RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

ANNEXURE II.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION.

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS

Dr. Ved Prakash

P.M.N.M. Dental College and Hospital,

Bagalkot – 587 101.

Karnataka.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION

P.M.N.M. Dental College and Hospital,

Bagalkot – 587 101.

Karnataka.

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

M.D.S. (Master of Dental Surgery)

Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge

4. DATE OF ADMISSION OF COURSE

31st MAY 2011.

1
5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC :

“EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF SOME PHYSICAL AND

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPRESSION MOLDED HEAT CURE

ACRYLIC DENTURE BASE RESIN AND POLYAMIDE (NYLON) DENTURE BASE

MATERIAL- AN IN VITRO STUDY”.

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK :

To evaluate and compare some physical and mechanical properties of compression

molded heat cure acrylic denture base resin and nylon denture base material.

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:

The essential requirements of denture base materials are adequate physical and

mechanical properties, sufficient aesthetics, easy handling and minimal release of

residual compounds. Denture bases should be made of materials which are strong, rigid

and biocompatible in order to serve successfully for a reasonable length of time. Since

the introduction of acrylic resins in 1937 as an alternative to vulcanized rubber it has

been most commonly used denture base material for complete and partial removable

dentures. The acrylic resins have advantages of easy handling, good thermal conductivity,

low permeability to oral fluids, colour stability, polishibility and sufficient rigidity. But

in some patients, the acrylic resins are proven for their allergic nature due to residual

monomer and also has disadvantage like polymerization shrinkage. The recent

2
developments in the field of science of dental materials has enabled to overcome some of

the drawbacks of acrylic denture base resin by improvisation and development of newer

and more novel forms of denture base materials. Polyamide (Nylon) denture base

material is one of such invention and can be used as an alternative for conventional

polymethylmethacrylate denture base resin. The nylon denture base material was

introduced in 1950s which consisted of different grades of polyamides (nylon plastic).

But it had certain disadvantages such as deterioration of colour, staining, high water

sorption and development of rough surface after a short period of time. Recently these

materials are available with improved properties. Newer polyamide materials have

excellent mouldability, biocompatibility and comfortability for the patient. Good wear

characteristics, solvent resistance, less porosity, no staining from external sources, colour

stability and aesthetic appearance have made these materials suitable for denture bases.

These denture base materials are specially used for construction of removable partial

dentures in cases with severe tissue undercuts where surgery is contraindicated. Even due

to increased aesthetic expectations most patients are preferring for non metal clasp

polyamide nylon dentures over the conventional metal clasp dentures. Physical and

mechanical properties like surface hardness, surface roughness and transverse strength of

denture base material are important for the superior clinical performance of a denture.

Presently, the use of nylon denture base material is limited in clinical practice because of

less information provided by the manufacturers and insufficient scientific evidence as

less number of studies comparing polyamide denture base material to conventional

acrylic resin denture base material are available. So purpose of this in vitro study is to

evaluate and compare some physical and mechanical properties like surface hardness,

3
surface roughness and transverse strength of compression molded heat cure denture base

acrylic resin and polyamide denture base material.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In an in vitro study six thermoplastic resins [Polyamide resins (Valplast, Lucitone®

FRSTM and Flexite® supreme), Polycarbonate resins (Reigning and Jet Carbo Resin),

Polyethylene terephthalate resin] and conventional acrylic resin polymethylmethacrylate

(Acron) specimens were fabricated and examined to characterize their mechanical and

physical properties (water sorption, solubility, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity,

tensile strength and colour stability). All the materials used in this study were type 3

denture base resins. The following conclusions were drawn from the study-

Although the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were relatively low in the

thermoplastic resins, they demonstrated great toughness and strong resistance to

fracture.

The tensile strength test suggested that thermoplastic resins can withstand stress

through a considerable degree of deflection, indicating that they have sufficient

longevity for repeated insertion and removal from the oral cavity.

The water sorption values of all the tested materials met the ISO standard for

Type 3 denture base materials, indicating that thermoplastic resins are stable and

hygienic materials.

The color stability of polycarbonate was the same as that of acrylic resin.

However, polyamide and polyethylene terepthalate exhibited staining after

4
 soaking, particularly in the curry solution, suggesting that the color stability needs

to be improved in these materials.1

An in vitro study was done to evaluate the effect of accelerated aging on the

microhardness and color stability of flexible resins (Ppflex and Valplast) in comparison

to the conventional resin (Triplex) when submitted to accelerated aging. A total of 21

specimens were fabricated. Seven specimens of each were submitted to initial knoop

microhardness and colour evaluation by digital microhardness tester HMV-2T and

spectrophotometer respectively. After initial evaluation, the specimens were subjected to

accelerated aging for 12 hours and again submitted to respective tests. It was concluded

that the Triplex presented the highest microhardness value for all the aging periods,

which was significantly different from that of the other resins, followed by the values of

Valplast and Ppflex. The resin Valplast presented the greatest chromatic alteration value

after accelerated aging, which was significantly different from those of the other resins

tested.2

In an in vitro test, a comparative evaluation of flexural properties of flexible

denture base material (Lucitone FRS) and compression molded heat polymerized denture

base material (Trevalon) was done. A total of 24 specimens were prepared. Testing of the

flexural strength and flexural modulus was performed with universal testing machine

(Instron no. 3365) with a cross head speed of 5 mm / minute. The study confirmed that

compression molded heat polymerized denture base material showed better values than

flexible denture base material in terms of flexural strength and flexural modulus.3

5
In an in vitro study, surface roughness of a polyamide denture base material is evaluated

and compared with polymethylmethacrylate. Polyamide (Flexiplast) was tested and

compared with PMMA (Vertex RS). Ten samples each measuring 75x22x4 mm were

prepared from each material and conventionally polished. An abrasive paper

(CC768 silicone carbide) was used with light manual pressure. A slurry of medium and

fine grit pumice was used successively. After that high shine buff was used with

polishing brown Tripoli (Grobet) for 60 sec. Surface roughness was measured using a

profilometer. Results showed that polyamide specimens produced a rougher surface than

PMMA both before and after polishing.4

An in vitro study was done for evaluating the effects of saliva and nasal secretion on

sorption, solubility, surface hardness and colour change of four different resin materials

[An auto-polymerizing PMMA resin (Megadental, Germany), a heat cure PMMA resin

(Megadental, Germany), a polyamide (Deflex) and a visible light-curing (Plaque photo)

resin]. Surface hardness was done by Vickers hardness testing machine. Study concluded

that dry heat cure resin specimens demonstrated significantly higher hardness values than

other materials tested, where as polyamide group demonstrated lower dry hardness values

than other groups.5

In an in vitro study of evaluation and comparison of the effect of repeated microwave

irradiations on transverse strength, surface roughness, surface hardness and fitness of heat

cure acrylic resin (Vertex, Holland) and nylon denture base materials (Valplast, nylon

grains, USA). A total No. of 320 specimens were fabricated and divided into two main

6
groups of 160 specimens each for heat cure resin and Valplast. For each test 40

specimens were used from the two groups (Transverse strength test, Surface hardness

test, Surface roughness test, and fitness test). The result showed that the repeated

microwave irradiation of heat cure and Valplast specimens showed slight but no

significant decrease in transverse strength, shore D hardness, and surface roughness. The

results of the fitness of denture base materials to stone cast showed an improvement in

the fitness of heat cure and Valplast denture base materials after the first microwave

cycle, and no further improvements in the fitness were taken place after repeated

microwave disinfection.6

6.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Objectives of this in vitro study are to evaluate and compare the following physical

and mechanical properties of compression molded heat cure acrylic denture base resin

and polyamide denture base material.

a. Surface hardness

b. Surface roughness

c. Transverse strength

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

7
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA:

 Heat cure acrylic denture base resin

a. Lucitone 199 (Dentsply,USA)

 Polyamide denture base material

a. Lucitone FRS(Dentsply,USA)

 Dental stone type III (Goldstone, Asian chemicals, India)

 BIOLINE Petroleum Jelly. (Biopharm Laboratories, Bangalore, India)

 Separating Media. (Cold Mould Seal, Dental Products of India, Mumbai.)

 Separating Sheets. (Dental Products of India, Mumbai.)

 Silicon Carbide Paper 320,400 and 600 grit (3M)

 Pumice Polishing Powder. (Vensons India, Bangalore)

 Sprue wax (Dentaurum, Germany)

 Artificial saliva

Equipments used :

 Standard stainless steel dies: According to ADA Specification No.12. 65 x

10 x 3mm.

 Rubber bowls.

 Plaster spatula.

 Flask and clamps. (Varsity flask, S.S.Products)

 Injection system unit.

 Vaccum Mixer. (V-Mix, Yoshida Works, Japan.)

8
  Vibrator. (Investment Vibrator, Korea. Model No-904056.)

 Camel hair brush.

 Porcelain mixing jar.

 BP blade with handle.

 Hydraulic Press. (OMEC, Italy)

 Acrylizer. [EMMEVI, Settimo Milanase (MI), Darwin.]

 Micromotor. (Marathon Handy 701, Korea, Serial No – 909506)

 Tungsten Carbide Bur. (DFS, Germany.)

 Cloth wheel.

 Universal testing machine.

 Profilometer device [Surftest SJ Series(Mitutoyo USA)]

 Vickers hardness testing machine

 Incubator (Thermolab, B.O.D. Incubator, Sterling chambers, Mumbai)

7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA:

A. Fabrication of heat cure acrylic denture base resin specimen:

Three stainless steel master dies of dimension 65x10x3 mm are fabricated according to

ADA specification No.12. These master dies are invested in standard metal denture flask

(Varsity flask, S.S.Products) in type III dental stone (Goldstone, Asian chemicals,

India). After setting of dental stone the metal dies are carefully removed and the mould

is packed with heat cure acrylic denture base resin (Lucitone199,Dentsply,USA),

9
proportioned and manipulated according to manufacturer’s instructions. The final

pressing of flasks in a hydraulic press (OMEC, ITALY) under a load of 1,250 kgf for 5

mins is done and the flasks are placed in traditional clamps. After bench curing

polymerization is done following long curing cycle i.e. 740 C for 9 hours in a

polymerizing unit (EMMEVI, Settimo Milanese,MI). After the flask is cooled to room

temperature the specimens are de-flasked and excess acrylic resin is trimmed. Gross

irregularities on both side of the each acrylic resin specimen are removed with a

tungsten carbide bur (DFS, Germany) at 10,000 rpm. One side of the each acrylic resin

specimen is hand polished with 320 grit silicon carbide paper (3M) and the other side is

sequentially polished with 320, 400, and 600 grit silicon carbide papers followed by

polishing using lathe with rag wheel and pumice polishing pastes (Vensons India,

Bangalore) for 1.5mins at 1,500 rpm. Thus in the same specimen an intaglio surface and

a highly smooth polished surface are obtained simulating both sides of a complete

denture. Water is used during polishing to avoid excessive heat. In this manner 30

specimens are prepared for compression molded heat cure acrylic denture base resin.

B. Fabrication of polyamide flexible denture base resin specimen:

The same three stainless steel master dies of dimension 65x10x3 mm are invested in

lower portion of injection moulding unit denture flask using type III dental stone

(Goldstone, Asian chemicals, India). After setting of dental stone, wax sprues

(Dentaurum ,Germany) are attached to the side of the metal dies. Then the upper portion

of the metal flask is positioned on top of the lower portion and filled with type III dental

stone . After setting, de-waxing is done and the metal flask is opened. The metal dies are

removed from the mould carefully. An injection moulding machine is used to inject the

10
heated polyamide (Lucitone FRS,Dentsply,USA) material into the mould. After cooling

specimens are de-flasked. Any irregularities and sprues are removed with tungsten

carbide bur. The specimens are finished and polished in the same manner as heat cured

acrylic resin specimens. In this manner a total of 30 specimens are fabricated.

Thus total 60 specimens are fabricated with 30 specimens of each type of denture

base material. These specimens are further divided into 3 groups containing 10 specimens

each for testing of surface hardness, surface roughness and transverse strength. These

specimens are stored in artificial saliva at 37oC in an incubator for 7 days.

C. Testing of specimens for surface hardness, surface roughness and transverse

strength

a. Testing for surface hardness :

The surface hardness of specimens is determined using Vickers hardness testing

machine. Testing is conducted using a load of 25g with a 30 sec contact time on the

polished surface of the specimen. Ten measurements are done on each specimen along a

straight line and an average of ten readings is calculated as a final surface hardness value

for the specimen.

b. Testing for surface roughness :

The surface roughness values are measured using a profilometer [Surftest SJ

Series(Mitutoyo USA)]. The stylus tip radius of device used is 2.5 µm with a scan length

range of 0.5mm. Three 0.5 mm scans are performed on the polished surface of each test

specimen. Average of these reading is taken as final surface roughness value for each

specimen.

11
c. Testing for transverse strength:

The transverse strength of specimens is measured using a 3- point bending testing

device in universal testing machine. Specimens are placed on two support separated by

50 mm such that the polished surface faces the central loading plunger and then loaded at

a cross head speed of 5mm/min until they fracture. The values are recorded and

transverse strength is computed.

The statistical analysis of the data is done using two sample t-test.

8. LIST OF REFERENCES:

1Takabayashi Y.Characteristics of denture thermoplastic resins for non-metal clasp

dentures. Dental material journal.2010;29:4:353-361.

2.Marcelo C G , Daniela M D S , Marcela F H , Aldieris A P. Effect of accelerated

aging on the microhardness and color stability of flexible resins for dentures. Braz oral

res.2010;24:1:114-119.

3.Sheeba G, Arun kumar G. A comparative evaluation of flexural properties of flexible

denture base material and compression molded heat polymerized denture base material -

an in vitro study. KDJ;2010:33:4:213-215.

4.Menaka A A, et al. Surface roughness of a polyamide denture base material is

evaluated and compared with poly ( methyl methacrylate).Journal of oral

science;2010:52:4:577-581.

5.Kurtulmus H et al. Effects of saliva and nasal secretion on some physical properties of

four different resin materials. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15 (6):e969-75.

12
6. Ali A M, Raghdaa K J. Evaluation and comparison of the effect of repeated

microwave irradiations on some mechanical and physical properties of heat cure acrylic

resin and valplast (nylon) denture base materials. J Bag College Dentistry.2011:23:3:6-

10.

13