Block Diagram of Static Relay De Supply FL owes | Lean ee oe] AMU: Relay Measuring Unit conaiating of (a) Comparator {b) Level Detector {e} Filters {d} Voltage Stablliser NNS/PRELAYS/PSP. 32Static Relay (Solid State Relay) Static relay is an electrical relay that response without mechanical motion of components. However other electromechanical units may be used in output stage as auxiliaries. D.C supplies Transducer CT or PT Rectifier Relay Measuring okt Amplitier Output Device Trip Cireut consists of { comparator , level detector, filters, voltage stabilizers, etc Block diagram of simplified static relay 33 NNSIPRELAYSIPSPAdvantages of Static Relays Static relays in general possess the following advantages: 1. Low burden on current and voltage transformers, since the operating power is. in many cases, from an auxiliary d.c. supply. 2. Absence of mechanical inertia and bouncing contacts, high resistance to shock and vibration. . Very fast operation and long life. . Low maintenance owing to the absence of moving parts and bearing friction. Quick reset action and absence of overshoot. Ease of providing amplification enables greater sensitivity. Unconventional characteristics are possible — the basic building blocks of semiconductor circuitry permit a greater degree of sophistication in the shaping of operating characteristics, enabling the practical utilization of relays with operating characteristics more closely approaching the ideal requirements. 8.The low energy levels required in the measuring circuits permit miniaturization of the relay modules. NOD w NNS/PRELAYS/PSP_ 34Commonly Used Circuits In Static Relays 1. Auxiliary D.C voltage supply: Usually d.c to d.c converters are used, to fulfill the d.c power requirements of several static relays. 2. Full— wave bridge rectifier: It is used to filter the input relaying quantity from ac to de. 3. Smoothing circuit: Smoothing circuit comprises RC or RL circuits in order to smoothen the output of the rectifier. 35 NNSIPRELAYSIPSP4. Voltage Stabilization Circuit Zener diode is used to stabilize the voltage. It stabilizes the output voltage of the rectifier over a wide range of current. Circuit illustrate the method of output voltage of a rectifier bridge by means of Zener diode connected for reverse current flow. NNSIPRELAYSIPSP5. Time Delay Circuit Very short delay (micro sec) is introduced in the protection system. Mostly RC circuits are used. Time delay elements are necessary for certain static relays and are used between level detectors and amplifiers. We vy @ 6. Frequency Filters Band pass or band stop filters are used for either passing or stopping a certain frequency band. Resonating circuits are commonly used for this purpose. Amplifiers are also used but they are expansive. Example of high-pass filter Example of ow-pass titer Hiahetreauency Lovirequercy “eee a —s = At our at Loved ag. Hate trequency are eee f sxe» owe?) NNS/PRELAYS/PSP_ ay7. Comparators Operate input Restraint input Two inputs can be compared by bridge networks. When the input currents to the two sides of the bridge are identical, the rectifier outputs will circulate, producing no voltage across the sensitive polarized output detector which is typically a permanent-magnet moving-coil relay. = Ahold of current in the left input will produce a current downwards through the relay, and a reverse output is obtained if the right-hand input is the greater. If the relay has a relatively high sensitivity compared with the input currents, it will readily detect when one input exceeds the other and so constitutes a comparator able to perform. The input transformers can be fed with mixed signals using double primary windings thereby producing mho or directional characteristics. NNS/PRELAYS/PSP 388. Level Detector A functional circuit in protective relay which determine the level of its inputs with reference to the predetermine setting. The input level detector Vi should have desired level to make the PNP transistor conductor the base should be -ve with respect to emitter. Therefore, base to emitter voltage (-ve) should exceed the +ve bias. When the V, reaches level L determined by the bias, the transistor is turned on. The base current i, flows from battery B through emitter, collector, auxiliary permanent magnet moving coil relay. 39 NNSIPRELAYSIPSP.Instantaneous Over Current Relay _Anstantanems _O< Reelangy 2 Input from CT is fed to an auxiliary T/F = Secondary current of T/F is fed to a full wave bridge rectifier which is protected from transient over voltage spikes by means of R,C, filter. = The bridge output is then fed to the base of the T,. = The out put developed across the R, is smoothed by the capacitor C,. = T, (npn) and T, (pnp) are normally cut — off. When the base voltage of T, exceeds the pick — up value set by the potentiometer Pe, the transistor T, conducts leading to switching on the T, and the trip relay TR. = Thermestor Th in the collector T, is for temperature compensation, and diode D is for the protection of trip coil. = The pick — up current is adjusted by means of auxiliary transformer taps and potentiometer Pe 40 NNSIPRELAYSIPSPAdvantages of Solid State Relay: Static Relay burden is less than Electromagnetic type of relays. Low Weight Arc less switching No acoustical noise. Multi-function integration. Fast response. Long life (High Reliability): more than 109 operations High Range of Setting compared to electromechanical Relay More Accurate compared to electromechanical Relay Low Electromagnetic Interference. Less power consumption. Shock and vibration resistant No contact bounce Microprocessor compatible. Isolation of Voltage NNSIPRELAYSIPSP 41No moving parts: no arcing contacts to deteriorate that are often the primary cause of failure with an Electro Mechanical Relay. No mechanical contact bounce or arcing: A solid-state relay doesn’t depend on mechanical forces or moving contacts for its operation but performs electronically. Thus, timing is very accurate even for currents as low as the pickup value. There is no mechanical contact bounce or arcing, and reset times are extremely short. Low input signal levels: Ideal for Telecommunication or microprocessor control industries. Solid state relays are fast becoming the better choice in many applications, especially throughout the telecommunication and microprocessor control industries. Cost Issues: In the past, there has been a rather large gap between the price of an electromechanical relay and the price of a solid state relay. With continual advancement in manufacturing technology, this gap has been reduced dramatically making the advantages of solid state technology accessible to a growing number of design engineers. NNSIPRELAYSIPSP 42Limitations of static relays: = Auxiliary voltage requirement for Relay Operation. = Static relays are sensitive to voltage transients which are caused by operation of breaker and isolator in the primary circuit of CTs and PTs. = Serious over voltage is also caused by breaking of control circuit, relay contacts etc. Such voltage spikes of small duration can damage the semiconductor components and also cause mal operation of relays. = Temperature dependence of static relays: The characteristics of semiconductor devices are affected by ambient temperature. = Highly sophisticated isolation and filter circuits are required to be built into the relay design to take care of electromagnetic interference and transient switching disturbances in the power system. = Highly reliable power supply circuits are required. = Effect of environmental conditions like humidity, high ambient temperature, dust accumulation on PCB leading to tracking. = The component failure. = Non availability of fault data. = Characteristic variations with passage of time. 43Relay Contact Types. The standard descriptions of normally open, (NO) and normally closed, (NC) used to describe how the relays contacts are connected, relay contact arrangements can also be classed by their actions. Electrical relays can be made up of one or more individual switch contacts with each "contact" being referred to as a "pole". Each one of these contacts or poles can be connected or “thrown" together by energizing the relays coil and this gives rise to the description of the contact types as being: SPST - Single Pole Single Throw SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw DPST - Double Pole Single Throw DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw With the action of the contacts being described as "make" (M) or "break" (B). Then a simple relay with one set of contacts as shown above can have a contact description of: "Single Pole Double Throw - (Break before Make)", or SPDT - (B-M). Examples of just some of the more common contact types for relays in circuit or schematic diagrams is given, but there are many more possible configurations. NNSIPRELAYSIPSP aRelay Contact Configurations NC III NC @) 1! 1M Relay SPST SPST DPDT Coil (NO) = (NC) (NO) eM (BM) Where: C is the Common terminal NO is the Normally Open contact NC is the Normally Closed contact NNSIPRELAYSIPSP aProtection Relay Terminologies 1. Protective Relay : It is an electrical relay, which closes its contacts when an actuating quantity reaches a certain preset value. Due to closing of contacts, relay initiates a trip circuit of circuit breaker or an alarm circuit. 2. Relay Time : It is the time between the instant of fault occurrence and the instant of closure of relay contacts. 3. Breaker Time : It is the time between the instant at circuit breaker operates and opens the contacts, to the instant of extinguishing the arc completely. 4. Fault Clearing Time : The total time required between the instant of fault and the instant of final arc interruption in the circuit breaker is fault clearing time. It is sum of the relay time and circuit breaker time. 5. Pickup : A relay is said to be picked up when it moves from the 'OFF' position to 'ON' position. Thus when relay operates it is said that relay has picked up. 6. Pickup Value : It is the minimum value of an actuating quantity at which relay starts operating. In most of the relays actuating quantity is current in the relay coil and pickup value of current is indicated along with the relay. 7. Dropout or Reset : A relay is said to be dropout or reset when it comes back to original position i.e. when relay contacts open from its closed position. The value of an actuating quantity current or voltage below which the relay resets is called reset value of that relay. NNS/PRELAYS/PSP_ 468. Time Delay : The time taken by relay to operate after it has sensed the fault is called time delay of relay. Some relays are instantaneous while in some relays intentionally a time delay is provided. 9. Sealing Relays or Holding Relays : The relay contacts are designed for light weight and hence they are therefore very delicate. When the protective relay closes its contacts, it is relieved from other duties such as time lag, tripping etc. These duties are performed by auxiliary relays which are also called sealing relays or holding relays. 10. Current Setting : The pick up value of current can be adjusted to the required level in the relays which is called current setting of that relay. It is achieved by use of tapings on the relay coil, which are brought out to a plug bridge as shown in the Fig. 1. The tap values are expressed in terms of percentage full load rating of current transformer (C.T.) with which relay is associated. %curent__t 25 50 75 100 128 150 200 Plug bridge setting values To relay coil NNS/PRELAYS/PSP_ a11. Plug Setting Multiplier (P.S.M.) : The ratio of actual fault current in the relay coil to the pickup current is called plug setting multiplier (P.S.M.). 12. Time/P.S.M. Curve : For a relay, a curve showing relation between time and plug-setting multiplier is provided which is called time/P.S.M. curve. A typical curve for a relay is shown in the Fig. 2. Time in sec 0 2 4 6 8 0 12 14 16 —s PSM. NNS/PRELAYS/PSP ae.14. Trip Circuit : The opening operation of circuit breaker is controlled by a circuit which consists of trip coil, relay contacts, auxiliary switch, battery supply etc. which is called trip circuit. 15. Earth Fault : The fault involving earth is called earth fault. The examples of earth fault are single line to ground fault, double line to ground fault etc. 16. Phase Fault : The fault which does not involve earth is called phase fault. The example is line to line fault. 17. Protective Scheme : The combination of various protective systems covering a particular protective zone for a particular equipment is called protective scheme. For example a generator may be provided with protective system like over current, differential, earth fault etc. The combination of all these systems is called generator protective scheme. 18. Protective System : The combination of circuit breakers, trip circuits, C.T. and other protective relaying equipments is called protective system. 19. Unit Protection : A protective system in which the protection zone is clearly defined by the C.T. boundaries is called unit protection. Such systems work for internal faults only. 20. Reach : The limiting distance in which protective system responds to the faults is called reach of the protective system. The operation beyond the set distance is called over-reach while failure of distance relay within set distance is called under-reach. NNS/PRELAYS/PSP 49Time-setting Multiplier : Similar to current setting, a relay is provided with a feature with which its time of operation can be controlled. This feature is known as time-setting multiplier. Its dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.05 as shown in the Fig. 3. The value of time-setting multiplier along with the time obtained from time/P.S.M. curve decides the actual time of operation of the relay. For example if time-setting multiplier is selected as 0.2 while time corresponding to P.S.M. of 10 is 4 seconds then, Actual time of operation = time in seconds x time-setting multiplier =4x0.2 =0.8 seconds NNSIPRELAYS/PSP 50USEFULL CONVERSIONS To Find AMPERES when KVA is known AMPERES when horsepower is known AMPERES when kilowatts are known KILOWATTS KILOVOLT/ AMPERES HORSEPOWER Single Phase KVA x 1000 HP x 746 Ex % Effx PF KW x 1000 Ex PF 1000 IxE 1000 Ix Ex % Eff. x PF 746 NNS/PRELAYS/PSP. Three Phase KVAx 1000 EX1.73 HP x 746 Ex 1.73 x % Eff. x PF KW x 1000 Ex 1.73x PF 1xEx1.73xPF 1000 1xEx1.73 1000 Ix Ex 1.73 x % Eff. x PF 746 51THREE-PHASE DIAGRAM OF THE PROTECTION TEAM CTs £8 Protected NNS/PRELAYS/PSP. 52