Names of members?

GROUP E
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
1. Impacts of climate change in infrastructure development and
construction industries
 Climate change is recognized as one of the most significant threats to
development during the 21st Century and beyond. But climate change
has also created developmental opportunities in the infrastructure
sector, including access to new sources of finance, the potential for
green job creation, and profiting from synergies between climate
change initiatives and developmental priorities.
  you did not follow the approach provided!
 Extreme events pose a costly hazard to roads in terms of degradation,
necessary maintenance, and potential decrease in lifespan due to
climatic impacts. Climate change poses costly impacts in terms of
maintenance, repairs and lost connectivity; yet many of these impacts
can be mitigated and avoided by pro-active adaptation measures. It is a
crucial consideration for protecting current and future infrastructure
investments and the economic,
How social,to
is this relating and other
your functions they serve.
sector??
 There are impacts on water supplies that are likely under extremes of
weather that could arise as a result of climate change. Water supply
abstraction and treatment works are sited beside rivers and are often
the first items of infrastructure to be affected by floods. Electrical
switchgear and pump motors are particularly at risk. In severe riverine
Links not clear!
floods with high flow velocities, pipelines may be damaged which is as a
result of climate change and sanitation can also be affected.
 Flooding often damages pit latrines and most of people in urban
population relies on pit latrines and floodwaters are usually
contaminated by the overflow from pit latrines or septic tanks and
often sewers too. Toilets linked to sewers become unusable without a
water supply. But most urban centers have no sewers or if they do,
these serve only a very small proportion of the population (Hardoy,
Mitlin and Satterthwaite, 2001). The main significance of sanitation is
that sanitation infrastructures or the lack of them are the main
determinant of the contamination of urban floodwater with faecal
material, presenting a substantial threat of enteric disease (Ahern et
 Buildings, roads, infrastructure and other paved areas prevent
rainfall from infiltrating into the soil and so produce more runoff.
Heavy or prolonged rainfall produces very large volumes of surface
water in any city, which can easily overwhelm drainage systems. In
well-governed cities, this is rarely a problem because good provision for
storm and surface drainage is easily built into the urban fabric, with
complementary measures to protect against flooding for instance the
use of parks and other areas of open space to accommodate
floodwaters safely from unusually serious storms.
 In most cities, there is also scope for land-use management and
incremental adjustments to increase flood-water management
capacity. But in poorly-governed cities, this does not happen. Most
residential areas have no drainage system installed and rely on
natural drainage channels and it is common for buildings or
infrastructure to be constructed that actually obstruct these drainage
channels.
 Also climate change has many impacts on building materials and current structures when
looking at the construction industry. Extreme changes in temperatures cause materials like
brick and wood to decay and crack faster. Increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon
dioxide (due to climate change) particularly in urban areas mean greater penetration of
carbon dioxide into concrete.” As a result, there is a high demand for new types of building
materials and sustainable construction strategies to reduce the effects of climate change in
future structures.
 increase in the incidence of flooding may increase the actual average annual damage to
buildings in an urban area by much more, perhaps as much as 10 times in extreme cases (Smith
et al). If tropical cyclones increase, there could be even larger increases in weather-related
damage (Stark, 1987). Faced with this situation, insurers are sure to raise premiums by a
similar amount, and may even decline cover, forcing the direct costs of flooding back onto
house-owners, the community, or local and national government. Increases in temperature
and CO2 may increase the growth rate of trees, encouraging earlier harvesting, with consequent
lower stability and wood strength (Aldwell 1990). This could lead to a move from structural
wood products to composite wood products, affecting price, availability and quality. The wood
density is expected to increase with increasing growing temperatures, but this may not be
enough to offset the more rapid growth.
 Wetter winters and sudden, heavy downpours make it even more important to
direct rainwater and meltwater away from houses, paved areas, roads etc. A
milder climate will reduce the durability of building materials and affect the
indoor climate of buildings. Warmer summers will introduce a greater need for
cooling. Higher groundwater levels, higher water levels in streams and
watercourses, and greater risk of storm surges along the coastline, make it
pertinent to safeguard buildings against seepage and flooding.
 Buildings can be vulnerable to climate change. In the future there may be an
increase in the risk of collapse, declining health and significant loss of value as a
result of more storms, snow or subsidence damage, water encroachment,
deteriorating indoor climate and reduced building lifetime. In the short term
stronger storms are the greatest challenge. Storms constitute a safety risk in
those parts of existing buildings that do not meet the building code's safety
requirements. In the longer term, more and longer-lasting heat waves could have
health-related consequences, especially for the elderly and weak, in nursing
homes,
Is this sector just about buildings??
Identify the sector specific impacts of
climate change

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

 According to US Green Building Council (USGBC) building account for an average
of 41% of the world’s energy use.
 this is due to the huge amount of electricity that buildings tend to use (in US
buildings are responsible for 73% of the country's electricity consumption).
 A building’s lighting system, heating and cooling system and outlet contribute to
more energy consumption.
 Building construction is responsible for a huge percentage of the greenhouse gas
emissions that have been affecting climate change.

these are not CC impacts!

Construction industry is responsible for 38% of all CO2 emissions
 Construction is responsible for a large percent of the world’s water use,
large % of wasted water.
Building use 13.6% of all potable water, which is roughly 15 trillion gallons of
water per year.
Many of the materials used in the construction of buildings are produced in
a non sustainable way (for example cement manufacturing, brick molding
etc.
Factories that make building materials produce damaging CO2 emissions.

these are not CC impacts!

 Impacts of construction on
___________________________________ the
environment
this is not the assignment

 The transportation required for shipping construction materials has a

considerable impact on air quality.
 According to the USGBC, 40% of the world's raw materials are used in
construction of buildings.
 The destruction and renovation of buildings result in large amounts of waste
 Eg concrete, metals, glass, plastics, wood, asphalt, bricks and more
 Transportation required to remove such wastes has a major impact on the
environment, more than the impact of the waste itself.

Impacts of construction on the
environment

 Activities related to building are responsible 35% to 45% of CO2 release into the
atmosphere.
 Construction industry is the main contributor to global warming.
 According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the US construction
industry accounts for 25% of non-industrial waste generation a year.
 According to New research by Construction blog Bimhow, the construction sector
contribute to 23% of air pollution, 50% of the climate change, 40% of drinking
water pollution and 50% of Landfill waste
??????
Impacts of construction on the
environment

 Clearing of vegetation and excavating, changes surface of the land and reduce
surface for carbon sink.
 Research by Weiwerks says that building materials such as concrete, aluminum
and steel are directly responsible for large quantities of Co2 emissions.
 Construction industry consume half of all the resources extracted from nature
and account for one-sixth of global fresh water consumption, one quarter of
wood consumption and quarter of global waste.
 Construction damages the fragile environment because of adverse impacts.

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Impacts of construction on the
environment

 These impacts include: resource depletion, biological diversity losses due to raw
material extraction.
 Landfill problems due to waste generation
 Adverse human health due to poor indoor air quality.
 Global warming and acid rain
??
 Smog due to emissions generated by building product manufacture.
 Consuming high volume of natural resources
 Construction cause harmful effects on healthy of people who live at or closer to
construction sites because of dust, vibration and noise.
Impacts of climate change on
construction

 Climate change may affect the construction industry through a range of

biophysical and socioeconomic impacts.
 It makes the planning process and physical location of infrastructure an even
more critical issue than it used to be.
 Long term climate impacts such as sea level rise, coastal erosion and drought
 Short term weather related impacts such as high winds and flooding influence the
choice of construction site, building techniques and material for construction.
 The potential of severe weather and climate conditions___________
also influence planning how?
and project completion timelines.
Impacts of climate change on
construction continue

Sea level rising and flooding events result in construction concentrated on higher
often steeper elevations, with disastrous effects on the environment.
The increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events has the
potential to destroy or severely impair the operation of the construction industry.
Buildings may damaged or destroyed by the effects of extreme weather events
and natural disasters.
Buildings may become less comfortable as spell of extreme temperatures become
more frequent or severe.
How does this affect the builder?
Impacts of climate change on
construction continue

Buildings could suffer accelerated degradation if changes I air pollution

patterns increase their exposure to agents that may potentially be harmful to the
building material such as acid rain.
Floods may delay construction projects that require dry conditions, hence this cos
contractors thousands of dollars.
Increase in temperature will greatly affect the comfort of people using the
buildings(air conditioner costs).
Severe floods may damage buildings.
High humidity may result in buildings being covered by mold. repeating
Impacts of climate change on
construction continue

______________________
Weather conditions such as heavy rainfall, high wind raffles or high heat may
cause injury due to slipping or hyperthermia.
Climate change effects delay construction process.
Increase costs of construction.

you did not follow the approach provided!

 The Composition of Urban Infrastructure
an Development.

Urban infrastructure refers to the basic facilities, services, and installations

needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportion and
communications systems, water and power lines , and public institutions including
schools, post offices, and prisons.
Urban INFRASTRUCTURE can either be in increasing transportation systems, eneryg
production, safety and resiliience, health and education.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRIES.

The construction industries is divided into three major segments . The

construction of buildings, segments includes contractors, usually called general
contractors who build residential indusrtial, commercial, and other buidings.
The construction industry is made up of 5 primary sectors residential,
commercial, heavy civil, industrial and environmental construction.

Redo using the approach provided, 50%