Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print)

Volume 6, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com

Harmonic Analysis for Different PWM Techniques

Madhavi R.1*, Reddy C.H.2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.P.R.E.C (Autonomous), Kurnool,
Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract
In this paper, harmonic analysis of different pulse width modulation algorithms for induction
motor drives is presented. This paper uses the PWM techniques such as conventional
SVPWM, discontinuous PWM, simplified SVPWM and digital SVPWM. In this study, the
conventional SVPWM and discontinuous PWM requires the angle and sector information but
the simplified SVPWM uses the imaginary switching times which can be obtained from the
reference voltages. In this study, the harmonic analysis of the induction motor can be obtained
from the current ripples in the system.

Keywords: Conventional SVPWM, discontinuous PWM, simplified SVPWM, digital SVPWM

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: r.madhu242@gmail.com, charinathr@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION and space vector approach. The conventional

The PWM techniques as shown in the below
Figure 1, are mainly employed for applications
such as inverter fed AC drives and high power
factor rectifiers. In order to generate the
inverter output voltage, various PWM methods
have been developed. We are having several
approaches, in that mainly we are
implementing triangular comparison approach
space vector PWM is widely used in the PWM
strategy. It has the advantages of lower current
harmonics and having the higher modulation
index when compared with sine triangle PWM
method. The reference voltage vector in space
vector PWM algorithm is obtained by taking
the time averaging of two adjacent active
states and two zero states in a sub cycle [1–3].

Fig. 1: Flowchart for Different PWM Techniques.

TEE (2016) 26-31 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
PWM Techniques
The conventional SVPWM algorithm uses
zero vectors which are having the equal
divisions and it also needs the angle and sector
information. In order to overcome this
problem, the imaginary switching time is
introduced to these modern techniques [4, 5].
CONVENTIONAL SVPWM
ALGORITHM
In a three phase technique, the two-level
inverter produces the voltage vector which is
shown in Figure 2. The voltage vectors in this
figure contain the six active vectors which
forms the six sectors in space vector plane.
The time averaging of the discrete voltage
vectors for a sampling time period Ts gives the
desired voltage vectors in a conventional
SVPWM algorithm. For example, the active
state 1, active state 2 and zero vectors 0 and 7
gives the reference voltage vector in sector 1
with a duration of T1, T2 and TZ respectively
[1–3].
Fig. 2: Voltage Space Vectors for SVPWM.
T1, T2 and TZ are same for every reference
i.e., the duration voltage vector and Ts. The
formulae for active state time durations and
zero state duration in first sector can be
expressed as shown below Eqs. (1–3).
T1 
2 3

 
M i sin(60o   ) Ts (1)
2 3
T2  M i  sin   Ts (2)
 reference voltages i.e., if reference voltage is
TZ  Ts  T1  T2 (3)
 Vref
where M i 
2Vdc
T0 = K0Tz
TEE (2016) 26-31 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Madhavi and Reddy
The active states for the inverter can be
represented as follows:

2 j ( k 1)
Vk  Vdc e 3
where k  1,2, .....6
3
DISCONTINUOUS PWM (DPWM)
The DPWM methods consist of discontinuous
modulating wave in a phase and can be
produced by considering the zero sequence
signals. Depending upon the K0 value in the
zero state, we produced different
discontinuous PWM techniques. The different
PWM techniques can be named as
DPWMmin, DPWMmax, DPWM0, DPWM1,
DPWM2 and DPWM3. The variation of
clamping in discontinuous PWM is based
upon the k0 value. In this, the two switching
will occur for sampling interval when
compared to the conventional SVPWM. Based
on this, 33 % of the frequency is reduced as
compared to the conventional SVPWM.
SIMPLIFIED SVPWM ALGORITHM
In simplified SVPWM we are getting different
switching which are shown below in Eqs. (4–
6), but when compared the complexity is
found more in conventional SVPWM. This
complexity in conventional SVPWM depends
mainly upon the angle and sector information.
To overcome this problem, the imaginary
switching concept is introduced in the
conventional SVPWM. The instantaneous
values of inverter Van, Vbn and Vcn give the
imaginary switching times which is shown
below:
T 
Tan   s  Van ;
 Vdc 
T 
Tbn   s  Vbn ;
 Vdc 
T 
Tcn   s  Vcn
 Vdc 
Here, Ts represents the sampling time period
and Vdc represents the dc link voltage. The
switching time is proportional to instantaneous
negative then the switching times is also
negative. So, this switching time is called as
an imaginary switching time [6]. The
maximum, minimum and medium values of
imaginary switching times in each sampling
Page 27
Trends in Electrical Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print)

period is calculated, shown in the below Eqs. DIGITAL SVPWM

(7–9).
Tmax  Max(Tan , Tbn , Tcn )
Tmin  Min(Tan , Tbn , Tcn )
Tmid  Mid (Tan , Tbn , Tcn )
Where max, min and mid are three nominal
values used during the sampling interval. The
function max (Tan, Tbn, Tcn); min (Tan, Tbn, Tcn)
and mid (Tan, Tbn, Tcn) selects the maximum,
minimum and middle values respectively
among Tan,Tbn and Tcn. Finally, the active state
times T1 and T2 may be expressed as:
T1= Tmax–Tmid
T2= Tmid–Tmax
The digital SVPWM have the calculations to
reduce the vector components in the space
vector. This digital SVPWM reduces the
complexity when compared to the
conventional SVPWM. This digital SVPWM
can be implemented in digital circuits for the
better performance [7].
RESULTS
The parameters considered in the 3-phase
induction motor are; Rr= 1.57, Rs=1.21,
Lm=0.165, Lr=0.17 and Ls=0.17 respectively
(Figures 3–12).

Fig. 3: Harmonic Spectra of Current of SVPWM Algorithm at Higher Modulation.

Fig. 4: Harmonic Spectra of Current of DPWMmax Algorithm at Higher Modulation.

Fig. 5: Harmonic Spectra of Current of DPWMmin Algorithm at Higher Modulation.

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PWM Techniques Madhavi and Reddy

Fig. 6: Harmonic Spectra of Current of Simplified SVPWM Algorithm at Higher Modulation.

Fig. 7: Harmonic Spectra of Current of Digital SVPWM Algorithm at Higher Modulation.

Fig. 8: Harmonic Spectra of Current of SVPWM Algorithm at Lower Modulation.

Fig. 9: Harmonic Spectra of Current of DPWMmax Algorithm at Lower Modulation.

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Trends in Electrical Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print)

Fig. 10: Harmonic Spectra of Current of DPWMmin Algorithm at Lower Modulation.

Fig. 11: Harmonic Spectra of Current of Simplified SVPWM Algorithm at Higher Modulation.

Fig. 12: Harmonic Spectra of Current of Digital SVPWM Algorithm at Lower Modulation.

CONCLUSION
In this paper we concluded the performances
for different PWM techniques at higher
modulation and at lower modulation. From
this study, it was analyzed that for lower
modulation we prefer the SVPWM algorithm
and for higher modulation we prefer the
discontinuous PWM algorithm respectively.
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PWM Techniques Madhavi and Reddy

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