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Appendix A - Fault Calculations PDF
Appendix A - Fault Calculations PDF
Transformer Data:
Rating (S)=25 MVA, Core construction: three-phase three-limb
Voltage ratio: HV/LV/TV, 132/11/11 KV, star/star/delta
Leakage sequence impedances (based on 25 MVA base):
HV/LV:Z1=Z2=12%, Z0= 10.2%
HV/TV:Z1=Z2=20%, Z0=17.0%
LV/TV:Z1=Z2=6%, Z0=5.4%
132 KV system fault level (SF)=5000 MVA
The positive-sequence system impedance on the HV side is Z1HS=0.5% (calculated
by equation 6.2). The HV and LV side systems are assumed as effectively
grounded systems (X0/X1 not greater than 3). Here, in particular, the zero-sequence
system impedances on the LV and HV sides are assumed to be equal to the
corresponding positive-sequence system impedances for simplicity. As
mentioned earlier, two alternatives are considered for 11 KV (LV) system:
(i) Without any fault in-feed from 11 KV system.
(ii) With fault in-feed from 11 KV system:
453
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
454 Appendix A
Total impedance=2(0.5+13–1)-0.7+(11.4//6.1)=28.27%
For a single phase-earth fault, using equations 6.6 and 6.7 we get the values of
sequence components of currents as
I1=I2=I0=100/28.27=3.54 p.u. (i.e., 3.54 times the rated current).
Total fault current=I1+I2+I0=3(3.54)=10.62 p.u.
The fault current in any of the windings is calculated by adding the corresponding
sequence currents flowing in them in the three sequence networks. The neutral of
LV and HV windings carries 3 times the corresponding zero-sequence current
flowing in them. Therefore,
Current through HV winding=3.54+3.54+3.54 (6.1/17.5)=8.31 p.u.
Current through LV winding=3.54+3.54+3.54=10.62 p.u.
Current through stabilizing winding=3.54 (11.4/17.5)=2.31 p.u.
Current through HV neutral=3×3.54 (6.1/17.5)=3.7 p.u.
Current through LV neutral=total fault current=3×3.54 =10.62 p.u.
I1=I2=I0=100/35.7=2.8 p.u.
Total fault current=I1+I2+I0=3 (2.8)=8.4 p.u.
Current through HV winding=2.8+2.8+2.8=8.4 p.u.
Current through LV winding=2.8+2.8+2.8=8.4 p.u.
Current through HV neutral=8.4 p.u.
Current through LV neutral=8.4 p.u.
It is to be noted that the single-line-to-ground fault current in this case (8.4 p.u.) is
more than the three-phase fault current (i.e., 1/Z =1/0.12=8.33 p.u.) due to two
1
reasons. First, the zero-sequence leakage impedance of the transformer is less than
the positive-sequence leakage impedance. Second, it is assumed that the positive-
and zero-sequence system impedances of HV side are equal (0.5 p.u.). In many of
the cases, the system zero-sequence impedance is more than the positive-
sequence impedance, which will make the single-line-to-ground fault current
lower than the three-phase fault current.
It can be observed from the above two case studies that the absence of the
tertiary stabilizing winding reduces the total fault current and the current in the
faulted winding (LV). However, the current in HV neutral increases significantly.
It can be observed from the above two case studies (in-feed from LV side) that the
absence of the tertiary stabilizing winding reduces the total fault current and the
current in the faulted winding (LV). The current in HV neutral increases.