Resources Sunday, 10 June 2018 12:44 1. Distribution of key natural resources a. While natural resources are distributed in all through the world, specific resources often require particular conditions and so not all natural resources are spread equally, b. ‘The geographic factors that most influence where humans settle are water, soil, vegetation, climate, and landscape. Because South America, Africa, and Australia have fewer of these geographic benefits, there is less population as compared to North ‘America, Europe, and Asia, & Economic activities that are directly associated with resources include farming, fishing, ranching, timber processing, oil and gas production, mining, and tourism. 2. Factors responsible for location of primary, secondary, tertiary sector industries a. Raw materials b. Demand/Market (domestic or export) Availability of land d. Capital and infrastructure Cheap labour f. Power (thermal or hydel} g. Transport (rail/road/port/inland) h. Climate Govt policy j. Culture Industries india and the world 1. Iron and steel a. Most coal fields in mid latitudes => iron and steel industry located here. Tropical belts don't have coal fields. Lack of coal & iron ore in Africa has hurt development of iron and steel, other steel based industries b. Raw materials = iron ore + coking coal + limestone 2. Automobile a. Facts i. India is 2nd-largest automobiles market with close to 25 million units ii, Contributes around 7% to India’s GDP iii, industry has attracted FDI worth $18 billion since 2000 iv. India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax ‘on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles, is 10%. b. Whereis it located? Majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three clusters’ i, Around Chennai is largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of exports ii, Near Mumbai along the Chakan corridor near Pune, with a 33% share iii, northern cluster is around NCR, and contributes 32% & Factors responsible i, Automobile industry requires large variety of raw materials from other industrial sources viz. steel, nonferrous metals, window. glass, plastic, rubber, wood, paint, textile, electronic cables, seat cushions ii, For continued mass production on the assembly line, need continuous supply of those spare parts & raw material. Therefore, best location for automobile industry =established industrial region that has tradition of manufacturing such3. Timber a. ‘components Factors: i. Raw material: waste from wooden logs is 60%, located near jungle to reduce transport ii, Rivers: require clean water, also easy transport iii, River direction: toward market. Hence Siberia has not been exploited b. Why Canada is famous? i. Softwood: concentrated and easy to chop ii, Transport: temperate forest are less dense than tropical (hence rail) + rivers in N. am iii, Rivers: cheap hydroelectric power iv. Labour: farm labour in winter + lumbering is highly mechanised V. Market: easy access to USA market vi. Replantation program and strict govt regulation ¢ Tropical areas aren't favourable in any of the above factors, except Malaysia, a India's timber industry is import dependent 4, Commercial fishing a. Factors: also why Europe/Americas vs Asia i, Plankton availability: great in cold + warm current meeting point. Western Atlantic and North West Pacific. ii, Market: for domestic consumption or export iii, Climate: tropical areas, fish can't be stored for long |: required for ship building and processing centers dented is good for ports and harbours vi, Labour: cold long winters make labour switch to fishing vii, Species: Tropical areas have variety but then not conducive for commercial scale b. Regions: location prominent fishing area Northern Europe o Dogger bank, © Great Fisher bank us Canada ‘© Grand bank, George bank ‘© Nova Scotia, Newfoundland & In india, fishing is more developed along western coast than in Eastern coast because i. Continental shelf in western coast=wider=more plankton=more fishes i, Commercial varieties like prawns and mackerel are mostly confined along western coast. 5. Cotton textile Raw Material Cotton as a raw material is lightweight, non-perishable. Cotton to yarn/textile =hardly any weight loss. Therefore, proximity to raw material site is not essential, doesn’t offer great cost-saving in transportation, (unlike sugar, cement or steel industry) i. Result is other factors become more important in industrial location viz. © Nearness to market © Nearness to waterbody (for dyeing, bleaching) ©. Energy to run powerlooms and textile machines © Cheap labour supply © Availability of capital/finance Why Britain became leader? Climate moist westerlies =humidity=threads don’t break Cheap Cotton from its colonies (India, Egypt). Transport Liverpool port. Later Manchester Ship Canal was developed to turn Manchester itself into a port.Water Streams from Pennine hills = soft water for dying bleaching Energy ©n the initial phase of industrial revolution, same water was used as, source of energy for running Arkwright’s spinning machine. o later, coal utilized from Northern England and Wales Labor Cheap labour after Enclosure movement Market Demand in Europe + colonies. iv. In india Factor Ahmedabad Coimbatore Raw material Available from nearby same + cotton variety known as cts. “Cambodia cotton” is grown. Energy Thermal power plant near —_Pykara Hydel project Sabarmati Water for dyeing, Sabarmati, Khari river Noyyal river, Kaveri catchment leaning, bleaching Market Large market in Gujarat and Large demand in Southern neighboring states, export _States+ Chennai port for export 6. Silk textile a. Factors: i. Labour: need cheap female labour ii, Raw material: easy to transport, non perishable, non bulky iii, Market: luxury item and fashion statement b. Current production levels: China produces almost 80%, India around 18%. India factors Raw Mulberry plant: can be grown in any type of soil even in forest fringes, hill Material slope. Can withstand drought =works well in non-green revolution, non- irrigated areas of East and NE India. Labour _Sericulture does not involve hard labor. silkworms can be reared by women. and old people-side income. in Eastern States, farmers earlier used to grow jute but jute demand declined so they shifted to sericulture. Capital _ works on simple technology, no sophisticated equipment needed, can be done by small and marginal farmers, tribals. d._ India grows all important varieties of silk: Mulberry, Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga. But demand >greater than> production. Hence we import from China, particularly bivoltine mulberry silk. Mulberry silk is produced in southern states AND non mulberry in eastern India and NE. 7. Wool textile a. Factors: i. Climate: Dry warmer climates of Southern hemisphere provide better conditions for wool production. e.g. Interior Australia, South Africa and rain shadow area of Patagonia ii, Economies of scale: In Australia, sheep rearing is done on a large scale = ‘economies of scale = lower cost of production. This enables wool producers from southern hemisphere to compete. iii, Labour: Woolen textile business require skilled workers. In Australia, low- population =wage rates higher, hence not leading in textile. b. India Factor Why? Nature of raw + Wool as raw material -non-perishable, lightweight. material + Apparels: Indian wool is coarse fibers=irritates body. Imports must+ Non-apparels: to produce decent carpets, blankets, mix with NZ wool Hence location of woollen textile not tied to raw material ste. Market + Winter in North India, good demand. + 75% of industries concentrated in Northern States because of market factor. 8 Jute a. Why flourished in WB? Raw 90% of jute is cultivated in Ganges hinterland, Jute is only crop that can material __withstand flooding of this region. Energy _Raniganj and Jharia coalmines Water _Large quantity of water for washing, bleaching, retting, Hoogliriver helps. Labour —_Jute processing = labour intensive. Cheap labour available Capital —_Banking-finance facilities because initially it was capital of British India b. Why in decline? Facts: i. Industry supports 4 lakh workers 4 million farmers, West Bengal is the largest producer. ii, India is the largest jute producer at 55% of world production. iii, On partition, most of jute mills remained in India while major jute producing area went to East Pakistan. Pakistan then denied supply of raw jute to India iv. Dueto national law to use jute as packaging materials, India is the largest consumer of jute in the world. Problems: i. Non availability of quality raw jute: Primitive, labor intensive cultivation methods ii, Shrinking acreage: 10% drop amid low productivity and falling prices of crash crop. iii, Failure of ute mill to modernise: Govt launched Jute Technology Mission but it failed iv. Competition: loses competitiveness due to obsolete technology, higher prices and industrial sickness v. Dependent on govt support: Jute Packaging Material Act, 1987 vi, Decrease in demand: fast losing market to plastic, synthetic fibres and similar substitute products and lack of marketing strategy vii, Labour problem: loss of work by strikes, lockouts, law off, closure of mill, etc. 9. Food crops a. Wheat: Canada/Prairies soil + Temperate grasslands. Centuries of grass rotting has produced fertile soil + Topography suitable because wheat cannot tolerate stagnant water + Flat terrain= machines can be employed @ every production stage Land Holding European settlers seized opportunity, bought large farm holdings. labour Since farm is large, mechanization possible= don’t need farm-workers. Transport + Railroad connectivity via Canadian Pacific Railway + Many branch lines are constructed to connect even the remotest farm regions with the mainline = easy to send your produceto market Storage _= Grain elevator storage facilities along the railway lines: here wheat is leaned, graded, processed and stored. Government + Canadian Wheat Board, a statutory body= sole purchaser and seller of Policy food grains for export. Farmers are given schedules to send their wheat+ This system minimizes price flu ctuations/distribution inefficiencies b. Rice: China, south of Yangtze Climate mild temperature, good rainfall= can grow two crops in a year Soil Suitable for rice cultivation + waste from sericulture is used as fertilizer. Water good rainfall + irrigation from Yangtze and numerous other rivers and streams labour Cheap and abundant Technology with government help, farmers: + use diesel operated special tractors to plough rice field + Mechanical rice planters to plant the rice seedlings and HYV seeds Transport Yangtze river=inland transport, connects important markets. +Railway network. © Corn: USA. Why? i. Corn gives high yield per acre compared to wheat ii, Effective for fattening animals, Corn => fed to cattle/pigs/poultry => meat exported. Soil, climate chernozem soil good for corn. Soit climate suitable Market Most of the corn produced=used for fattening animals=> animals sent to slaughterhouses in Chicago and Omaha, Railroad transport well developed. Govt policy | Government spends billions of dollars per year in subsidy to corn farmers Labour —_Only small labour force needed because plantingsharvesting =highly mechanised d. Soybean i. To most consumers, the soybean is an invisible food. Clearly, the soybean is far more pervasive in the human diet than the visual evidence would indicate ii, USA produces 45% share of the global production, meanwhile Brazil and Argentina account 31% and 17%, respectively. Why in Brazil? imate ‘crop can grow almost anywhere with a warm growing season, ample water, and sunlight. market Soy is used in oil, food and industrial products, and soybean meal as fodder Infrastructure Brazil is poised to become largest producer by improving connectivity to its Mato Grosso area with China's help Land Large tracts of Amazon forest could be cleared to expand i Why China is consuming soybean? As China’s appetite for meat, milk, and eggs has soared, so too has its use of soybean meal. China's neglect of soybean production reflects a political decision made in Beijing in 1995 to focus on being self-sufficient in grain ii, Indian farmers cultivate soybeans through rainfall rather than irrigation and growing starts with the monsoon rains. Indian exporters sell soymeal at about $405 per tonne on a free-on-board basis, $100 more than supplies from rivals Argentina and Brazil. 10. Milk and dairy a. New Zealand (serves away market) by converting raw material (fresh liquid milk) into more ‘concentrated’ form (cheese/butter/powdered milk) Climate Cold and humid climates low undulating plains= luxuriant, perennial growth of nutritious grass. Possible to graze the animals throughout the yearLabour _ Dairy farming carried on for generations = skilled. Tech Scientific breeding of animals, vaccination, disease control, infrastructure for refrigeration, transport of milk products Govt Policy Govt exercises strict quality control over export of milk and meat products => NZ's dairy-products command good prices in international market. Transport Geographically, NZ is located far away from the market. Liquid milk is converted into such as butter, cheese and powdered milk meaning Longer shelf life, can withstand long sea journey. Higher value per unit product can withstand transport cost. b. Why not in Africa? Tropical diseases, grasslands lack nutrition, unskilled/nomadic labour, market is divided, infrastructure is non existent 11. Horticulture industry a. Fresh vegetables are widely grown near major markets because i, Product is perishable. ii, Urban consumers want it fresh and has the purchasing power. i. High value product= veggie/fruit farmer can risk to buy/rent the more expensive land near city areas (compared to a wheat/corn farmer) iv. Grown anywhere: exceptions are apples, oranges, mangoes etc. they need particular climate b. Von Thunen rings- agro land use model i. Farmers near cities grow vegetables, fruits, milk ii, Faraway from cities grow foodgrains i. Extremely faraway from cities rear sheep/goat etc. © Wine industry/ grapes Climate Grapes can't be grown in cold climates, up to 50 degrees N/S Water Roots can penetrate deep for sucking water = grow in semi-arid Mediterranean Soil Grapes like calcium. France Italy hill have chalk/limestone=good for growth. Labour Mediterranean countries have dense population and long history of cultivation =skilled labour available. In California, grapevine harvested using machine but not possible in Europe because hill slopes and small farms. Raw _ Grapes= perishable. Wine=non- perishable, can be stored for years mat Market Mediterranean region =long established wine producing areas have reputation, ex: Sherry (Spain), Champagne (France) 12. Plantations a. Factors responsible for development of plantations in Asia and America: i. Suez Canal was opened in 1869 => this reduce the distance between Asia and Europe ii, Introduction of steam based ship => faster, more carrying capacity i Industrial revolution= demand for rubber, consumer demand for tea, coffee, tobacco. iv. imperialism: cheap labour already available in colonies, capital provided by Europeans, b. Types: i. Tree crops: take years to mature. Palm, coconut, cocoa, coffee, tea (capitalists, can't switch to another crop in case of price shocks) ii, Field crops: less maintenance than tree crops. sugarcane, banana, iii, Annuals: cotton, jute, tobacco (suitable for small farmers)13, Rubber a. Nature of raw material i. Natural rubber is obtained from latex of rubber trees. ii, Latex contains 30-40% rubber, rest material lost during processing => preliminary processing is done near raw material site. i. Can be grown in tropical areas alone iv. Need skilled, abundant labour b. Rise of synthetic rubber i. In the 1920s, USA began to develop synthetic rubber. Although natural rubber was still preferred because new technology was costly. During WW/2 Japan occupied Southeast Asia, natural rubber export to USA was cutoff. In response, US government developed a huge synthetic rubber industry in a very short time and after WW2, sold it to private companies. © Kerala rubber dimate Rubber hates cold + likes abundant moisture. Tapping done in morningto avoid afternoon rains. soil _laterite soil is good for growth. labour Available and skilled. One tapper can go through almost 300 trees per day. 14. Sugar a. Sugar mills are located near sugar growing areas, because of two factors Perishable Sugarcane = contains sucrose. Once you cut the sugarcane, the sucrose content starts to decline. Raw material must be quickly transported. ‘Weight loss Sugar accounts for only ~10% of the bulky sugarcane and therefore itis, prohibitively expensive to transport sugarcane over long-distance b. Sugar mill vs sugar refinery Sugar mill Sugar refinery Input Sugarcane raw coarse brown sugar (sugar mill Process Sugarcaneis crushed between rollers Raw sugaris refined output + raw coarse brown sugar=need further Brown and white sugars of various refining grades. + bagasse => fodder, energy, paper-pulp industry, + molasses=> ethanol Location Must be located near sugar-farming —_In countries which rely on imports, areas because sugarcane being bulky- sugar refineries are setup near perishable. ports © Factor: North India vs South In South India: No loo, no frost+ moderating effect of ocean=ideal for sugarcane growth. i. During British-raj, North India used to cultivate indigo as cash crop but then invention of synthetic dyes=> farmers switched to sugarcane, ii, In South india, farmers have better cash-crop alternatives e.g. cotton, tobacco, coconut, groundnut etc. so no large sugar belt like UP. 15. Tea Factors impact raw Tea leaves => tea involves considerable weight loss. Hence tea processing is material _done in the estate/plantation itself. Climate _« frostinjures the leaves=>tea not grown beyond Northern China/Honshu+ very long winter=retards plant growth, decreases yield Topography doesn’t like stagnant water=> has to be grown on highland or hill slopes, e.g, hills of Darjiling, Jalpaiguri or Ni labour —_ Weeding & plucking= tedious job: need skill=>cheap female labour is essential a. Rise of London tea business i. British controlled indian and Sri-Lankan tea estates and had a ‘sphere of influence’ in China. Therefore, lot of tea went to London port and from London the large consignments were broken, various blends were mixed and tea was re- exported to other European countries + USA + local consumption. Fall: American independence, loss of colonies, no influence in China. b. Tea: Darjeeling i. Capital availability: Britain had accumulated truckload of wealth from its Asian- African colonies + industrial revolution. ii, By 1830s, monopoly over Chinese tea-trade was lost with the entry of other European players exercising sphere of influence over China. i. The indigo cropping in Bihar was not giving good returns. iv. Suez Canal opened=distance reduced. All these factors led to British “FDI” going in the Indian tea-plantation activity. Factors impact Climate Morning fog, low temperature-high grade leaf Water + Teesta, Rangeet, Mahananda, Balason+ many Himalayan perennial streams. + South-west monsoon provided sufficient water Soil Soil has good quantity of phosphorous + potash Topography Grown in hills =no stagnant water. Labour —_Large estates have residential, school, hospital facilities => permanent labor force working for generations. Market + Yes, local + foreign demand. + Proximity to Kolkata port=good for export. 16. Coffee a. Boston tea party revolt + American war of independence => tea supply halted. ‘Americans switched to Coffee and thus USA became major market for Brazil and Columbian coffee cultivators. factor | impact ‘Temperat Coffee needs to be protected from direct sunlight, especially when plant is ure young, in Yemen/Ethiopia annual rainfall is less than 20 cms but still coffee grows cos thick sea mist provides moisture and protects from excessive heat. Topograp Coffee likes abundant moisture but hates waterlogging=>hilly slopes hy receiving orographic rainfall are best suited for coffee. Hill slops facing the sea-even better, because they benefit from the mist and sea breezes=cooler Labour Berry has to be picked by hand, sorting the ripe berries from leaves, twigs etc. also needs patience and skill. Since coffee has to be grown in hillslopes, large scale mechanization = not possible Market Coffee loses flavour quickly after being roasted. Only preliminary processing done in exporting country, and roasting done in the importing country. 17. tron-coal industryheat = pig iron + CO2 + slag ii, Pig iron=more processing=> cast-iron, wrought iron, steel and variety of alloys Therefore, essential inputs are: iron ore, coking coal and limestone water for cooling energy for heating iii, Steel industry also requires dolomite, manganese ete. but in small quantities => their presence is not the main deciding factor for the location. b. Location: Near coalfields {industrial revolution) i. Coalfield region had a tradition of iron working based on charcoal as a result coalfield areas already had labour and technology. ii, In Britain, iron ore was found embedded with coal seams = same area provided both iron ore + coal iii, Railway engines were inefficient. So, weight-wise, it was cheaper to transport iron ore to coalfields rather than transporting coal to iron ore site, Near coasts: By early 20th century the coal and iron ore mines in US-Europe started getting depleted So, they started importing iron ore from other countries. i. Asa result the iron space and steel industry started moving toward coastal sit to reduce cost of transporting ores from port to factory via railways. © Empty wagons: Ural/Rourkela rich in iron ore, Siberia/Bokaro rich in coal => iron steel industry developed at both places to reduce plying of empty wagons d. Coking coal shortage: Sweden doesn't have coking coal, so exports iron ore Ruhr and imports pigiron (but now costlier). So they produce high value items, such as cars e. Technology: Oxygen converter process reduced coal/energy requirement. Electric smelters technology helped in development of mini-steel plants near industrial cities £._ Strategic: industry is backbone of development, WW?2 forced countries to spread out industries Development: plant in Bhilai Industrial inertia of industry Factor | impact Ss India to counter regional backwardness Pm Labour As time progressed, area near coal fields developed into industrial cities=There is already a large pool of skilled and experienced workers, support services Transpo The railroad, transport and communication infrastructure = well-developed rt in the old area. Import raw material from other areas. Capital Cheaper to modernize or expand an existing location rather than move to a new site, For example, as cotton industry of Lancashire declined, they converted textile mills into light engineering goods factories Market Iron and steel industries provide raw material to many secondary ‘manufacturing industries such as automobile, heavy engineering etc. Ifthe primary industries moved to new location but the corresponding customers {automobile/heavy engineering industries) don’t change location, then it will affect profit levels. Govt POSCO (Korea), pulled out from the stee-mill project in Karnataka worth policy almost $5 billion FDI, due to bureaucratic red tapes 18. Steel based industri a. Facts i. Since most of the coalfields are located in the middle latitudes => iron-steel industry developed here. ii, Since steel is the raw material for many secondary industries => importantindustrial regions usually found in middle latitudes. iii, On the other hand, tropical belt doesn’t have any significant coalmines => hardly any industries belts, e.g, most of Africa. b. Factors for rise i. tron ore availability ii, Coking coal iii, Limestone iv. Energy v. Labour vi. Market vii, Transport & Heavy industries also tend to settle near steel plants to reduce cost of transporting the bulky raw material 19, Automobile: a. Best location for automobile industry = established industrial region that has tradition ‘of manufacturing such components. (e.g, we saw earlier Midlands of UK=Leyland; Mercedes/Volkswagen near Ruhr Germany; Volvo Sweden.) Shipbuilding: physical factors ‘economic factors ‘large, level coastal land 0 steel availability ‘© deep navigablewaters © capital ‘odemand © skilled workers i. Vishakhapatnam and Kolkata well connected with steel industries of Jharkhand and WB = raw material available nearby. ii, Flat/level coastal land available iii, Rich hinterland with excellent railroad connectivity for transport of labor and ancillary components iv. Indigenous demand from ONGC, for offshore platforms, drilling rigs and steel jackets + from Indian Navy and Coast guards. 20. Aluminium a. Aluminum is an abundant mineral in the crust of earth but for mining or commercial scale exploitation, need significant concentration of bauxite ore at one particular site. b. From bauxite ore to alumina (crushed to dried), 50% weight loss. Hence done near raw material site White powder of alumina is dissolved in a bath and electric current is passed through it using carbon electrodes. Result- alumina is converted to aluminum. i. But this stage requires massive amount of electricity ii, Therefore, aluminum smelting facilities are set up near sources of cheap electricity Major refiners in 70s ‘Major refiners now Japan, United States and Western Europe Australia, Canada, Brazil, Middle d East, Russia and China, Declined because of rising cost of electricity + Cheap electricity from coal/hydro. pollution related taxes and laws. . Vedanta is an integrated producer of Aluminum in india with mines, smelters and associated power plants. i. Korba (Chhattisgarh) and Jharsuguda (Odisha) ii, Both places have bauxite and coal deposits. iii, Vedanta uses coal for generating thermal electricity in its own captive power plants. Same electricity used for refining alumina to aluminum. iv. Niyamgiri Hills in Odisha considered sacred by the tribal groups such as theDongria Kondh. Vedanta wanted to extract Bauxite from here, project worth more than $15 billion. 21. Copper refining a. Intro i. Copper production in India is only about 0.2% of world production in view of its potential 2% of world reserve. ii, With 20th century, copper became important for electric industry. i. As the demand for copper increased, new mining-smelting technologies are developed to utilize even lower quality ores. iv. Need significant concentration of ore for commercial mining v. Smelting process different than bauxite. vi, Major mines: Khetri (RJ), Singhbhum (JH) b. Stage 1: concentration into blister copper i. Barely 2.5% of the original matter remains. And less weight= less transportation cost. ii, Therefore, copper concentrating mills are set up near the raw material Stage 2: blister copper is refined via electrolysis method. i. blister copper is immersed in a bath of copper sulphate, electricity is passed and impurities are removed. ight loss ratio is extremely small. ("1%). So, there is no economic factor to setup copper refining factories near the raw material d._From the copper refining process, by products can be used for making phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid. How? Copper smelting => $02 gas=> Sulphuric Acid Same sulphuric acid + Rock Phosphate => Phosphoric Acid. Further it can be used for making fertilizers. Problems in India i. India imports 94% of its copper concentrates to feed its smelters ii, Special copper alloys are still imported. Because we don’t have technology to produce them locally. E.g Beryllium copper iii, Still don’t have technology for downstream copper products e.g. copper tubes for refrigeration/AC etc. majority of them still imported. iv. Mining & smelting technology is obsolete. Causes substantial air pollution because sulphur dioxide emission. \. Still don’t have technology for complete recovery of precious metals such as cobalt, Nickel etc from copper concentration vi, Producing 1 ton copper from ore=takes almost 14000 kwh energy, from scrap/recycling-takes only 1700 kwh. Not yet well established in India huge gap between demand and supply. Almost 70% copper is imported. 22. Oceanic resources a. Oxygen/carbon, marine life, oil and natural gas, manganese nodules, sand and gravel, renewable energy, tourism.