The Constructor Building concrete construction tow Tocuce EEE Ci Eger oe As eet Sa em byes eC Bata) searcit Abridge piers a type of structure that extn tothe ground helo or into the wate. It {used to support bridge superstructure and transfer the loads tothe foundation. The seve bridge piers ean be constructed to be substantially acracive and strong in order to ‘vithetandl both vertical and horizantal loads. Italto does not hinder rater flow o ide ifthe bridge spans the water. opuae « Compressive Strength of Conerete-Cabe Test. Bridge piers may be built using concrete, stone, or metal. Concrete is commonly Procedure, Resuls specified as construction materials provided that the pler Is submerged in water since ‘metal i prone torus in water. It is constructed in many Ine joe ike waterways, dry Types of Fomor (shutering for Concrete Consrucion ants Properties lands on which highway systems are built as overpa ‘eean vary in sze and shape (Fig 1nd Fig. 2) Based on aesthetls, sie, space, and economic constrnints such as beam snd V shapes. The designer must specify appropriate pior shape for speciic application. Sometimes, bridge piers are designed to {guarantee proper load bearing of roadway, and in other eases, tan be constructed in such manner th Quant and Rate Anas for Reinforced Concrete it would net prevent proper river water ow, Additionally the design of bridge pier can be modified based on the other forces that act on the bridge such as high winds thac may enforced certain design over another one. unt of cement and Sand alelation in Norte «chil Engineering Tips Dots 0 Remember for Ci Se Engineer «Preparation of ar Bending Schedule (635) and is Aavantages EEE, CLD E> «Quant of Material Fer Cable Meter of concrete and Norte Mix Proportions DP BREE & recat : “« Bitumen Extraction Test ‘Types of Bridge Piers « Miran Former Carmponens, Proce doe, Features, Cmpaison, end Aavanages ‘Based on the Structure of Piers sess ane categorized inte to major sypes seen ite struc which include el piers and open piers. These types are further classified into several types: « Cold Weather Concreting: 1 Solid Piers Guidance and suatevies Soli piers posse slid and impermesble structure and wavy constructed frm « autoclaved aerate Cement Blocks (AXC Blacks} Properties and Advantages baricks stone Masonry, mass concrete or reinforced concrete. Solid piers are categorized Ant soid masonry plers and sola reinforced concrete piers1.ASolld Masonry Pers Its constructed from brick masonry stone masonry, and concrete. For economic reasons, the outer part of slid masonry pir is bullt from scone masonry and the inner partis filed withthe help of mass concrete, 41.2.olid Reinforced Concrete Firs Solld reinforced concrete piers are mostly constructed from reinforced concrete and ‘commonly rectangular in cross-section Its used in the case Where the height ofthe persis more and the solid masonry piers would not be strong enough to bear the oad andl can be uneconomical 2. Open Piers ‘open piers permit the passage of water through the structure and classified into the following types: 2.4 Cylindrical Piers Cylindrical pier is constructed from cast ion or mild stel cylinder which are filled ‘with concrete, This type of pr Issuable for bridges with moderate height mn certain ‘cases, horizontal and diagonal stel racing may be used ta improve stability ee « Prengineered Stet Balding: Components and Advantages « Contingous Fight Auger Pes Constructions. an Applications What center of tase and Conterot crm2.2 Column Pers or Column Bent ‘This te of persis suitable for bridge with significant 3. Treonssts ofa capbeam nd supporting columns forming a frame. Column bent piers can either be used co ‘oupport a stel girder uperstrucre or be used ae an integral pier where the casein place construction technigue ie sed. ‘Tho columns can be elther circular or rectangular in cross section. They are by far the mest popular forms of piers in the modern highway system. 2.5 Multcolumn or Pile Bent ‘Multicolumn or pile bent or frame bent piers are composed of avo or more coluran that supports cap. Isolating footing is use for this type of pers ifthe spacing between columns ae large otherwise combined footing would be more suitable, There is @ problem of debris caletion when the water Is allowed to flow berwreen the columns. 24 Pile Pier or Pile Bents lle pler I the modifiation of mueolumn bent and used for the type of bent on lowe ‘height and short span structre, So pil per or pile bents are specified when the rounds unstable and the low piers are required 2.5 Trestle Pier or Trestle Beat ‘Trestle pler is composed ofcolumm with bent cap a the top. Is suitable for brldges in locations where river bedi firm and water currents slow. Its alao employed for ‘yovers and elevated rods,A obo} ‘Based on Construction Materials 3. Masonry Piers ‘This may include stone masonry and brick masonry. Masonry piers are generally _massive that may lead to obstruction of linear waterway and increase the loads on foundations. ‘Masonzy solid shaft piers are built on open raft foundation where the possibilty of scour is ni Pile foundations are also possible for such typeof plers 4. Mass Concrete Piers Similar to masonry piers, Mass concrete piers massive which in turn obstruct linear ‘waterway and increase loads on foundation. Pile foundations ean be used for mass concrete piers Additionally open raft foundation is used for mass concrete solid shaft pers provided ‘that scouring ie not ancllpated, m mas conereteplers, no relngoreement is required from structural considerations but nominal reinforcement is provided for temperature anu shrinkage effect. 5. Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Piers Reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete piers have smal cross-sectional area compare with masonry and mass concrete piers. Thats why such pir require much Jess foundation area in adition to offering less obstruction to waterway. [Reinforced concrete or prestreseed concrete cellular piers arc suitable for major bridges where both che span and de depths are considerable and the sal weight of the piers should be as minimum and the section modulus as maxianutn as possible, For reinforced concrete pers, the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement should nolther be less than 08 nor more than 8 per cen of the gross cross-sectional area ‘Where brick and stone materials arc costly itis generally found economical to use ‘reinforced concrete or presressed concrete prs ‘Based on Load Transfer Mechanism 6. Fixed Piers ined piers suppor a fixed bearing and subjected both to transverse and longitudinal toxces 7. Free rs Free piers support fee bearings snd tranafer only asial forces from the bearing to the Foundations others 8, Hammerhead or Cantilevered Piers ‘Hammer head pier, which is also termed as solid shaft pler, has # single solld concrete‘cross section upon which a cap is placed. This type of pier is used to support steel sirder or precest prestressed concrete superstructures. [tis mostly constructed in ‘urban areas where space limiction is concern, Nac oly does it sesthetielly pleasing bat io occupy small spaces, thereby providing more room forthe tafe underneath ‘Generally, spread footing are recommended asa foundation for hammerhead piers, ‘The major axis of soli shaft pler shall ben the direction ofthe stream flow otterwise ‘irolar or amall rectangular eras action need! to be seleste Standard for the use of dhammerhead piers are often maintained by individual wansportation departments 9, Special Shaped Bent 10. V Shaped Concrete Pier 11. V Shaped Steel pier— OF oo