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Formulae Trigonometry
Formulae Trigonometry
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___________________________________________________________________________ PLANE TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS
QUADRANTS & SIGNS OF FUNCTIONS a b c
Law of sines: ----------- = ----------- = ------------
sin A sin B sin C
sin & csc pos.
All positive c B Law of cosines: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 – 2ab cos C ,
others neg.
a
C = acos ---------------------------
II I a2 + b2 – c2
A 2ab
III IV C 1
tan --- ( A + B )
b
tan & cot pos. cos & sec pos. a+b 2
Law of tangents: ------------ = ------------------------------
a–b 1
others neg. others neg. tan --- ( A – B )
2
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RIGHT-ANGLE TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
a = opposite side
b = adjacent side Function Domain Range Quadrants
c = hypotenuse
c 90° - θ y = cos x
–1
–1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y≤π I and II
side opposite θ a
a sin θ = ------------------------------------ = ---
hypotenuse c –1
–1 ≤ x ≤ 1 –π ⁄ 2 ≤ y ≤ π ⁄ 2 I and IV
y = sin x
side adjacent to θ b
θ 90° cos θ = ------------------------------------------ = ---
hypotenuse c y = tan x
–1 all reals –π ⁄ 2 < y < π ⁄ 2 I and IV
b side opposite θ a
tan θ = ------------------------------------------ = --- –1
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ – 1 0≤y≤π, y≠π⁄2 I and II
side adjacent to θ b y = sec x
Pythagorean theorem: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 y = csc x
–1
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ – 1 –π ⁄ 2 ≤ y ≤ π ⁄ 2 , y ≠ 0 I and IV
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FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES y = cot x
–1 all reals 0<y<π I and II
sin x 1 1 1 cos x
1. tan x = ----------- 2. sec x = ----------- 3. csc x = ---------- 4. cot x = ----------- = -----------
cos x cos x sin x tan x sin x PRINCIPAL VALUES FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2 2 2 2 2 2
5. cos x + sin x = 1 6. 1 + tan x = sec x 7. cot x + 1 = csc x
Principal values for x ≥ 0 Principal values for x < 0
8a. cos ( π ⁄ 2 – x ) = sin x 8b. cos ( π ⁄ 2 + x ) = – sin x
9a. sin ( π ⁄ 2 – x ) = cos x 9b. sin ( π ⁄ 2 + x ) = cos x 0 ≤ sin x ≤ π ⁄ 2
–1
– π ⁄ 2 ≤ sin x < 0
–1
tan x ± tan y
3. tan ( x ± y ) = ------------------------------- 0 < csc x ≤ π ⁄ 2 – π ⁄ 2 ≤ csc x < 0
1−
–1 –1
+ tan x tan y
DOUBLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
2 2 2 2
INVERSE IDENTITIES (ASSUMING PRINCIPAL VALUES ARE USED)
1a. cos 2x = cos x – sin x 1b. cos 2x = 2 cos x – 1 1c. cos 2x = 1 – 2 sin x
1. sin x + cos x = π ⁄ 2 7. sin ( – x ) = – sin x
–1 –1 –1 –1
1 1
1d. sin x = --- ( 1 – cos 2x ) 1e. cos x = --- ( 1 + cos 2x )
2 2
HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
5. sec x = cos ( 1 ⁄ x ) 11. sec ( – x ) = π – sec x
–1 –1 –1 –1
a b
cos y = -------------------- and sin y = -------------------- 270° 3π ⁄ 2 0 -1 ±∞
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
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