . SE asa racs external serfg ga. pulse #0 it yror akable state +0 quost stable pa ewctenval the, cht aut stable “State. The tym tre CRE aematns tn the quast sa or volich tote determined by Ke cet Compone™ Other names : One Aho het | fa Ho re piogle Spel, Oph unt- vibaotor ies and gaxing Set Co” ‘Scanned wih CemScannerP asotie ey st A bOI Re : vatate 26 quast «lable [oe ot Ql the state i lable tate The | et autematicatly makes We successive patifons from one quart Stable tate to ee lino oo | celal trigger pulse. CIA oes rot Aequtre ane) exteinal pulse for fansttion fe Catlect res sents 4 : Application HA is used as the generator oh " BQ Uore wanes - piatab av ) Freed bras transtator bistable MV Bg” “ v b) Sett biased 9 plas translatoa bislakle mv * : Peet bios SAT hs Qy OFF @_0N Ny Mee a, < OAmPME | Vaca % O°) M wo Mey: Side: 88 np ‘Scanned wih CemScannertwo ob, Ee ered na, Ae Ven to vethy 4 | tes: \ I Fig ee (gvensT Tes Les claaust Tea Lrinteos Paaivie me ts care cao ho) = ent 46 da) yvhowtng Re comme c Hons lus he \| Ter 4 tlecfoa aod fig Ce) inde age Ut OE ooo cpar + eae NTS “We Connection blu the follecto’ “> Ven 7 2 ee F ‘ Amume te transtston Qt SS orr + Orso Jince the watuaation vo \tog & Que “rr pret Ven =O, Vea= 0 FeaCtea) Iy- : Te Base yottege- Pay! \ my, Qkarsiaion tery 4 A Toe ; Va, = “as Rr ) Pty ape Rt Re | | + Vey Re . Veg =O waa | sea v incle CR me) + ° ‘Scanned wih CamScannerSe LTE) = [Mer = eRe) Vp) < O+1Y Pt ensures that Ql ?s OFF. , yor uohe-thes @2} ‘ON OA NOT, Coleulate 0 fer’ sa,-it Ter ' 2 q,= “er Veo | 1270 a... = FABIA —O10mMA Re a Ty = Yeo 7 Vee a = Teo _ 5. 2bx15 Ein Re O03 Jey (mintrouro, hoe 20 = 0-C12) \ 2, = 0.27MA Loe eee] pow to cotelate actual Tex + very Tet 27 Tp. (mfn) + " . Tye Ve, =Mpn. 220} [ea ermal Rot Ry UT68 Th = Nea7 “ee . O-C-12) => Re Took Ten = T,- Ty =O0.1mMA 7-0-1204 the transistor Qo As Ino > Bacms Wy 1 COA condétion) State incleecl fr ’atuaccHo! ‘Scanned wih CamScannerVeo ~ Ta Re Rye Floc.gs Vo) a (.1h0A XK Derk =1a- (01 x22) b, te cument + v Hence the vtable te Ou, % ae ' = —/-56V 7 the vveconel Stable state %& one th LOhtch Ps OFF land’ Qi fs on * above Currents ang ged fn Q + Q2. voltages ae Te, = 5 B5rmA Ip, =0-.58mA 24202-2020 Problerno : The fired bras bistable mv Mser the follecst & €v = 250k porameters Mee = 12, Vga HEV, R= 10k, Re Re oa. 2K 0 thee tranitatons Cae vétlteon’ bail war a Minimum value 4 hy 2 20 , Caleubtt the table vtate cument + voltages wohen | Mee (at), 0.4 + Neca) = OTN vol ' Veeceaty * Ver g (a2 fe On Q ts OFF) Voc Cat) Vaca ‘Scanned wih CamScannerfs OFF + Q2 ts on, = 0.2v dranistor At the =o.71v + Yeo in voltages Vag Q Evansistoad Assume _qu20%fo! é se voltage = Ves (esr BBR, +R2 ean (eta) ‘Scanned with CamScannerty = Ya pelonlaste Rw Re bok 6 seh Ty = O1286™mA Ten = Do Te e FT Fa [Fes = = parr" = Tea _ RaQ axio” Tp9 (niintmum) hye - 30 Opera. —— A ia (rst) = 0-407 | Atced eos Now to Calculate actuol Tag + Verthy that The need pg > Te2(n8n) - common 4 z= =ON, ~ Ta = Vec-Ver | — 2) Re tRy Z2ka10K [a5 = 0.43 ro] 7 Von = ¥, g* 88 _ Aggies 5 ORemmk =? f B q [> ee ° & + VY ‘Scanned with ComScannerfe pros ™ me need fon the nnegodtive powal supply tn fied yas pigtable mv can be elfrutnated. vest Cari oe Tetance, PE Ae pion’ ness € Aaa F anstston on ote OFF in aE, stable rare uch $y Pe Re biast ts called 608 pfaang + ckt 's called fey bese p Ahoat clunaifer pulse P Two dypes oh 2) rep vorrege Tatggeuag PAS JL 0a Loe et he 4; ftoa_oY Coparnsctucting £0 Becsey ox Tarp che. bestalle VY “Aeraain’, Fa tee stab fe | tate lL the higgatrg. pu ts applied to set [oa Aeet “terme (Gn wou appltation a prarsbet1on from one penous 4 necessary that the ee other hold OCCUr fnstar © o ie FSO lied to the Ary ‘4 t won 5 cet, Thes eed Gorton avons bee te as qossible - Taapsition tie i ctedine/ag f ie vteaval duakng whieh conduchon | ‘Scanned with CamScannertvansistoar to OMe, amatl Capacitance as athe ° wr one Jangyers Aon ne ° . Os & Fox ais POAPSS . hand whtR coupling eslsfoar 2), So a she ae . : mie fs - anes chansidion dime Aeduce, 199", alae do th eh Sable’ eles IS ag, “Rout Hing oStecble te: coutteuty withorst of{eetig ore v Ne ppc attons : at 49° Lreel 4oa he. paypamance at Wore proe-20 Stal opetatfon tice Cocarhing ics Toning a : Wrsyone at injoanecHon - Wed as we mony €lement mm shite AS Counters ete, @ dt can be used aga Peuoncy Me i ° Ww bistable wv ~ \ tinse Mmehical tig. eirg + L 7 3) ot | ae) . ~ wngereaden tip & cis orf “9g eng ku nym gemacht tig a Sigg ating Pe syrorpel ne to wet aA ckt Pa Prraler stag Ofhen Te 46.24 chi i, posile state lohen Ay Ts OFF + Qo fe ON . Then “he 7 + “ageing ae. ts applied +o Qo 7p te- Change 7 OFF. Dus to vohich at bersmes ON Then to Change “the wets Magen slg Fs then Sppiied to ‘ip % Qi which Ps OM FO male OFF. Due to uohich Q2 becomes OA, btg9e Koo seperate tggertng 4lg are wsed. ‘Scanned with ComScannerSs mmetrical User onty One tigges Ip a one transistor. One e/P iy app fs app lteal +o QI vohEch Pe 1995 nt makes @1 On And @2 OFF. ty ses ering Pp 1S appltecl +o tke “ame, oH ras do male ft OFF. tence Q2 15 of Re ab al “d e | 020 Ser py poor 0% Arf qgerst qs’ exer VO teak Clee eet | Intgarelcd | Boge amt (methot ) bs Camper Cave, ve) 7 elated Pr Tire grav , opplfeations Fred “bia mv pre Spauttor , speed UP ‘Scanned with CemScannerfo Vee, = Vea (2! + Vy - oa (2) SEQ G3) Vex,=0 =-6(te) “ee (200% . tsk, “ =LIB6 + 0.(304 Mee, = ~1.8250 "T= Mee = Veg, lg~ 0.185 — x Re “Sa = OLR ee RFR BR = OB RIE P oe = eR = Oe fattn = QI7 886A wee ‘Scanned wih CamScanner= =v \@= 0-1 _ | ieymaA IBOL6 mt = O45 - Qisima look ee ae 024974 MOA Vee — Ta Ke . -3 5) pe — (1-B1K IO xX 25 Ver 11-962V, _ Hs [pe 02-2020 (oe - sang 299* ar za x = Yow? Vp 2 Vee 7 Tee Rew Ves =O 0 ‘Scanned wih CamScannerVo weuTP-LTP Ve cro wane quut) Matti brats, : Lip ure toa Coupled Monostavte Clos apled stable + Quast s Stele GOFF! Q,ON | QF Q.oN | Gor, aol ; / Cy [. * v Tt Mei ty ‘Scanned wih CemScanner