UNIT 1 BRANCHES OF LAW VOCABULARY: definition of law, division of law Word-building v into branches, definition of various Word-order Future Simple Tense (Active, branches of law Passive) Verb to be (Future Forms) Verb to have (Future Forms) Conditional Sentences WARM-UP: What, in your opinion is "law"? Can people live without laws? What branches of law do you know? PRONUNCIATION A number of words from the text below can be difficult to pronounce. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Check that you know what each of the words means. branch (bra:nt J], justice ['d3stis], society [sa'saiati], violate [‘vaialeit} precedent [presidant], legal ['li:gal], judge [d3ad3], acceptance {ak’septans), injury [ind3 ari], unauthorized [‘An'D:@araizd], succession {sak’se fn], inheritance [in'heritans], govern [’gavan], power [paua], trial {traial], decision [di'si3zn], legislature [led3islatJ a]. .BRANCHES OF LAW © Lave enhance predicsability + Lanes muppart tie pormertl + Lawn renner order social + Les sonra undivalal eights ‘There have been, and will continue to be, different defi The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) saw law as Citizens of a state will do justice to one another", The Rom: Cicero (106-43 B.C.) contended that law was the agreemen nature, the distinction between the just and the unjust. Law consists of enforceable rules governing individuals and between individuals and their society. Law is one of the most necessary institutions. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without tegard for the rights of oth Nor could a society exist if its have certain obligations towards define a person's Tights and obli who violate these tules, and it s\ nitions of law a "pledge that an philosopher t of reason and relationship among ers. members did not recognize that they also One another. Law establishes the rules that gations. Law also sets Penalties for people lates how government shall enforce the rules In most societies, various government bodies, and courts, see that laws are obeyed. Because a Person can be penalized for disobeying law, most People agree that laws should be Just. With reference to its origin, law is from legislation or from custom, With reference to its Subject-matter, law is either private or public. Private law determines a Person's legal rights and Obligations in many kinds of activities that involve other people, The great majority of lawyers and judges spend most of their time dealing with private-law matters, More than 10 million cases are filed in the United States courts each year. These cases are called lawsuits or civil suits. especially police agencies derived from judicial precedents,1) Contract or commercial law assures the parties to private agrcements that the promises they make will be enforceable. A promise is a declaration that something either will or will not happen in the future. ‘A contract is an agreement that creates legal obligations. Contracts are made up of items such as offer, acceptance and consideration. When there are all these items, it is likely that a contract has been created. A wide variety of business activities depends on the use of contracts. b) Tort law recognizes that some acts are wrong because they cause injuries to others. Two notions serve as the basis of all torts: wrongs and compensation. A tort action is a civil action in which one person brings a personal suit against another to obtain compensation (money damages) or other relief for the harm suffered. The actions may cause bodily harm; damage of a person's property, business, or reputation; or make unauthorized use of a person's property. c) Property law governs the ownership and use of property. Property may be real, such as land and buildings, or personal, such as an automobile or clothing. People have the right to own property, to sell or leave it and to buy or rent the property of others, Property law determines a person's rights and obligations involved in such dealings. d) Inheritance law, or succession law, concems the transfer of property upon the death to the owner. People may also will their property to persons. Inheritance law also sets the rules for making of wills. e) Family law determines the legal rights and obligations of husbands and wives and of parents and children. It covers such matters as marriage, divorce, adoption, and child support. f) Corporation law governs the formation and operation of business corporations. Corporation consists of shareholders, who are the owners of the business. A board of directors, elected by the shareholders, manages the business. Corporation law deals with the powers and obligations of management and the rights of stockholders. Corporation law is often classed together with contract and commercial law as business law, Peviaies law involves government directly. It defines a person's rights and bligations in relation to government. Public law also describes the various divisions of government and their powers. vc law can be divided into four branches: a) Criminal law has to do with a wrong committed against the public oe Jaw defines the offences and sets the Mie for fed arse he |, and the punishment of offenders,b) Constitutional law. A constitution is a set of rules and principles that define the powers of a government and the rights of the people. The principles outlined in the constitution form the basis of constitutional law. Conflicts between 4 constitution and other laws are settled by constitutional law. c) Administrative law consists of the rules, orders, and decisions of administrative agencies (government bodies, such as departments, commissions, and boards, etc.), that are either granted to them by the legislature or that the agencies make to carry out their powers. ; d) /nternational law can be defined as a body of written and unwritten laws observed by independent nations and governing the acts of individuals as well as governments. It concerns trade, communications, boundary disputes, methods of warfare, the use of the ocean, and many other matters But international law, unlike other branches of law, is difficult to enforce, LANGUAGE NOTES Key words: law — arule; a statement of obligation within a legal system right —a thing one may do or have by law . . — a responsibility or duty to do something as required by law, obligation i a contract, or a promise to someone to enforce — to put a law or regulation into force; to make certain that a law is obeyed contract — a legal document that describes an agreement between two or more people of companies compensation — something given to make up for something; something given to balance or make up for something; something given to somebody to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury, etc. — something that is owned shareholder —— someone who owns a unit of a company's stock (stockholder) wrong —a bad, illegal, immoral, or improper action GLOSSARY interaction [,intarek fn] — a3acmonia belief [bi'li:f] — ipa; nepexonaHHs, nornay environment [in'vaiaranmant] — orouenHs; cepenonnure to enhance [in‘ha:ns] — s6iasurysarn, nocunosaTH predictability [pri,dikta’biliti] — nepenSayenna, npornos powerful [‘pauaful] — morytnit, cHbHHH to promote [pra‘mout] — niqanmysatn (na nocadi), CNpHaTH, NONOMaraTHorderly eare in) opranisopannil, peryaxpuni to sustain [sas'tein] — nigtprmysatn, 3a3nanarn (1 G redrest [dies] —annpestararsiamonmcent, aneneneree wrong [129] — Henpanua, 3110 evildoer ['i:vidu: 3] — snounneus, nopyummk to mandate [‘mzndeit) — Haka3yBaTH retribution [,retri'bju: {n] — piamnata, kapa definition [,defi'ni fn] — su3HayeHin pledge [pled3] — 3axnaj; sacrapa; o6inanKa justice ['d3stis] — cnpascammmicte; SaKOHHicTb, MpaBocysa; 1OcTHUS to contend [kan'tend] — teepauTH; HanonaraTH agreement (a'gri:mant] — sroaa; yroma, aorosip reason [ri:zn] — nprunna, mincrapa; posym, r1y30 distinction [dis'tigk Jn] — pisnuus, BUIMINHicTS; ocoGnmBicrs; BigMitHa o31aKa; xapakTepHa paca just [d3ast] — cnpaseamenit, sacnyacHHis; oGrpyHTopaHHit; mo Mac niactaBH, BipHuH, TOUHHE enforceable [in'f>:sabl] — saiftcuemti (npo saxon, naa); UO Mae osoBHY cHly, LO MOAKHa MIPOBCCTH B KHKTTA to govern ['gAvan] — kepyBata, npaBuTH relationship [ri'lei fn J ip] — cnopiauenicts; 3B°030K, BiqHOUICHHA necessary [nesisari] — Heo6ximuul, noTpiGumi institution [,insti'tju: [n] — 3acHyBaHHa, yCTAHOBNCHHA, YCTAHOBS to exist [ig'zist] — icHyBaTu; xHTH to please (pli:z] — xorimm without regards for [ri'ga:dz] — 6¢3 noparu 20 to recognize ['rekagnaiz] — nisHasaTH, pv3HABATH obligation [,>bli'gei fn] — 3060n'xsanxa; 0608's30K to establish [is'teblif] — 3achopysaru to define (di'fain] — nuavayaTn, xapakrepH3yBaTH to set (set, set) [set] — su3uauaTH, ycTaHoBMOBaTH penalty [‘penlti] — noxapanns to violate ['vaialeit] — nopytnyeatH (saxon | m.in.) to state [steit] —3asnnaTu; dopmysOBaTH, KOHCTaTyBATH to enforce [in'f>:s] — npuyuryBarH; sanposalkyBarH (saKon) court [k):t] — cya to obey [a'bei] ~— cnyxatuca, kopHTHca with the reference to ['refrans] — BiqHOCHO origin [‘Drid3in] — axepeno; mouaToK; NOXOKCHHA to derive [di'raiv] — noxoautu Judicial precedent [d3u:'di [1'presidont] — cynopuit npeyegenT legislation [,led3is'lei fn] — saxoHoganctB0 custom ['kAstam] — sexual; sBu4Ka yma [sabds; ikt'meta] — npeamer; 3mict rmine (di'ta:min} — su3ua%atu; snpitnysaru(ca)to involve [in'valv] — BiouoyatH,; MictHTH (6 cod), wrarysaTH lawyer [‘1D:ja] — ropucr judge [43d3] — cyana case [kcis] — cnpana to file [fail] — iru ony 3a onHUM; niguMBaTH (nanepu, casemu) lawsuit (‘1D t] — cygonnit npouec according to [a'k>:din] — signonigzno 20 to assure [a' [ua] — 3anesnatu; rapanrypatn, 3aGesneyynaTH to make a promise (made; made) ['pr>mis] — oGiuaTH item [‘aitom] — nyxer, naparpa, crarta offer ['sfa] — nponosunia acceptance [ak'septans] — npxiiiiatta; pusHanIA; CxBancHHA consideration [kan,sida'rei Jn] —- posraag; oGronopennsa tort law (t>:t] — nenixrne npaso wrong [rq] — Henpasuabnnit; noraHnit to cause [k3:z] — copH4HHHTH, BHKIHKATH, 3apnaBaTH injury ['ind3 ari] — yurkox«xenns (minecne); urkona; 36uT0K; ob pasa notion [‘nou fn] — nonsrrs; norisy, nymKa suit [sju:t] — no30B; cyzoauit npouec to obtain [ab'tein] — oxepxysatu; 3906yBarH; 1OMaraTHca damage ('damid3] — urona; nomkomxeniis; p/ 36HTKH relief [ri'li:f] — aonomora (epowoea mowo) to suffer harm ['safa'ha:m] — sa3napatn wikogH (36urKis) bodily harm [‘b3diliha:m] — Tinecue yurxopKeHHA unauthorized [‘an'd:9 araizd] — Hego3n0ncHHi; HepnosHoBaKeHHit real property [‘rial'pr>pati] — nepyxomict real — nepyxomuii (npo maiino) to lease [li:s] — 3qanatu (Gpatn) 3 openay to rent [rent] —31apaTu (HalmatH) B OpeHay; auep. AapaTH HanpoKaT inheritance [in’heritans] — ycnagkypanus; cnagkopicrL; cnaqumna succession [sak'se fn] — nocninosuict to concern [kan'sa:n] — crocysatuca, BinHocnTHca transfer [trens'fa:] — nepezaya to will [wil] — sanopiarn will — pons; 6axxanns; 3an0BiT divorce [di'v>:s] — posny4enns (pospua umo6y) adoption [a'd>p fn] — ycuuosnenns support [sa‘p2:t] — niarpimKa; onopa; yTpHMyBOHHA shareholder ['{ €a,houlda] — axuionep, nattosnk in relation to [ri'lei fn] — Biquocio to describe [dis'kraib] — onncysatn, s06paxaTH power [paua] — prada; MooknHBicTh; MOBHOBAKCHHA as a whole [houl] — y uinouy trial [traial] — cyaosnit posraag; cya punishment [pani fmant] — noxapania; Kapato outline ['autlain] — naxpecantn to settle [setl] — npufimarn pimenns, snpinynarn decision [di'sizn] — pimenns board [b3:d. npasalinus; pana (yemanoeu); Konerin: to grant [gra:nt] — aapatn legislature (‘led 3isleit fa] — sakononapia Brana; Jakonosany4i yeTanoun boundary dispute ["baundari dis'pju:t] — cnip bianocio kopazouin warfare [‘w2:f€a] — silina; upniiomn Bcacnna Bittin SECTION A COMPREHENSION Exercise 1:1 5 Minlicreperao Read the following sentences and choose the best answer. 1. Public law defines a person's rights and obligations ... . a) in relation to the constitution; b) in relation to the corporation; ¢) in relation to the government; d) in relation to the court. 2. Law can be divided into two main branches: ... . a) administrative law and private law; b) business law and public law; ¢) constitutional law and criminal law; d) private law and public law. 3, Law is ... under which a society is governed. a) a set of obligations and penalties; b) a set of rights and penalties; c) a set of enforced rules; d) a set of offers and agreements. 4. Public law includes such branches as ... . a) international law and tort law; b) constitutional law and criminal law; ¢) corporation law and private law; 4) criminal law and property law. 5. Contracts are created when there is ... . 4) offer, consideration and shares; b) offer, obligations and acceptance; ¢) offer, acceptance and consideration;d) acceptance, consideration and rights. 6. ... elected by the shareholders, manages the business. a) a government body; b) a commission; c) a court; d) a board of directors. 7. Property law governs ... . a) the sale of property; b) the leasing of property; c) the ownership and use of property; d) the buying of property. 8. Private law includes such branches as ... . a) contract law and international law; b) tort law and inheritance law; c) family law and criminal law; d) administrative law and corporation law. 9. With the reference to its origin, law is derived from ... . a) custom, legislation and history; b) judicial precedents, custom and environment; ¢) judicial precedents, legislation and customs; d) legislation, custom and constitution. 10. Two notions serve as the basis of all torts: ... . a) property and compensation; b) wrongs and obligations; c) compensation and punishment; d) wrongs and compensation. Exercise 1:2 Find the details to complete these sentences. It is not necessary to read the whole text again. . The great majority of ... and judges spend most of their time dealing with private-law matters. 2. People have the right to own ..., to sell or lease it. 3. Family law determines the ... ... and obligations of husbands and wives and of parents and children. . A tort action is a civil action, in which one person brings a ... against another to obtain compensation, . Conflicts between a ... and other laws are settled by constitutional law. . International law, unlike other branches of law, is difficult ... . . A wide variety of business activities depends on the use of... . 8. People may ... their property to persons. S IAW9, Corporation consists of ..., who are the owners of the busi 10. Law sets ... for pcople who violate the rules. usiness, Exercise 1:3 Use the information from the text to answer the questions. 1. How did Aristotle and Cicero define law? 2, What does law consist of? 3. Why can't any socicty exist without law? 4, What does law establish, set and state? 5. What bodies see that laws are obeyed? 6. What is law derived from with reference to its origin? 7, How can law be divided with reference to its subject-matter? 8. What does private law determine? 9. What is contract law? 10. What items is a contract made of? 11. What is tort law? 12. What is property law? 13. What does inheritance law concern? 14, What does family law determine? 15. What does corporation law govern? 16. Whom does corporation consist of? 17. What is public law? 18. What is criminal law? 19. What is constitutional law? 20. What does administrative law consist of? 21. How is international law defined? SECTION B VOCABULARY Exercise 1: 4 Translate the following international words from English into Ukrainian without a dictionary. Definition, philosopher, reason, individual, precedent, agency, subject, Public, private, determine, legal, activity, contract, commercial, declaration, civil, compensation, business, reputation, personal, formation, operation, direction, director, class, division, arrest, form, basis, conflict, constitution,administrative, order, department, commission, _ international communication, method. 2 Exercise 1:5 What is the meaning of the underlined words? Choose the correct answer, Use a dictionary to check your answers. 1. Law is derived from judicial precedents, from legislation or from custom, a) definition; b) example; c) forecast, 2. Most people agree that laws should be just. a) intense; b) unsafe; c) fair. 3, Private law determines a person's legal rights and obligations in many kinds of activities that involve other people. a) ascertain; b) define; c) dictate. 4. A contract is an agreement that creates legal obligations. a) plan; b) arrangement; c) schedule. 5. People have the right to buy or ent the property of others. a) lend; b) borrow; c) hire. 6. Corporation consists of shareholders who are the owners of the business. a) acceptor; b) manager; c) stockholder. 7. Criminal law defines the offenses, a) activity; b) crime; c) treason. 8.Conflicts between a constitution and other laws are settled © constitutional law. a) decided; b) determined;c) concealed. 9, Administrative law consists of the rules, orders, and so administrative agencies. dccisions of a) assessment; b) introduction; c) resolution. 10. International law is observed by independent nations. a) separate, b) self-governing; ¢) individual. Exercise 1: 6 Match each word on the left with its definition on the right. 1) togovern a) charges or compensation for harm or loss 2) will b) to rent a property to someone 3) judge c) lawful; according to law 4) to lease d) to guide, control, or regulate something 5) injury ¢) physical or mental damage or harm 6) civil f) to guide someone or something 7) lawyer g) an official who hears and settles cases in a court of law and who presides over trials 8) damages hh) a legal document that details how one's assets will be distributed after his death 9) tomanage i) someone who is trained in law and is a member of the bar 10) legal j) of or about citizens and their government, activities, tights, and responsibilities Exercise 1 37 Read the text and complete the gups using the words from the box. In each case only one word is required. statutes source common law state agencies regulations legislatures constitutional Constitution SOURCES OF AMERICAN LAW cele ee of American law is the ... tradition that originated in england. The US .., is the supreme law of the United States.Unless the constitutions of the states conflict with the US Constitution, the . constitutions are supreme within their respective borders. These state constitutions and the US Constitution together represent an important ... of American law, referred to as ... law. Other sources of American law include statutes — the laws enacted by the Congress and the state ..., This source of law is generally referred to as statutory law, because it is based on federal and state ... . Administrative law, which consists of the numerous ... created by administrative ... (such as the Food and Drug Administration), is yet another source of American law. Exercise 1:8 Use the key words from "Language Notes” to complete the sentences. 1. The police charged the thief with possession of stolen ... . 2. Local police ... the law in our town. 3, This is a ... that I cannot forgive you. 4. There are ten amendments in the Bill of ... . 5. The singer signed a ... with a recording company to make three albums. 6. When a president signed the bill, it became a... . 7. Max received his ... in stock rather than cash. 8. Tenants have an ... to pay rent. 9. Each ... received a dividend of 1.20 dollars per share. LANGUAGE SECTION: © PRACTICE Exercise 1:9 Use one of the following verbs (in the Future Simple Tense Active or Passive) to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negative. see deal be define become come make concern Example: A law in violation of the US Constitution ... unconstitutional. — A law in violation of the US Constitution will be declared unconstitutional. 1, Next month he ... a report about the history of common law which can be traced to eleventh-century England,2. Administrative law deals with the pow ‘i agencies, as .., throughout the text. Powers and duties of goverment 3.In the US with fifty separate State legislatures creating laws, the application of statutory laws ... exceedingly complex. 4.Criminal laws in the US states lend to vary from one jurisdiction to another, and what may be a violation of criminal law in one state (not) ... necessarily so in another, 5.Much of the content of administrative law (not) ... directly with criminal behavior. 6. These violations of behavior ... with by the criminal courts. 7.Citizens living within a society and sharing a common government ... inevitably in contact with one another. 8.The legal system ... specifically the rights of individuals, the duties of individuals to one another and to society, the rights of society and its duties to its citizens. Exercise 1 : 10 Make sentences from these notes and ask "Wh-questions". Example: The desired social order; law will play; in establishing and maintaining; a vital role. (What + noun?) — Law will play a vital role in establishing and maintaining the desired social order. What role will law play in establishing and maintaining the desired social order? 1.As responsible citizens; of their rights; the law‘of-a free society; and of their obligations; informs the citizens. (What?) 2. Who will own property; his share of taxes; must pay. (Who?) 3. Will be effective; to the conditions of life; a society's laws; when they are relevant; among its people. (When?) 4.And sources of law; are so highly interrelated; the study of the different areas of business law; you will find it helpful to begin; by first considering the nature, classification; because the areas of law. (Why?) 5. Its relationship to other areas of law; not only to understand better; this will enable you; but also to understand; each specific area of law. (How?) 6. Sustained as a result of the defendant's wrongful conduct; in a civil action; for the damage and injury; the injured party will sue to recover compensation (Whose?) 7. Will also contribute considerably; in the United States; the federal courts; to the body of law. (Where?)8.That the enumeration of rights; the Ninth Ame Constitution; does not in any way deny or limit; will rights that people retain. (Which?) dment to the u make it clear, other Exercise 1: 11 Put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense (the Present, Past or Futur, Simple Tense, Active or Passive). ° 1. Law has evolved slowly, and it (to continue) to change in future. 2. Scholars and citizens in general often (to ask) a fundamental but difficult question regarding law: What is it? 3. When William the Conqueror (to seize) the English throne, he (to find) a system of law that (not to base) on statute, but on the customs of the people as reflected in the decisions of judges. 4. In fact, laws (to change) frequently to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes, 5. The definition and functions of law (to discuss) at the next lesson. 6. The relations between individuals because such relations (to affect) the social and economic order (to concern) by law. 7. The book tracing the development of law and examining issues in the US law (to publish) soon. 8. The early criminal laws of the American colonies (to develop) within the tradition and structure of English common law. 9.In the USA law (to ensure) that changes in political structure and leadership (to bring) about by political action, such as election, legislation, and referendum. 10. The history of common law can be traced to eleventh-century England, when the existing collection of rules, customs, and traditions (to declare) the law of the land of King Edward the Confessor. Exercise 1: 12 Make sentences from these notes. Use the correct form of the verbs to be or to have (in the Future Simple Tense). Example: Greatly influence law; morals and law ... not the same, although moral concepts. — Although moral concepts greatly influence law morals and laws will not be the same. 1.The whole community; criminal law establishes duties; .. 4 wrong against; the violation of which.2.As do executive orders ned by the governor; rules and regulations of state administrative agencies; in the USA; ... the force of law. 3, Dealing with commercial and business activities; which ... the primary concern of the text; commercial and business law; relates to those branches of law. 4.To punish the wrongdoers; ... to compensate the injured party; the purpose of civil law; not as in the case of criminal law. 5... responsible for administering; the criminal and civil law systems; various government departments. : 6. About the child’s welfare; to put their case in court; in all cases parents ... the right; and to be involved in decision-making. 7.Qn law; does not make law; but it ... a powerful influence; the Supreme Court. i 8. That they do not commit a criminal, or libelous act; almost anything they want; but they ... to be careful; people can write. Exercise 1 : 13 Write the questions to the following sentences. Use the words in brackets, Example: Law is an instrument of social control. (What?) — What is law? 1. English Common Law had its origin in Medieval England. (Where?) 2. Private law is also called civil law. (How?) 3. All states will have laws that will allow the police to give tests to drivers they believe are drunk. (How many?) 4.Members of a society have certain obligations towards one another. (Who?) 5, It will be against law for two people to make a deal between themselves when this involves committing a criminal offense. (When?) 6. The earliest of distinct legal systems was the Egyptian, dating to perhaps 4000 B.C. (What + noun?) Exercise 1; 14 Define the type of the conditional sentences and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 1. If a nation violates international law, the most that other countries or international organizations can do (if persuasive tactics fail) is resort to coercive actions against the violating nation.2. If the world's population included only one Person, there would of complete harmony, He a sy 3.But if the population were to increase, even by only one, th immediately be a different Situation, with potential con disagreements as to each person's individual right. 4.The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) in America assures busines, Persons that their contracts, if they were validly entered into, will 5, enforced. 5.It would be impossible to achieve justice for today's citizens if they wer obliged to live according to laws written fifty years ago, because laws an adapted to fit the changes in all the aspects of life, 6.If a conflict over the terms of the contract had arisen, the suit would have been heard in the court. 7.1f there is no written law applying to a particular case, then court decisions, handled down by other courts in similar cases, become the law on which the case is judged. 8.If a man were to live in complete isolation, recognizing no superior or authority to which he was responsible, laws would not exist, nor would they be necessary, Exercise 1: 15 Change the real conditional sentences into unreal conditional sentences and unreal conditional sentences forever. Example: A society cannot hope to be peaceful and prosperous unless each member realizes that he must respect the needs and desires of others. — A society could not hope to be peaceful and prosperous unless cach member realized that he must respect the needs and desires of others. — A. society could not have hoped to be peaceful and prosperous unless each member had realized that he must respect the needs and desires of others. ere Woy flicts ay 1. No society can exist if all people do just as they please. 2. Nor can a society exist if its members do not recognize that they also have certain obligations towards one another. ol 3.IFf this belief becomes widespread, people may lose respect for law may even disobey it. ; ; ; 4.If a tort is deliberate and involves serious harm it may be treated 4 crime. exc teyehl 5.A law is declared unconstitutional if the court determines that it vi the United States Constitution or a state constitution.about the essence of law. the branches of law. the branches of private law. the branches of public law. . discussion about the significance of law for the society. 1. Speak 2. Speak about 3. Speak about 4. Speak about 5.Have a group WRITING SECTION E EXERCISES 1. Write down a review of the text “Branches of Law". . Jb lown what each branch deals with. 2. Table the branches of law and write d Example: Private law: deals with legal rights | Public law: and obligations in the activities that involve other people Contract or commercial law: Criminal law: 3. Besides helping resolve disputes, laws also tell people how to do things in order to prevent harm. Examples of these laws are: driving laws; property laws; marriage and divorce laws. Describe one situation in which you think each kind = yor ind of law offers 1. Driving laws: 2. Property laws; 3. Marriage and divorce laws: USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES an eae — BopoxHii axr unreere ae — aMTMOMaTHAHHH axt — Tepopuernunnht act