\ SULTANATE OF OMAN Supreme Committee for Town Planning heel Physical Planning Standards 3 Prepared by WS Atkins International i and is } Technical Secretariat of the iL Supreme Committee for Town Planning i October 1989 snus eres aaasaaaaaaaiaa,1a. 16.1 16.2 18.3 16.4 i a | 18.5 18.6 18.7 — << IRRIGATION RESPONSIBILITIES The irrigation of public areas of planting is the responsibility of the relevant municipality or development agency. In Muscat piped supplies from the potable water network or separate ground water supplies, are used for parks, and highway landscaping. In other areas bowsers are used. Aflaj systems for the irrigation of traditional agricultural areas are the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. GOVERNING REGULATIONS The quality and use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation is governed by the Ministry of Environment through the following published documents: Regulations for Re-Use and Discharge of Waste Water : Ministerial Decision 5/86, Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 17 May 1986. Irrigation of agricultural land is the responsibility of the private jand owner, within the regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Public Authority for Water Resources, and the Ministry of Environment. PLANNING STANDARDS Agricultural Irrigation For agriculture, the amount of water required for irrigation must be determined by planners taking account of the anticipated crop mix, soil and climatic conditions, degree of salinity in the irrigation water and the method of irrigation to be employed. Table 18.1 provides guidance on ranges of irrigation requirements for traditional surface irrigation (35 per cent efficiency) and improved piped systems (80 per cent efficiency) depending on salinity. The guidelines are Based ‘on research in northern Oman and do not apply in southern of ar. As a broad guideline in assessing agricultural irrigation an annual average water requirement of 30,000 cu.m. per hectare per year (1 litre/sec/hectare) may be applied. 18.118 1.9 Yable 18.1 : Water Consumption Guidelines - Agriculture Annual Irrigation Water Requirement Grop (cu.m/ha per year) Traditional irrigation Improved irrigation Dates 35,900-37,000 15,700-16,200 R Fodder (1) 33,100-35, 100 14, 500-15, 400 ee Vagotables 9,400-10, 400 4,100- 4,500 ag ‘Bananas 48, 200-54, 500 21,100-23,900 % Fruft Trees 31,600-35,800 13,800-15,700 ch Range 1s for salinity EC(W) 0.5 - EC(W) 2.0mm hos/cm (1) Fodder crops irrigated by spray irrigation require 23,000 cu.m./ha per year at 65-70 per cent efficiency. Landscape Irrigation Landscape of roads, parks, incidental open spaces and amenity areas is @ncouraged but all’ such schemes must be based on a clear analysis of Arvigation demand matched to availability of irrigation water of adaquate quality. Appropriate irrigation water requirements must be determined for individual schemes taking account of evapo-transpiration rates, soil conditions, irrigation water salinity and consequent Teaching requirements and method of irrigation. Table 18.2 sets out guideline figures for average irrigation requirements based on automatic or som-automatic drip irrigation systems. These quantities would increase markedly if manual methods were employed during daylight hours when evaporation rates are very high. Table 18.2 : Guidelines for Landscape Irrigation Quantities Planting Type Irrigation Demand (1) Palm trees 200 litres/tree/day Large trees (25 sq.m. canopy} 150 litres/tree/day Pr Smal trees (10 sq.m. canopy) 70 litres/tree/day Shrubs 20-40 litres/shrub/day Ground cover 10 litres/sq.m./day Grass 10 Titres/sq.m./day (1) Average irrigation demand exclusive of leaching requirement. 18.2 | | | | | || Waa | ta 1, 18 16,16 ‘Treated Sewage Effluent The usa of treated sewage effluent for irrigation of shrub or ovfiamental planting in street landscaping and public parks should be \ncorporated into al] new developments. Piped distribution and drip amitter {rrigation systems should be installed. ‘Traated sowage effluent must not be used for spray irrigation of lawns and Plants in areas accessible to the public such as verges and parks. Nal thor should it be used for bubbler irrigation of trees and shrubs whara there is a risk of public exposure. It may be used for iprigation of tree crops and fodder crops in agricultural areas. Groundwater the tse of groundwater for irrigation of parks and open spaces should ha within the limits of extraction rates allowed by the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. hand Depanding on the system of irrigation to be adopted, land must be reserved for storage of irrigation water. This will generally be co- located with the sewage treatment works. Plots of 100-250 sq.m. will be roquired for main pumping stations and 20-50 sq.m for submersible pumping stations. Design Parameters Tha location of pipelines should conform to the Supreme Conmittee for {vn Planning standard details for utilities. (See Section 13. Figure Distribution mains for irrigation should be of UPVC and coloured green to Indicate non-potable water. Water requirements will depend on the climate, crop type and soil conditions and should be individually assessed for each area. 18.3