MODULATION Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted. The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (volume), its phase (timing) and its frequency (pitch). Modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be physically transmitted, Modulation of a sine waveform is used to transform a baseband message into a passband signal, for example low-frequency audio signal into a radio-frequency signal (RF signal) The technique of superimposing the message signal on the carrier is known as modulation. That is, modulation is the process by which a parameter of one signal (carrier) is varied in proportion to the second signal (message signal). Let m(t) = message (or information) signal c(t) = carrier signal s(t) = modulated signal (transmitted signal) m(t) s(t) + Modulator = |» Modulated signal I c(t) Carrier signal Modulating signal “The carrier c(t) is a pure sinusoidal signal generally given as Examination of c(t) indicate that there are 3 parameters which may be varied: Amplitude Frequency Phase ‘These parameters can be varied in Analog or Digital form. When varied in digital form, it is referred to as “Shifting and Keying”Modulation is the process of facilitating the transfer of information over a medium. H,, sound transmission in ait has limited range for the amount of power your lungs can generate, To extend the range of your voice can reach, we need to transmit i through # medium other than ai, such as 4 phone line or radio, The process of converting information so that it ean be successfully sent through a medium is called modulation, It is important that we do not confuse “mixing” with ‘modulation’. Mixing occurs when two or more signals are simply combined in a linear network Modulation requires one signal to control a variable of another signal Difference between Analog and Digital : Beat ‘There are three parts to a communication system i * The information, also called the baseband © The medium © The carrier Information can be divided into two forms, digital or analog, Analog signal is considered continuous. Its signal amplitude can take on any number of values between the signal maximum and minimum. Voice is analog and can take any number of volume levels between its dynamic-range which is the range of volumes your vocal cords can produce Medium is the thing the signal travels through. It can be air, space or wires of all sorts. Fach of these mediums offers its own unique set of advantages and distortions that determine what is used as.acarrier. A short wire in a chip for example may not need a carrier at all. A signal through space such as for satellite transmission may need a very high frequency carrier that can overcome space loss and other atmospheric losses. If medium is considered as road, then carrier is the truck that carries the information hence we call it as carrier. It is a sinusoid in our case. Depending on the medium, carrier will have a frequeney appropriate to the medium. It can be light frequencies as in optical fiber or a microwave frequency as for mobile communications. An electromagnetic carrier can be of any frequency depending on the medium and the communication needs. Most mediums dictate what type of carrier (its frequency, amplitude) can propagate through it and the type of distortions it will suffer while travelling through it. Signal modulation can be divided into two broad categories: analog modulation and digital modulation. Analog or Digital refers to how the data is modulated onto a sine wave. If analogaudio data is modulated onto a cartier sine wave, then this is referred to as analog modulaticn: If analog audio data is sampled by an analog to digital converter (ADC) with the resulting digitat bits” modulated onto a carrier sine wave, this is digital modulation because digital data is being encoded Both analog modulation and digital modulation are performed by changing the carrier wave amplitude, frequeney, or phase (or combination of amplitude and phase simultaneously) according to the message dat TYPES OF MODULATION Modulation is classified into two types they are, Analog modulation and Digital modulation. tn analog modulation both information and carrier signal are analog in nature, whereas in digital information signal is digital but carrier signal is analog Modutanon It eee Analog modulation Digital mwdularon rT 1 TT AM OFM PM ASK PSK PSK OAM TYPES OF AM MODULATION cm 1, Double sideband with full carrier ee 2. Double side without carrier ici 3.Single sideband with carrier “4 4. Single sideband without carrier co LsB USB 5. Vestigial sidebandNEED FOR MODULATION Reduce height of antenna © Transmit signal over a long distance * Avoid noise and interference © Multiplexing * Improve the signal to noise ratio Analog Modulation ‘The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband signal, for example an audio or ‘TV signal, over an analog bandpass channel at a different frequency (over a limited radio frequency band or cable TV network channel). Using the message signal to vary amplitude, frequency, phase leads to three basic types of analog modulation schemes respectively known as * Amplitude Modulation © Frequency Modulation * Phase Modulation These types of modulation are carrier/continuous wave modulation. Frequency and Phase Modulation are also known as Angle Modulation. Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication for transmitting information using radio waves in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the information signal. Amplitude Modulation is used whenever a shift in the frequency components of a given signal is desired E.g,, transmitting voice signal (3 kHz) through electromagnetic wave requires that 3 kHz be raised several orders of magnitude before transmission. If the two modulated signals are sinusoidal, the beat frequencies will be the sum and the difference of the original frequencies. AM radio broadcast transmissions contain two signals of primary importance to the user: the carrier signal and the audio signal, or the program signal.used for transmission ' 830 kHz, The audio or program signal is riding on this cariet frequency When the AM signal was broadcast, the Program signal modulated the amplitude, or the level of the carrier; this process formed an ‘envelope’ of carrier amplitude, having th hape as the plitude, having the same shap% Program signal. The ‘beat’ frequencies, contained within the AM waveform will be the sum and the difference of the cartier and its program signal Amplitude Modulation (AM) is the oldest method of transmitting human voice electronically. In an analog telephone conversation, the voice waves on both sides are modulating the voltage of the direct current loop connected to them by the telephone company. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 1S also widely used to alter a carrier wave to transmit data. For example, in AM radio, the voltage (amplitude) of a cartier with a fixed center frequency (the station's channel) is varied (modulated) by the analog audio signal Applications of AM: 1. Two-way mobile radio, Audio and video broadcast AM Waveform ‘KAA AA “tensnan sn “ b) Carrier signal c) Amplitude modulated signal The shape of modulated waveform is known as AM envelope.Coefficient of Modulation ana Percent Modulation oefficient of Sa Coefficient of modulation is a ‘erm used to describe the amount of. M waveform. P modulation stated as Percentage. More speci change in the a mn amplitude change modulation) preser a ° « ) present in an A ‘ercent modulation is simply the coefficient of fically, percent modulation gives the percentage mplitude of the output wave when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal Mathematically, the modulation coefficient is Em~ Peak change in the amplitude of the ‘output waveform voltage(voltage) Ec Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage(volt) m Modulation coefficient (Unitless) Percentage modulation (M) is From envelope Drawing Vinax =Ee +Em Vin = Ec - Em Vinin Vmax = mn = + (Vmax — Vin) 2 E. = +(Vmax + Vmin) 2 jevmax-vmin) 49 Hvmax-Vmin)am VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION the modulating signal is represented as, mt) = Em sinomt i) The carrier signal is represented as, ¢ (t)= Be sinoxt ....(i) Modulated wave Ean(t) = (Ee+ Em sinomt)( sinact). (Ec + Em sinomt) = Amplitude of the modulated wave If mEc is substituted for Em Eum(t) = (Ex + mEc sinoomt)( sinaet)......(iv) Multiply equation (iv) Eam(t) = Ke sinoct + mEc sinoomt.sinoct Expand the second term (sinamt sinact) according to ( SinASinB) formula, m em ‘ we get Eam (t) = Ecsinwet +m eos(we — wm)t - mcos(we + wm) SB Carrier LSB US Frequency spectrum and Bandwidth of AM Wave Enu(t) ° f-f.(max f, S,+ SaAmmax) ‘The figure shows the frequency spectrum of Am. “The band of frequencies between fe and fe - fm (max) is called lower side band (L.SB] and any h frequency within this band is called lower side frequency (LSF]£ The band of frequencies between fe and fe + fm (max) is called upper side band frequency within this and is called upper side frequency {USB} and any (USF] / Bandwidth of AM. ‘The Bandwidth of Am wave is equal to the difference between the highest upper side frequency and lowest lower side frequency. Bo fe+ fin (max) - [fe - fim (max)] BW = 2fm (max) Based on the modulation index modulation can be either, (i). Critical Modulation (ii). Over Modulation (iii). Under Modulation jodulation When Em = Ee modulation goes to 100% this situation is known as critical m leads to under modulation. + En< Ee * Em> Ec leads to over modulation,AM POWER DISTRIBUTION The modulated wave contains three terms such as cartier wave, LSB, USB. The modulated wave contains more power than the unmodulated carrier. Total Power in modulated wave will be, Pt=Pc+ Pusn + Pisp i.e. total power Pt of AM wave is the sum of carrier power and side band power. Pc - Carrier power, Puse - Upper Side Band power, Pi su - Lower Side Band power 1 af set The carrier power is P= == = “B= 5 ‘The lower and upper sideband powers are same which is given by Pi=Pc(l+ AM CURENT DISTRIBUTION ‘The equation of Pt given by P= Pcl t> PL WRpele v rm Wok fr + P, Total transmit Power(watts) Pe ~Carrier power (watts) k ‘Total transmit Current(watts) le > Carrier current(ampere) Antenna resistance(ohms) Example! For An AM amplitude modulating signal ia 0.5V and carrier amplitude is 1V, find modulation index. Example 2 A 400W, IMHz carrier is amplitude ~ modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2500117, the depth of modulation is 75% calculate (a) Side bands power (b) Bandwidth Example 3 For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier Voltage Ve = 10Vp, a load resistance R = 10Q and modulation coefficient m= 1, determine (a) Total sidebands power. (b) Total power of the modulated wave (c) Draw power spectrum (d) Repeat steps (a) and (b) for a modulation index m= 0.5