Slug Slug z x ASTM A~93 GR B 6" STO WALL 4mm INSULATION 40. C P=27 BAR ‘CAESAR II Dynamies Training a“INTERGRAPH! Sta ‘The system shown ebove is to be used to determine the effects of a slug travelling though the system. For this exercise we wil specially focus an the 2 displacements caused by ths slug, A slua is gonerally regarded as a shor! cylinder of fuid which travels independently through an btherwise gaseous plping system: the cylinder of fui is generally ofa highor dansity than thal which 's normaly flowing. Typical examples may include, ‘© Low quality steam flow for Well injection + Inadvertent collection n Relief Lines ‘Slug loads are unpredictable in their naiure. The speed and size ofthe slug tans to he unknown, ‘Thane are sone CFD progratis wvellable which can help to estimato tha spec and size ofa slug, but in the absence of any such fools hore, we wil make some assumplions about the maximum langt and maximum veloely of the slug, and presume that our results will be conservative. For this exorcise we wil Investigate and review three differant methods of analysis ofthe slug flow here, and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The thrae methods will be; ‘= Static Equivalont © Response Spectrum Time History The first stage of ths exercise is to creste the model. This isa simple medel, and should be quite |ulek to ball Using the information onthe isometric and that shown below, build this model © Diameter: 6" © Schedule: STD = Materiak A538 © Insulation: 40mm Calcium silicate = Fluid Densityy a8 Temperature: 240°C © Pressure: 27 bar Error cheak the model, There should be no errors or warnings of caurse, and the C of G report ‘should report a total weight of 7399.8N as folows [owe ac Menene let Tee Xs Yes al ERE CAESAR Il Dynamics Training~ INTERGRAPH’ Slug Static Equivalent method ‘This method can be a quick and easy way of gating a start point and an idea of whether there will be any possibly ofan issue wilh the slug load. However there are some issues with this method, Particularly fora slug flow, that tend to make l impractical in ral terms. Now the shg wil impact cach elbow with a foree related to its veleely, density andthe pipe area; tis slug oad magnitude must be calculated. We ae given a velocity forthe low ofthe fuid nthe pipe of ‘7 mis. Intha absance of more dafnlve information the sug vel is generally assumed to be between 0.5 and 1.0 times the normal vaoctyin tho plpe; here we wal acsume 1.0 fr consacvatsn. Hones, tho force creslad by the sig can be caleusted using Fopwaxv? “The densiyis 1 SG or 868.5555 kgf? A= T eon ~ 20) $168,275 mn — 2 TLL) A= D016 ‘As we have stated, the velocity Is shown 17 mis, {he torce theretore i Pspxaxv® 999.5556 x 0.0186 x 17% san4n To calculate our stalic equivalent force we will need a dynamic oad factor. This slug load being an instantaneously applied force, te most conservative value we can use for a DLF is 2 a8 per our previous discussion, ‘The slatic equivalent force therefore is 2"5384N 0.788 ‘Apply this force as a static fores In the -2 direction atthe elbow atthe top ef the riser, node number 30, ‘You may notice that this force we are applying ie being placed in the -Z dreation, the opposite way to the flo ofthe slug. The reason for this is because we are concored hore with anly the 2 displaceanent, Whe te sug his, tw hitin the *Y direction at node 30, this wil result in a resultant force perpendicular tothe direction of fow — indicated below as F2. In our case, F2is inthe -Z Girection, CAESAR II Dynamics Training aINTERGRAPH’ sug Zh BF Crane lara Tees Node: 7] Bespin Jt il ‘Veator 4] vosior2] Veco] Veaor CiPretenis——ElDplacsnene z : Liles [ange ces mca] | EinonieFiee __EINeule thor er ae hi Frais i — - Unio Loads | — Civvna vive ea R ‘Add a new load case to include this Foroe Vector F1 To Ca [Sra ype are OE iz [we sus afin er ‘The Force load caso wil fall the sttoss check, bul for nw we wil ust focus on the displacements \Vew the cisplacements report forthe force load case. The Z displacement at node 30 is arctnd ‘80mm in the nogatlve 2 displacement DISTLACENENTS REPORT: Toda). Movements case 3 (occ) FL ee = ™ = a9) com ag. 2 ogss-ve.239 os) tz) 2601 30 226 “79.s11—-oae7s = waten atte ‘This is however only taking into account the slug hitting the systom at one point (elbow 30). In reality the stig will nit atthe other elbours as well, as travels through the system. What happens then if wo were to put the force atthe next elbow (node 40)? This force would be @ +2 foros CAESAR II Dynamics Training =INTERGRAPH’ sug Bend ardicar Brio LisiFe & Tose | Node | Diewarsion Jot — ‘eer 1] Vecior2] Veta Eiticorane Bioiptacemone DHesgere LDFionge Cocke TiNecie Fix ElNoiaLnicheck | WFerensMoments Uno Loads ivi Wave ‘The two forces cancel out and the net displacement is approaching zero (around 23mm). The iesve here is tha tis static analysis method dogs nol give us a sense of timing. Response Spectrum method As previously discussed, slug loads are unprediclable, There are some CFD programs that can help you calculate speeds and sizes of slugs, bul in the absence of more detailed analysis tools, wo {generally make some assumplions about the maximum length, maximum velocity & presume that our results wil be conservative, \We've been given a slug velociy of 17 mis, and wo know the palh travelled by he slug, so based on this, well deve our force-time profile ‘Assuming that, fr a given bend, the time require for the load to ramp-up from zor to full load is the ‘Guat rt tea edge Of be way W Wavel ftom Ihe near-weld ne fo Pe far-wela tne, a lig» = Tapio = 002s F=10760N 2 =21ms From tme-zero to the point where the slug is about to leave the elbow will be the amount of time it lakes forthe trang edge ofthe slug to reach the near Wellin. To calculate this we vil need to know the slug length. For this exercise we will assume the minimum slug length is 20 and the max ‘Shug length ie 10D. Thie givoe ue & Lan 29464 ~ 308mm and Lim ~ 640mm tone CAESAR Il Dynamies TrainingINTERGRAPH’ Slug 0906s 81 my ms F= 10,768" = Flow t.=21ms, 4 Slug location at start of ramp down Ramp-doym me isthe fe it takes the talling-edge of the slug to travel from the near-weld ne to ‘na far Weld ina of tie elbow, which is ha game as ine ramp-up time; same kpeed, same distance, 60 ramp-down time Is 21 ms. Adding ths to 2 glves us t3 t, = 91 ms/36 ms F=10,768N 12 ms /57 ms , = 21 ms i [Now that we know the slug loading information we wr see what happens in two scenarios: one where the slug load impacts only the elbow al node 30, and in a second scenerig, we'll poly the loads on both elbows 30 & 40 and compare resus (Open the dynamic inpul processor & set the analysis type to Water Hammen/Siug Flow (spectrum) ‘As before, clear out ll the default existing rows inthe Spectrum Definitions table, We will add eroato two spectra, one for each ofthe slug langle we eatinsted. CAESAR Il Dynamics Training =r]~ INTERGRAPH sug We will define the spectrum using the DLF/Spectrum Generator, Ifyou wish to add a comment fine, ‘add ths before accessing the spectrum generator. | Specwmtentns [Foto [Spndion ned Gases [SaierDunenil APSESSIUN Corr], ‘This response Spectrum will be a User Defined Time Hislory Waveform. Specify a maximum frequency of 100Hz for this example and choose 60 points fo plot in the spectrum, pe oe eww: : ean TT] ot ‘Meo: Table Frequency {100.0000 ce oe BOLI Append ate ©Vove) Frcs Response Spectum UserDafa Tine Piisertarton Click on enter the puise data and enter in the cata as derived above for the minimum slug length, Tne FoR u i oH Ta 2 2a 0000 EI 0 | “ron a 57a one ‘The response spectrum should be generated as below, with 2 maximum DLF of 1.82 cecurting around 15H2 ie ta ao A G0 40 FO 0 40 109 =o CAESAR tl Dynamics Training‘Repeat this fr the second spectrum with the maximum slug longth Seta Tye use Setenum Name [505.14 oascer Mex Tabla Frequency onc NuntrotPuine (©.0FE Dison pur Siarw B31 Append Seley ‘© Vole) Fore Retpenea Besctun Use Dine Tare © sot Weuson Ti Tote Slug ‘The response spacitum generated should give # maximum DLF of almost 2, but this time occuring around BHz, SSeS EET CAESAR MI Dynamics Training“INTERGRAPH stig Now we have defined the response spectra, we must now define the force information — the ‘megnitude, direction and location, so move on to the Force Sets eb, Apply the foros calculated first of, and apply this in the Z direction at nade number 30. This willbe talicd cur rorce Get #1. Remember that ils force wll be apie i eZ Uswlion, s wil be force value of 5384N, in| Foe Sr [Sos La Capo [ See pan Ceoree [Ln nedbsens [Ens [Shel Panis] ow a een ose Fewest fo “Seco |= = T Next define the load cases. There wil be two load cages here — one for applying the minimum slug angth spscltum, and @ second for applying the maximum slug load spactrum, Both of these cases \wil combine the appropriate spectrum vi the force set just defined. [i a een nd aes q sims typm’ f0ce Ts] eB) FeiysOutes [_] re aT Fora Sa, “000 |Z 7 angoscu | a [sina] Sma o> err Cos nso ana [in [lan awgiadcuee FE] oF] oor [266 pare! Feige oe a a poste wae 000 ‘As previously discussed, wo wil not actualy be looking al the strasses through the syslem here, we are focusing on the procedure for generating and applying a slug load, anc comparing the resulls between the diferent analysts methods. As such, we wil not be looking at the system stresses, 80 ara is no need at this tie to combine the slug loads dynamic lad cases wilh the siaticload cases 1s was done previously in the Reet Valve IMPACT example. ‘There are also no lumped masses or snubbers in eur model Move on to the Control Parameters tab. Most ofthese values wo wil agaln leave al thei recommended detaut values, Bul one thal we must change to proceed with the analysis isthe Static Load Case for Nonlinear Restraint Status. Set ths restraint status to the OPE load case, Det | Seti i ff wereorey | Sie Load Cave Noten Reaba Sate ‘Also change the Frequency cut of, Qur DLF spectra have a max value of 100H2 whore the DLF ie ‘approaching 1, so things seem to be leveling out. Set the Frequency cul-of to 100Hz also, Frequency Cat) CAESAR II Dynamics Training~~ INTERGRAPH’ Slug Finally choose the Consistent mass model [cess ies te wun eonssrenm) ‘The Dynamic inputis now complete. Error Check the Dynami input les Anaiysis tyes yuome/seecmenioses/eenrszoKs) ff b.2 BeLstnens Pastor for Friction (0.0-Kot Uand} b Max. Ho, af Eigenvalues Caleslated (0 ~ Mot Used) Iroe cy Cutott b.1 Closely spaced wode Criterin ki Neuse last tigenoolution (Feeqaeies ead Kade Stopes) beens FRatill Conbinetion tsched”(aRa=7an5) fecor Modal Conbination fythod (Group/108/DSRSS/388/s855) hr Tochue Hiantng Mask Componente. (2/8) ls Missing lane conbinaeion vated (SRSS/X85) bis Directional Conbanstion Method (SHSS/A55} fcossrszene Mags Model (MOMEED/CONSISTER) le Sure Sequance Check ox Corpated Eigenraluea (1/1) hese Sacabi sweep Tolerance je Run the Analysis Review the displacement reports @s dlacussed and check the Z displacement around node 30 in both ‘our shock eases. DISPLACEMENT REPORT, Nodal Movements (occ) SHOCK CASE # ‘1 - ~transLations (mm. )~ NODE Dx DY be. 29 2.0314 0.1846 25. 6646 il6as9 ol1ase = 2516636 1a 2 2) 2k) 30 0.3781 25.7703 0.3759 28.7693 2 Sp ~ eae oe aay CAESAR II Dynamics Training~ INTERGRAPH’ Slug DISPLACEMENT REPORT, Nodal Movements (Cc) sHocK CASE #2 NonR 20 4.5479 0.8087 55.3665, 3.9122 0.8077 55.3658 1s) 2 fa) 2 2) ‘These results show thatthe second load case is worse withthe maximum slug length. This is perhaps not surprising, as tis spectrum gave us a higher DLF at a lovrer frequency. This aleo shows us around SSinm of movement in the Z direction at this location. Note tha there are no negative signs, as the SRSS methads generale only postive results. I remains wih the user 0. presume the signage ofthe displacement drocton, ‘This is withthe load appliod only a node number 30, What ifwe were notte apply the force atthe next elbow as wel ike before in the static equivalent? This involvos very litle addtional input atthe Dynamic low! as ine DLF generated by the second land al node 40 isthe same as that generated at hada 30, aa we nan simply apply this NL eu to hath loads by adding « Perse Sel a nado 40 and ‘combining it wth the same speetium, First define the new force sel, as in the stale equivalent attempt earlier; this wil be the samo ‘magnitude force, acting in the positive direction this time. Call this force Set #2. ‘Biase Foe S00 [Spend Com | Sina tins [La is [Sn [om a Direction Mode Force Set # ae : ; a z le ‘Now, al hati left to do is add this foe set to our Spectrum Load Cases, and combine withthe same spectrum. enon [tS Sen nds fan Cnans np sse | Sbi|CvtPaonin | & teteteatense [FE oF] seve [555 Ie (aaa) ee oe ea ca Sia rr T r sua om Z T fe sere —— ‘5 7 E By ‘And repeat this for tha Max Slug longth specu. CAESAR I Dynamics Training w~ INTERGRAPH’ sue Seeaiaoe ea] See tans [np] umtencome FE] oF teen (202 Td) mie = nen ee Fe suc a ‘a0 2 la ‘And simply rerun the analysis, nothing elso has changed. ‘Once again, reviow the displacements around node 30 DISPIAGEMENT TEPORT, Nodal Movements (occ)suock case # 1 eansLations (am. — ‘NODE, DY DZ 30 3.9352 0.7478 50.9289 1.6907 0.3759 25.7693 loud) 2 4a) 2 et) DISPLACEMENT REPORT, Wodal Wovenents (occ) sHock case #2 “Translations (mun. ) — one Dx. by be 30 8.8422 1.5986 109.4219 3.9122 0.8077 «55.3658 1/z@) 2 2G) 22a) ‘You will noice here thal the results show the displacements 2s boing double that of the frst spectum load case. ‘The raason for that's each case Is evaluated soparataly and Is addad togathar. S5mm ‘rom one case plus 6Smm from the other equals 1 10mm; is this plus or minus 1107 Maybe the loads cancel out. We can't tll using spectral analysis, because it doesn't know the timing of events; only ‘what the maximum may be from ane event. The only way to apply the loads a the correct imes when the loads cecuris fo perform a Time History Analysis Uke the spectral anaiysis method, well evaluate whet happens when the slug load is applied atthe fist elbow only, and in another case, we'll examine the slug loads on both elbows for comparison. CAESAR Il Dynamics Training =INTERGRAPH’ Slug Time History Method To perform he Time History analysis, we will create @ copy of the fle just used for the spectrum analysis. First of allthen, acoess the stac piping inoul and select File > Save As, Batch run the static analysis and go straight to the Dynamic input We now naed to sel up this fe for Time History rather than Response Spectrum analysis, Stert off by removing the Slug Response Spectrum defnitions trom before. Tine Pasir Defntors [Eace Ses [Tins Hae Load Casa [Sse /0 name Cenarion [Larned acoes [Sudo = = Tange age ‘Gina 2 = ype Incrp Tnterpa (ae REAR DRA [iw ato ins Tee Ren Ines Hels Ren Boe MT SPEC Daa Enterin the Slug Data which we ateady defined earlier forthe slug, From eur Respanse Spectrum analysis, the Max length slug seemed the worst case scenario, so we will go forward with this data ea aa ty cH | o Shae a 700 "10006 | re nae tom) ua | ea 18] on] 4 0 a ow 2 4050” 70.80 1D ae Fortunately for us, the force sets here are exactly the same as before. Howaver, 2s previously ‘mentioned we wil un a first pass and avaluate only the foree acting on the first elbow at nade number 30. We willlater come to evaluate the force acting on beth elbows. The easiost way to remove this ‘second force sat without losing itis to check the Cm check box to turn this into a comment, and itcan bbe uncommentes to resel the data (although t wouldnt involve too much data entry to re input. but this same logic applies with many rows of data). [Te Hisiny Lond Gases [Sise/DyanicContinalons | neped Masse CAESAR tI Dynamics Training wmINTERGRAPH’ Slug Nove to the Time History Load Cases. For a Time History Analysis there can only be one Time History Load case. If we Wish to evaluate both the max and min slug lengths, we must run two separate analysis runs. As slated already, we are novr using only the MAX siug length prfle this soamed to bbo the worst case scenario based upon the response spectrum analysis mt | Tine History Profle Factor Di Force Souk aja oR To000 |Z Fr {As there can only be one Time History Losd Case anyway, the final hing we must set isthe Control Parameters. Onos again, we are tasked only with determining the Z deflection caused by the slug Joading. we were interested in stresses andlor restraint loads, wo would need to combine state and sdynamie lead 20203 in that tab. For the Gontrol Parameters, most ofthe saitings can remain lhe same as the spectral analysis, but there are two very important settings that require consideration: Time-Histary Tlme Stap, and Load Duration. The defaull vakies here are suited for spectral analysis, but nal ime history analysis, Tho time history duration should ba changed to a suitable duration to ensure that the time point where {he manimim sytam raenninse onniire ie eaptied in nf ceuirsn cn not ke wen the system response occurs, bul we do know that the load duration laste for 112m, Ifwe run thi analysis for 1 full second, then the system response should probably have levelled cr atleast be leveling out by this time, The animation in the resuls can help to confirm if this is or isn't the casa and on reviewing this the load duration could be changed as necessary (Le, increased if atthe end of the analysis there is sill significant system response,) ‘Tho Time history load stop is the numberof time “slees" through which the system is evaluates. fw sof out time slop as ims then the load wil be applied and system will be evaluated at ims inlervals, {during the step-by-step integration ofthe equations of motion (for each ef the extracted modes). ‘smaller time slop gives greater accuracy, bul is more computing intensive (and also resuls in a larger ‘ulput fie). We will choose 1ms here. \We can also sel the number of load cases. This is the numberof cistinc times at which the results of the load cases are generated. Those timos wil be detorminad by dividing a8 evenly as possible the toad duration by the number of output times ~ 2. we have a load curation of 2 seconds and are requesting 4 oulput cases, so we wil ge results for 500ms, 1000ms, 1800ms and 200m, In ‘tition, one further set of resulls is always generated cotaining the maximum of each output value (Gisplacement, fore, stress ele). For this example, wo wil only focus on the maximum response, so we will not be concerned with this seling rz 1 {ee sty Ta fe i fas) [Now run the analysis. The results show a maximum displacement of around 6mm at node 20. This maximum response cocours alr 123m CAESAR II Dynamics Training B~ INTERGRAPH Sig DISPLACEMENT REPORT, Nodal Movements (OCC) Maximum response ~Translations (mm.)~- Nope Dx. bY 30 4.4548 0.7756 -53.0291, 366 ms 122 ms 123 ms ‘This comets eodvenvely well wi Wun ether metods used for a singlo-ctbow load. Static analysis ‘was more conservative than Spectral, which is more conservative than Time-Hislory. This shows that evaluating a single elbovr load as we have done, may not reflect the system in realty, But can be used ‘as achack to ensure that ths rasults appear to be typing in lo whal is expected, ‘Now let's consider the slug carrying on down the line & hilling the elbow at node 40. We need to calculate the force-time datas fr this addon loa, Flow F 25006 0 21ms 4 Force magnitude will be the seme for the second elbow, as we assume the same velocity and pipe ‘The time-point marking t wil equal 24 miliseconds plus the lengthnime require for the leading edge fof the slug to go from the far-weld line of elbows one to the nearaweld line of elbow two. Length between pipe centres = 2.5m ‘Subiract the red: 250mm «(2 x 250) = 2000mm Leaving us with yebszims zou sagt 2s = 139m CAESAR M Dynamics TrainingINTERGRAPH’ Shug The shave ofthe second force-time profile is identical tothe fist. Its the same lengti of slug going through the same type of elbow atthe same speed, 80 ve can add the fie values ofthe first F-T Profil to 130 10 complete the second F-T profle: F =s204n eo Return tothe Dynamic Inpul and bagin by defining the second fores time prof, Trey Manis [en el Hh ets | pa Cini | Lemp tna Sr Or et ae ‘ine ge | le Tye ‘nee isinget___|_‘nepst 7 Tae oR TR 7 TH acd nea As botore, use tne Enter-at data tuncion to entarin ins wntormation — the torce Is at O until 139ms at ‘which point i begins to ramp up over 21ms when it fils ful foroe at 160ms. Staying at full force for ms before drapping af back to ze over the next 21ms, resulting In zero Force at 25 ms. aT mt i ‘air 2a) i toe | i raga || a4 Cy oa MW dl 0 20 60 100 140 900 280 a0 CAESAR II Dynamice Training ae“INTERGRAPH sug [Now to define the fores sets, just as before - this should be easily done by simply uncommenting the second force set #2, [fine ion Gainacna] Toe Set [Tim an ed ses | icyou Carbon [Lampe Maraee [Sra] Con cat ae naeion | ede Fore 5 oo fara maT 7 i ssicam9|z aaa Tor ‘This loads us ta the Tine Hisury Lua Cape: We encly Inve once sf pen fo wu st me history profile. This Is correct —force set 1 timed correctly to hit the elbow at node 30 beginning al 2ims. ‘We now need ta combine the second force set (ne force al elbow #40) with the second time history profil. This will apply the force at elbow node 40 at the timings defined above (.. beginning to ramp up after 138ms, [maine [Face Seu] T= Hist Lud Gs [nm cCnbnalns [nga ares [Si nt [Tie non Profi esor Br Fence Seb far [seve rca Tea 7 zn swe omc |2 a a (Only now do we have some concept ofthe timc ofthe loads. ‘The Contrl paramotors can bo lft the same (a east for naw, we will check the system response and ifthere is sila high system response towards the Tsecend mark, wa wil come back and increase the time). Run the Analysis ‘The resuits indicate a maximum Z displacement of 100mm at node number 30, witha eimilar vakia also occuring at node number 40. Previously we saw a response of S3ms with just one elbow being hil. Now with two olbows being hi, the respon hae almost doubled. DISPIRGENGNT RREORT, Wodsi NoveRncntS (occ)tiaxiaun zecponse ‘Teansiations Gn.) on: Be ve 30 vay 144722 100.0264 ms 61m 26 me 38 -8.536¢ 1.2408 109,0902 Siéms 256 my 21 ne 39 9.6493 0.5725 99.6618 sivms 529m 26 ms 40 9.3233 on.ea74 st ms 261 ms CAESAR M Dynamics Training“INTERGRAPH Slug \We can also see tha this displacement isin the positive Z direction, and occurs after 261ms. So this is what is happening inthe Z direction at node numbers 30 and 40. ‘The Z-direction loads are the ones that will be causing all ofthe Z-draction movomont, but there will also be Y direction sius loads, These Y direction slug loads wil have negligible effect on the answers: Uwe're looking for (Le. the 2 elsplacements), but you normally need to Include both directions when ‘slug loads are applied at a change in citection, so still for the sake of showing how the input is done, we'l include 4 diferent forces; the 2 Y-direcion loads, and the 2 Z direction loads, Retuin back tothe dynamic input once again and add two more foros sets, his time in the ¥ dlrection jeenbietons Lunpedioceot ‘saan Y ‘oauoncd ¥ And of course these new force sels must be combined with the sppraprate Time history profiles In the case of the screenshot above, force set #3 is acting at nade 30 ~ so this foros st Is eambined lth the fit time history profil, and force set #4 is acting at nade 40 — so this force eetis combined With the second time history profile Tine tintxy Deis [FieeSes) re sen sos Coe [SU aun Cob aakns umsiod Mossas | Smt [Coie cu | wince [Fa a Toot Ca Tg i fafa To Po fauecr to i e—jesiane sn —| ‘Aer running the analysis, It can be seen that the effects of these Y forces have ila effact on the system maximum response. CAESAR II Dynamics Training aINTERGRAPH’ Sug DISPLACEMENT REPORT, Nodal Movements (0Cc)Maximun response NODE 30 1.9907 100.5785 261 ms 261 ms 20 1.1007 100.5924 258 ms 261 ms 39 0.5622 100.2128 530 ms 261 ms 40 0.2347 98,1902 159 ms 261 ms Use the Animation in conjunction with the "Element Viewer" to understand what happened during the enti loading process [fee Mec mens tree coone shia CAESAR I Dynamics Training =Time History: Time= 1,00ms _ FILE:D:\TRAINING\ ‘This is clearly a case where time-history analysis uncovers amore complete and accurato plctura of @ dynamic loading event, while static equivalent and spectral analysis methods provide helpful "sanity checks” on the results, but not the “right” answer CAESAR M Dynamics Training =