SECTION TITLES Low-Carbon Sheet Steel.. Plate, Tube and Pipe Steels Carbon and Alloy Steels of Medium Carbon Content.. 29 Carbon and Alloy Steels of High Carbon Content Case Hardening Steels. Steel Castings Cast Irons. Tool Materials . Wrought Stainless Steels . Stainless Steel Casting Alloys Wrought Heat-Resisting Alloys. Fe-Cr-Ni Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Nickel-Base and Cobalt-Base Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Refractory Metals and Ailoys. Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Alloys. Magnetic Materials... Electrical Contact Materials Sleeve Bearing Material: Aluminum Alloys..... Copper and Copper Alloys. Lead and Lead Alloys Magnesium Alloys. Nickel Alloys..... Tin and Tin Alloys. Titanium and Titanium Alloys Zinc and Zinc Alloys.METALS HANDBOOK 8th Edition vou. 7 Atlas of Microstructures of Industrial Alloys prepared under the direction of the ASM HANDBOOK COMMITTEE Robert F. Meht Chairman of all Volume 7 committees AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS Metals Park, Ohio 44073.Copyrignt © 1972 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS Al rights reserved No nar of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrievat system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechantoal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without ‘the prior written permission of the publisher. inst printing, Angus? 302 Nothing contained in the Metals Handbook ts to be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, or use tn con- nection with any method, process, apporatus, product, or composition, whether or not covered by letters patent or registered trade mark, nor as a defense aoainet Uatiity for the infringement of lelters patent or registered trade mark. Librasy of Congres Catalog Casa Numer: 2712046, Pamir 1m THE UnttE Stares oF AueacoaMEMBERS OF ASM HANDBOOK COMMITTEE (1971-1972) GEORGE J. SHUBAT Cumann (4972- Gtember, 196- MICHAEL B. BEVER TAYLOR LYMAN ‘Wier Curamman (1672) Sxontarr (1043-) Massachusetts Insittute of Technology Editor-Metals Handbook Member, 1965-) American Society Jor Metals Fiaotp Bouser 1972) Cuaron 1. Jnoxsom (1968-1972) Rosser ©, Rux, (0U-) Ford Motor Co. Ohio State University ‘Chase Brass & Copper Co. Hopman) Janes F. Kawa (971. ) 0. G. Saunpens <19TI- Hughes Toot Co. ‘MeDonnell-Douglas Corp, Hobart Manufacturing Co. W.G. Passmacrr (1972- anos A, Maroney (1968-1912) Baunun, Susiss (1969- —) Bendiz Corp. Clark Equipment Co. Tucing Pitkin, ine. Jono H. Fave, In. (1959- _) Bowanp W. O'Bnies (9T1- Puttre R. Speen (1969-1972) Oak Ridge ational Laboratory Oklahoma Steel Castings Co. Olin Mathieson. Chemical Corp. HJ. Ganem, Jn, (1960-9) Dona A, Peasy (1989-) Rayuon Was (1972. ) eros Corp. General Motors Corp. ‘General Electric Co. Himmcax D. Ganevmena (1972-—) Lymm G. Rowsnts (1972-) Fornesr §. Wotzuaas (1968-—) Westinghouse Electric Corp. ‘Sears, Roebuck & Co. ‘Naval Att Development Center hers C. Hawn. (1969- ‘Dawes, 8. Zamponsiy (1971) General Dynamies-Fort Worth Warner d& Swasey Co. PREVIOUS CHAIRMEN OF ASM HANDBOOK COMMITTEE RS, ARCHER* (1940-1942) J.D. GRAHAM (1985-1908) W. J. MERTEN® (1921-1980) ‘ember, 1987-3942) (Member, 1961-1970) (Member, 1929-1933) LB, CASE (3981-1933) 5. F HARPER* (1923-1026) IN. E, FROMISEL (1965-1961) ‘Cwlember, 1928-2989) (Member, 1923-1925) “Member, 1994-1968) 0, DIKON® (1952-1954) ©. H. HERTY, JR." (1934-1936) ‘W.A.STADTLER (1968-1972) Member, 1917-1955) (Member, 1930-1938) (Member, 1962-1972) RL. DOWDELL, (1638-1939) 43. B. JOHNSON (1988-1951) D, J. WRIGHT (1964-1965) ‘ovtember, 1985-1889) (Member, 1944-1951) ‘Member, 1959-1967) 3, P. GILL* (1987) R. W.E. LEITER (1962-1969) J. EDWARD DONNELLAN (demiber, 1984-1987) (Member, 1955-1058, 1960-1968) GBecretary, 1924-1945) G. V, LUSRSSEN® (1983-1947) ‘Member, 1942-1947) “Deceaset OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS NATHAN F, PROMISEL, Parsioenr ano Tevsree ADOLPH J. LBNA, Secarzary ano Trost ‘National Materials Advisory Board Allegheny Ludium Industries, 1ne. ‘National Academy of Setences WILLIAM D. MANLY, Vion Passrorxr Axo TRUSTEE DAVID KRASHES, Terasuumn axp Taustae Cabot Corp. ‘Massachusetts Materiats Research, Ine. ‘TRUSTEES ‘Twos B. Lrowns (Past President) Jonw B. Graconse, Dowaun J. Heway Noman O. Kars Battelle Memorial Institute Supertor Tube Co. General Motors Corp. Lindberg Corp. Dowato J. MoPnensow ‘wanes 8. Owsn Rosrxr M. Guard Kaiser Atuminum & Chemical Corp. Northwestern University Seblumberger Well Services MANAGING DIRECTOR: ALLAN RAY PUTNAMContributors to TI Volume Numbers refer ta the pages where contributors are erdited in the volume. Many members and friends of ASM not listed here have supplied inforcation or teviewed proofs for this volume Joho K. Abrabam, 29 Joho Adumowice 1. Albin, 33 AP. Alexander, 3 RL. Anderson, 160, G. Leslie Armstrong, 262 David J. Asquith, 29 Paul §, Aytes, 151 George H, Bale, 43 Milton H. Baakatd, 242 “Thomas E, Backes, 69, 15% L. J. Bactlo, 321 Roy B, Beal, 297 James G. Benford, 209 James E. Bennett, 219 Donald R. Belnes, 157, 187, 197, 303, 321 Jesse G. Bewley, 273 Visealais Biss, 29 1M, J, Bleckburo, 321 Alex Blazy, 231 AH, Blodgett, 3 David L, Bowley, 209 David E.Boyd, 29 RW. Brat, 101 RM. Brick, 3 Robert H. Briggs, 43 Noman Brown, 269 Rossel A. Browa, 131 RD. Bochheit, 177, 321 P.B, Burgess, 8 S.C, Carapell, Je, 273 Byron B. Carns, 101 Howard F, Chalfant, 101 HB, Chess, 45 Gilbert ¥. Chia, 208 W, N, Clashinan, 101, Nancy C. Cole, 131 Heney E. Collins, 157,187, 197 Joseph W. Conway, 101 Francis J. Correati, 219 J.B. Cotton, 28 Constance B, Craver, 103, BL Paul Davis, 219 Dwayne 1, Day, 321 John J, deBarbedilo, 131 Jumes B. Denton, 101 Harold A. Diehl, 305, H.C Dill, 35 L, Dillinger, 17 ©, DiMartni, 297 M. J. Donachie, Je, 197, 187, 197 ‘Charles K. Donoho, #1 ‘Thomas R. Drews, 81 S.R, Denker, 333 Rod Duncan, 69, 131 'T, W. Eichelberges, 160 Gordon A. Eagle, 273 Pmest A. Bvanci, 43 A.M, Federico, 241 Leroy Finch, 69, 151, 313 Paul E, Fortin, 241 John Fults, 29 Roland W. Forgason, 321 ‘Amal Ganguli, 241 Doyle Geitelan, 101 RE. Gill, 17 John B. Given, 55 Don R, Gosch, 219 ‘Thomas E. Geegory, 273 Robert Grindahl, 81 Arthur B. Gross, 69, 151, 313 Harold Guioe, 3, 81 Pedro J. Gatiercer, 219 Allan P, Haarr, 219 HH. Wesley Habut, 297 AM, Hall, 177 Haevey E. Henderson, 81 Robert B. Herchenroeder, 137, 187, 197 J.-C. Hees, 261 ROM Heyer, 3 Edman F, Holt, 219, Herold Hughson, 273 Stephen Hujber, 35 Raj Dhanmatajan Tye, 81 Stephen Jablonski, 131 Lavenidhat Jena, $5 Glenn F Jones, 17 Ginter B. Joseph, 275 hares H. Juoge, 231 Groige E. Keith, 4 J.M. Kiefer, 43 W. F.Kindle, 29 Robert W, Klann, 81 George Kee, 297 Arh H. Klein, 9, 131 HE. Knectel, 3 Roger W. Kodh, 157, 187, 197 Victor A, Kortesoja, LOL Gabor Koves, 273 Matlin T. Kreider, 3 James F. Krieg, 241, 321 Teancis M. Keil, 241 ER, Kuch, 29 FH. Lama, 3 Leber, 157, 187, 197 Pater Leckie-Eving, 101 Emil W. Lindblad, 29 Joreph R, Long, 157, 187, 197 eo H, Leng, Jr, 69,131 Roger G. Mack, 95 W.C, Mack, 17 Logan Maie, 3 J.J. Manganell, 81 ‘Gunvane N. Maniae, 209 Edwacd R. Mantel, 43 Robert S. Mapes, 241 D.H Maria, 17 N. W. Marcotte, 101 ‘Thomas H. Mastin, Jt, 81 James L. McCall, 241 7H, MeCum, 209 Ronald C, Meindl, 81Andreas Melville, 231 Ronald K. Meyers, 273 €.G. Mickelson, 69, 151 JER. Mihalisn, 81,157, 187, 197 LF. Mondolfo, 248 Allen Moeon, 131 H. Lao Myers, 273 David R. Nelson, 275, Paul G, Nelson, 3 ariel F. Newnan, 131 (Oliver B Olsen, 297 Apolonio M. Octiguera, 297 KJ. Oswale, 241 Donald A, Pearson, 55 James R. Pedersen, 273 Joseph A. Pesch, 209 Allen F. Phillips, 68, 151 Verne Pulsifer, 273 Eugene C. Raga, 219 GoA, Rats, 131 LW Reid, 17 S.1. Rice, 33 Ralph E. Ridkscker, 275 E.G. Ridows, 313, D.B. Road, 177 Ean C Roberts, 157,187, 197 G.J. Roe, 17 OR. Roper, 17 Duane L, Ruckle, 321 RE Ruddock, 3 RE, Russell, 297, Bdwaed F. Rynta, Je, 81 Merrill A. Schell, 3 Duane Schmate, 29 Robert A. Schmucker, Jt 209 EA. Schoeter, 157, 187, 197 Robert Sedlatschek, 35, JA. Shandley, 3 David L, Shangle, 101 BL. Sharon, 305, HT, Sheppard, 69, 191 W, Showak, 335 0. W, Siebert, 131 JR Sims, 239° Rebect M. Slepian, 273 A. Snowman, 273, 297 C.J. Snyder, 273, Robert E. Southall, 157, 187, 197 Philip R. Sperry, 241 A.B. Steck, 69, 151 Richard H, Stevens, 241 ‘Athan Stosuy, 203 James W, Straub, 101 Rez Superazw, 101 Charles H. Thompson, 101 Robert ‘Thompson, 81 CJ. Thesites, 317 Morris Tiktinsky, 241 D, J. Tllack, 313 Peter A, Tomblin, 241 A.P. Tomeo, 273 LB. Townsend, 297 James Tripp, 55 Kenneth Tripp, 241 Daniel M, Trollinges, 3 Julius Task, 43 James E, Tryman, 17 George Vacek, 131 Joseph Vallone, 17 J. A. Vankcho, 177 J. M, Van Orden, 252, 321 James Van Oss, 273 R. H. VacPelt, 29 ‘Ai Varachasshy, 275 William E. Veit, Je, 297 E. Walden, 252 Richard Walteia, 151 EJ, Warmath, 157, 187, 197 Donald Warren, 131 1M. Eugene Watten, 297 M. GH. Wells, 131 Larry B. White, 81 A. J. While, 69, 151 RL. Widner, 55 JC, Wilkins, 131 Franklin H. Wilson, 273 Robert H, Witt, 241 HR, Woekile, 35 Beuce E. Wright, 101 D.C, Yeasley, 273 ‘hades N. Younkin, 101 Daniel S. Zamborsky, 29 RW. Zillmann, 69, 151FOREWORD ‘THIS VOLUME 7 of the 8th Edition of Mrrazs Hanps0ox, an “atlas of Microstructures of Industrial Alloys”, marks a departure from the format of the fitst six volumes of this series, This is essentially a volume of “pictures”, not of text, except for the caption ander each picture that describes in eppropriate detail the material, its treatment and its structure. This book fulfills a long-standing need to have in a single, convenient, up-to-date volume the micto- structures of the whole range of major industrial alloys. Of particular significance is the fact that the alloy coverage in this volume correlates excellently with that of Volume 1 of this series, “Properties and Selection of Metals”. These two volumes, therefore, when used together, provide a powerful tool and guide for understanding the behavior of metals and optimizing the selec- tion and treatment of an alloy for a partteular type of application, In addition, the inclusion of microstructures of prematurely failed material, together with explanatory comments, provides significant clues for troubleshooting and remedial action. ‘As do the previons volumes, this publication represents the efforts of many contributors and a dedicated staft to produce a reference book bath comprehensive and of high quality, Particular attention has been given to the quality of the micrographs and to the selection of magnifications, from very low values to the range of the electron microscope, appropriate to specific structures. In addition to the Handbook Committee and the 216 direct contributors listed herein, the nature of this publication has necessitated the assistance of many metallographers not credited. On behalf of ASM and its membership at large, we extend our deep appreciation to all these hard-working, expert participants. More then ever, metals are forming en essential part of our industry, society and quality of living. Fortunately, research in the past ten to fifteen years has provided us with an excellent, even if @ still incomplete, understanding of the relationship between structure and behavior of metals, thus meking possible greater efficiency and safety in the increasingly diverse and exacting ap- plication of metals. It is in this context that we are confident that this volume will make its own important contribution to tech- nological progress. N. E, Promrert AutaN Ray Purnant President American Society for Metals ‘Managing DirectorPREFACE ‘THIS 1S THE SEVENTH in a series of volumes that will supersede the single-volume 7th edition of Metans annnoox and greatly enlarge its scope. Being an atlas, this book differs from the previous volumes of the 8th edition, in that it consists largely of illustrations and captions and contains a minimum of text. In preparing this Atlas, the aitn of the ASM Handbook Committee ‘and the contributors hss been to provide the teader with a collection of micrographs that will be useful in understanding the structure, properties and applica- tons of industrial alloys, The alloys for which illustrations are included are those most frequently used in the metalworking indus- try. The distribution of content by major classes of materials is indicated by the following list of the num- ber of illustrations presented for each class: ‘The great majority (in fact, 90%) of the Hlustra- tions in this volume are photomicrographs made with visible light, Where appropriate, macrographs, electron. micrographs, and fractographs are included. The table below shows the distribution of these illustrations in re- ation to classes of alloys and also lists the number of contributors that participated in the preparation of each section of the book. ‘As it was for the first six volumes of this 8th edition, prineipal reliance for euthorship has again been placed ‘on committees of experts from industry, tn order to arrive at a balanced presentation of divergent view- points and to achieve realism in relation to practice. Each of the 16 committees that participated in the authorship of this volume funetioned under the chair- manship of Robert F. Mehl, who brougitt to this work a lifetime of dedication to the science of metals and custom and twa rela m eons Gif ino provided leadership and coordination for the en ee eee coc AB Toe Alas project auting the three-year prlod In which Fe bass apa BH} the Atlas project during Year ils tesa bal ee . ciel magnetic anc gos In thelr efforts to provide @ high degree of uty somnezipigs Mana occu BE or content for the readers tae committees have gone oa pomber of artis Beit Well beyond a straghtionvera presentation of normal Types of Illustrations and Number of Contributors in This Volume = ia ES wae Taco nal le ieapeaa ae ri ; iz 7 He ee g 2 3 g 8 Bae ina a adi arbou caicne 5 g : fl a 8 SOR any aetacmoreac B x i ; ri 3 ena ay em oe # i 3 oe : % : : 3 g eer caus os 2 3 5 3 3 Sst eee : % ; : S a Feeley siais is 3 i @ 8 Naa ee oi : ‘3 é 4 Sneek ch lg cece: is ‘jl 4 s See ey tag igs I ‘ 2 ; Cee ee sr ai elt a ™ . os a ea ee ad diggs as B " 8 8 setae nea aad Se = 8 s i Spee aes coe 3 i a i a et ies & i S 3 Becca cule oe 3 4 $ secre mein & i j a i Sen a aga z a ; a a ee mee a 3 ‘ a g a a tag a 8 8 t Hepes S § t Fee ond 2 : 8 i g ‘ Rill di age SOIT a i 3 & 3 anime aad asi le : ig ‘ i 2 3 ‘Total ‘2627 iW Ey ‘2821 TeDistribution of Content as to Types of Structures in This Volume Vndpariie egy > Migcareates Wek Gartgay News” to cotienore roniee” "ftcsecsse™ elt Sabekd cr! tl ston tracts celine Qrenerte wader Joute “Ene” ittuer toss Low-carbon shect steel 3 1B 8 % 15, Plate, tube and pipe steeis 4 2 4 i a 9 Carbon and alloy steels of medium edrbon conient 13 3 1 8 uy Carbon and shiny stale of high carbon contest 6 2 : 4 Py 103, Case hardening steels 16 6 2 : 7 mt Sleel castings Sn Son 3 a ° Cast trons ees Can 2 3 i 8 : 130 189 ‘Tool materials |. ST ae 5 1 2 207 251 Wrought stainless stele’ ©". : BR 3 " 4 ‘1 188 Btainloss ateel casting alloys 2 0 40 ‘Wrought heat-resisting alloys : iw i ® ° ws 10 Fe-Or-M heatoresistant casting alloys 0.000.000) "6 6 Ea : 5 81 ‘Nickel-buse and coball-base heat-resistant casting alloys tenes 8 5 2 6 85 Refmactory metals and alloys i a 2 ra 33 Eecrous powder metaturay alioys - 8 . 3 3 Magnetic materials 2 1” 35 Electrical contact materiais 3 a ii i A " 105, Sleeve bearing matetials. 1.000) 7 : ot 3 85 ‘Aluminum alloys : B Fy is 8 2 3 281 Copper and copper’ aiioys 1 2 2 10 2 13 a7 Tead and lead alloys : 3 5 i 1 6 68 ‘Magnesium. alloys i 2 5 “4 8 Nickel ‘alloys . - i : 2 2 ‘Tin and tin alloys’ i : : 3 25 Fa ‘lanlum and lanl sioys 7 a 5 3 x01 a Zine and ziae alloys... 1 1 . 4 Ed 4 Total i a im 0 ia 210 a microstructures of standard cast, wrought and sin- tered alloys. As is shown in the table above, moze then 800 illustrations deat with coatings, clad overlays, Welded or other joints, structures aiter service or ex. posure, defects, surface conditions, and undesirable or abnormal structures. ‘The format and terminology of this volume are dis- cussed in the Introduction, which begins on page 1. Many of the micrographs were prepared especially for presentation in these pages. A greater number, how- ever, were chosen from collections built up by many industrial organizations over a period of years for their ‘own use in fulfilling practical requirements of materials engineering or manufacturing process control. The committee members and other contributors named in the volume, therefore, have represented a much greater number of engineers and metallographers who have accomplished a large part of the eareful work of speck. men selection, preparation and photography that Is published here. ‘To this large group of anonymous eon- tributors a special word of thanks is due. Their efforts, as well as those of the named contributors, have made this volume possible. ‘Tavton Leman Editor Metats HandbookContents of Metals Handbook Volume 7 ATLAS OF MICROSTRUCTURES OF INDUSTRIAL ALLOYS Introduction foes 1 Low-Carbon Sheot Steel 31016 Standards for ten common grain ‘sizes, rimmed steel (ASTM) 4 Efteet of increasing carbon ‘content, rimmed steel... 6 Grain size and earbide r07in, ‘aluminum-killed steel . 6 Hot rolled structures, rimmed steel 7 a 0 Erect of increasing reductions, capped steel Reduction and reerystailization "-. 1 Normalized, annealed, and quenched ‘structures Galvanized and aluminum coatings 12 ‘Ghromized steel; tin and porcelain enamel coatings ve 3 Streicher strains, oranite ped, skin lamination, arrowheads, rolled-in seale 1“ Ingot-seab sliver, roll-siippage streaks, pits trom rolled-in sand 15 Nonmetallic inclusions, rimmed ‘steel ane 8 Plate, Tube and Pipe Steels . 17 to 28 Plate steels ASTM AS6, A201 and AMES cee IB Plate steels ASTM A286, AIG, ‘A433 and A515 . 9 Plate stecls ASTM ASi6 and ASI 20 Plate steels ASTM ASIT, ASS and A897 Plate steols ASTM ASST, AB(2 and A853... Plate stools ASTME A385, AZ62 and AST? ‘Tube steels ASTM A161, A200, A209 and ABLE... . ‘Tube stocla ASTM A264, AISI 1015 ‘and AIST 1018 ‘Tube steels AIST i025, 1215, 4620, 5048 and 8620 ....- Pipe steel ASTM A108... Pipe steels API SL-X46 and SL-X¢0, and ASTM A395 and A381 Carbon and Alloy Steels of Mediu Corbon Content 29 te 1025, 1000 and 10B85 steels 1085, 10835, 1038 and 1040 steels - 1080 and. 1048 steels... : 1085 and 1050 steels 1080 steel .-- 1052 stee! : S88 8 2 8 eases 1151, 1524, 1527 and 1541 steels... 38 1840 steel, 0550-2.38n4n steel, Moet ane 4180 steels ” awoded se Coe fo and 0 steels 4250, sos, S102 and a8 niece | 40 E48, oso and AMS 10 stecs |. fans eto (lead-modifed), ABS sD and AMS OAT stock ns 2 hon ond lay Sts of High ‘Carbon Content S° 43 1054 oss and 2060 steeds eee Ak 10B6i, 1064 1088, 1090 and 107 ste 6 sot, 1080 and i000 steels ss) 48 Hea treated structures in Toe seh evr a eat treated und std worked cuclares fi 089 tea) oso. 8 siguetures in 8350-240hta and si00 steals ° 14% € low-alloy ied, and SiB60 wand 20100 stele a spheroidieed and quenched-and- ‘esnpeted $2100 steele. SL iat Weed structures dad Gefects in S210 Set) wees... 82 peti weld and inclusion fn so eect ss eat trated srachare in 6180 find 0094 steele enone SE Caso Hardening Stest. 55068 1 steel gas carburized tn leak ‘ight furnaces cee 88 Gas eaburivedstvis wilt” Gecarbutited esses, and ith Sots ease carbon contents... Retained austenite in gas caren ‘Moed and hardened Srustares -.. 8 cas casburzed 120 steel: efoct ‘of rariatons in postesrburining feat treatment » coas earburaed eases wth suciace ‘xldatio, slack quenebed iructures, and mulcroeraeks ..... 60 ‘Mlorocrace and alterations in gas carboried cage a Decarburization; grinding burn; {ractographs e Pack carburized structures; earbo- ‘nitrded structores Carbonitrided structures Cyamided and gas nitrided structures ix Gas nitrided and liquid nitrided structures o structures of annealed and normal- ‘ned steels before carburizing... 68 Steel Costir «69 4080 ‘As-cast and heat treated A2T ‘carbon steol castings . 70,71 Ac-cast and heat treated A148 high-strength steel eastings .... 72 Heat treated A148 high-strength steel castings AL48 and A216 carbon and carbon~ molybdenum steet castings... 74 ‘A216 carbon steel castings 0... Heat treated A216 carbon steal castings... - A216, 0.45¢, and AagT steal castings»... : Hoat treated A487 low-alloy steel | castings ecteesess 1B ‘Manganese steel castings «0... 20 Cost Irons 81 to 100 "Types of graphite flakes in gcay ‘ron; stroetures in class 20 ‘gray iron . (classes 30, 40 and 60 gray irons... Figh-phosphoras gray sron; alloy emay irons .. * ‘Heat treated gray iron Hardened surfuces, surface weld, and brazing filler metal on gray iron... : Inclusions and wousual structures fm gray tron os... 8 Graphite nodules in ductile iron; ‘as-cast pearlitic ductile tron... 88 Heat treated pearlitic ductile iron 89 earlitie ductile tron: hardened eg 88 Surfaces, surface Weld .......-... 90 Forritie duotile iron and ‘austenitle ductile iron «......... 9% Structures in chilled ductile fron; abnormal structures ...... 92 nchsioné and abnormal stevliies in ductile iron [Abnormal structures in ductile iron’ oe Asccast (white) and annealed ‘malleable iron; nodule shape and distribution... 6 Heat treated pearitien ‘malleable ron 98,97Cast trons (continued) ‘Unusual and abnormal structures ‘in malleable iron 8 Abrasion-resistant and corresion~ resistant cast irons 90 Corrosion-resistant and heal vesistant east irons = 100 Tool Materiols . 101 t0 130 Water-hardening tool steels ....... 102 Shock-reststing tool steels 20.1. 108 Oll-hardening tool steels 2105 Air-hardeniag tool steels 108 High-C high-Cr tool steels cag Hot work tool steels us High speed tool steels 118 Special-purpose and mold steels | 124 189 nickel maraging steels 25 ‘Gast cobalt alloy tool materials... 126 Cemented carbides 1 Geramie tool materials 130 Wrought Stainless Steels ....131 t0 150 ‘Types 201, 301 1m ‘Types 302, 308 and 308186) . 188 Type BOE eee S818 Type 908020 = 137 ‘Types 805 and 310. 138 ‘Type 316 139-140 ‘Type 336. 740 ‘Type 821 140-148 ‘Type 326 ii Type 347 141-12 ‘Type 409 1a ‘Type 410 naa ‘Type 16 Mat ‘Type 430 Ma-v9 ‘Type 4404 45, ‘Type 4200 145-146 Type a6 oo 6 ‘Type 630 (17-4 PHO artery ‘Type 631 (17-7 PH) | 7-148 ‘Type 633 (AM-350) | Ma-149 ‘Type 634 (AM-355) Tha-as0. ‘Type 635, AM-363 and EINM ‘stainless steels 350 Stoinless Steet Casting Alloys 151 to 156 Alloy CA-GNM. (I3Cr-4Ni-05Moy .. 152 ‘Alloy CA-16 (18Cr-IND 152, Alloy CB7Cu (18Cr-4Ni-3Cw) =... 159 Alloy CD-4MCu (26Cr-5N1-2Mf0-3Cw) 153, ‘Alloy CF-5 (19Cz-10ND) oo... 184 ‘Alloy CF-3M (10Cr-1INi-25Mo} | 164 ‘Alloy €F-8 (0.68C-20Cr-10N1) «1. 154 Alloy CF-3C (@0Cz-1iN-ICb) |." 155 Alloy CP-88 (20Cr-1INi“IMo~03Se) 155 ‘Alloy GR-EM (20Gr-LING-25Mo} 136 Alloy CR-16F (20Cr-11NI-IM0-0.38e) 156 Alloy CP20 (0.200-20Cr-108i1) ..., 156 Alloy OK-20 (5Cr-21Ni) 186 Alloy CN-IM (21Gr-29N1-2M0-3Cu) 158, Wrought Heat-Resisting Alloys 15710176 ron-niekel-elsromium heat resisting alloys 138 ‘Nickel-base heat-resisting alloys | 183 Cobalt-base heat-resisting alloys |- 115 Fe-Ce-Ni Heat-Resistont Casting Alloys « 177 to 186, Alloy HA (502-1040) 218 alloy HF GiOr-8N1) Da Alloy HH @6Cr-12Ni) 2 380 ‘Alloy HE (2603-208) Diet ‘Alloy BW (ONi-12¢r) se Alloy HN (25NL-218) -. 2385 ‘Alloy HT’ (SSNI-16Cr) 185 Nicke|-Base and Cobalt-Base Heat- Resistant Costing Alloys ..187 to 196 Mickel-base casting alloys 188 Cobelt-base casting alloys 195 Refractory Metals and ‘Alloys 197 t0.202, ‘Tungsten and tungsten alloys ..... 198 Molybdenum and molybdenum alloys 199 Golumbiom ana coltimbium alloys | 200 ‘Tantalum, tantalum alloys and tantalura eladaing 20 Ferrous Powder Metallurgy AMIOYS cvs eee sevens 25-203 to 208 tron 208 ron-grapnite 208 3ron-eopper 208, Zron-eopper-¢raphite an alloy steel 2 208 Effect of heat treatment 200000... 208 Mognetie Materials 209 t0 218, Silicon electrical steels = 210 Troa-nlekel alloys 2a Iron-cobalt alloys 215 Soft ferite, hard ferrite, ‘and garnets a8 Atnice ‘alloys at ‘Other permanent magnet materials 218 Electrical Contact ‘Materials 21910230 Copper-base materials 20 Silver-base materials mm ‘Tungsten-bese and molybdentimn- ‘base materials Gold alloy materials © Platinum-base and palladium-base tmaterisis; zhodium plate ....... 230 Sleeve Bearing Materiols ....231 to 240 Babbitt Imers ae Copper alloy liners 28 [Lesa alloy and ‘Teton overlays ‘en copper alloy liners 236 ‘Aluminum alloy bearings and tiners 238 Lead alloy overlays on aluminum alloy Tiners ... wees 20 Silver and silver siloy limers /2001.. 240 ‘Aluminum Alloys 241 to 272 Non-heat-ireatable wrought alloys 262 Heat treatable wrought alloys ..., 245 Defects, curresion, fractures ‘alloy 7075 products 282 Casting alloys 255 Norrsal structures, undesirable structures, and defects in dle castings 262 Welded snd brased Joints 265, Surfaces of aluminum slioy parte | 273 Copper and Copper Alloys . ..273 to.296 ‘Bifect of axygen in copper-oxygen alloys a ‘Wrought eoppers and high-copper alloys. 275 ‘Welds in eopper rod, bar and tube | 280 Beazod Joints In copper tabe rasseriblies 21 carisidge brass 282 (Other wrought brasses 208 ‘Wrought bronzes 21 Copper-nickel and copper-nickel- ze alloys... 293, Electrodepomited copper; cast ‘high-copper alloy, brass, bronzes, nlokel stver am Lead and Lead Alloys... ..297te 304 ead and dilute teed alleys . LLead-base babbitts ... ‘Lead-caleium alloys’. Lead-antimony slloys Tead-tin solders, and soldered Joints 02 ‘Type metals and other Pb-Bb-sn | alloys sot Magnesium Alloys 305 to 312 Constituents ee. sev vessceseees 808 ‘Wrought alloys» 307 Casting alloys 509 Defects : an Nickel Alloys 313 t0 316 ‘Wrought nfekel alloys ait Casting alloy CW-12M 316 Tin and Tin Alloys 317 to 320, Uualloyed tin; alluee tin alloy... 318 ‘Tin-lead alloys 318 ‘Tin-antimony alloys uae Other tin alloys 320 Hoot dipped tinplate 320 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 321 t0 334 Unalloyed titanium ae High-titanium alloys 322 Alpha alloys B23 Alpha-bela inesr-aipha) alloys ... 324 Alpha-beta alloys .scsseccenecrs 328 Bota alloys eo... aaa Zine ond Zine Alloys 335 to 340 Zine and effects of other elements . 336 Zine die-casting alloys 83 Hypereutectie and hypocutectic ine alloys; lend-contaminated AGA0A; rolled sine 338 Hot and cold rolied aine-copper ‘and zine-copper-titanium alloys . 339 zine - 29% aluminum alloy’ alvanized steel 300 APPENDIX: Identification of Etchants oo... ses. Bat INDEX 343 t0 366,ATLAS OF MICROSTRUCTURES OF INDUSTRIAL ALLOYS Prepared under the chairmanship of Robert F. Meht CONTENTS Low-Carhon Sheet Steel. Plate, Tube and Pipe Steels Caren and Alloy Steels of Medium Carbon Content Carbon and Alloy Steels of High Carbon Content Case Hardening Steels ‘Stoel Castings Cact Irons ‘Tool Materials ‘Wrought Staintess Steels Stainless Steel Casting Alloys ‘Wrought Heat-Resisting Alloys Fe-Cr-Ni Heat-Reststant Casting Alloys ‘Nickel-Base and Cobalt-Hase Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys Refractory Metals and aloys Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Alloys Magnetic Materiais Eleetrieal Contact Maieriais Sleeve Hearing Materials ‘Aluminum Alleys Copper and Copper Alloys. Lead and Lead Alloys Magnesium Aloys .... Nickel Alloys Tin and Tin Alloys <0. ‘Titanium and Titanium Alloys Bme and Zine Alloys... OR THE broad range of metals and alloys represented in the 26 sections of ‘hig AUas, tcrographs have been seleet- ed to provide a meaningful sampling of ‘ormal and abnormal structures and to Ilustrate the effects of major process” Ing variables and service conditions. ‘Scope, ‘The scope of this Atlas close ly parallels tat of Volume 1 of thie Hapabook, “Properties and Selection of ‘Metals" Except for minor modifications, the major clases of materials are dealt wsia in'a similar sequence: (a) carbon nd low-alloy steels; tb) east irons; Co) fool materials; (@) stainless steels’ and hheat-resisting alloys; (e) inaenetie, dlecisieal and “other special-purpose mterals; and if) nonferrous ‘metals ‘Tale arrangoment facilitates the use of Volume t in conjunction with this Aus In relating Properties and applications of metals to thelr abicroctructures, ‘Format. ‘The seetions of this Atlas deal individually with specific ferrous and nonferrous metals ‘and alloys as indl- Introduction cated in the list af the top of this page. ‘Tue opening page of each section con tains a brief discussion of characteris- lies and constituents of the structure of the alloys for which micrographs are presented in the section, ang, whenever Dractieal or useful, carries a table of Compositions of those alloys. The brer- {ty of alsoustion In these opening pages Isto some extent compensated for by Toferences to other volumes of cs Handbook, for ‘additional information ‘on wlcrostructute ‘ax Zelated. to com Daglton. Dropertica or heat treatment, 1e opening page of each section also coatrles 4 ist of the contents of the fee on, hes lets. many of shlch aze absldgments, are supplemente fully eseripve headings, in bolatace pe, othe Yap of all pages of miseo- @raphs in the sections. ‘Tho micrographs themsolves are num= bored ‘conseeutively ror. 1 tnrougl BEDI, for convenience of identification and eross referencing, A dolall of spect " 29 58 0 31 101 an 1st 131 17 18 it 209 219 a mL 2 201 308 33 at 35 ‘men preparation, usually the name or ‘composition of tie etchant employed, 6 given, Immediately ‘below each micro- raph, at the left. (For a description of Stohants Identified by ‘number or by Broper ame only, se, the “Appendix inning on page e specimen ‘Was polished but not etched, or neither ‘Polished nor etched, this information 1s Town st the loeation normally cecupied by the etchant, ax is a reference to “thinefoll specimen’ when a transmis slon electron micrograph was prepared froma thin-foll_ specimen. ‘The mag- nifeation of each micrograph or macro- Graph Js shown lumnediately below the Picture: ot the right. a ‘A caption accompanies each miero- graph or series of ‘widleat— ng’ the: atoy” designation or chemical composition of the specimen, and other pertinent information, sueh as the ‘iet form (forging, casting, bar, shee), processing history and exposure to en- ‘Wironmental or testing media. Tempera2 sae a ees aot Sees as rt See erage Bole un Siac See tre mae Hae Seth Sada ee Seem “ ia angen Samer ohuraiae eit Py Siedatt teeta HOLE, Gaeta So sericea weer cure eter. Heaney Sa Heh citer dace Ses eee Stine a Peer i mabe tar ee ee re Bee aiiecthpaue tate Ren GMa. tee Introduction tion with the terminology employed in Volume 1 ana in the other volumes of this Handbook, ‘Some of the terms employed by in- dustry to deseeibe certain microconstt ents, although widely "accepted and generatly understood, “are Jacking in Precision gr are at Variance ‘with the Phase designations assigned in phase Siagrams, Similar variants are comuon to virtually all the sciences, sneluding chemistry where. tae hdrochionte ‘acid of the chemteal laboratory becomes the “murtatic acid” of the plating shop. ‘Te le the practiee of ladistey, for ex: ample, to generaiize the ‘reference to ‘carbide oceturing in the microstructure ‘of an alloy steel, rather than to identity ing specie carbide on the bass of ts crystal structure oF of Its. prine! ‘otallle constituent (Jor example: toa earoide, vanadium earoide). ‘Those en- (gaged in heat Lreatiag processes, such 8 carburizing, have developed thelr own referred terminology, and, ass con Sequence, a term such a5-"carblée layer” Ie often ised to designate the phase in steel known 2s cementite, Similanly, cus fom has favored the use of diferent terms to describe similar phases in dif- ferent alloys. Thus, the face-centered~ ‘Cuble matziy in Fe-Cr-NL stainiess steel {s referred t¢ a8 abstenite whereas in nekel-base NieCrePe alloys it 1s desige nated Fauima. ‘Variants in terminology relating to the shape of appearance of mierocon= sityents are also common, these aise ‘most often because conventional metal Tographic.tecrnique is limited. to two- dimensional sections. of three-dimen= Sonal microconstisuents. Thas, a plate Tet’ ta ‘three-cimensional reference) 1s often referred to as a “needte", because of Its needielixe appearance when viewed in two dimensions only.Microstructure of Low-Carbon Sheet Steel By the ASM Committee on Metaticgraphy of Low-Carbon Sheet Stee!™ ‘CONTENTS. Standards for ‘Ten Common Grain Sizes, Rimmed Stee] (ASTM) Effect af Increasing Carbon Content, Rimmed Steel .. Grain Bizo and Carbide Form, Aluminum-Killed Steel . Hot Rolled structures, Rimmed Steel .. : Effect of Increasing Reductions, Capped Steel . Reduction and eerystalization - ‘Normalized, annealed, and Quenched Structures Galvanized and Aluminam Coatings «...-..c..0- 00 ‘Chromized Steel; Tin and Porcelain Enamel Coatings Surface Conditions (Defects) .. ‘Nonmetalue Inclusions, Rimmed Steel LoW-CARBON SHEET STERIL is wide- Iyrared n'a varity of induatrial and fone produc taat ate fabrieated Sy forming oF welding, oF both extea- for porcelas snaelng Many’ of the ‘Sreclate ejameling, Many overlies of these. steels including ity ‘and suitability, for pore late enameting, are related to miro- ta af ts tandteok (pages ta sandbook (pages 79 ta 87) and Wt fo S30) proves and procedures {or forming dnd welding ahese steels axe desertbes'm Volume & and Volume Sie Oe tee Seer feerceetai suc are: means Sree {ate rolled ie OF "2 compote, ee th ‘within these ranges: aves. tale sao seen ia aan iar ms ey crete! ee from about 0.04% to as low as 0.002% Beation of the sheet. The mungane Enntent! of extra-low-carbon composts fons generally is near the low sige of fe abore'lstec range: erontractires etalon steel ancl of very low car fom content —nown us” electrics] shots" ave hiuatrated on pager 20 %0 iig'is ds adias) Deozidation Practice, Low-earbon sheet Metis are. Faiee to, Sect. from Ingots of rimmed, capped, senikiied ar ited set wdsely, tae, the dissolved” onggen it . exgwen llgwed to evolee as eatbon moneride frien gle es rene inthe Ineo! a ‘ummlag action lowers {he average carbon content of the ingot Breteaieersegreaien of fhe Fema Ing carbon, ane of phosphorus and Sule fur, toward the center aad top of the ingot during sodineation an action tae progreses ether unt the ingot Is capped ar ntl H freezes over Ine top Eberle nent of te at eee Sits af 4 shin of tron of high purty, Sstentitly fee of inclusions Ghemicaly capped ana mechanically cebped Chott top" steele are modi sallons ‘of rimmed’ steel” Chemically Exped steel te allowed to "ait ta the mole for to's mlgles; imuning Se litn js tnen hatied by the acaition of slimizum ‘shot or ferzsticoa tothe top, whch alto promotes tapid sokeia cation at the top Mechaatealy capped Ts‘poured inio's special designed ‘ 8 8 7 8 0 n 2 8 “ 6 4s placed over the top opening of the ‘old, and as the metal ses ie stcikes the cap, whereupon the evolution of gas is halted by the bulldsp of pressure. Gapped see, has the advantage of han ing less segregation than does normal riuumed steel, while retaining some ‘what thinner skin ‘of high-purity leon. "The soHsifcation of semikllled steel is controlled in the mold by additions of flther ferrosilicon or ajuminura; alled Steel “or "special killed” steel) 1s treat ed-with an aluminum addition only, ‘luminum-killes steel ie mot widely ‘Used for cold rolled sheets that. wil Be Subjected fo severe forming oF drain ‘and aiso, because of its nonaging char= ‘acteristics, for sheets that Mul be stored {or Jong beriode before being formed. mn fact, Drineipal dvamtages 0 minumekiled steel are freedom from ‘trun asing and suporfor formabity, Edect of ‘Thermal Histery, On Wot rolled sheet, at Js Anished above the transtormation-temperature range, the runout cooling practice determines the carbide characteristice and, toa lester extent, the grain size. Variations in foiling temperatures are also employed {0 control grain size and carbide form. Cold reduced sheets are generally an- nealed unless a nara tersper is desired, Normalizing may" also be utilized Tor thot and cold rolled sheets that will be porcelain enameled. For further infor” ‘mation on the annealing and normaliz- ing of hot and cold rolieg steel sheet, see the article on Low-Carbon Steel Sheet ‘in Volume 1 of this Handbook; ‘Steet mola in tae steels ranges from about 0.08 to 0.12%¢ fhe carbon content of steele selected for poreelain enameling may range stoxsar F. Man:, Choir, Professor Emeriss, Carnegie Melon Univeniy: A. P, ALexanoER Works Metatorgie. Fact Equipment Die Intemational Hurracer Co A. H. Buopcare, Sopereeot, Metallogaphic Uoatr. Zagicenng and Resenech Otice, Chipset Coxpe RM. Bisex, Ditetor of Materials Devetopment: Metal Reseach acd Expoeerag Dept, Continental Can Go. Inc Haaota Guin. Super in, Matalogaphic Laborato. Central Laboratory, Fost) Merc, Gos RH. Hteves, Peincipal RevearchAwocate Arco Steel Corps HE, KescuveL, Fondamental Reseach Latoratey, United Steer sted (Corps Man 1. Kune, Metlsrgit, New Holland Div, Sperey Rand with a relatively snalt opening Inimediately after teeming ‘abd deoxidation, a heavy east iron cap Additional’ Suformation on “annealing. practice Is presented tn the article tat gins on page 1 or Volume 2. Corp: FH, Laxag. Amistnt to the Manager; Ploduct Reseateh, Homer Research Labortevis, Bethlehem Stee! Cove, Lacan’ Mai, ‘Genetl Supervising Metalurgist, Metallurgical Deparacent, o'ond Steel Co Paut G. Neison, Bliasger, Production Laborston, Budd Co. R. B Rupsoce, “Sion Metaliogit, Corporsee Laboratory, Stanley Works Messin. A Soci, Manager, Metallurgical Research (eeeed), A. O. Smith Grp. JA. Suanpoy, Avacnte Pofesor of Metaliuny. Gesees! Moors tnaitste; Dacre M. Trouiween, Mcal sad Proes Fagin, Major Appliance Loberstotis, General Elecuie Ce HOGanD E. BOYER, Secretary, Managing sitar, eae Handbook4 Common Grain Sizes of Low-Carbon Sheet Steel (Specimens Are Rimmed Steel) i iat Weox Nt ox 100% Mominal ASTM groin sige, No. 1 Nominal ASTM grein sige No, 2 Nominal ASTM grain size No.3 1 Gpeatien Siown “mae stcaated = 2 pen shown "has a°taiciated —-Nipeelnan “shun Gas" a atculated arin Si of 117) rain Si of ram Se of 25) ‘Nominal Number of Grains per Square Millimeter (at 1x) and per Square Inch (at 100%) for the Ten Grain Sie Shown. tt 002 wa Oe Nominal 48TM Nominal asta Romina! Nominal 48M 6 Fam ae ers 7 ‘A é 9 een ae 10 isin ‘the No a0 at (apeclinen Dasa caloue tesa gion * apeinen nae ties pec, tng a xl Inled grain size‘of Goa) ESP gran size of 0) MaGSd grain 'see of at) laked grain skze 9¢ 10) Standard methods for estimating the average groin size of metals are presented in ASTM RUL2, together ith formulas Yor eateatatiag erein tse and a Tobi of sit tlatonshipn for alt AS7H0 prashice’ nmbers 105 140, WAIN hal CaeEffect of Increasing Carbon Content on Microstructure of Rimmed Steel GS . . . c . . . . . ¢ ‘ : : 3 ae - z o & ¢ eet 2 4 at tt sem rea se. t ons eaten % as carton 3 0a extas an - . QC, / - nL . . re . S _ Le od ws = coe ‘ s sos 5, & ‘ - . o o. a 5 . - fox nee 0x oa sx 3 i carton 6 cms carton = s , oa 2 . - . .. - fw 10x Pent sx Pt sito " uss earvon 8 abs easton 13 on carton In getton tthe carbon contents indented, the sees coh- foemanite) rns aio semen, The hoher-magnitzatine ‘ake abe manana ac0%, aur ad O00 pup irgraphe Sow thatthe Siberia! panel eeatent poe Bas Nene tl” lg 0 nk alain ee Ee Eee tele Heiner cated Bay Reneteodama sig: Amrit) Ta ol Wie te Sewn to nae Brees INE oe EV ane per nla SA er etC tet cela parle wr ‘Pa Tas ee et REP arse FEET doer hont t'room, temperative, Phare micrograph show ‘microrranhs) that iat a of tron Sephegdeth of eaPb0n of the rarjace te tpied! of rimmed Hels, had the eavbon content tnoreates, the number of Won corbiseGrain Size and Carbide (Cementite) Form in Aluminum-Killed Low-Carbon Sheet Steel a ee 1 tote gaa CAST Mo. Medium tere gran casTag wo." 39) [Pine ferrite grain (ASTM No. 9) ‘ . , a «ye os ae oe x Peal 1900x Feal sox Pre 020% 23 ‘Massive carbide partiles 24. Curbide particles of meatum ste ‘Small, depersed carbide partites an. on this page are of cold rolted and annecied sleet containing about 008% C. “Ang of the Carbide (cosrSte) forma cam be executed Wi gy f the grain ses shoe‘Hot Rolled Rimmed Steels of Extra-Low and 0.06% Carbon Contents 7 2B Ripe sel, gang ‘wn ube i Sta as Oy a coed strain imparted By ey Smita Sie sere de Tre oe omer ‘Ailne-grin ferive developed: ain boundaries. auite at the ferrite gnnedling eaused surface grat oo . e 7 : wera, eiss Sa same as, bu dearer in et eer acrre co 34 Gpen" a att ee) aes 1h the fragmen- parties were, denne of con, resting 128 Effect of Percentages of Reduction by Cold Rolling on Capped 1008 Steel (Magnification, 250%) nat 250% 43% atl 250% 4% ol 41 0% reduetion 42 0% reduction 43 90% reduotion ‘Prior to cold roliing, the hot band was finished hot and clted cold. The tnliat, hot roued thickness was 0127 in, Lonolludinal sections,Effect of Percentages of Reduction by Cold Rolling on Capped 1008 Steel (Magnification, 1000X) 9 > - che Se 100” 9 wat Oo ae ne % $0 redcton % ee i, ‘0 reuetton rir to oct roti, the Not vend was fnihed hot and cotied cold, The initial, hot rlled thickness was 0.127 ik. Longitudinal sections,10 Reduction and Recrystallization aox “Aaa Exection wptior2000 53 Alupinan-killed steel (005 (0 54. Al manu kiled ses! (O08 5G Seme ex, uly a Bose) “ead ellen 10° S05 ruboose M,agrs aby, as © fede “iuminim” nfrie s reduction and reeryetalizad, reduction and recrYslatloed rolled" zlongnied feria ert. “* ag-rolied dermie rain boundaries. cu egos oa speties BE ane © ae ot sald ame nah BS 308.0 om niet amma tt 57 SMS oi maanme emai BB It G a abe. RS 50 ute Gas ape awe te Oe ale ees ten foie, with reduction Reeryotnlvaten w 8%, with Teed G08; hardness, Rockwell 8057 78 SPieteen to Rocknel so-298 Bete Sor To. ‘Thin! sprciman Thin fot specimen minted specimen 35.000 ‘ to 105 reduction, ‘Same as 60 exces seal was ested slow ame au GD except stel mas heated rm 60 SAE ioe seat cous rong to 10 61 2 iy GD Same a 60 ca sanity ‘Slegteon ierogray (Go, or #72 G, per tous) to 900% Aga’) 82 ta ig w trba: Ch and hela tor 2 ows sligted fect cats gh) ie oblate ‘Some —Iooasion- tree reesezalloed by Sein Soci nip deaity or ase ‘Solving Into a regovered rit TWeations produced by colt roling Th ‘Shall eitgrains, ‘Phin fol el‘Various Normalized, Annealed, and Quenched Structures u “Alumicum-biled 108 steel_ normalized falcon, to nal thlekness “Toe tere structire contains fae 3 lark areas) atthe grain botndaries cmperatute {an and eoois slowly. Perrie faviy sphuroldwed cements 00x Nas! 100% 10 sie sir, 0014 In, thlok, sustenttved at 1070 F 010 C) apd 7]. Saroe as mlerograph 70 except at higher megniteation, which more 70 rota “Ginichtd “itltreccwoture"ly solar ‘ow-carbon mavieniic. 71 Gars"anows the eeetar low-carbon arstaibe: mctetructure2 Galvanized Coatings and Aluminum Coatings sey pt i spe sn sie soe Site wo et ea FF Sthang wa mean Oe Shun a ere eg” 7 Sos tsi BE "a) 73 Soe meme Pg 7 Rone oot go ce per cate ek gontaina no trew ae, ironcrine cetapounde with Ho feo tine But Sf compeuas at satieu eter, Wank GsGHE Sher ai7GS ‘copper, to brnerve edge) GS"on peruse one tie oeateg Thue oe “ a x “sorte sree sve Saint se tet cu sua “BE 52" Bhacuns sss omar s22% 8" canara 109 net cane omy Te EE Pe G70 SRE TY, Stes Sataa Ses 77 Suet rh om te inc. Coating weight, 2.15 oz per square foot. Coating Weight is 4 oz per square foot. ‘from dross in the galvanizing bath. aan cop sea 100% wea 000% wnat 10003 7B 100 see witn type 1 hot aip alumiein 76 108 see sui? age wie BO sett ze 1 te lp aa see sAshiand ALGcee lavers sasntiay Gure"Al anda e"aloy, Qe suse tf uae shen Eh beeen pecan space tial ferme Ash and AU sie Myers, easntily pure al and eager of Bie icy ‘Top 8 vottem stele tuer ALS aloy, APS ayer eto Spire Al Sith seated! (o'elevated temperature (n alr thu scooting Pe log and the see sheet AS eit ef al'Se; lowe ayer aCe ‘or'the surface oxides (dani elcingChromized Steel; Tin and Porcelain Enamel Coatings 3 ‘Same ag. 62 but 82 Shits Shows intra ft Rigner magnieation, 3. Chromtaed ‘and septa ol he Gta by gases ancl and then aitzed to form GPE ayer Gonex m0 p09 - sph of, acid bath “destton ‘micrograph of alkaline: 5 Replica eiecron. mcromra ELE ated 020% Chota ‘ine, 85 Entpiated 010%, "Cpe, WRich shows tie Set Soo! asamiy orctaed ‘or'Pedh ower areel, toon goes cM clas growth of Grtals of Fete that fermea r+ Saeco of Fees eer Se Pidiu'on the"son bie, cosa Eeersion of halogen-clecropiated tin, ei SU RRA Oy Ow VON ETN BT Beenie ted gong, ©, woes BS Sue et dome SL BSR Se eas wees magn fF goes BS Sages ape Sok Ste, regia OUE.C Te 8S See me doe roe eet: 89 ANS ee ar NE ae cond ee Mae SRST gy ae Sb ly ae. ME Eat ARPSu Stretcher Strains, Orange Peel, Skin Lamination, Arrowheads, Rolled-In Scale ‘enet x ‘coast 92 Gems Lae SA A Va ete nn oc hoe aad toe el ret meg on get iuet BS get tous. an “arorben” eit atoll lt ieee 94 Sa GOL LARRY 95 Seton aren ap “grant cee tion Sint appauted Sh the toteee alter dS, Gente ‘efecto OE routed back into surfaer, emtaed Chie deleteIngot-Scab Sliver, Roll-Slippage Screaks, Pits From Rolled-In Sand 15 Net poe ot tere 20% of seta sae . 00) 101 Ged rolled 1008 steal with Lonestuamel me 103 Sa 0 201 ane 20, pree ug ooh et sigeaks. on euPfuce hal 'were. cated EY Sppopt bevween rolls in the tandem mill ‘etening ata Of very te grain 106 ge 20nd Poe odd Stee16 Nonmetallic Inclusions Commonly Present in Rimmed Low-Carbon Steels — a ~ —— - _ Guenched, empered a 1129 F (eC) for Yh. planation. Matris, probably tempered Geinite, thickness. Struchure' ly ‘empered bale Soa" cootea “in air Tempered marteite,Plate Steels ASTM A353, A562 and A572 23 2 neat 000%, ‘Same step! and heat, treatment as for ‘ASTM ASS? sted plate, 1 Ip. se ‘Bame steel and heat treatment as for 161 See sce fang suse iru gown py 162 163 eM dtShows wk teplen wanemiee a reples,Trenstietad “aoctton “mierorraph, 400 cy for tr and ce ston, elestion mirograph the thant ataELie i lempered: martensite: cuvblce per= Sesctire consis sey eitn"anti Parties biack eotetftuent are well resolved fies are present mainly ab grain bounaarieeartiles of ttaunum, casbide. Et ine hugner mnemitontion, Thin fol sseciren ‘Ta000x TOG Gamer sect and condition a tar 165 Rate preset of atest ‘lsctron sropraph Note row ot parle of tomcat Sringers isthe eric, consists is Decry Some batt ‘coluinblum‘eatbige infos ferite mats Yeo. same eel ana sh thst ‘ron microm Structure: dsecetions inn) ‘hd vino euvbice parvils Unt) hn frre‘Tube Steels ASTM A161, A200, A209 and A213 a ERE : 4 Wea Lox iat eager 00x Vets reagent ASTM ALG seamless steal tube, 8.in. OD ‘ASTM 9200, grade, TS, a5 Same specimen as shown i 171, but 170 GM Ged ae hoe Gums Spetnen 171. feaMiute "aghceta “oigtoaina eee 172 Slee segnitention high nine from midthlctness of well in Vongieaditel see" on, Shracturt We fine digberson of aloy esi ferrite: black particles are alloy carbide, Tocated HE inicuure © ferte and peace Clare. bide a matrix of frcte Gight background), inuciy within "the Terie grains. ints veagent Yoox" 10x a ‘Same epectmen as shown 12, ASTI A200, grade TI, seamless alo ‘same steel ae 104 but cold dewwnsnd 173 Sirece'su higher reeuicom sack 174 AEDS MboE tied tnd amnened, 175. steae Telered, Mlrograph tom el ‘onsutdents efe alloy eatuide: iaisis i terite, Ferrite ight) ad peaiiey some'Saniding’ tadinal'secton. Ferrie ond peatite (see 10) Visin's reagent 300% Vir’ reagent 300% het 178 Sime specimen as, shows ts 177, but ab Ey Soirletey esalved he salt rr 003 176 Spe specimen as show in 195, but at 177 ASTM AZIS, grade ‘Se, steel tube, goer mmendeain ne eke are Rashes vo. in, OD by Cat yall tn the strudtire areferite and the GA areas hold at 1380 F (igg ©) and al buted, Disperoed ‘ie peatlfe, which is largely Unresolved at 00%- Ghozwumm and’ laniumn carbides inf‘Tube Steels ASTM A254, AISI 1015 and AISI 1018 25 are! 00% Mat ioex ra bene gored white 9 see tube, resislance welded without ‘same 92 180, nat tre tube hoe 179 Gouger beet, foie ineiae Decarburiztion at te surfeee of cate meluslon dongitudinal) 194 Sono in See sued suse 195 geeMeaniate habe Ganmnerss, 8M 196 SalersPipe Steel ASTM A106 27 SE APE = anon we 2 197 seme eof moey Sea 18 (en oe eaten 6x eel steel plpe, So Bisa ObX by ottawa na Hot ralued Oy austen ‘at 1500 ae aren ‘yas ‘SE miswall gp Fehrs ftiekniag suructure te (erie cight fray) in ‘aisir of pestle (gray and Baek) ASTM, A106, erage B_compasttion, steel Same grade and size of pipe as for 20) 201 Sipe bhin Bay assim? wait an te: 202 fae natmalice by austehitsne 6 al trades, "Speeimen taken ear surface. verrite at F (O71 G). and am cooling, Spocimen Wat taken Jain boundaries, and’ as plates in grains ear tutfaca. Note abataie of decarburstion Sat 20x tah 100% Same grade and sive of pipe as for 20%, Same grade and sze of or 20 oi 204 Sere ent ceiment incor aot 205 bob dieataed ty aaah at fs specimen a takes trom center” of pipe wel, F sid G) or bhi and lr-coting te ant Sine boa ns ithe sirdctureare“ferrhe a i Dror stent groin pouragras and’ as blaies aries of very courge pri tute gras abd 83 ‘thin grein iw alex of beac. Slates wlitta grains, the malsix ky pearite,28 Pipe Steels API 51-X46 and 51-X60, and ASTM A335 and A381 5x 4% oi bx 4% 5x ection theongh a two-pess butt wed ‘Section through a twowpase but weld made fa the same 207 Gctomatie eat peelcake Teves CO- SK ste! pie asm 20 od bythe Gate prongs ‘anicemne) is got entre, PSG) at compet ‘Goby fan wale incomplete Tusa few; Shrinkage efeck in the weis ead cece dering Sei hare, ont enna ~ 200 ASP eA RA sy pe Seacind peas te So? dar BP ttinen BD ELE crearnrone: Rameney sist Orcs Nan rene frees SCG Ero TS sma ored GRA Se remeaernas Men as, a fms 4, ar steel pine, Stn, 01 by 0.406-in wal sia i bo bbe ae ringers are present in tern! ‘oak SAS Se io sem se ete, sere eh eppenr— Ge ites fe, Thayer, se, peat abe the matrks ts 8 complex sileste™ "Soe leit ee aera, te patches of ne earive (an ota sox Petal se “ot end dravm ste bar, sheen, datn, ez ated, te ag ee as a set ‘ohtn, section thik 2a nil °annesteds “fongttuimal "section: § 282 gedit cine tei ee 383 Sieg SS Soke eden vengse tomoes= Male Mae awe TR ES saa ce oa ee ee ge ch iene Weling “Can eas tre pea Coie)" and ne pearite Cadre 2% mato 2% ott 750% 285 139 sen nopmatze by austenitning 336 10 bat tp is 200 a Selig ta mn siteaisd wr aamenfining at 180 ee ee EES aecea em Ge tate onan Be Re" areas) and lamar pearike ‘Car sont sf course intvellarpearife Wart neu) rena). Specimen shows eight Ende. ina nateis of ferrite Cube38 Annealed and Quenched Structures in 4130 Steel 70x 287 #9 Not rolled steel bar, in. dam, duttentibed at A580 F (04) Cy for Tar oo me poled to 1850'F wait C)-and held for 2‘hz ond Structure is essentially che cameas that of the Btroctare 'p similar’ to thowe shah ir Sealed. Partly idea pesrite (dark) Specimen shown in micrograph 261, Dit te de~ 286, but che degree if upneroldwation of Gra toate of fertize Cente) {gree of spherotdimtion of the pearite is grester. pearite nas tarther inerensed a? A Ms: 2% nia 70x25 a) 750%, ‘ame as 287, 28 and 260 except that the ‘bare os 297, 288,240 and 200 except et ‘Same as. 201, Bletron. 290 Gime at'ss Pec) was tctased' te 291 Ghe'tune at ey GTO) nd Gigenced 292 Dltin-earbonssedowed 1g tr, Note thatthe degree of speciation to 112 hve Syholdlzaion of the pearl baw bon rei UE pracio'te proter (han inst in 268 Seay” couplet 2% oi 2% plore acd 26% HADy im ethane 12000% Net wae. not ened 600% 203 1120, not roles seg bar, a.m, diam, 294 Same os 2%, but an clciron micrograph 9G5 A190 sea in the annealed conden. iitentized $a Mor SES “Sin: cantoncaiadowed wo: Jit ctton factopraph. Note fe Sted! Untonpered savteiite” lage carton repicn Uasonpered metiensse” striations Tooled ony at High: agnineston snd water quenched. UnterperedSeruceures and Inclusions in 4140 Steel; Structure and Weld in 4340 Steel 39 ‘00% 298 S440, hot rolled steel round bar, 3 Ia ‘Gehacte, ‘austen ag 1860 FAB’ Cy benched. 296 Repro 40 see forging normal. Eeiby ate at are, by ei eming, snnenied by heating at 1590 (640 ) and for 1 Nr and miter shure coms 88 Calg elas frre she Raese-coaree White" aa SREPRRIE Ree nenpeng we Soh Ea) CWO Jaa ‘Bsa dots are alee, poate with reaile in & davkeretching structure eT ne lee eee a : ° . : 99 ercet thet, 2S ZaG™avosoc bar austatized at ss pats SQ] Oude weliong tenga) tn ed ‘99 Same, se 253 as ‘us a ssn F ao ‘seioglng ns 99, sinined st Sead oh eter tee 300 38 quenched to 150 F (05 C>, and 301 Seot‘ean tin, i di r. The stringers gn die Pec ef bane oRtEE const: tempered“ hua, Hip © (Gc) zembered ace pari othe Guest of Folie othe Sal alone" wth the Tartene Cish)= SECEERie! some recre onal, Sisto areas: Siepelshed surface af the bar. poland. not stcbew ‘e600 2% tel sox Nl 2x 2 tin cee Repica, qretzn taclarans 303 4p cnt quenched in ol fre tial ® 304 lerron, beam weld up $08 wes enak ‘showing’ tne dumped, structure. tate 88 BF tampered af to F aie ch ‘Been guenched, ad double’ tem spit ‘Of the overatrous mde of allure Strichire i tempered aavtensite. at om PORTS Seale cists beam welding.40 Structures in 4350, $046, 5132 and 8645 Steels steel bar, murlenitial at 306 {88 Si Stoenene te 390 8 as held 12min tér‘parie isothermal Smasforma sa steel forging auatenitied at "1850 "BH49_ hoe roid steel bas, ttn. diam, "Some sec and bar size 308 ESS AGE Memchee attutare 309 Statetiteed’atisbo'e BH Gi forint 310 tng striae isc) : oop oe iyi igh en) soa ferzece cold fecung 8 fly anmeisd to Fat and Go Ok Stor beinite Caark, feathery constioser®) in & Tameliat “peace, ‘Des me tS 3 a BID See sigel and bar sine as 366, 310 and 31.3 Same steal and bar size as 20, fod same heat treatment ac 810 Replica ‘Bi Auktenulsea st 1550 Fee C). eater ha 312. Heat teatment clectcon mistonsaph chs e tarpetae that ase quenched, tempered at 600°P (260) fot Th 412, but tempermg. wag dane ni 100. FStructures in 8645, 8650 and AMS 6419 Steels “a Ne b Ne aes : Moca iagrana; awe ne on oe epee oy meow JAR ee a dog ai, alto 31.8 amy a CBE bared Sa mad toe ete eR. Settee roy eke gh ae Ug le 3 sane ats Ra nels ae ipa ‘cr datimncuransbedowed trovstane Eonmaure i sa sate fat sbpesrance of ct aricaiee eee ae = vey Be SiS eo caer cote SS TiS" ape est be tog % vei 2k 319 lepesae ast tr mend eee SERRE a oe oe NE ‘Safes fuenchat of Moon perature weencted tele qe ‘elie, tempered Caectemperc’s i HES SU RR ene ie GR RN er ee 2 ntl 500% ‘Sunes for 318 an 39, bu the stl was “Same ge 2-820, put alge was quenched 320 Greece trom ine susan 321. Fee dis austemasing cmperature in § ‘gue ab anh tat Sod FGve Cy ror Nhe, ait uae oo iad O) for hr aie ah Bestia ae ones tate oe c) fort B,"Uatia oh at tt ® Oh or ae Zils fedunly Soe reaied Mean." Breerave! peobaniy some’ retained uci.competion a se ea wae, sinc’ muenshed sPhuss Pos). er ‘pearite-oninte mtr 326, 327, 328 ten: aut ehealgd to 1100 F «Gai C} 1 Ex, ar coal (io €) ata ‘tr cooling then tampered 129 AMS. ston 329 tiniteed wt 1900 F (LOC) ul Gon AL Pepin olectra articles hile “in tempered marenatte. ‘AMS 6405 CHAD steel; eect of various homogenising treatments {iss alr conied, deraperea 2 he at 10RD 2 aed 2 he be ie F(10i) Gai gooleg., reheated 10 1100 F (O27) Sateen ie Sher vlan in M4, plerogruph 308 (eight): austenlizod 1 De at 2200, 324. Same eee] and heat treatment as Zor 323 24 Seespt that ie steel was vanced In to 150° F tis. Ch, The foctfting structure is Geenpered marvaneite, Vertical gray strip nea? center Is o mangansce Fuldde stinger "Gy, Strucure Tar “Same stect and cyele of heat and oaid Eeatinent es "ior 380 except dat the ie. o that in "but care precoke {Sion white: paricies) fas ncrensed, clramaty’ gout tempered i ‘poled, eienied to 1250 (077 C) | Breet cles ‘ptigs Sip ole: tehested to loro P vis G) 7 he Teheated tg 1380°F (G7 C)'1 br, aur cooled. Gpecimen wes finally hardened hy austenticing 1 hr at 1480 F Phra 160 B (S66 C). Stricture’ fine tempered mattensiee (compare wi 960 204 32. tampered martensite, with evidence of same at er eeceegttin: esi eerie pe Bear ‘enter of the micrograph fet pipe aaa B31 Same steel ond qvele of hest andenkd 331 Tettment nd fax $0) a oh eanepe et Be Melee eiectth imicograph Ne higber Tlinperlng. temperature “aw Tther ncressed SED ir ePcorbice parceMicrostructure of Carbon and Alloy Steels of High Carbon Content By the ASM Committee on Metatiography of High-Carbon Steel* Plain High-Carbon Stedls ..... Low-Alloy High-Carbon Steels ‘THE MICROGRAPHS presented in this section show various. structural (ypes—as rolled, “quenched and tem- ‘ered, patented, deearburizea ~of plain farboh and alldy steels of high carbon fontent. ney also show welded struc~ fires and give a microprobe analysis of fn inclusion (micrographs 418 to 425) "rhe compositions of the steels for ‘which micrographs are presented are Given in the table below. Tool steeis, ‘host of whieh algo have'@ high carbon content, are dealt with in the section th Too! Meterials (see page 101). ‘High-catbon steels ave most "com- ‘monly avallable a5 wive, bar, sizip and Hale Commercial applications of there Reels incladeantifiction beating ‘Springs, some knives, and lage to Steel 3100 Ip sed extensively for ball ‘earings, both alls and races, Most of the stack listed in the table below have been used for rings. from small clock ‘springs to ‘the large springs ‘used in allroad equipment, Steele 1060 and 2099, fre‘ used for tilage tools Chand and steels, tee Vollme 1. of this Handbook, he arllces "Hardenable Ca fee sase’ Getnnine on bare and rings (beginning on page 160), ‘Carton Stevls, AS the catbon content of steel inereases, the microstructare becomes mare complex and more aif lt fo Interpret. Par astance, a walle Stching constituent at grein boundamies ‘hva steel that has becn rapidly cooled ‘an be either ferite or cementite, Tigh-carbon ‘eels are seldom used 4n the aenrolleg, normalized or annealed sondition, altiough ey are. usually shaaed in.one of these. conditions reatments 3 for various appli- cations include quenching and temper fing, patenting, patenting and cold digving, and austempering. Pateniing 4s a heat treatinent where in wire (aiid often rod) fs austenttized, auenched in ‘a, molten bath (usually, eilen lead) at a cubecitical tempera fate, and cooled im air. smallediam- ‘ler 'ulre or fod ean be austenttiaed and Rosner P. Mast, Chairmen, Presto Rnevtus, Cornegie‘Melion Univndy, Gronct H, Baite, Seperisor Metalursy Section, Eagineet- Jag and Revearh Conte, SKF iodusties, lac; Rovsxr H. Bares (feited), formerly Metallorgis, Suspension Div, Eaton. Corps H. B. Glas, Chet Metallugst, Toningon Ca; EaNtSr A. Evanetc, Chief Netllasgis, Simonds. Saw and Sceel Div, CONTENTS then alr cooled (air patenting), Patent- ing usually reste tm mined simnetares (ove pager i, 40 and 46). Asrpatented wre and’ tod have some commercial Eoplicaions, but patenting fs usielly She eters old drag anton reving. operations. Mao Sire made of cold drawn poten ‘witn'no further hese treatment ‘Por subsequent. processing (for in stance, ng) of , high-carbon Heels expacialy “those. having more Eten O10 carton, the unresolved ame HeRtacioy Spneroiaat cements n'a atta feomentiie n'a air of ferrite is the desired. ete= ie ee the mlerographs on bage 4). ‘kceps in the thinnest sections: car” bon stele seguir a water quench from the Rusteniiing tomperature to. de velop a fully martensitic structure (see Inlefoavaphs $88 and 364). oll quench- Ing usually results in a slaek-quenciied condition (see micrograph 362). 069-090 Baaege Dba ene Beas baoae Sse Gets Socog0 Gano Sie carob 3 Oib3es anos {98 esos e004 te nasirase 6, desrgay 8 ited by 656-080 Cree) Eowaro B. Masres, ‘Wallace Macy “Corp Seerers, Maragiog ES Austempering can be applied to sin seetons of paln high-carbon BROS etic Raia ted oa carton ally steels ‘illoy Steels. “Zhe high-cazbon_alloy steele transform much mere slowly on lng trom he atenils condluon ‘carbon seis, "To. develop & fully martensite ‘siracture ‘in gh Geeton iy eh, ol guonching oe sl cer oe Pio ot of tale seston, show amlerantraetares of 610, $2100, 6150 and Gi toon etnaiely ag Mahocron Slog stools, Large quaatities ‘Reel ate used for col springs for ule” ‘mobues, Very offen the hof rolled prod uch is hot ecied and hen Dest tented By austenitiang at 1600'F (71 ©) and oll quenching. Ader thi femtent, Servoture is fully martensite, with no Fee carbide (ote mierograph 383). This Seucture wil then be aieted by tems Dering st about 600 F az G) for most Brine ‘appiteations note the mlere- sfeosto tier hap ie cece tien, im mieroeraph $34), Mirasracties of 22100 ste) are presented om pages 50 10 ing Jrodust G0 Mnerograph 906 through i og at ts 5 show the effects of various heat treatments on spheroidal carbide it SNGo" see structure ot Gpneroldal Exrbide in ferrive (090) te ump he Slaruing structure when machining or Griher neat renting is tobe perforted. ile ett tat esl eo arous duenching an prosednres Sit with mcroenaph a, eryevure consisting of mattensite with & a Sion of fe carbice particle, Gaile iy Sanit li dure: far end Nompering. at Copronmnately £80: inn Ghee cdmmen bal ear” x and other mear-resitant products {de of S200 sel iste ge atu fading Springe, Temperes martencite obtained by conventional quenching and Hie'is an seeeptable (often a preferred) structure for alloy spring steels, Gronce E. Kerri, Techosal Services Manager, Westclox Div, General ‘Time Corp J. Mc KtereR, Manages, Wite 20d Rod Mlalurgy, Lomi Gayshoga Works, Unied States Steel Corp Research Laboratories, Genet] Motors Corps Joues Torx, Mesliurgis, Peulo Products Co.; Howanp E, Bowie, tory Metals Haniook.1055 and 1060 Steels 7 1020 1058 steel rod, tn. dlam, patented pate 1060 see! cod, cin. gam. at oat 332 Me SLE un Seino bts cr 334 From Shot reiing im s000-1b cal Dae wench seg ha tend bath mt 1000 F SHS ed earn. wit some ctor “inreslved. prance clare): fere Sat peatite wh 2 Siren ‘pear: whee are” ore fern, parly pear ‘in Geundoties. ferale at uri wintenlte grain bostiavien” Gullune' prior austenite grain boundries Prat 100% Fret aucn, dlam, petonted by 1060 steel, wre, O28, diam, that nes 335 Le sétine n'a single sera’ Oy Sad Sse EEE BS S37 Met atcha “auntenitsing et sD, loa eas: ny veces pun, cucnenine toate Ut Sete Gane Soe Shedark Sreaa'e any ped eal Fee oe et ered purely of guar iar and feriee Uwhlie) at prt fhe the white ateas are forte ab prio Suh peor Ststentle gras Sckanite rain boundaries Fe era’ boundaries. 3 ere v@ pense SS mags we amitaues et 3% sane Panter pe salamat oO ipuakirani ioe Ge Baie Meee Gg ees Pte Gee ies Ger Gy SER GVREPANSe SMe o, SRSr eae,10BG61, 1064, 1065, 1070 and 1074 Steels 1% ne 00x, 088 1084 old rolled ste! step, esta to 1870 1004 oot roll ste! stip, austeiived Bal ess 342 aE hace’ coved to tsee F tors 343 2Ssoae"iete. Gh gueneted ta 800 agit Buh ge a5 F GS), att), and sie covicd ts oom temperature’ Pie (316 C) and Pela (oo complete othermal (rane Joan "Stull hte areas ave ferste: Tasehe Stieroidel cementite in'a matty of ferite—p formation’, air ogled, tempered at 100 FH ay trene marten’ Gaik'aees lower bene. {kvssure prefered foc subsequent heat eatment G)- Mistare of balalte and tempered martensite, eat 300% Perl Bex 2 al sox stip elven. same heat teate 1058 steel wire. 0135-4n. alam. patented 3 steel spring, wie, auenched “ad 3A ine ir 345 oy Jets 346 ttered aientra tt en ‘se for 98. Gerfaor decarburiaation Bp austenitang al Wii (aes for ht iano. heme ecmuenaly i, quencing ia eed ain a 10 8 54 6} gu cuenchea, nerd 2 min at OF Ae 0). eee era Seis gone cmniocbouery fer” St the suntace (lop) ide Co decarvuraston- “ore bard drum sto] valgesprng wit “om stec_valvecsring, wire, quepenad 1074, exit 347 jem teat ern aecaraie Rens} 348 Soe dspace “awe ager 349 ee ee SL ane me men Bigs aruchure chown i deformed posste. "Some free ferrite (white areas). " ‘Tele cemertte (poorly resolved)6 1078, 1080 and 1090 Steels Lapis 1), te Dh Wey St as ol GAN : Ie A bE /Pe e m NY _ Wis at sled ser, covet ne SE a ot soa ase aattaedt SES St ana me sets 2 350 i lie Cpe wrasse ME es spon ek corte «teu eee oe = ee eat sels ES gooey recreate tom Carman ee ce ee Gee etna, ees Se ‘ih some eran ‘terri. ‘spheroidal cementite partlelis ne teh pene — = re : TAs teen at pre ce 564 a hot ond atl ean. ie 353 FR at keaton 354 2 eat a ae tek at S eociee a ier aii iaeh SAB a eight Sin “am fie black Spotr'are: iron alominiges the Pais lection Mlerograpn. The structure consis ea: tay stingers near cehiee ate sue, ney et Iatolle pease. Pre ” . sox 2x nit 100% 7% et = SEE el soe getert won'SE SB) t mo ae oat myo SS S5Q Sa ee, SEL SS Lae Ee OEM sn Sent ea ive fe ‘deformed lamellar pearlite. le Grier strusttre was fipe pearite). See 998, Structure was produced uy Wead patenting.a Heat Treated Structures in 1095 Steel DIE A tox “ara ttox bom 12i0e 350 ise bar mamated by auseniee 360. 0 hot rlled sae oar, Ninn, 36] 0 cla old ong anneneg, of iain 8 C) ana coling in at bpherniciaca by hotaing ae 1280 Fats G) Serokaed by baalg aR SS Strut pry lvesoived peste bck); for 18 Aranda coulng Guts cvetoiai for 3p gp cea af rirace ma rolled on evr ie parties in fe rosa drawing, 1000 100g sizel, auenticed at 1600 P (S71 C 363 1G wee ments tm 2 TLS) 3 a usd Fie "G) god tee guetta. Pie 24 al * fox ses ssearcun ced 365 Ha Slory acon Ge F366 Sng Sat ange ar i ee eae ee: Blatt DARREN ae Ge ERS ate at48 Heat Treated and Cold Worked Structures in 1095 Steel 4% aa, 1.000% 445 oi) 000% 4% nial 3500 es, pt, mas 368 Wei ay tag Sem amet ‘Tinto! apecmon G00 Taino specimen oe rps ol ans es SISSNTADS wc mem nl MOST wo, cpt 371s pease may: 372 ae cea. saee a tee 379 Seas ane cong tad rr Sees Semen kis ts See? aL BEGLNES ci hana rah Site ti 5 rae itt sox _ Nia 000% et 00x na 1095 die steel, induction hardened to e depth of O10 in. Micros Some specimen as for micrographs 274 and 318, but, showing # 374 oe tcanntion-aone sanaculents from see Ane martens- 376 seva"nater te sinfnce of Ue eel, where the duretare colt i me seer ee aaa area, 377 SAD Reece a atu Tea ae tastes Sea 375 Wasi Cie ioe salsa’ at Sus Mlarersie nis igh) 377 Sut uctinnt, bh Wiis parle a spheres ot ieee sor eats elton ant nk te ren Sa aeStructures in 0.55C-2,40Mn and 5160 Steels 000% 2% ital Dip got bead 2 her 49 mln 160 bof rolled steel, 0535-in-diam, ait BBG! Ceed Ur Bagh 379 Coated trom finshcrling temperature of or cae 1900 Fos 0) Btructure teslved pease {eta constiaient) and ferise (ight constituent) 46% ml, 436 poral mized 1 1 1 100%. 382 ‘eel and heat trestment as for ‘ety but a a higher wiaghifienton. "The tunternpercd mareenaite “aark gray consauent) GE peedilce constituent sand ‘the Tetained austenite fgst somsutuen®) ‘Bate Cight consiient) ‘re now more clearly resolved BRS Same sec] and treatment as for 384, bab 3RG S160 ber vl stn bipher maghifeation: Siefaos decer butzation white area near top, er egurred in the ar mal, hie the Eons sanely Fed arlensie and ecarburtat temperature of about i100 G19 6). (ave). dios some rere eat 100 Piss) i siel,eustenttized at 1600 ‘ett ©) Yor 36, mle. ol quonched, tam ‘eucture ‘oe Lhe ihe. ot empered narrate50 1.2% C Low-Alloy Steel, and 51B60 and 52100 Steels SEF ma mina sn cenerenneges YE EE sane stant te ns 3S in ttt et te sre a GE LLE Se SMC ANE Oe pen hinttenae nds tubo iutngered eatenaa (ak, ateleie con sth) snaiatcn Sot whe eintentiing cem- fet quenched. tempered Tarai wine EERE Ses wate ‘tend hd retained ausienice evhie areas). erature was too high for tis Soe id eustenite wot sae 000% HO. wate. mines 49 2 45 leah 426 na ts 3 a0 2 21B60 bot rolled steel bar, 1%-in, diam, 100 tee! ban, et. alam, Cros sevtion ‘icroseructre of m pecinen taken fr: 10 estinited “and quenched Vo. obtate es S91 Sher fen thin ‘the Gemperatine 392 M"eetion shows ‘structure. ‘acepatie trong “cider ented to ah rang Sis Hoo Bearlte ig TeHT G) for io hr Skructure comnts of sphe- cooling eo room vemperature ‘Pic chew ot Mita thins Sf eubice “lack old carbide peices in t metre of ferskc, Siall'Gark spow in centr ‘are incisions’ “prior austenite galt bound. 4% pier. 4% mal, ed 310 2 S003. 48 slr 8 al end Bo 1 393 Sere seciin as chown Im $2, bul ak 34 Sune peeing as shown in a2 and 33, Tmagnidention. sia aes a ‘magainection, In boundary cafbide rejesied trom sold’ solution some ocean, the “grai-boundary ‘carbide Cite poling fren oling sow ore len {ie Cetatinuing no shows ag areas Pulte esolvid ant Appears a5 shite lines ‘Onan as thin es Matric ts Beale:Spheroidized and Quenched-and-Tempered 52100 Steel cs 1% mal 4% perl, mes 1% nite, 496 pv, ad B to 1 310) lec bar, cin, diam heated to “elo see ‘Gee $06) estenitined at 16 53100, see Gi GF ph ierhs, held tong a 997 Pha 6) ihe Ot gt gene 998 dS gS Gand oll quencies, toe (ua) ‘per bot ‘ered ab 300 me (i7t €) ford Br. Tho blocx areas dame as $81 Tempered tartensi, and ‘urnace cooled to'60, P2810) Re*Cathie? the Grey ateas are Tempered mers Caitideparicies whiter unauwalved airing gi of aac te Eile state cache pacions wien’ "Chow yore aur fo mane ‘rior structure for $07"to 408,” that didnot disolve during nustenttsing. {Eeneous aitetputon of carbon and chromium. aa, pra mixed 2 0 1 456 tal 45 eral meet 1 0 2 200% AY ial, £86 pera. nad 3 101 00% ‘100 ‘steal "yee, 396),, austenitized “et 4QQ) $2100, see! “Gee, B80), austenitizes at 52100 "eteelvaco, 308), austentiand ab 99 Eire r Gy tor ie"he ll quenched, Tee thy Sree nA et quencnes, 401 fipl iitn ron wet quenched, pened atTean'® (b0°G) ford br. Beructire tempered at 790 F 1ab0.C) ior i he, Structure tempered au/as0 ® v7 @) ford hr. Bieucture nd Nodisnalved carbide {e'Yempered mariensiie and a dispersion of ek'> 6 iaiy ferapered martensite, High unten Fe Le aoe dea Seepekced compere cise Cnguisr white atest) ‘and a few artige Sith mlcrogeaphs 396 and 390 ‘pee Parocles, (Compare wilh #08 29 400. ay 45 plea, ute 2 20 1 000% 4% ita, 4% pera, mined 1 tot 1000% 4% tal, 4% plea. med 3 to 1 ‘Same pecinen a teed for s1,but shown 4Q3 S260, tee ge, 20, aureniioad at 4Q4 S100, ciel ce 390, 2 Seame stentined. 32 SESE Wigner taagaitcation, Dark areas ioe e tee Soe ty ne el quenched, ets P G52 Ci tor 1 he "quenebe tm 2 iehocted nee ee aatenits tempered at 890 (107 €) for | hr, Struciane salt batn at. son (Qs C). held for tne alt SPAR BARES, LSE ecuived A Coalels‘of course plates (neediet) ef tempered Sosiod to Foom temperaiurs, Sirueture gousies Fintjolved”crolde’ puter raat Yom artensie apd retuned attenite Gente) car~ Sf spheidal carbide partite in lower belale tiginat structure Cnlerograph 900)- bide particles re abmast Wholly ducofvea and some retuned susteatte,Heat Treated Structures and Defects in 52100 Steel “6% mal, 455 pleral mines to 2 200% "2100 ‘stele, 29)., austontized “et 405 oe iiss Sitar 2 at etoied slowly to 1300'F 170s Gyo) auteed, Nowe care-mray ‘eedles of inane, carbide Folvcled to Wea Boundaries wight gravy, beinlte toiack),"and Fetained ausietite Grea Hight areas) 2% ita 2100_sicel rod, ausenitted at 1000 408 etch ar Tet Suenenec in leat bah ere Past Gh, held Yor 3 hr, nic eaoleg, AN Shea microg o's" rept cotarysehea™ ‘owed with eheviniom. Serta le balnie (prOe- bly upper balnies 100%. ALL. Crack in a $2100 steel roller, efter at Gchishine, water gueneaing. and em) tng, The eeaeu® exeenaii down from. che Su fade, ‘pes caused bya seam tn the bur elock, ‘The ofruetire ie martensite See also a2 ‘2100 ston rod. that mas eusteitied 406 fear tged eae mi and de roomy fempergture ‘Th dank ref Ane Seale tnd Bathlie he ighe areas Uaimest chetchees re uBlemperad martensite AO 52100 steel mire, austenitzed at 1650 F {38 Cy "for"0 see quenched th © tall pst af i F580 C), nel fOr 30 ove, alr Goole An veleciroa sncgograph of replica. Flat ‘Siagoged wah homie i mehor pearilc ana bataite ‘ame erack as m 41, nut st a higher AL2 SregmiGension.” Decarburiaciin™ waite syeas) along ihe sidgs of the creck i eyMeace Hhiline ra woe tere Uelore ost teakment ‘Gureace £ hut docatburieed). 49% otal a0 "2100 stee! rod, austenitized at, 200, AO? iat OF tr i le a gue 2 eed wit chrrntim. ptruetiee i" earl, Remnperta martenaite ‘Note cracks in marina plstaets capper Tete, upper Fiphb! 413 Hardenes martensite a SESCEEES Widlional featFriction Weld and Inclusion in 52100 Steel ‘Transition sone of fiction 416 oll Baa tel oe a ‘Ginek Ante ‘pein SIRES Nnteertdmsiele rmenlite from the prior siucture. ‘As palahed no eto) iad ot tad) 30005. ‘apoio ot eh) 0% @ iavion ype ot, awe 419 Heal of loops wes 40 Rel oe mien, aan sai of tach ielanons, See Secretion of sete len sonoenr Re oe lecoprooe amalaee Sopngne tipo 5" 424 Remit. of microprobe ean stop sles “umere iva hig once” ‘atom in ‘ie core, buy fie iy the HEN GP in dhe sunning see! inte ot ated {2 Rent af mloroprobe 203m. 2 Be eispen ie Teciion on (9 ste. RUE High concentration Chee and iow ancentensan i thd i autoding sel Mn seamen a aca 423 foe ici” in Tachuion th ue dees! suggests a (Mn,Cu)S compound. 19% plea, 008% HEL ‘Outer. pave. of tranation 417 Coe inition weld Cha), Scattered “carbide perteles from ie iroclre rhe) ane ar ae tineaiuinegray and balaile (Gark-gray oF Bach) 2s polisnad (na etches 421 Result, of microprobe scan for eiafte in imausion i 52109 eect. Re ation faim bur fae Shvouiding steel "encer in 1s poihed (ot etched) 425 Result of be sean, Ee ciothuln in sta 52100 sleet There ery ttle 2a the tncisslon, but worms citrine tion Sh the sigrounding steel, 10003‘Heat Treated Structures in 6150 and 9254 Steels 2% ntl 50% 4% mia “ng9 stcel we, austenitized at 1680 F 4100, ste, austenitland, at 1000 F (#82 © 150 stel wire, austentized at 1685 426 88 iar WS al ead ci ave 427 fer’ cooled to Sasa 'w aa Cie ela 428. a5 Gy for" ‘quenched Wt We Sood tempuratire, ‘Lover ‘beinke § hr, eooled to 1200 P 4s Ch av sof 28 G) per (G17 C) held 20 min, oll lek to room te mot ize, “Lower Gack) and ‘Unempered martensite ight). hour, held 1 hy, air cooled, Peavlite and ervite tare const. 4% nit 000% 4% itl reas 429 S20 sles! wire, austenitied at 1550 F 430 S160 sel wie, altstenitized at 1600 F 43] S160 gieel mize, austentized at 1600 (iS > Tor ys oll quenched: tempered (ait GF"for Zar, duentted in lead co ais ctor ab qucneted So leae at 900 Fie? Ch. An eleeton micrograph ea 1200 F (64a >, eld fer 2'he, valer quebched, 1825 F Che C), "held Be plea “retary shadowed with cavomiun, he An clecron ‘Risowraph of a Tunis, roan Saal Spmeroida carbide: parices ‘heeed eS ' zeriee te, PAY Same ste), rod dlameter, ond heat treat, a4 stan, nustentived, a g00 F (st 433 Sone k'ioe mcrograpn fem, bute anown 494 Sf Scaahea, tempered at 680 F (od ft s nlgher mauniteation “The beat treastcnt The microstructure const mainly of tre ‘ited ENcommoniy known’ as austempering. masclensite, a few areas are ferrle,Microstructure of Case Hardening Steel By the ASM Committee on Metallography of Case Hardening Steei* Gas Carborized Structures... Pack Carburized Structures - Carbonitrided Structures .. Cyanided Structures OP THE case hardening processes that depend for their effectiveness on the Introduction ‘of carbor, or carbon and rltregen, into the surface of steel, car- Dariaing, curbomtriding and cyaniding are the most widely used. In general the steels best sulted for these processes ate Tow-carbon steels’ that rely on a Surface layer, or case, of high hardness ovide a ievel of strength and wear flange not atherwiee obtainable frou the core metal, Steele tor nitriding — Whether speclaily formulated. for this utooke oF adopted ‘becae of tls tory performance im processing am im seredee are, medlum-earbon Tow alloy tleels of hight hardenabilfty. com- (CONTENTS 86 Ges Nitrided Structures .....-.0-.5 08 $3 Liguia Niteided Structure 00100... 67 3 Structures of Annealed and Normal 86 ived Steels Before Carburlalng .... 68 positions of the ease hardening steels for Which a total af 111 micrographs are presented in this section are given inthe table below. ‘Processes. For eseriptions of the case hardening processes. Including equip ment. requirements, operating \tech- ‘niques, and process Varlables, the reader is teferred to. Volume 2 of this Hana- ‘book, for the articles on Gas Carburiz~ ing {page 83), Pack Carbutising Gaye 118), Garbonttiiaing (pege 119), Cyanie- ng (page 129), Liguia’ Nitraing (page 148) and Gas Sitriding, (page 149). ‘Microstructure and ‘Process Control ‘The microstructure of the ease and of fhe underiving core motal serves as a fundamental culde for the control of all heat treating processes employed in fase hardening, as well as providing & Gependable mettiod for detecting ab normalities and defects capabie of ad versely affecting the performance and Serviee lite of case hardened parts, ‘The micrographs “presented in. this seettn teiedt tho satiety of strustnal Changes that can oveur at, or aligntly elo "the ‘suriace of case hardening Steels’ as a reeult of Inward diffuelon of rectal qanties of “eatbam Hrogen, or both. ‘These micrographs iso Teect! Up etets of ‘peor eat treatment and other" processing "oD caso, core ond transition structures. “Compostons of Case Hardening Stes for Walch Mleroatraclures Are Presented In This Secon tone a so at 2a at ; ise at ie : rane st yon tae . Sit, 8 Seba ganas MIE gs ‘Ooae max 99-035 040-060 908-518 we Eee ite se ee He ieiy HEY Sean BU EIB Ee me 1B 128 ian HE yeae Hae ues He ieie HRE Hoes He tee Be Bem HSE Hee Ee Sees Hoe ae ase we ESE He init wae GE Hae ESE ma oe 2 . See Se Md 8069 ens Stas tama stn Behm 91) mans * AMS $9 ee cceatn c b Late a Tne wen or neh eructates are mara gp DASE OE FEE met te elin of O18 Lo ied to is Santa oe Ve te Fh te ‘Rowuer F. Ment, Cheirman, Profesor Eneritus, CarnegieMelion Unversion 1. BAUMAN, Assist 0 Supedistendent, Metallurgy. snd lospeton, Bireld Maatfactosing Co, Ines H.C. Dinu, Chet Mera Ivrgis, Hugher Teal Coy Oil Tosh Divs JOHN’ B. GWEN, Advisory Eagioer, nteoational Business Machines Corp: rire HUBER, Chef Mesllographer, Marin Rockwell Corp. Div, TRW, Tne TTaesabiia Jana, Principal Mateile Meseatch Metioegis, Tater. usoal Harvie Cos Bocax G, Mace, Chit Mauilutgst, Fogoeering find Ressatdh, Atceian Bosch Diss AMBAC Todostes,, DONAta A. si Seats SWS ISSR Mths asa Ss oa, Reatcon, Chief Materials Engineer, Link Belt Chain and Conveyor Componente Div., FMC Comp. L. Rice, Project Eogicer, Techoal Genter, Caterpillar Tacos Co.; Ronex® SEDLATSCHEN, Senior Metil- ‘urge, Cenesl Resarth Laborstry, Singer Co. ‘antes Taser, Sesion Supervisor, Miverials Scieoe, Corporate Ret search and’ Developmen, Dana Corp; R. I. Wine, Research Mta- Turgut. Timken Co. H.R, WOEHRLE, Chief Menllurgs, New! Depa tore--Hyat Bestings Div, General Motors Corp; Howaxn E- BOvEn, Secretary, Managing Baier, Metals Handbook.56 1018 Steel Gas Carburized in Leakeight Furnaces: As-Carburized Structures ion 2 435 108 see! carburined 8 nx. Surface carbon oantent ts 480 to 070%, 4.36 1018 steel, carburied 4 De. Surface (0.70 to OAK 0) te whe ‘ae Structure consists of ferrie Sea, outline ile Below the sutfacc, the derk’nrens are peatite, a peas Cann areas). BEET gerrte Gutline pelor austenite grein boundaries, 1% nist 1% ita sel carburieed 6 hr. The surtace 018 size carburlzed 16 hr. to 437 ye aa nine ot carvide outage prior 438 (5'T10c. Gurince tayer ‘6 eaxbide: below it 9 thin film of ‘peste, culling prior guptenie grass boundasies op peatie male cf. 3% al S00 1% mil Ola steet carburtied 18 he in 439 ther “caress We ° gett See aes lat ines prior aistentte grain boundaries im ® matrix of peanie. “Thewe os orberised structures were product by oss earburiaine ia tht (pit-tuve, excep! for specimen. in EE Bie 8 at Che hutnace eatin So 00 F 1505 te hs 10 ge, nd hen aie Coating Yo Soom Compete Surface & cEtop of cash’ mlcronranh: Compare wiik mictopraphs 441 and 82 tap of facing page) for eect of furnact leakage.Gas Carburized Steels With Decarburized Cases, and With Various Case Carbon Contents BOX 194 itl OB stecl gus cerburiad for 8 br at 1100 F (927 C), tn a pit 1 steel that was gas cayburlzed, Turnage cooled. and cepted 29 AL Rinact oll tr iese, france cooled to 100d woud "in ar 442 ee essere idee the sae’ condone ag: ite for toe to my then ait cooled’ fo Yooin temperature, A thin decasburbed layer spectmin in day except fulnce leak wae more severe. The, Gecaf urled i) \eguosd Uy the furnace Jeak covers te surface’ ‘The Tats’ is layer eerie) catged by the feats thicker tan that bradi'and. coves. oavlte wth earbide at prioe sustanite grain boundaries, aN Thatie of pesrite. Ctbon bas dlifased from gras boule, Compare the structures above with those shown on the facing page (as-carburied structures obtained in leaktight furnaces). 00x 2% nial 245 na 443 610 ste ens carted to 4 maximum 44a $810 steel gas casburted to a maxtmum 45 UBIO steel gus carburzod to 8 maximum, See Sathoe content of 00% Usan) hse carvan content of OAS ite Sarton content of 098% (optim 10 at cart 8 maximum 10 steel gna carburized to a maximum AAG S010 etzel ens carburized to.» AAG ee tal eatene of bat GAT Be Sebel dostent of Lib” MN AB Slo Careda" conten af 1ady ‘The speoimens of $810 steel shoum in micrographs, 448 to 448 were gar oorburied gt 1700 to, 1125 F (O27 to St C) for & dr iype fornece, pernace sovled austontfued at 1560 11525 F (Hie 16,629 C), of guamched, and tempered at 300,8°(168 C) ase corbin ‘contents difer mamniy because of variations ‘nthe carbom fotrntal'of the earbursing.GtmAephers.58 Retained Austenite, Transformation Products, in Hardened Gas Carburized Structures at 100% $020 steel as easburiaed st, 1003 care x, 4220 steel tas, 449 fom portlet fork hy at 25 Fae Ch fp 451 Ste & ott quenchea “heated to 2510). oat ‘Ch, oll quenched, 4 Terapered Br at 350° (ita ©)% te> Semperea’ 2 hr at 300. F a0 Jo), Structure (Gas% GOR Fetalned austenite” (ay wrey), Uempered martensite, lower cuinte, carb. Beh eat 000% mal 000% Nil 10 ‘420 steer gas carburized at 100% esr 4620 steel one corburlaed at, 1.006 can= eon stent ons cavburaad at 100% 452 fon potenull tor whe ae iit Peoin‘es, 453 fon pormaut tor ene wy 1iag Brton'Gy, 454 Sour nt auentiies Heated Wo isle es ©) for"4d ofl quenched an tempered for he gt Be) ‘min oll qundetio, 2p ln ct 200 F ie2'C). The mierortructure (095% ou Buch structure COO carbon) “Woh retained fend comsts “of abe secant shitinte iy raph and tempered. aston ‘tempered ‘martensite, ia 1000 tal 1000 Nal 10 ‘455 4220 set gas caburied at 2.00% catbon 45 $80 aoe as carbusind ab 120% care 457 3010 sine carburined, and eat ow! potential for én at 1730 1064 C) ‘or loe et mio @ ats C), Jaume as 458 ‘et neti etfed, 20. min ab 2510 F Gal oll quenched, heated. to 1460" /F CHC), off i100 ¥ GBH C)” before bel “or hare ot ca tempered ihr at 360 Fea’ G). ing. Structure (0%; carbams 20% Strucuire too carbony- 40% retained aus- usieniee (by x-ray), tempered martensite, © ‘Sted elistenile Coy vay) and mertemite, “" Yenite hy Xray) sod tempered martensite, Bie und ‘carbide particles.Gas Carburized 8720 Steel: Variations in Structure After Postcarburizing Heat Treatment 59) 460 Shen“ fr tap Glchdlar cable Tee tained “tli in Mage SOS Sit Se usentzed at 0687 easton “Austenitned, “hustenitted at 010%, exrbon poten 461 fair ath) eats eh i 463 fort Yoo Pele ey Rivas tenpeat tore ab os BY © ” sno eno ie (whe conta etwores ciobuin ‘Empered Marterlia red for Lhe at 3p? (396 G); Sanit eo in maisat of Simptine of retained "austonite (white “ereas) "mactensite. ‘Wolbie in" mate of vertempered 5 carbon potential “Austen ‘eartaoe Beet toh Fale, uence forthe fm ot, tempefed “for 12, ab 250 Fiat C). cooled, “Yempere ‘ent iporeture sd heh Fa ice costs ef terapered martens: stslof fine peacile (dark con Goolwa As «result, structure consists of ‘er mawt eee of Ubdertempering Sthiend igs amtrie of balsile iiteniie’ Gehite)” and “untompered sartensile Aa eo en a hl ae ee ee EA Fanies rom 8008 to 8410" in, Dencodh the corburted surface. Sfleropraphs ore not w retaole index of acteat reteiaed eustente” ContEm oe . so, e ie oe : Fi FE iGas Carburized Cases With Surface Oxidation, Slack Quenched Structures, and Microcracks 60 eee a as : ne § Boues “8 a aa wats Easy i : ie ay te au ef a Hii : iH gaBsey + 558 ee a a eee. eae we Z Sad ihe ee jel! inh Sgsc° Byerge Bice, Hts base? Seite i a Pap Soa SiH‘Microcracks and Alterations in Gas Carburized Cases 61 BRT racer) 76 360 s2el (coarse groin) gus carburired ihe ae tii F oer), to sot ee cheat uence, tapered Par BBE ES versed ‘and ce ‘ded austenite “A lage mattencits {bs etreal Alterations ceveldped. ‘at 500% 4% pirat 1800%4% ple 1620x. v= es aes en cnc nt eae “Tab Eae exaes ea gt eee At Sedu gn 9 ea Bat one wa 479 seas paeoecet ont eck 400 Seca wa ae ee 48h Seas Sear eT ae a “inclusion, the ‘alteration, wi ‘Roller was earourlzed, furnace ‘cooled, Thltia-chadowed replice. ‘These alterations form Sie ESR Ure Mies eee lemeg. coke ina, Sieieine pie, Teens coe Toling contact surtace” ‘Statutes, mastensie and carbide particles Weedin and a@h) form at. iichsions 24 port 29 piel 500% certggd um sie mle for use 433. stm. ot 42 exowyt shown enlarged gq Sue a 48 an 4) oxen thab an ace las 403 Seas tee! sore uel Med St ne Sh maha Eee te mettre eke ted from the breakdown of martensite, "inthe direction of ‘peinetpal sirecs, are slip bands in martensite. iaDecarburization; Grinding Burn; Fractographs SBS" huos weet oa tot man ens carne Ur ar at panete aah ee PAareM Ce ah am Sane any Se “AMA steed ab 488 se toy tat oY aah Shapes SSL PY i Santee Stars ee ss EEE ‘Berne as 491 but at, hleher 492 Remmsteation, "Steactire the fractured carburized ase con sbi ot coves retained custo sad fempered ‘tensive, 4% nil 0) Sag as 86 ut af ig agian, 86 hich hows nurtace Stadion (ast at op), dbeatbaaed fs trie fan lea Gone conatany ot frre pis ow. ‘thd retained wastentte, ‘Sarma 488 but ith en cavers 489 SeaMlts, fe ut’ the Wehcatehing tee eta ct dnvi-etching sone is, “wellstermper ‘martensite. Eee’ alto fnlroeraph 480 2% nit “use sad at was cubs 287 ‘Bt at eae ut sme previously ‘at strjace Marleuss, ond. mate of tampered tavienake fined. grecpiaied infergratvler caraie ‘eles ase taatrin, sume te that of 2h ere sot, ert et 90 Ban tt, PEE imartonsla) ip by sept, ad. Se unr ye" Eemptred’ martensite is shallow Ang, mae mpere metic ousted, aot ene A ‘Same 4 but ae 494 gate, shoving { atineclongucedcimpes tom Grigg bensyranuiar TopiPack Carburized Structures; Carbonitrided Structures 6 Puts as are Ie 497 age cans wees ge Diag crete Gila et eeu cock thal aa ae ‘abe pouriio ©), aye coma. nutes 101450 P (aNd. 0). “al aie end‘n waot ct carbide envelopes at aubienie feuin ‘Ooundaries io a'ieneortter= | Stra Dior siweale grain boundartes. Site ‘and dipersed pasiies of alloy carte Tembared a hr, at 360, Fret’ Gy. EEPe Say pera marten, ecaned aisentle GON byes, cube me Tt st aot and wnsed COS se, outed 4 at 'b AE 409, Ma anemia weted 500 Rg een ME ed) Gooled polore tempering, Retained austenite (hive) remainder endotnermic’ gag, oll quenched: ean in tempered 14 he at 30 Fela ©. Ten marlecsite’ {dark and’ retained ‘astenite Begg Pee Ch tempered He hr ‘mengancee sulade ‘Gee Cr. Tempered mrcchate, some bainte. matt of tempered tatentes Glcneted, ut not tempered, ‘The ica, Sherearboblerited case ip shown vt higher mag Ease depta us, egutvale nifestion, and is described, i mlevogreph S08. Mexinum ardsess,equivelent of R-2% 1S 8% nal #00 Ak poles not etched 1099 motiied 090% Ni, 030% C1) cold ‘me as S04 but at Richer magnitcation ‘Game steel at $04 Out oarbonitrided (1 504 m2 motites 03% A802, Cif 505 See chert cae ats ome 506 means, er emer Se teu? reminder ennolnernje tenute "ine folaiped sustenie ahd “eell- epdothermye gan) thr at 3590 Piel C) a0 SE a ae eee feted Marlene (lace “neeeier, Bes. Gh cuenched.- out, "hot Usmpered Waele a) Pe ar tats eee Cloustare: ekeecively fiver case depth. tio. Rockwell © 40) is O01 Spoclmen Ahows (pebwonts of dbgurtece, gral BB, BEMERME acted iy mmicograph 806 ht moximtim bardoeds, Rockwell C05 Bndary teids’ Sov 597 through 8, below. 3000 Not polished, not etched Not paiohee, not etched "soe a son eeent specimens Ht OEMs" tacrt w sanning sion SOQ" ane a2 ot thes mei 57 Saget, eee Hey 508 Bae SMe 509 Same at cies me OC Etat CR DOEASHER.SY ant nat ates fee Tain at Seeder a nen a ae a ee ee REE TE Tadeo occas Meade yt hola Bijele Bao, ‘25x Nok pales, ot etched 200% tueatment 5] ] Same of 910 excepto scanning ecto Sierra oh of a Uarsvere Cactars ot Mg nitae Biers are Suleed by the formation “alone ivcroden ces adjacent to nonmetal "Sad fo the nace,space aa rence af te earbo the appearance is aly "Stent of 960 see es 516 2020, steel earbonitrded ar 450 Showing ‘Righ-eerbon, low nitro66 Cyanided and Gas Nitrided Serucraces "ono steet thot 519 th ‘iso 523 Same, tlre end processing, copdlons as 2% natal 2K 2 ta amg steel and procsing conditions, ar 3g ste a 526 Faia ete lat Geos Sieg tie 27 seegiane © By, anaganese gun kd tc $i retaraed ‘agin of scogen End"hocctntios Taree Teo'base (note nbunce at white Sarfoce ayes)” Wile Gacoutes to Wn abnerGas Nitrided and Liquid Nitrided Structures or riding contions os nit ciation: 20 tomperad at ote 1600% yg eal 8 aa aa tide alriace ner, ad Bide in casa lil a 2% el 530 IS steel heated to 1999 F cota C) ta ‘acum alesened in mitogen ges, ciple (610 0) surface adivated 19 Is 000 b5 0008 tm deep: nitride uttsee, Cane depth to Gi: 60 equi’. 0000 In. 22 ot ‘and procesine js for 82, but see in led acca of edie oe IEE Sine reveal he ‘row seyctare ‘ito $8 ‘heface harcness ater pitting, equi: {ent'of Roe! tin ame for 622 eae 536 MONO steel Liguld nitride 3 ir a, 1060 2 Gi Sith at eevatea mteding tate betty ued’ aver 0 a dpa rata Saroie. No tndon tone w eligenk8 Scructures of Annealed and Normalized Steels Before Carburizing Paes Os . ‘20x 2 Joie, steel ar that was, anneate, "IY cel ba norman by ate 17 sige bar Yoat was need 537 Seog 8 2 oe SE S530 Iara iaremaumn ne wemne 539 sae tod a Gs toe a fq en iis bate apm, fly ape a Bae sor dept ea) wilh ond cooled ine peante (aan) eat as, aed Siryeture consists of patches of pesnlite ae ey ated ienile ents, Gait cdot) and found pavuce ot 200, 1% sta steel bar that, was normalized "e228 steel bar anne San ta Rag) oe O41 SP dee Oe Goalie eat 000% Pere 3% vial 3310 size ar mumenjized 4 fe at 1025 sara «AMS e2¢0) see! har normed 1 ARS E20) stone soe ag ye am A I G44 ONO AN Ta Bes and 845 oh atta tae Oe ia 248, femged' ab’ at Sues # Gde'Ch, cooing in gtll a. structure consis of scxl~ cowl Wa ancy Selatlde pacts urd Urgent edrte SUahres tart peri car cnStr Bir ogoted: Structure. consists of red of ferrite Bea msurte of Terie Cight constituent): ineMicrostructure of Steel Castings By the ASM Committee on Metallography of Steel Castings? ‘Carbon Steel Castings ...- Low-Alloy steel Castings <0 000200020. Austenitic Mangmnese Steel Castings ‘THE MICROSTRUCTURES presented Sections 1,3. and 6 in. thick, Stainless ‘Heel castings and heat-resistine alloy ‘eastlngs are eovered in other sections (ager 151 to. 150 and 177 to 196). ‘Stel castings are classified in accord ance wlth standards of the American Bosley for Testing ana Materials. The compouition mils of steels for whieh ‘mlerographs are ineluaed in this see~ ttm ate listed In. the table below. Be- ‘cause of the permissible limits in com- Position, aifferences in Section truck ‘hess, and variations in foundry and neat Treating practloe from plant to. plant, ‘here ate often large differences im the ‘Shucturgs of cathigs that mest. the Same ASTM standard (see pages T@ and ‘hi, These standards ave given in Part 2 of fhe Antal Book of ASTM Standards. touted In other volumes of this Hand book: properties und. applleations in Volume'I (see "Steel Castings", begin hing on page 122) and production in Valine $ fice "Produc a, eet Castings" beginning on page 2800. ‘Carbon’ Stecl Castings. "The Tilcro~ structites “af carbon steel castings ‘thls seetion are. for eastings to ASTM. AQT, Ale and tations. Most ofthe steels tame Lea 928 max Samer Siberer teioiis OSRaRE can os ape oy AN in) eau reeks ae A rae ed Bi Se BE Ce ea ‘Hosenr P. Mat, Chviomes, Professor Emesins, Carnegie Mellon Unieniyy Thos E Baran, Disecor of Metelurgy, Netcast Cast ings Div, Madlandess Corp; Roo Duseas, Oklahoma Stel Castings (Ge Die." Amedei Ste! aod Bump Corp; LEROY FINCH, Senior Meal agit, Bo Carp, Abr F. Gross, Techoica) Maaeges, HICA Corp Afomeriy with Eebicon Steet Foordry). ARTHUR H. KUEN, Chief Meath, Bedlington Norther, Inc; LEO H. LONG, Jay Manage, conzENTS. stfength carbon sith caatings Tor gen ts carbon steel castings Tor Ben SalMpplestions he grades are nol Seeerly restietive as eomponition Sesimim carbon taugeo om Oe 06 o30e anu Snasitom manganese trom 0 to 120%, depending on the erade Strengen spetuncations Tange’ from no tpecife ressrements fo those for grade SBcioSwnieh fr requced to have Sune ‘hum tena ater of 10.00 pa (483 Haba) ‘ian uienuen geld strength of ‘io al ino MPa iMigner-attengéh cacben stet castings ace Covered by ASME Ries The emir Sempocttion sertritionstioposed by Ce Standard are maximams o& satu Sn Showphorus, Mision tenaie ste ‘iy from 00 to 16.00 pe 858 to Bor AePe) ancmininiam ela stengche Eom 2,600 to a Gopal a6 20 1000 Sib “tor ne aiterens"arades to” alee Smal’ oun alate lenis {Groat oven, molybdensra) are. some: Gives eded “to” obtain the” denned mechanieal propecee Carbon ded “castings sltable for rnSion “eiding foe nigu temperature Eervice “age covered op ASTBE ADI. Stforogrei i tus ction are for wo races Won and WD. An grades ore Estegorized te carbon” steel becatae alloying “slements are not sbecihed, asim limits on. coppe® alee Ehromlum, molgogertim and venadion Ste tiberal ‘go that spectfe. properties nn be eevelopee Doth ‘nest treatment and section tnicinese infuenee the mlerestractate OF onat steel For fis reason, toe microe Ooeiame Bbemae a "etal siemens, 1% ne tata, O86 ma ‘Technical Dis, Aas ano, Tea sag {graphs In this section show each steel in ivarious conditions —as cast, an ‘ealed, normalized, normalized and femperea, quenched and. tempered — and in. specimens taken trom sections 173 and 6 in, thick. The slower cooling Files of the thicker sections usually 7e= fly-in different constituents and in arsenite of te SUELO 'A series of four micrographs (618 to 616) ‘of a medium-curbon tec) Inthe Rormalized conaition shows the effect Sonform fo ASTSC AGT, clase 2 @ mane nesesmolyodenim see and “ASTM rade 103, 5 31s" nickel steel ‘ASTM Addy sleet “catings. are in- eat treated by nortalsing and tem= Beane or by quenching and tempering. Rhian tepering «cemperature ts 1100 # (99 C), The castings must also berweldable. The mic of ASTI ‘AdST steel castings (on pages 77, 78 and 45) Include soveral conditions —'as east, nokmalized, ‘normalize and. tempered, Shel quenched and. tempera “ASTM AS62, grade LC3, steel castings fare Intended’ Tor, pressure-containing arts suitable for low-temperature Service, down to 360 F (101 ©), Such Castings ace either normalized and ‘tempered ‘or quenched and. tempered riot. to being. placed. ia service. As Shown tn micrographs 632, 684 and 636, Inoreasing section Jhas tho usa al coarsening effect on microstructure, ‘Austenitic Manganese Steel Castings. Micrographs ‘of austenitic. mangunese Steel castings are presented dn page 80. ‘The ascast structure of a I-in-thlek seotion shows only austenite and a few grain-boundary. carbides. More Boundary carbide is apparent {a the ssveatt S-tn-thlek section, but most of ie jp dissolved th the austenite matrix eeipitate rapidly during heating the sglution-treated structure to 600 (316. C) or higher (nlerograph 614), Foundry & Machine Co C. G. MICKELSON, Assisat Manager, Manufacturing Research Laboratory. Amesicn Stee Fooadvies, Avan F Pasuurs, Mealloygst, Duraloy Coz, H. T. SHEP ica! Diveter” Racine Foundey Mansscs, Nordberg Div ee, Foundry Metalltgist; Dominion Fourdries and Ste, 14d; RW. Zaniwas, Technical Director, Steel Founders Society of Ametica, tel Casings Coz A.B, STECK, ex Chaiabele Ime; A. | Ware70 As-Cast and Heat Treated A27 Carbon Steel Castings 10x al a ‘ABTA A2t steed 9, tn, te, Same steel os for S46. oh Same steel ae for ot, 6 $0. th 546 forisotet coadtuon. st 547 Rarmaled vf ster 548 Geatnent’ was"foe lame as 300 Meat cel tie SRE SORES, Ge it pete & : oo. Se ae fea LG Gre CRE bees meee: Dearlite witha. grains ‘constituent nd pesrite dark ‘camsiltuenD- grenter thicknass of the soation, "pe ame Ty ee eto for 46, 1 $0. thee ame Sine sect for $46, 9 tm. thick Heat ane 3 eae by wuaceniting gb in00 F° a7 550 Genter wae tne at as 51 Sati ae tae ek, Hews ee fog 8 6m, the © for The et artice goog irdcture ta asentaly the aime ‘as for Rents ‘ovale “and. pearite Wderi) cutine the Sd, out gqnins aye convene ‘because’ of ¢Me Sri endeie sieuctire ‘eater thleinois Of" ihe Section me rt sme. steel as, for 546As-Cast and Heat Treated A27 Carbon Steel Castings nm Asie, aT gee, tea 556 APE AT Senet, Vets 557 Seat fous hicigeducn patera of prntiscaid ect"ftan ‘ali esa im a6 tpcedlag post) fare foneua ot fei" crite eomslnes ad Stee i'n mnie of tte end eases SSnude"a f arontetSeopordon'of pease” pantie Gack coutitient)™ I By eat ae 20x Mal 250% ame, ste ag for 880.1, Stove weet as for 556, 9m. thick but BGO) Same, see! oF for 556, 2. wm. tie 5 nd end saectiatti 559 Sane steel at for Taoenttiime 560 tha! tentpereaasetrmieed 160. Tics ac ina Fea OF 1 Tar ae Oe Sag TE e Mark cout a, od ferrite (gat so ua 2% ie Same, slot a5, for 556, 6, tl 563 Sind thd tebe asStelived at os FEHB i's tule: epee tame Bidet paso soatrutine peal afihtso eat Odor btw Biers ‘a tno and fee (WA Rien and core ight comsitoen is ponte aa Sere Gwe)n As-Cast and Heat Treated AL48 High-Strength Steel Castings 5% nia 00x 4% tat cox” 8% oat, "ASTM, ALB cteeL (245 >, 1 tm. thick “ASIA AU sts), spade 00-69 (0206, Bame sel as for 665, 1 by BGA soreaih ie mucrorsucare connie a? 56S ASMA AM STL Aine OAR GRC; BOG Sere, test os Moe OS Le tb, 2 ferrite Galle”, both at erain byupaetieg ants condition “the lerGtruclure cebwite at foatee 690 CFE M ea ans ate Side Pints, in mates of penclve tansk)s Gehitel'in's inate of pense eae SSnisecath axgrenate of ferste ad pestine amy ai gota wo oS PE eme come wt so, ie SP Teeamw se sel ts. 1 0 pram a Set ee tia 208 Be Re tage 302 Zee a AED: Le ra : 7 : ne eel eee t muerte? & ae Samo 3 a 570 eit tee eS eh i e's ire Ue te ferns leit an ree ahd 22 eroialzed peal,Heat Treated A148 High-Strength Steel Castings B 00x 5% all 500% 5% ital ox. age ge gf Pa rd Sera ea tae B75 ae ek node ee Eerie ieee ara Tagpileston enpera Be Ria Ries comers Ga f BP SH, och, Mees A Ee cob aes lest cb im the arch show. ‘Perrito Genie!" In pearl cateic. 1% att 200% 5% tal 1x 5% me 003 une, see ag 2 = sme, steel ae for S60, 1c, steel 88 tor 576 Sam on Slice of Bo Pisin) 77 San tetned acnetinatd at 578 Siatenet snd anges adenine i © foom tempers sn wae Cbs operators and hed 000 (oes Ofer be pater gud, fone fre ph i'm, Stucture conibs of blocky ferric & nr, Water ueeched, tempered ut 1100 F (503 peted at 1200 (ess C) for tse lero es oiet utente erath Dountaries, ©), ir fo temperature end held @ hs, Pine Hrurhure comet primacy of Ine sale of pourite (Urb) faite (eoiey in spuoroldzed carbide, {ensie wilt Same ferite Cwittes 5% ital 100x 5% nial ox 5% ital 100% ase so ey ou Fame yo, tu Se ot Sho tar a Gee S80 iam aaa ST ae nk ae Ba FRP'SE cided" iempered 5m, oul shoyn ‘ata higher isagnifeation. "The for 5 he and fUrmace cooling to room tempers ‘Ake Stveture degen fortes Segre satis ene voy_ (Ste sirng Jobe Me mlm oe Miers forte and pease. Nola dentrie solved than ia'tite evidence of feria whitey ai ore cuslenie grain hound Tenganese ‘abon-rich and mangunse-ren aseas. fess in'umotess of fe pene,"4 A148 and A216 Cathon and Carbon-Molybdeaum Steel Castings 544 nit 300% Si mie) aso 5 ASTSE ALG stzsl (OAS G), § tn. thie, ‘Game, steel as for 6%, 6, tn, thie, 48 shee rade 105-86, (02; B82 Aeroatigd ang tempera” Auirentized O83 inencd an wteret “autenited at SS RE on @ at 16508 Go C8 mete uy acd 2660 FUaib C), 3 hy tp temperature and held “empered. Kustanittied ef 11) feudiS hn, aircoolet tempered ai 3ae0 E (OTT hn, mater quenehes, tempered we 1100'P (Sd “poy eater quenched, tert Gh, 4 netg temperature and held Ore. Serves)" Br to Belg @ ir. ar “Cone Prosutesioll fer ‘ite igerree (white) Mh & five pearite matrix, cooled, Very fine fertte aid aphesosdiies pease, Gt tempered artensit oa 4 pte ot wane 250% 2% ntl ‘et 00x. Gratn-boundary Yoron astm ‘ASTM A216 ston), grade WCA (021 C, 585 Ray ical grade Sas GWE Pass 586 SEMA Mey: Pe Mee CAS ity 0024 3 Hig boren caused brittleness and The microstructure consite at pearite (ark Extensive cracking. (ihien properly usec, boron constituent), blceky ferric, and Widmastaiten ‘5 tsunly Trem 00008 to odor) Slatelets of terete, constA216 Carbon Steel Castings 5 ite seo. ‘SIM, agié steel, sade WOB (027 6), 596 PEM EL, Se cal Sietare cones Se unresolved, fp, Rennie of fem Not platelets of Widman’ Suite Seclusion ate Cerrite, and’ mangahete ‘grey, m upped left part ef nleragrapa) AO UB Te ee Peer it 00% 395 ni ame ste) ax for 596, 1 m, this, ‘and ame, steel as, for $86, 1 in, thick, ane 598 fre'tame heat freniment as for on, wae 599 eslta"be'atweeniuming at ioe GH see nents magnibctioneueute Wuntormly ©) top fein abe Srocture Staperea pene aati)’ blocky fortte”"” Bearte (Gari16 Heat Treated A216 Carbon Steel Castings "i hm son tat inh Boddape ga fh 3 2 Sag geo. tw wesw Same a al Sa seit? Sas e005 s.r ts ta le oi led Wy hij ‘rag MinGtln’ Reaoluvon of pearite isc) and at cane conate Of Sine grams “note dutinel boundaries) are CULT ROPES ToGie tne abtlaat” Stace a ‘mutrbeot ferrite Geno FErdte; dark fees are ne, Inmwltr beac. 2% nal 28x 2% al six 354 ita GOG Same, sizel ae for 600, 5 in, ek, ane by" atitenicsing et igh0 HL eeu at Migr © for"S'hr ania furnace cooling. Structure te lar peariie (atk na Searle dark) ih 8 mnteix et ferite Cnitey, er cool reblted in lateer grains ‘ame steel ang nest treatment ¢ ter ‘Sanne sige! as for 000, 3 jn. thick, 607 Mieeticeaton tages 608 Sientlt"aanauten, At e Poti ett Swe or‘C) and. quence, ‘ese obs); Snosiala ot ne Bente bn'e matte of frA216, 0.45C, and A487 Steel Castings “ASN A218, 1G) 3 to. “Sumno steal ac for $08, "ore 609 ASIN, A218, grade WB (021.6. 3 mn G10 eal ab for 60, © tn. thick Tedeted ae Zor O06, but Pate’ ty Sus # gies unttenion ie Dare hs fer= ©) and air cool She tate Note MoS ‘ndlusions globular 00x 4% tal too 4% ital ‘Cast steel with 048 ©, 070 aon, 040 8 ‘Same grea as for 613, Sormales ay" alstenitaing at 1360 O14 magnuieaton The pearite gos chris ie a Gotan ia Sc tcutafe sled uly op it dane ofthe Sara seh waved abe Gee” Rot‘hish cnowen sor bait relation. 6 a eee .: are “ere arco as for 2 and 14, but are GIG Same AIS A for OB, Sand Gib bul GIF ASTM AAMT clase 2, 1 fn thle Gis Base eset Stas a Ole fine wa Baten R617 AMAA ake ade ake a oe 4 eres ep ° ‘egninantn of Sx (as Heres often best im guru, “oecause lautfactory constituents ate very ‘oatse. (See, G18 to for is sirwcture and grain si, Fesotutln obdained ai SRC see B19)" ext two’ bases, for heat ireated structure, is AS a4 al S00x 4% ta78 Heat Treated A487 Low-Alloy Steel Castings ‘a Gisborne cme 2 5,98 G19) tame ae sal wh, SE" Bae se, ann and teal monmialized by austenitizing at 1650 F ‘by sustenttising at 1750 F as for. son oN att odlng Metatats cee me STE G ene NhL at mowutt heh SRE Gare Sine Gl eel Ee ate Bi GBI Sanne stl as fr 610 7 tiiet, G25 ‘Same etel os tnat m mserosraph et Ra Sete Gh hiematead by auton po p issu Cha hs 18 sisson ‘tod © aint coon in un ae tet i Ee orm of sees Chk eons e Peso dent gonetiivent” Some atent Einy'be press ane areas of he taeac 20x 6% tl ‘Same glee) as for Gio, 3m thiee, Hore ‘ame, steel ag for 610, G24 Grivel ‘and tempered ae described for O25 Senet tat btrel te Seattle gia. Tevetrucuite ts simiay to that of Sly end G21. the “merostructure ‘conatete “af “ferrite 20, but ‘here ies grain-boundary bamite, {int ana"grasn-boundary tainite (dark) ‘Note: micrographs 68, €22 and 623 ore from one foundry; 619, £20, 621,624 ond 625, from ancther foundry; 626, from a third foundry ls n, shiek,A487 and A352 Low-Alloy Steel Castings 9 2% niet 100% 627 Supe stel a5 618, $n, thick, quenched KH, Rake GG Same steel as for 619. 6 im thie, Dore a 5 Ritenttaed a 60 Bralicd ‘end tempered s\ described ior gine at 619, Siritare, comoise affine ferrite eat nd Some vestiges of grain-boundary, Be Sha water quenched, 2S» Usd Ch "rotporea martensite and fersiie. abd” penribe (anni), nec not Wel resolv Bae art op ro, 45, Be lb, oe os tr 8 mM sega Se RPRRE Sar reas a ages sees sce of (oe are ol Baan a ‘ists of ferrite “ight, and batnit 1295 P (663 OC) ‘tor § hr. St tire consists of water quenched, tems at 11g F (63h C), Sear AL as truce ‘ante gran pounders Deurnte dank constituent ‘and ferrite rn 006% 00x 5th nal 00x 533 PEE tnealcatias ania eee Stetencd tad techbecel de destined ag 635 SANE Sentued and teehee “atstent ‘ate migrotsieluré consis Sie aehuiar @i2. The mestruchure tie same aa for 652 zed 4 Iw at 1000 # (Wt! Ch, water dnenched ELM telah ams pects Waa, fice Tescptan NSE)" but Sia Coater ESlpte Cheat fos" fap Eh“ mioro: id minute pasticles of cementite. Decmuse of the grester thickntad oF he Section. Structure consists of tempered martensite, ‘Mote: micrographs 627, 624 and 671 are from one foundry; 62,650, 32,633 and 6M, from another foundry; 685, from a third foundry.80 Low-Alloy and Austenitic Manganese Steel Castings 5% ni 09x 5% nial "ASTM Aas she, erage LCS, In. thick, 636 Qierche and Yeibered ae teectied for 637 22, Comltuents are same ai In 69% aut coarser br at 1600 F Ql Gy, waver a Seba of Wie geenter thickness of the section. "hr at 1200. G38’ O) sat atay se Seay 2% ma, mr ne 28% He “Same cau, alloy steel os for 63, Tat aie evade 640 Seitata che acta manner, except tae 6441 < the ing "vmperatire wea decreased to quenched tn ler, the ausvenite fra SORTS, a Statin” cna of tee :, Eine" fos “ulld “in “en” crease in eecllo strength to 245,00 pst eee Sew 29% nit metnanat cogs, 1555 HCI sto 244% rit, mettanal cose, 15% KCI 00x Gd2 ‘Same austenitic manganese steel as for G43 Same austenitic maneanere steel se Zor O02 8 ee a She Soe Sed gamed a aa Veale iifrn votindaries (eompare wilh 688 (Ghioides'remain after thls Reet treatment. Show sol ag esha yan 16 6). Bresiliated carbide at rath bo Suse uh grams, Mairi © aan,Microstructure of Cast Irons By the ASM Committee on Metallography of Cust Irons* CONTENTS: 42° Abrasloa-Reslstant Cast tron .. 8 Corrosion-Resistant Cast Ton... ‘THE GENERAL TERM “cast tron" in cludes gray iron, ductile Irom, chilled fron, wate tron dnd malieabie iron, All are“ higheearoon,high-silicon alloys, ‘sually containing 1.7 104.5% carbon, ‘Gray iron contains graphite in the form of fakes, which are sin ‘matte thet normally Ie pearutic. The ‘addition of approximately 15% utckel Droduses tn ustonitie matrix. ‘Duetie ron, also Enown as nodular snon, is cast yon to which magnesiam or other elements “that, cause the Pegi to form: noqutes (spneruitan) ‘been added to the melt. ‘Che von is roduced by casting gray oF ductile iron against & metal oF Gaghlie chill, resulting in a surface Bane (white layer) that is virtually tree Of graphitie carbon. le oa, ‘whieh is virtually free of graphite throughout the easting, is ob {ined by selecting tne composition of {the alloy so that graphitization will be ‘hibited for tte Gesized section sire, Hlebie zon is the Zerallof a2— nealing white tron castings of appro~ priate eomposition, to convert the ear fon tat 2 combaed in the cementite (ec) to clomental carbon (graphite) Inthe form of temper-earbon nodules. ‘Cassifieation. Graphitic cast rons, n= eluding “those "that ‘contain sinali ‘mmounts of alloying elements, arc clas- Steen ery, dure an malate ac ‘cording to gfaphite shape and method St graphite production, More higtly al~ loyéd graphitic. and whive rons” are lassited by thelr use Tegalremients as Sbrasion-resisiant, »corrosion-reststant fnd heat-resistant, Thoeo slx classifica fons are discussed In the paragraphs that follow. For more detailed infor= ation om speelfleations, properties, ierestrietore and heat, treatment of hede cast trons, the reader i referred {a the articles on Pages $49 to 406 in Volume't, ang on pages 293 10 220 in Volume 2, of this Handbook. Rosser F. Ment, Cheinean, Profesor Bests, Camegie Mallon 7 PB, BuRCESS, Controls Manager Albion Nallesble Div, Usive Gray iron. ‘The baste. structure, of say Won cam be altered hy te cooling rate duting easting. Cooling too fact duces tottied iron, whieh has some free cementite; very’ slow cooling of rey iron with a high allicon content is {ety to produce soine tree ferzite, Gray iron 1s classified in ASTM Ads according to” the. minimam’ tensile Strength of separately cast lest bars; ‘for example, class 20A refers to a test eler) having minimum tensile strength ‘of 20,000 psi “38 MPa). Other spect- Hreations cover particular products ‘Ductile iron ormally has an as-cast microstructure” of gtaphite "nodules (spiterulites), whieh are surrounded by free forrito (bull's-oye structure). in 2 Imateit of pennite, Occasionally, the Bcrostructure ineludes some free ce Mentite. Anbealing produces secondary Graphite, surrounding the pramary Graphite’ nodules, anda ferrite matrix. Bueliic iron having a ferrite matrix ase ash can’ be produced by using seeial freli-inoculation techniques. The addi Hon of approximately 15% nickel pro- aces an austenitic mates. ‘Ductile ifon is classified in ASTM ‘A536 ‘sceordins, to properties; for ex- ample. grade 60-4018 refers to sepa Tately east fest coupons with’ minimum ‘properties of 60.000-pei C4i4-MPa) ten- Site strength, 40,000-pel (216-MPa) yield Strength, and. 10% elongation im 2 in ‘Aa39 classifies eight austenitic ‘ductile frons according to. composition ‘and mechanical properties, ‘Malleable Iron ‘ean be either ferritic (vstandard”) or peatlitle, depending on the annealing process_used to. convert the white iron casting to graphitie iron, Forrilie malleable iron requires a two- ‘lage annealiag process. Pearle mal ieable iron may ‘be procuced by rapid ‘cooling after the first-stage anneal and then either: (a) tempering; of (b) Te- ‘heating, quenching, and tempering. Dees & Cas 5 9 Heat-Resistant Cast Tron, 100 ASTM AdT, covering ferritio malea- bie iron, and “A220, covering. pearlitic, bles ve le degnations the ast Meo digits are minimam yield strength in 100 Bai, and the last two, are. mink ‘mum elongation (% in 2 in.), of sepa ately case test bars, ASTM A602, cover ing both ferrilic and peariti, ‘assigns gm eM and four dip te, hat wo igits are typical yield strength in ‘si and the last two are typical elonga— tion (% in 2 in.) of test specimens cut prises gray. Bgalust a chill set at the area of the Surface Tequlring the abrasion resist~ ance, ang white iron (which may OF hiay not be cast against a chill. ‘The ilerostructure may be pearlitic or mar fensitic. ASTM ASK2 covers three types Of abrasion-resistant marveusitie waite roa: ‘type 1 (Ni-Gr), type HE (Cr-Mo) fang type Ut ¢nigh-Cr) ‘Corrasion-resistant. east. irons com= peice high-siicon and. nigh-chromium ane white trons and bighsnickel Suslonitie gray and ductile trons. Some Of the gray irons are covered by ASTM ‘Sola ana Asse Heat-resistant east trons include silleon gray and ductile" ons, chro: guia gray (see ASTM ASI9) and white irons, and high-nieel austenitic gray (see ASTM A4gs) and ductile irons. ‘Graphite found im cast trons is clas sifled in ASTME A247, Form types T to Vi are nodules; type VII is ake form, Distribution anid orientation. types are lettered A to E (see page 62). Size sumbers range irom 1 ‘Uareest)’to 8. “The nodules found in malleable iron ave been ciassified by the Malieanie Research and Development Foundation. MDP shape numbers range from 1 #6 ‘Tishape 3 is norma); gome shapes are shown on page 95. Disteloution numbers Fange from 1 (random) to 6. Sige nura- bess range trom 1 (staallest) to 6. J. Mancanetso, Materials Fogineeing Ofc, Product Planning and Development Sal, Chyler Cogp 80MAS H. MART, eyeallion Corps Chaziss K. Dexoao (deaased}, fornedy Tech ‘ial Diector, American Cast Won Pipe Co, Twowas R. Dass, Prine pal Mullognpher, Materials Diss Eaginerving Reseach, Inte Uooal Haase Co Roasar Graspasia, Senior Research Bogioet, Com tel Foonsry Di, Genece! Motors Corp. "Huso1o GUINA, Supevsce, Metllogrphic Laberatory, Cental Lab- crtog, Ford Motor Go. Hanvty E, Hexpinion, Tectial Dizeor, Tptbing Foundry Cn, Woodward Co. Div, Mead Corps Ras Dmsts Manaus Ivok Research Meals, Xaloy Inc, Subsciary of Ter ‘tal ecier Carp; Rost W- KAN, Mteils Engineering Dept, Jk Metallosraphar, Rots Methsn Foundees; Howat C. Maso Plane Metalsrgit, Mapleton Plane Caterpli Tracie Co; J. R. Mints, ‘Metallrgist, Welded. Carbide Teel Co. ore with Tremational Nickel Ine): Eowaso F. BYN, JR, Associate Senor Reyatch Met slurp, Genesal Motors Reseach Laboratories, General Motors Corp [Robsir THOMPSON, Chief Metallugist, Dolio Enginering Works Leds Lanny B. Wutrs, Quality Contol Maneger, Dalton Pecsen Di, Dation Foundees (formerly Prt Metllargst. Campbell, Wyant & Can: ‘on Foundry Go. Div, Texuoa, Toc); Howat E. Bove, Secreta) Managing Eto, Matls Handbook.82 ‘Types of Grapbite Flakes in Gray Iron; Scructures in Class 20 Gray Iron ‘ aN Sytem ot gave Sey Bae S esi de Se Gate are Sate 47 fm oan ot cane of Es, eae pve A a As pbhes (fat tenes) x GAG Trve.D disteiution of graphite, sakes Be Goay ons anaratetned Oy teers rte segregation abd Tandon 0 o ‘Class 20 gray, ton streus reteved for 651 PRS sermon’ o1Ss an tio Pat ane 1 ei exreminly as ct aid SPfera, wth dank Wands af peat at thee opt on ounaeTies: ‘over-all cenarific pattern.Classes 30, 40 and 50 Gray Irons 83 LOOX 3% ital . eure 3 0m, ee cw rn oro a aed Seba 2 PEL EROS SO ORLA TEE Se ents (Gare sousituend rte and Garker eemensia) 2% ate, 0x ‘Sa 608 exept meta annealed by 659 a Se Tete ea Soe ‘403 ay OF er nor to tas Seb ahs, sd party (orling, Graphite ‘spheroldiaed paste in Seri matrix teed tones) 750 ‘ion asceast, Sino Same, 69 gro specimen has en 00 erase ae sie a satie Sods Seat DRG uagnite: hen an ie Grtteed entation fehl powsby as areal of ay aie fe Inoculation See 061. Umtsually Tepid woldieslion. Bee" aso StEn High-Phosphorus Gray Iron; Alloy Gray Irons ‘Hieh phosphors gray tron as ©, 205 . : Bake ome ns 06 Eitgjo'S?0a0 PT a%s Nin, Oa Gas ‘which reveal presen , “showing eapiite fakes 0 types “erre network ot "aenatte ght mvepule, 2 ota Bee also G04 and 60. ‘Soo Greasy tee oon) in ine midrin of a0 peal M8 polished (at etches) TOD 5% sit 669 Ally. 20, ion 0c iP: . ‘yy beep G71. Hleberopammitention vey, of 60. oh os Grogs Feveels. the ackouIne sl gad eau 3 binite “ign ‘grayh remaining. etructire Gyidfapalie sense as in 6B. See 67D. She pearite (ane gras) and graphite (lack aHeat Treated Gray Iron 85 am piel 003 ‘alloy gray’iron 08 C, 211 51 089 Bin 042 877 EE MS Gio eae aE (git G), oll quenched, tempereg at 3507 TT 0) ‘A grubilie naked, Ineciene time at Austen vempersiafe yeufed tn maricnsie uate BGS RRS “hd Mena coi cares (08-14 Or. 04-06 Mo) austenitincd lusnched iaosttuesire86 Hardened Surfaces, Surface Weld, and Brazing Filler Metal on Gray Iron. awa pitrided in a sae ath at ‘Home, hardeped alloy gray, tron of same composition as | eve ugried mater ype A crarle O81 Rioe*a craps Lg enue ech tthe Sata ‘na matrix of peariies layer af ron atte twilta) om siztace: Now mica metre of tempered marlaalte in che case (right) See 682. knd | {itieh show core’ and case suckures mi higher agnibeatin, eo a exope e mlrmenan 2 fem spar wot ape 688, tats Ee ae OO St ae Suet ae gpa vate aa neg eae at Svar aly 687 GEE me, 8 fier mata ten fener ‘dare ret “onsite ant theauriaee af the iron Sot) id etainel eens ie cnaitoet®)” moval of graphite MaesInclusions and Unusual Structures in Gray Iron 87 220% Sturt ira 5 B soclusjon darge dark GGG Claes HB gras on with an, entsoped pare of tern TnalteR me Si reat, wh eb tas betae Hybe A grate tree ten culloon Inpealant iecoat agen and caused plates of Secale") to form around the inclusion, Afi Ze pals inet sched) ~ “Chess 305, gray on with, an mnisapped “Cina, 30-geny fron with G91 fastiae oc aude “arge dade areas "ena 692 SP" uiecl ten” dena type a” graphite fakes srasuticlent fonding o€ molten Teal ished, not etched 2 ‘Class 20 gray tron casting with, surface femured to reveal porous tow 694 Ctetade of ah Bifobe enti Be gw ented euros om sph fon, Areas of stendtta outed purteen of _ i ON 500% 494 wa 125.26088 Graphite Nodules in Ductile Iron; As-Cast Peartitic Ductile Iron we . ea) 00x 8 poe (rot ata 00x As polahed not wees 696, Basie, om tune C, 240 Sk atk GO7 Rh, hon ine aay C, 261 Si OteT GOR Durtte on ute a0 C, 22 raphe Sechés Chen oftincs 4ane'e mrannite Hous Sphere’ ofa "graphs Roaudas Gpneruliss) of Sie 6 aad t ‘es le : Ms poitned (ot steed tens he thes oot ane sx ane tne Tox A ate ook cena ‘Grade, 69-55-08 duct Io ‘Grae 00.88 le Ir, ‘Grade 909-06 duckie Iron, ‘Grade 8-55-06 duet tro 699 e700 701 Bigegerepnie moa? 702 sete Sine 5 anes ovenst Sige T mraphte no sectte Bize fraps to ‘ules wilh e abtrbution of 246 nod- wles with’s distibetioh of 180 nod les with's @strbatioh of 105 nod- ules with a aiefibetion BC 98 Do a ‘les per square millimeter ‘ale Ber square mibimeter. luis er square muleter, Stas, mses pent cute eS SOFem, ata mie ae TO G5 Mae ae wlth oot Sis, om rat, eae det 704 Gets sae pate um Ae 705 See Scie ah Loke Pe EGNOS CoN RLeR IEE eet fw Ot See tane tee Bins ie entre or boxes Grhlley i present in the peorive matcis. bye fer, aroundHeat Treated Pearlitie Ductile Iron 89 296 nea eet ‘Same trop and poral 08 fecrfen Put acer wm iv ios uat &) and a atl Pie tormitea lecture Has Sot ‘Seennoteeabiy afected by tempering, 2% nal tant atanos 140% 2% neat rs0% 710 Gide, S512 ductle ron ested to 7], ] rade OO-45-12 ductile iron, given same 650% (000°C) ab 0 igs Ch "per He, EBowsage cal as fil, wale devame rag ghz, foale as, 06a 6) oer’ i pod praitesend tree evi Scents Rickman EE nie sein sean cine “ron of same composition and with same 71.4 Same tron and heat trestment ae 72 713 KOR Hethmest as Tavencegt Ghat after nd nS excep tempered ay 1200, OAD spear, te owas apne a 1100 ©) ae queen, He oS Genpate Sa rade "ae of Meets cantets Sealer Btn mat apie Soles ype ang Ht) n'ai red vmavlensie Gat nd er, Geis ot Semper "see iso Ti rie fing parties ot secondary erephit,90 Pearlitic Ductile Iron: Hardened Surfaces, Surface Weld 4% ma 5 of fame hard “Hardened sete “eardened sone of auctve tron overheat 715 SES dete kon Graphite St fame hardened doctte 77 Rarlened sone ot au mm eles Gnrkge some Stoner ‘tan ao 15 Ghd fig but cate siete” Conte) Bee also 118 and i imiropreoh idence Gf ineistent Se meer oe ced = Lede 0.8508 date rn lulled sl at of"2h nigner magento, wate rove i 718 Grd tie ake gah ated ea ah af ae 719) Gee cee i mame wh ae i eats Sey tees Beh Sade raine ont ene erate tment meson abl reme A Paboes Bae es err uh Stat ge 496 ax 436 peal ‘Bhiided metal-are surace weld om, grade 605-12 ductile tom ontaesto sno of rtace weld en rate Sot52 ducted 720 Ses metatarsal on dda yeaa ty; 721 Rae ea ‘tr neataectoa sone tn tlds See Tit), use soetal at ctlom: “"” yetained’ tonite Weld Gepost (op): "Mekal aloy bse Ni}Ferritic Ductile Iron and Austenitic Ductile Iron oO ET YORE eo a Fe ee “ear as we = Ms oxi ain dite on, 1 wi FS asia autem Bn ro SE DP wottia Grae qth tote suet Rd ae ‘Vena ise calolum compoutd during pouring, ition’ of a-8l compound uray pouting, os po ws BE gn nti vn tt tt and ren elgty Gotiendnals Seep SOA Fegan); layer ihitride (white) on surface. See also 726. magnisin phere ered ary Seno riaee aoe ate greta Par aN PCE et — wy amare sine mui sg Tae thae a aude all Tog l el Ba 7e7 MGR ah yg mani cats 726 WS ai 2 (aco nih a See HERES fa Sane SST Re a ei Ram a 250% 2% ate pve 89% pier! 20x austenitic duetle 73g Metal alloy «20%, WD austenite duce ‘enromium. (ATA file gop veomtaining’ gi cr (ASTM mast Sanse structure as 120 AGO, tbe B-2B), as-cast, Same tri barticies of Pecn i ron chromium ide; Wht, ueined) present, See 728.92 Structures in Chilled Ductile Iron; Abnormal Seructures aor MEET 10% snvvarion onlate daa 00 Gre ocean il in he ‘Seton Sou sueie ton chs ‘ae chil as-cast grade o-8-0 de 730 ar fenie tote ‘etn ‘eating 731 i "ti aan, 732 fae es sedi Sates ul, ewe Hak Ate ena eR acy Se Ya cn, toh: gud ea a Sue SEER pit deserposiion i armesling. bn & i wes inst tO Rete athe Heats ta alec fern SHES IULUN, ar Cae batenee”* Sm eehtmeti « miie f ee "We mel ve +o . 25 ma 100% 49 duets tron ag-caei Je 738 Sins Sitar are aso eaten cae ide eeSdoie Migit oteed “of conten’ or lnvere ent 2a it ‘Grade, o0—45-12, dustle screact 7 Buckle sro asast against g chil top). 736 settee Siece 737 shite of copied Gone © Stes ag. seal aoe. edule, excel ior ‘peur the’ chill sri edit me : See E REPENS BR atta eae tars Bais is 2 funtrhy of free ferInclusions and Abnormal Seructures in Ductile Iron 3 oT 0 | 2% mit 100% 4% pert ‘00x. Grade 0.55406 ductile iron as-cast Mi FAL Grade 00-55-06, auetie, tron exons Gromuctive nag same constbienta et iy Sreiposare tsi hese tn a8 Strat! parteies of aonmetalic dros (a= capt flat here there fe S greater amount and 1, but the ree earbiae & more qsuine regular grayPand graphite nodules ‘ne ferrlle susounding she pruphite nodules. far, ExZessive amounts ef tree carbice lmnpait ‘qlpetoed ts Fees. fexrive tiarge white ‘eo volsrograph 140, ‘iat ‘aod rncohinabnity ef eoe cast ‘mate i ibe suf ithe Gotti pregent with such inelue af grate Bee midrographe 188 and tedinpare 2% aa) 250% ‘Same as 145 except the moiten metal was, TAG ela‘ar io micah 2065 Elsa G5 beersAbnormal Structures in Ductile Iron ‘Grade 60-40-18 ductile, trom ap east. 748 Sane _ Some eanite. Vermicuar raphe We thicn ‘wae caused by Ineffective maura ‘eatment, lowers duotity of te casting. 753 Sur Eo 2 ats rea belpw the Surface atthe at tags gis fey ire thes 2% mL ‘ox 26 at na “came as 151 ut etched to reven trac “same ac 762 but elehed to reveat struce “same on 752 but etched to revel s 754 Sarees relat ceed Heron Seis, 755 Reef ta near the. custne navace 756 Rive" of area, bein arte ofc etais)in adgiion fo Siraphie Melfotad, nd” enpiniel raphe, modulea 8 Type i erase lepers! os, Hee Se a een The tasting Geib, ims af tree teste ight) and Ae pesrite. curciopes Gian) ioe max of Rae pewAs-Cast (White) and Annealed Malleable Iron; Nodule Shape and Distribution 95 so 30x 136 nad 00% 2 iat 10x. 4 le white tron (oominal 25: Tron of samme composition as 767, ater ‘Asm ne MED, feritio mal 57 QUEL ED arent, Showng's dence 758 Hee ae thea Trolls “ier 759. Ste von twicsiage snnealed by hele giro on pala darks oa) “and a2 of 70 Pfaed ©) aed play ate esoune. ng a Mat 8 Foo G., goling wo ia Seetadiue ile ot manent and seule yesh grpmice tuber “tarma)” seaules G04'C) itp hr au eaoune: ype ft raphe Ee Sete CHAD Segarra bee fnlens) m'a'inelet of fine pearite (stuper carbon) nedica tn avatciy of gree ‘bp Snvogeaphs 156 and 8 Gratiegated gray), See also 160" ahd 706 inp'fesiter email pray Particle are Mngt oR we + ae ort d - * 4 e . ‘es ia ti sd mt nt see mi ns - GPRS ce cues SHEET ceeme seems ik TES RTA aces com ryiarme cece 701 wie harm aap 760 tae Em somes cto Fe amo ttage 1 oF ASTM ype festa SEE 3. or SST Spent eons most often in| (MRDE" shape 6; no AEA umber} found {Erin ‘alloys vith low ratios of Phin alloys of normal composition. most often in alloys with high AI or ‘t pled tact etched 50x Aa poled (not etched) sox As poahed snot etch)” sox 63 Malleable tron tora. aen- 74 Mstiie iron showing sight elenmert 765 Mallauls ton, showing cere, sia: Mligoed “disoation of vember carbon Seaghon ‘Sedules ent of tempersearoon graphite nt shi Eoilee GARDE duitbulinyy Com~ OIRDE aitintoa 2) The degree of slike ERDF nator Any Sutin, eis "epabarmy of matule astibllon ent depends on campeon, sli Holton silencer per Grew ay vty fro ‘pin hs ilcopraps o4 en 15, in ‘nurese {0 center of a casting be96 Heat Treated Pearlitic Malleable Iron 236 ta 2% itl sox 766 Featiie maleoe iron that wae, feat: 767 ‘Grade ame pearlie mallesble kon that 7G ASIDE SACD grade Mt Page anvealed by at ‘Sis dretrage soeled wove the eats peat lit'® GBS and vies al iling touts. conaiucns at or WE then tespered ford Stet ing 9 ural TOP Got Ont ar to Rita ‘is siniar to. that in 736" evoept 800 F UGr GC). Noduler of type it tempers fomnpeted 4 Haat the slower enoling pruduced envelopes af carbon graphite buck), tn Ouisseye™femnite teh fas been, party, spheroldiea. ana ex free terre" white congtuent) ‘she Gohide) (7the peagite- matekt has been slightly cement graphitced; graphite nodules (oumloraye soructare)- apnercidged Wp the tanperiag testment. unum, 770 os mb as ts S77 eet at Er eS eee ae Loner ay P caman a lack), and Daracles Fanwee (aia) li ae maten o€ tetapered i 0 except. urls eoci: Ooligue Stamlnation. retained austenite is evident (wrice area sade Masson, mae ras fee dage amented ‘cnc ame'as thes fempered Se shown pT but Sepoering ava Ser tne crete hag_peoduced. ati) smal spherolel Extbide pails Compare WitsHeat Treated Peaclitic Malleable Tron 97 dee, gr, saute eS FG hane, tom et nent nen) F59 faa et hom ce 7a ome pote, mane Ree 78 tates eats 777 eng at oa Ms a mpered et. 1100 F (583 C)_"Temper-carben Matrix in hardened none at surface of usting eaused, incipient melting. Diffusion of cazbon EG ss ee Oe ee a ee oe mastengiis ‘alrw of tampered martensite. Bee Deh sme reuined auseenite Gwhitey” Bee 771, form cement sesulted im voles (lack areas). 7a Genitgay cast penis mauianic 7G Same ae TU pat sched tshoy, mle, fon (ae ¢, £15 efrovese om) eve. SHruphite, whlch conskts of nodes ef agg simile by holding for 2b 96 20m semper-cafbon Graphite Gack fh ates of Siane alt cooing, Noculee of temper Sipe‘pearite ‘variegated gray), See mcosraph ‘Been grajita olag) “Bee alse 719 to 160.” TWO and, Cor comparion, “Ha acid 68. as Re ogh © ck a wm oo Nat Shee wane aul TS "lane on met te pees 55" og eae ST eee heres es mee 702 Gem tatu ae te 783 fam sl eh he 000 7 (ar C), oll quenched, and, "empereé which ‘cofeiete of nodules of temper-curbon Yemper-carbon nodules und matrbe of woGP Gace aa ane! maith fas CRSA mece ha cee eee Ha"graphite (back), ‘see also’ 262 and es, Tantite \grep?. Compare with 779, und see MS, Structure of this en after Aret-stage annealing.100 Corrosion-Resistant and Heat-Resistant Cast {rons B04 Same tron as 8 but nore “ighenicke? gorroslon-regstant “cast THigheslcon, nearresbtant cast tron Fated fy How at Ho Goa) and 805 iea'g, SFB a Sin oo Sh 806 gS Eh or Mn anceart Sicrostract ecole Pe eet, Siento: gras fe stow: s cue item shows node of both Stand oadinting Chater in «ask. Bind imenoearite care Guat” out Soniting Of TB pearie virgin graf cont ‘arena. Siiea), Sa'w mais of mustenive (ghd. ent anda tres ferretMicrostructure of Tool Materials By the ASM Committee on Metallography of Tool Materials Water-Hardening Too! Steols .. 102 Shock-Reslsting Tool Stocls .... 104 Oi-Hardening Tool Steels 1... 105, Air-Hardening Tool steels |...) 108 THE TOOL MATERIALS for which amlerographs are presented tn this see- ton include foot ‘and mold steels, 18% nickel maraging steels, cast cobalt al Joy tool materials, cemented carbides, and ceramic toc) materials. "Tool Steels. Nominal compositions of the tool steeis for which tlc are presented are given nthe ‘Below "Mart tool steels are high in garton and alley content, some having Bh or more of alloying elements {oat Steun having neariy the sume car~ ‘subjected to similar hheat ‘treatments may ‘have the same ‘microstructures even though their alloy contents are quite different — for. ex ‘Wi and Ol tool steels with 09% mn. On the other hand, they may ‘cowTENTs High-C Etgh-Cr Too! Steels .... 132 ‘Hot Work Tool steels: lone High Speed Too! steels ue Speclal-Purpose and Mold Steels 124 have very different microstructures: for instance, the microstructure of AZ, ‘which hse about the same earbon con tent as Wi and Of steels but a high chromium content, Includes” massive alloy carbides that donot dissolve ia austenite during heat ‘eating. ard martensite and bard. undissolved car ide particles are major constituents in the microstructure of tool steels. ‘Properties and selection of t00l steels fre discussed in Volume I of this Hand ‘took, In articles beginning on page 637. ‘Maraging ‘steels are used” zor some tooling applications, particularly” for die-casting dies. The table below elves ompositions ar the two graded of 18% Nilmaraging steels for which structures are shown on page 125. Tho article on ‘heat treating of maraging steels in Vol- ume 2 of this Handbook provides # bass or understanding those structures. ‘Cast cobait alloy tool materials con- tain 38\to 50% Ca, 25 10-39% Cr, 4 19 2% W, 150 to 280% C, and small 18% Nickel Maraging Steels... 125 Cast Cohals Alloy Tool Materiais 128 Cemented Oarbides «2.5 127 Oeramite Tool Materials 180 rote of te sore st Sana eae ar ace face ES Been cate get eee te lores Anan ead camara ornate et ad eee GPa araen ae oie eee ae Bey be aah esha Eat oma dy oie oe crate hare ee iE eetaa tome tta Sees Seats Sete i em ey Rt he a ora ome cae ae Seu eee ge SEL SA evemagm, rer Soe creestas Ten Se Seay Fa aa Se Eee anges Nominal Compositions of Tool Steels for Which Micropraphe Are Shows In This Seetion(s) Se Le. | ane wares ain fargening Ch) fignce MighcG® i), Sal Rok Wott i) Boot Siecle ‘ons sean ‘hoo 100 foe eB re ae Boss & He. ge g u : mae ie z ig é Be oa is a 8 oa Ho we E gS - oi ig Be a is oe oi io 8 ie ie os 190, Yoo 5.00 Log 1 400 2.0 z ig ek is ca i Fe ig is é aH fers: ig & ie ae Br 8 18 ag ag iB ne 035 To 5.08 020 . s ie Bu 8 eri =: NEE Re Bee II obo 191) 400. Grade $00 / Taste Devrox, Meallagical Project Engineer. Matersls Engincerng Dept Cincinnai Mitucoo, Inc; Dovuy Grietay, Technical Dieter, Cas Ing Fogincers (feeserly Assecte Laboratory Dinetr, Stelite: Div (Cabot Corp.) Vieron A. KoavssoyA, Chie’ Metlucgst, Metal Stamp- ing Die, Ford Mowe Co. Peran Lecxis-Ewnve, Conllet: N. W. Masnoris, Corporate Manager of Meallrgical Reseach, Development s0d Contra, Cleveland Test Dil Co, ‘Dav C._Stanous, Plast Metallurg, Transmission Div, Clack Equipment Co. (loneriy Manager of Metallagy” and Quality Con- (WoL, Lindberg Hest Treiting Co,): Jases W. Sraaum, Chief Metl- Toegish Ace Dull Go. (Foray Metlfargical Engoser, Teledye- Vase) rk SUPERNAW (eetzed), Chit Metallungist National Twist Dail & “Toot Cov; Cates H. Thourson, Metliesieal Manage, Iino Tool Works; Bruce E, Who, Resirch Engines, Buice Moor Div, Gen- era Motors Corps Crahuts Ne YOUMKIN. Deatorgics Manage, Inter: ‘anal Div, Latuobe Se Co,102 ‘Waer-Hardening Tool Steels a oer ss er ere es erro or OOS. SA Be carota ong Me, SAS Hy erage ftw 810 tm sperms inh GS BLi Be wrung me wi S12 Be wee tear ce 70 Bhp. Structure: mbxture of lamellar pearlite (mill abnealed). 107 ‘Spheroiial cementite sunesied>. 170 Bin. Structure consists of sp sm re Ee ire ameens nas aoe tem are ee TOES amriaicn PLEAS oe SPE Sara aes 49% pita 100% BLS Ws walerardentng tool steet 139'C B14 Mi weter-hardening, too stl (O84 C, B15 Same steel and heat treatment as O41 "Mop, normalized by wustenitaing al Sint, austentized et Sie vaster tempering ‘ab 305 2 C3 at 110 Goto) and alr cobting. 22h Bh 'E Semapered mare Bbnisture consists of meine pearls with Chit envelopes of cementit af grotn Boundaries, TO0x 9% nial » “Gamme_steel a5 for 314, austentie 818 Sie ie &, Rienenta'tm ore 4 “ippesranen has changed re carbide: barsile.Depth of Hardening in Water-Hardening Tool Steels 103 mH see 20% WoL net % sire 50% HEL nt % oe ‘aternandenng toh tel palin “Wet water-bardentng too! steel, meatus. stoet, oe 319 Mezcerine rade, Ststentsnd 820 Nerduaing grade Heat treattendand ber 21 atconine gale Hest fettecntand tae 2% HNO, Sip ate-hardening tol steel (1.05 6. 094 26 Ws, Bater-bardening tool steel coat 823 WG Chi meclamtuctcnng gruie, Situcaian 824 BYOB2 Kin Wis oh ci no) den, bar, heat treaicdneme ay eee! in G26 Nove the arentar hardening. gradu, davin@am "bar, ‘eae Sepulef ardening®(leht-eray" rim) compared Wh nica game ae aiz Hardencd sone mc Ke eg Wg ay ae fata GRE the bar bn iad ‘Gase bard, wes fongpell © dee pm . EG; core, kw 45; core hardnded wis Rockall © 46. Bee also #24. at 00% 2% 2 tt 08% ‘Sue of hardened W: toc) sted (08 6, "eran sche between cae and care "Core of ansuned Wi tos tel eat 5 826 827 core SRF sini nalenees at, Sata, (0d ‘af hardened Wi tool steal heat treated, eoeribed for 825, RRsat eh embed at Osh gs aeaconed Ss Rockall Hutte uw mocha © g6 ine steele ct oe el Gch Serctare isthe spbe- oe gpherlaal caeniig mA mate ok partici of cementite iq a maitin of ‘Ga chmarite in tempered martenolie. atten Ulan abd penslite (dark). ‘peactle GGarkcetcing cobstitaent.104 ‘Shock-Resisting Tool Steels 060% nal ooo. 3% nat Fy B28 Si sheckerenating tool slel ws recsined B29 GI shocking to) steel, nermailied GO Sl shorkcresiting too! see, auent Sn tence hate Lai case gehts 830 2 Bee SSS at ed RSG RA Eiri MAS ANue Om pie cade, aaa Ghee te Rene isa mri ‘ot Frit. Sha etatnod austen Eig. "somo uneupered metinste bbe en ome 3% al 00x. 38% rat ‘SL hovk-reseting tot ost, austen ‘SL shopk-reseting tool, slaw, auston- 833 S chock-tesetog toast 831 Reed at 1igy Frosh), "an “aummemad, 832 ftaed a 1908 P if quenghes ace eae ae tempursial 983 F eht ©). Rempoced wenrdeiee tempered at 485 8 cia C)> steusture tame arr Sag? epbeoldal carbide partion Dorel mactenste, course beckawe of overheating. tempered suerte earoige 2000 2% mal steel, mustentined 3G SS, shocksrel tool spol, teat, au ‘Gh ana al quenched. The ftzed test gp), elt goemt ‘muactrassize eo) Te red. Th nd tempered at 780" tert ‘huchire consis of ne tempered marie)Ol Oil-Hardening Tool Stee! 105 B38 Of ol:herdening tool steel, normalized 839 Ol ollchardentng tool steel, austenttinnd Sy sustemitring “at S808 mie wotied. werperen a 905 oo, G04). oskiell sh. Suructure er Bra Watch of tempered mar” fenste, Bisck dota are sudo incusbons 5 al 300%. 3% mt ‘ame see! and treatment as G04, but then gu is 29 ee erearsige 910 ‘Cast, DB tool steel, prcheated at 1550 F ‘sfetex0 Colo 0) et cooled double i of. the structure consis of netonk ot of'a Gendrfie strucuire, ns mutex OF leinpered marten br et 019 Fat’ G), Parecies of ‘pean stunde “(nlack ots) tm. termperea ware, ot Fighb) eke contains altrige serngers.4 D? and H11 Tool Steels stan, arta ay agin® 912 Same sect ct O11 Bie) SSR AE Pe Nideey, 912 SMS ee 28h er att REGRTES goecVRatien Se auch, cone Sse elnalte pare With Siew at MOX is micrograph Sia" ides abrasion resistance: Mates i sari ae coped Not tempered Magnifeaton ie aut! snail sphirclal pact of are al 100 Nia sao Nut 10) 914 BI tool steel, preheated at i500 FIs G15, Same steel and deat treatment ae for Q]6 Same steel and evs treatment es fo Gh, ststenisied st a915 COC), ale S14, "but shown. ate higher magnies” Si but chown, ata, boll higher rag gosieg, tempered at 30) Fart C) foe br pon. The’ at eature was ‘loans Must ‘of Uae Soa" abide purge Structore m earbide pertieies In tapered mar” for"this ‘steel. "Toe jist comtlerae ave ait bela ote pig mute fenslig, both poor fesanved, See B15 and O18, Geetoned setamned gustenite: ‘SEimpecatre, but massive ea:bile reroaine 37 ial FELL hot work too sie, as received "Hit tol Sew “anpesied by auctenson O17 fhinegca’s ne siractine consis oh a OLS Sy pl sae aS 919 ote ey and fooled fig atiring ana apteataa® capi art bars or ae geting at I rheur to i200 a ‘itn a mete of fee Ceotey Tne grain Woua'G), "then ate Sone, Berucire i spheroie reveled bythe Sal, laniliar ana erat ley es ‘Grimarly, cnromufin earbude) a serHL Hot Work Tool Steet us 3% nia) "00 1971 921 Mtl steaha at 89) F ato “C), “at Sold cee ‘aes tio “Sti oboe “aati feu nae Q Br gna i) SC sto GS) fi was ot vent Ane spuereigal par’ fn “a saree ot tenpeea ace ane ES Pant nae oe eg temperature natok of tempered martensite (grayish) Sis reais ree oe 13 TU toot steel, eustenttzed at 1700 F HU, tool stgel, austenited ot, 2100. 7B 001 sce, austenttzed 1 be at 22 a tbr (G), Sealed double 924 Titg"S), a etoile gute 925 das Ch. ale vol, tempered 3 nt at ‘a plus ay “at 1050°F! (500.0 (2 br plus? i) St 1050.” S00). it tow F (ee6 ¢). red martonsie i Ye i, hich shows the ‘ot Gok, Tauecmre, which shows sitet of oveeheat™ ce, Se retes t Greig Saale ZeRe Getic) epne~ ing." ae gpheolot earode crnre ‘asia af toed at 1850 F (1010 C), alr ented. dgubie ame steel and neat treatment, including nitriding, 08 for 226, Tiga ties a hichor mageifice Ne norosictare Gf AME care a Sorte of suite ot eal aid few sphere baste Sit “arbide ‘nat mates of pared ad aster Spiegel cae fede) Gai ot ie OY ouge at Bigner agminestion sndH13 and H21 Hor Work Tool Steels 4 ial ‘a, tool sth, as ecotiad (ni ane 928 Restos Hale at igs Fae C) toed tu, gocked at So" taht Oy per hour to 00 F'cEC), then air engied Récewal B 84, The ‘Sereuue coniiste of tng guaeolaat pavtles oF cartide’ i'n tate of ferrite, ae “ 2% mt 90 ae 00x 3% oat THIS toot steel, austentied at 2950 F (OLD sustenitived af 1880 F "EIS tool steel, as east, Rockwell C5 931 a i dostie aie odbievteme 933 Atrctore consnts of some. earolde pe plug 2b) at 1M F 00a ©). Hardnets, Hockwel, soa 368 ©) ered mate Bebe ae." etre Saget 8 mati of po Gy. Case cists Arve) "aod Tetineg vances 1a) Hara lly aaite pherolal Pa akeide Geite'seabs) “°° SSSCY ote srenonmeialie acksens’? 934 Cost, 113 tool steel, double [hr bus 2 nab Sond ©” 606 > G,$o- Seta deta of very fie ley care Side particles "in a mathe of tempered mar ensue" coatee,. eedietie Gonatituent) "the {ge ight grey’ afeos are Fetained sustenite‘H21, H23 and H26 Hot Work Tool Steels u7 37 HBL, tool steel, sustenitieed at 200°? Gg TRL tool stee), mustenitied at 2100 F {disp G), ana cooled uh wie. Hlarcess, ite C), “air eaoled, dose ‘tera ‘geval © 55 ciruotane conte ‘gee he ps Ses 1600 sb O>. ef apherosdat'ahoy carbide partes in a eee t Waiperediartenaie Kating’s eapent QAT HES too! see, mustoniticed at 2320 F GF ana quested ix molten salt at 350 71 che Metamee Heckel Cah "the lerug Ti, T4 and TS High Speed Tool Steels ine mo f sgt snes lh 5 7E gs et tei 24 Ss et te a 947 CMP et Secs $908 oat pets Saas as a BREE Seance Cie Are teerdin i Bec Caaltd eae particles tn untipered martensite: See O48,” partcler a Matrix of enipetet gy seed des ap resins" vee ary eels lg ip crag i a eat eee bd Goi, ab Pgh 10% w 000% 4% ta 00% 952 TRG elas erived (mill O53 TE igh speed sect mutentzed 3 10 4 GG "TD gh speed site austentien ent ly Tie mneoatre cons rat todd F ltt C) ante quenched ucts Samo as epcemnen ih ego ee sot Gall sohercldal particles O€ carbite 1125 "Bi Che a coed Uhslwoked saehate om, nSuTauat mame epee Ee 4 es “hg Ri Small ou) inva ‘ain Shtucure gout a unduanied showa in mistographs 968 and 604, at Tigol. SF untempered mavleaslte, Re hiss Boe fearblde in matrix of lrmpared muPieatie‘6, T15 and MI High Speed Tool Steels 19, 4 oa x ‘6% a 2 "Te hgh enced steal as receive “(rt "Tig high, speed sto, ag cast: 3-in-diam 385 Mrocela Moe “merosruetoreconscts ea 987 ae ae Sirois ar el «partes of cargide (amall tnite pools and of "and white dour and tempers ‘aed chromlun-righ Mocs ge gray pools ia Shazix of fofrite The "Phevqucnched and [ght ntean ate alloy-ich asienie-castale tipcted ahd tempered misastructure of Gi salpegurscue of tik sleet te anon Hic Sh Glave, atc ae nary ‘eel's shown Bf rucrograph 958, below. In mlorograph 880, Selow. Iesepular gobules afe Wanadim-zieh Mi 2008 5% nit ‘stp tern: re Seo- Endary AC. Light emma of ution Sie bets, belmacy Mc White sabule ME, 100% 2% nit 1000% the same heat ‘MI high speed steel given the same Dest * 963 * Tergpensneeesnece EM 253" non on et ore ai Papuretans antes t 962 Mp erates ot noe 2d @ he plus 3 he at 1025 P (802 C). Car ure was lower — 3050 F (1121), iting ter = 2030 F120) SERIE GE Clams cute, REMMI USAC GMS, aig Eon Seen teM2 High Speed ‘Tool Steet 965 tei pues a 35 ae eae mr io pa 9 Ri me maa 1, double tempered st 1080 F (365 ¢ aati hed pirolaleabide parte’ dacipant Presited front Sates ‘efomtru fs uisteb of ferrite containing imal ta exe tempered at 1009 F (Oot C) fort ir Miructare Rebel era seroel parce aoaliey ar, Sanit poked sede putes bm” Siu ea cuae makes the seei Ee of lenuered purine Sime sal arns Spore Wieniy suitable Yor febriation fof telatned ‘austenite are evident” ‘boundaries resulted front 967 Ba nigh teed pe, ge ar safc 970 He aor are dae smut 971 Boast alee aareth 972 tea as ipod mirtennte: AST gin sist 1h” Suitebitaitg Ycmperature GAMO vers A007). jure Sek ieregcnpns an‘M2, M3 and M4 High Speed Tool Steels 121 ie sea 900x " 10 rec, 2 mi He, 300 mu HO Teoox "2096 nae 100% 973, 974, 975 Mi_hien speea etal 2-in-diam bar, austeniioes at 2825 F «i218 C) and quenched f9 e bath of molten call Not tempered, 1274. O75 Sesotir ls speed cargiae particles y'a mairin of Untomonred matiendee ie mame eaten Tage 18 neta gra ser in carpies trom Uvee diferent heats: Ane ip inarograph 973 Gufl, oiled ia inicrograph #18 (celery and once ia mcrograph 816 GlIEO. Me aia 00x 2% tal loco 10% wa 19% "es, case 2, set, eustenttieed ‘Same steei and neat sreatment as for 1, cess 2. len apes steel, austenitic 976 Base dase Eevasencted ine cae 977 Ticroerase Sis. owe shown ata pianer O78 devise erclaie: Ghenchea ma cult sath, dounietenpered’ tr'pita 2 hr) 1088 magnification. ihe irge.'ehue artas ieite bath, dobie as 2008 F658 Cy. Struc SUE ateeand email alloy carbiae pari’ fluice are’ varaavom carbide. whlch charac’ Hure"conaisg of iaege and tall partie of a ‘Ski (white) In tethpered martensite, See 977, lerizer this grade of high speed tool steel Toy carbide i a matrix of termpered martensite. 2s tmnes ot steno) se0x 4% per 100%. 4% peat ‘cox "Reeulfuried MI, clas 2. i feel, We gh speed stl, 0615-in tam rod, ‘Sine steal and condition as for 99, but 979 fitiehed acd ampere, pened 1s 980 Ss aetveP il anima), answers. 982 Ai pata scion Gee, of the ce drow particles of carbide (white pook: smell, Particies of vanadium carbide

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