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cs;sjhFk;.
ntspapLk;; ehlhd mnkupf;fhtpd; [dhjpgjp l;uk;];
,e;j epyik ,d;Dk; mjpfupg;gjhapd; 2100k; mtu;fs; %yk; ghup]; cld;gbf;ifapypUe;J
Mz;by; fly; kl;lj;jpd; cau;T nr.kP.65tiu tpsFtjhf jd; tpUg;gj;ij 2017 Mz;L Mdp
tpUj;jpailaf; $Lk;. ,jdhy; kpyp. fzf;fhd khjk; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
kdpju;fs; mdhijfshf;fg;gLtNjhL rpwpa
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thA ntspapLjy; njhlu;ghd
,e;j mwpf;if vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tplakhtJ Mo; gpujhd ,yf;Ffs; 4 MFk;.
flypd; ePu; kl;lk; mjpfupf;Fk; NtfKk; ,jd;
%yk; Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gk; gw;wpa mtjhdj;ij
mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfs; kw;Wk; 1. njhopy;El;g Afj;jpw;F Kd; fhzg;gl;l
kl;lj;jpd; gb G+Nfhs kjpa Neu
mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfspd; fiuNahu jho;
ntg;gk; mjpfupj;jy; ,uz;L nr.fpNul;
epyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; tpNrl vy;iyia tpl ed;whfNt fPo; kl;lj;jpy;
mtjhdj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd ePz;l fhy
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2. ntg;gk; mjpfupj;jy; nr.fpNul; 1.5 ghiff;Fs;
kl;lk; cau;tiljy; jtpu;f;f Kbahj G+Nfhs fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
gpur;rpid vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. Mjyhy; thepiy khw;wj;jpd; mtjhdk; kw;Wk;
fly; kl;lk; cau;tilAk; mr;RWj;jiy jtpu;f;f ghjpg;G kpf tpNrlkhd kl;lj;jpy; Fiwj;jy;.
KbahJ mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cl;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk; 3. kpf Ntfkhf G+Nfhs thA ntspNaw;Wjy;
,e;j mdu;j;jpypUe;J kPl;Lf;nfhs;tjw;fhf mjp cr;rj;ij Nehf;fp nry;Yk;
ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fis Nehf;fp nry;y Njitia nghUl;L muRfspd;
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gb fhyepiy khw;wq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy; uPjpapyhd juTfspd; mbg;gilapd; kpfTk;
Ntfkhd thA ntspNaw;Wtjd; Ntfj;ij
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Muk;gk;:- INuhg;gh Mizf;FO.
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kl;lj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;tjhy;
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fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;FkhFk;.

vd;whYk; ,q;F Gtpapay; ntg;g epiy nrd;bfpNul;

rpe;Jru 05 is÷ir
1fjks msgqfjka
f,dal ld,.=Ksl ixúOdkfha 2018 jif¾
f,dal foaY.=Ksl jd¾;dfú i|yka lr we;s
mßos Nhdkl whqßka jd¾;dù we;s yß;d.
dr wdprKhg wod, jdhqka jdhqf.da,hg
uqodyeÍfuka f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh Nhdkl uÜgï
olajd j¾Okh ù we;s njhs'
jdhqf.da,hg ldnkavfhdlaihsä uqodyeÍu by, hdu kj by, hdu ksid fvd,¾ ì,shk 49 l ydkshla isÿj
udkhlska j¾Okh ùuksid" whsia ;Ügq Èhùfï fú.h
j¾Okh ùu" uqyÿq WIaK;ajh by, hdu iy f,dalfha
we;s .a,eishr ;Ügqj,g wys;lrj n,md we;'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha uyf,alï wekafgdaksfhda
.=áßhia i|yka lrk mßÈ —foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag
uqyqK oSug ls%hdlsÍu mud lsÍug ;j ÿrg;a fú,djla úkdYúh'
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wdYS%; WKqiqï c, ;rx. TiafÜ%,shdfú;a me;srhdu
jd¾;dù we;'
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ksidmSvdjg m;aj we;' wfußldfú yg.;a maf,drkaia
iy uhsl,a hk iq<s iq<x yd .xj;=r fya;=fjka
wdmodjg m;ajQjka i|yd fjkal< uqo, fvd,¾ ì,shk
14 la muk úh' fuu úkdYldÍ f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh
we;s w;r 100 la muk cSú; úkdY ù we;'
ms,smSkfha isÿjQ ueka.al+Ü iqmsß iq<s iq<. ksid
ck.yKfhka ñ,shk 2'4 lg muk n,mEula isÿj
we;s w;r wju jYfhka 134 la muk ckhdf.a cSú;

wod, jd¾ISl jd¾;dj i|yka lrk mßos miq.sh jif¾ WKqiï

q ;rx. iy ,eõ .sKs ksid hqfrdamfha" cmdkfha
ñ,shk 62 lg wêl ck;djla uqyqKÿka iajdNdúl iy wfußldfõ mukla 1600 lg wêl ckhdf.a cSú;
wdmodjka wdka;sl foaY.=Ksl fya;+ka ksidisÿj we;' úkdY ù we;' tfukau bkaohs dfú flar, m%dka;fha
fuys n,mEï oekgu;a wmg fï jk úg;a oel.ekSug ckhd Y;j¾Ihlg wdikak ld,h ;=, isÿjQ oreKqu
yelsj we;' .sKsfldkos. wm%sldfú yg.;a >¾u j¾Idm;hg yd krlu .xj;=r ;;ajhg uqyK q fok ,§'
l,dmSh iq<s iq,x ;;ajfhka yg.;a bvdhsiq<s l=Kdgqj
kshÕh" .xj;=r iy iq<s iq,x ksid ñ,shk follg
fmkajdosh yelsh'
wêl ck;djla f,djmqrdu miq.sh jif¾ ^2018&
f,dal ld,.=Ksl ixúOdkfha wOHlaI ckrd,a iema;eñn¾ jk úg wj;eka lr oud we;' fujka
wdpd¾h fmfÜßgd,dia m%ldY lrk mßos —bvd hsiq<s fya;+ka ksid ckhdf.a nv.skak j¾Okh fjñka
iq<. olaIsK w¾Of.da,fha ld,.=Kh wdYS%;j isÿúh mj;sk w;r wdka;sl foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhka ksid
yelsj ;snQ jvd;au úkdYldÍ wdmodj njg m;aùug yg.kakd kshÕfha ;¾cKfhka ukaofmdaIKh
yelshdj ;snQ njhs'˜ msgqoelSu wdmiq yrjd we;'

tfukau isisrfha me;sreKq WKqiqï WIaK;aj ;;ajhla by; jd¾;djg wkqj foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi ms,sno
hqfrdamfha jd¾;d jQ w;r wkfmalaIs; wiajdNdúl o¾Ylhka wLKavju j¾Okh fjñka mj;S' ta wkqj
is÷ir 06 rpe;Jru
fmkajdfokafka id.r u;=msg WKqiqï ;;ajhka ms,sno fuu.ska wfmalIa d lrkqfha uOHhk f.da,h
S WIaK;ajh
kj jd¾;d.; w.hla igykalr we;s w;r th 1955 fikaáf.%äa wxYl 2 g my,ska ;nd .ekSug;a iyfhda.H
jir jeks w;S;hlg .uka lrhs' fuhg fya;=j m%h;akhka .ekSfuka WIaK;ajh j¾Okh ùu fikaá
jkafka id.r u.ska yß;d.dr jdhQka u.ska msglrk f.aä
% wxYl 1'5 l iSudfú mj;ajd .ekSug;ah'
Yla;sh rojd .kakd neúks'
kuq;a fuysoS f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh fikaáf.%aä 1'5
2017 jirg jvd 2018 jif¾ oS uy uqyqÿ uÜgu ñ'ñ iSudfú rojd .ekSu b;du;a wNs,dYS ld¾hhla fia
3'7 lska by, f.dia we;' fuu c, uÜgu by, hdug fmkS.sh;a fuh fjk ljrodg;a jvd w;HdjYH ù
n,md we;s m%Odk fya;=j jkqfha whsia Èhùfuka c,h we;s njg fmkajdosh yelafla f,dalfha úh,s ;;ajhka
id.rhg tla ùuhs' id.rho iS>%fhka wdï,sl ùu 25] lg;ajvd j¾Okh ù we;s ;;ajhla u;hs'
j¾Okhla isÿjk w;r thg fya;=j jkqfha id.r u.ska
jeäfhka ldnkavfhdlaihsä wjfYdaIKh lsÍuhs' f,dalfha fojk úYd,;u yß;d.dr jdhQka fudapkh
lrk rgjk wfußldfú ckdêm;s g%ïma úiska meßia
tfiau by; jd¾;dfõu i|ykalr we;s mßos wd¾laála .súiqfuka ;uka bj;ajk njg ;u wNs,dIh 2017
whsia wdjrKh 2018 jir mqrdu mej;S we;af;a th cqksui m%ldYhg m;alrk ,oS'
idudkHfhka mej;sh hq;= uOHkH w.hg jvd my,
uÜgñks' foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi ms,sno meßia .súiqfï
tl.;djh wkqj jdhq úfudapkh ms,snoj m%Odk
ì%iag,a úYajúoHd,fha ì%iag,a .a,eisfhdf,dcs b,lal 4 ls'
uOHia:dkfha wOHlaI uydpd¾h fcdk;ka neïn¾
i|yka lrkafka —miq.sh jir úismyl ld,iSudfú 1' mQ¾j ld¾ñl hq.fha mej;s uágug wkqj
we;s pkaøsld PdhdrEm jd¾;d ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï oS b;d hñka f.da,Sh uOHkH WIaK;ajh by, hdu
meyeos,sj yøkd.; yels lreKla jkafka foaY.=Ksl fikaÜf.%aä 2 iSudjg jvd fydoskau my,ska
úm¾hdi fya;=fjka isÿjk uyuqyqo uÜgfï by, hdu ;nd .ekSu i|yd jk os.= ld,Sk b,lalh'
fú.j;aj we;s˜ njhs'
2' WIaK;ajh by, hdu fikaÜf.%aä wxYl
fuu ;;ajhka ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh isÿjkafka kï 1'5 iSudfú rojd .ekSu u.ska foaY.=Ksl
jir 2100 jkúg uqyqÿ uÜgu by, hdu fikaáógr úm¾hdi wjodku iy n,mEu b;d iqúfYaISu
65 olajd j¾Okh jkq we;' fuu.ska ñ,shk .kkla
águlska wju lsÍu'
ñksiqka wj;eka lrjk w;ru l=vd ÿm;a rdcHhkag
w;súYd, ;¾cKhla isÿ lrkq we;s nj i;ïmagka 3' b;d läkñka f.da,Sh jdhq fudapkh lsÍfñ
úYajúoHd,fha uydpd¾h yd m¾fhaIl jrfhl= jk Wmßuh lrd ,.dùug we;s wjYH;djh ms,sno
wdpd¾h ie,Sn%jqka i|yka lr we;' jr chka tl. jQ w;r fuu lreK i|yd
fuu jd¾;dj biau;= lr fmkajk ;j;a lreKla ,.dùug ie,lshhq;= ld,hla ixj¾Okh
jkqfha uyuqyqfoa c, uÜgu by, hk fú.h iy fjñka mj;sk rgj,g wjYH nj meyeos,sh'
fuu.ska we;slrk n,mEu ms,snoj ienE wjOdkhla
4' mj;sk jvd;a fhda.H úoHd;aul o;a;
ixj¾Okh jk rgj, iy ixj¾ê; rgj,
mokïlr.ksñka tajdg wkqj jvd fú.j;a
fjr<dikak my;a ìï m%foaYj, Ôj;ajk ckhd
iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla fhduql, hq;= njhs' jdhq úfudapkfha fú.h wjulrk
ls%hdj,shla i|yd fhduqùu'
Tyq fmkajd fok lreKq w;ßka" uqyqÿ uÜgu by,
hdu w; fkdyeßh yels f.da,Sh .eg¿jla nj wms uQ,h( hqfrdamdfldñiu
oksuq' tneúka uqyqÿ uágu by, hdfï ;¾cKfhka
ñoSug wmyiq wdmod md;S% ckhdg iy fuu wdmodfjka ñysu; Ôjfha meje;au iy;sl lsÍug
.e,ùu i|yd wdrlaIdldÍ ia:dklrd .uka lsÍug oekqj;aj yd lemùfuka isÿ lsÍu wm
wmyiq;djhla olajk msßig iyhúh hq;=h'
bÈßfha we;s wNsfhda.hhs' th bgq lsÍu
meßia .súiqu hkq l=ulao@ fyda fkdlsÍu u; wmf.a meje;au o
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha 2015 jif¾ § wka;¾ ;SrKh jkq we;'
rdcH .súiqula f,i foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi iSud lsÍu yd
y¾uka l=udr
md,kh lsÍug uq,ajrg w;aika ;enQ .súiquls'
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh
rpe;Jru 07 is÷ir

ixj¾Okh kñka wysñ lrk jkdka;r
19 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha § muK fldams iy
iskf a ldakd j.d lsÍu ms‚i ì%;dkHhka úiska YS% ,xldfõ
lÿlr jkdka;r uy mßudKfhka t<s fmfy<s lsÍu wdrïN
lrk ,§' 1847 § fylaghdr 20500 l fkdhsÿ,a jkdka;r
úkdYlr fldams j.dj ia:dms; lr ;sn‚ q ' th 1857 jk úg
fylaghdr 32400 la olajd;a 1873 jk úg fylaghdr 110500
olajd;a jeäúh' w,s - we;=ka Ôj;a jQ f;;a l`ÿlr jkdka;r
YS>f% hka t<s lrfldams j.dj ia:dms; lsÍu fya;f = jka
l`ÿlrfha w,s - we;=ka iïmQ¾Kfhka u j`o lr ±óu isÿúh'
ta w;r ;=r fldams j.djg È,Sr frda.hla fndaùu fya;f = jka
1880 ka miqj fldams fjkqjg f;a j.dj wrUk ,§'
1867 jif¾ § fylaghdr 8 lska wdrïN jQ f;a j.dj wo
jkúg l`ÿlrfha yd my; rg f;;a l,dmfha fylaghdr
221"969 la mqrd me;sr ;sfí' fu;rï N+ñ m%udKhla olajd
jHdma; lsÍug fkdhs`ÿ,a l`ÿlr jkdka;r yd my;rg
f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r iïmQ¾Kfhka u t<sfmfy<s lr
;sfí' wo jkúg ;jÿrg;a l`ÿlr jkdka;r yd my; rg
f;;a jkdka;r t<sfmfy<s lrñka wLKav j f;a j.dj
jHdma; lrñka mej;Sug m%Odk fyaa;=j ta i|yd mj;sk
fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u h' ta fya;=fjka fï jk úg rlaIs;
jkdka;r mjd kS;s ùfrdaë j t<sfmfy<s lrñka f;a j.dj
jHdma; flf¾'
,xldfõ f;a j.dj jHdma; lsÍug iu.dó j f;;a yd
w;r ueÈ l,dmfha jkdka;r t<sfmfy<s lrñka rn¾
j.dj jHdma; flßk' 1876 § .ïmy" fykr;af.dv WoaNSo
WoHdkfha m<uq rn¾ Ydlh frdamkh lrñka wdrïN
l< rn¾ j.dj wo jkúg my;rg yd Wm l`ÿlr f;;a
l<dmfha jkdka;r fylaaghdr 133"668 la t<slr jHdma;
lr we;'
1948 § ksoyi ,eîfuka miqj jd‚c jYfhka Wla j.dj
jHdma; lsÍu we/ôks' 1956 jk úg úh<s l,dmfha jd‚c
j.djla jYfhka Wla j.dj jHdma; lr ;sfí' 1973 yd
1994 jirj, § úh<s l,dmfha jkdka;r úYd, jYfhka
is÷ir
t<sfmfy<s lrWla j.dj uy mßudKfhka jHdma; flßk'
fï jkúg me,aj;a;" ysÕ=rdk" fijK.," lka;f,a"
fudKrd., yd wïmdr hk m%foaYj, fylaghdr 30"530 l
jkdka;r t<s lr Wla j.d ìï jHdma; lr ;sfí' óg wu;r
j fï jk úg jßka jr ìì, m%foaYfha wlalr 62"500 l
Wla j.d ìï w¨;ska jHdma; lsÍu i|yd ie,iqï ilia
lrñka mj;S' fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u;a iuÕ yd fuu j.dj
jHdma; lsÍfï § jir lsysmhla ;=< mi ksireùu;a iuÕ
M,odhs;djh ì`ojefgk wjia:d j, § iud.ï W;aidy
orkafka w¨;ska jkdka;r t<s lr j.d ìï ia:dms; lr
M,odhS;dj jeälr .ekSug h'
wo jkúg jdKsc j.djla f,i nvbßÕ= j.d ìï úh<s
l,dmfha jkdka;r wdl%uKh lrñka ;sfí' ñY% fnda. j.d
l< fyaka j.d ìïj, wo jk úg j.d flfrkafka nv
bßÕ= mu‚' 1961 jk úg fylaghdr 12"957 la t<slr jHdma;
lr ;snQ nvbßÕ= j.d ìï m%udKh wo jk úg jkdka;r
fylaghdr 72"390 la muK t<s lr jHdma; lr ;sfí'
jk úkdYhka je<ela jQ wjia:d
2003 jif¾ § wkqrdOmqr ú,ÉÑh m%foaYfha uyd mßudK
lcq j.d jHdmD;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fylaghdr
20"000l N+ñhla ,nd .ekSug W;aidy ±rE w;r mßir
ixúOdk yd isú,a ixúOdk j, ±ä n,mEï u; th k;r
lsÍug yels úh' bkamiqj 2007 jif¾ § ìì, m%foaYfha Wla
j.dj jHdma; lsÍu i|yd fylaghdr 20"000l N+ñ m%foaYhla
,nd .ekSug l< W;aidyh o k;r flrefka mßir yd
isú,a ixúOdk j, ±ä n,mEï u; h' 2011 jif¾ § fvda,a
iud.u fidaudj;sh cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha bvï wlalr
11"500la w;am;a lrf.k wmkhkh i|yd lejekaäia
flfi,a m%fNaoh j.d lsÍug ±rE W;aidyh mrdch lsÍug
yelsjQfha o mßir ixúOdkj, ueÈy;aùu u; h'
j¾;udkfha úkdYlrñka we;s jkdka;r
§¾>ld,hla rËs; m%foaY f,i ck;djf.a nÿ uqo,a j,ska
wdrËd l< jkdka;r we;=¿ iajdNdúl mßir moaO;s wo
jkúg ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s i`oyd fhdod .kS' hdka Th
jdßjHdmD;sh i|yd wlalr 15000 l jkdka;r" fudr.
ylkao yd l¿ .Õ nyqld¾h jdß jHdmD;s i|yd wlalr
25000 l jkdka;r" yïnkaf;dg Èia;l s% l
a fha isÿlrk uyd
mßudK ydkslr ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s i`oyd muKla jkdka;r
wlalr 15"000 la muK iïmQ¾Kfhka u t<sfmfy<s lsÍu
isÿlr ;sfí' fï ish¨ jkdka;r w,s - we;=kf a .a .ejiqï
m%foaY fõ' u;a;, .=jkaf;dgqm< bÈlsÍu i|yd jkdka;r
wlalr 5000 la fhdÞf.k ;sfí' óg wu;r j cd;Hka;r
iïuka;K % Yd,dj" ud.ïmqr jrdh" 09
08 rpe;Jru
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s dx.kh" yïnkaf;dg mßmd,k
ixlS¾Kh" ñßÊcú, wdfhdack l,dmh yd iQ¾h;dm
úÿ,sn,d.dr bÈlsÍu i|yd b;sß jkdka;r wlalr 10"000
t<sfmfy<s lsÍu isÿlr ;sfí' fï fya;f = jka wo jkúg
jhU l,dmhg jvd jeä w,s - ñksia .egqula yïnkaf;dg
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fï jkúg jd‚c j.djla f,i fvda,a iud.u wmkhkh
lsÍu i|yd lejekaäia flfi,a m%fNaoh úh<s l,dmfha
m%foaY .Kkdjl j.d lr ;sfí' lka;f,a" l=vd Th"
fofudaor" nq;a;, wd§ m%foaY .Kkdjl wlalr 5000 l
muK jkdka;r t<s lr fïjkúg lejekaäia flfi,a
j.dj i|yd fhdodf.k we;'
ueÈß.sßh – ìfidamqr m%foaYfha wdrlaIs; jkdka;r ;=klg
wh;a jkdka;r wlalr 22"260 la uyje,s wêldßh u.ska
fudr.ylkao jHdmD;sh hgf;a ixj¾Okh lr ck;dj
mÈxÑlsÍug t<s lrñka ;sfí' ta i|yd fï jk rlaIs;
;=< ud¾. bÈlrñka bvï len,s lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí'
fuf,i ixj¾Okh lrkq ,nkafka r<mkdj jk rlaIs;h"
jäkd jej jkrlaIs;h yd wegU Th jk rlaIs;hs'
hqoaOfhka miqj W;=re yd kef.kysr m,d;a folg wh;a
jõkshdj" uq,;sõ" ukakdru yd wïmdr Èia;s%lal j, msysá
jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;a md,kh jk rlaIs;
jkdka;r 17 lg wh;a wlalr 16500 l muK jkdka;r
t<s fmfy<s lrñka w¨;ska ckdjdi msysgqùu yd j.dìï
jHdma; lsÍu isÿlr ;sfí' ußÉpqlalâä - lrälal=,s
jkrlaIs;h" lrekald,smqrï jk rlaIs;h" uvqmdr jk
rlaIs;h" mqjrikal=,ï jk rlaIs;h" l=,dußmamq jk
rlaIs;h" kd.kafpdaf,hs jk rlaIs;h" brfika;srïl=,ï
jk rlaIs;h" jvldvq jkdka;rh" ldflaksl=,ï jkdka;rh"
fmßhuvq jkdka;rh" Tâvqiqvdka jkdka;rh" uqyqÿnv
m;a;= jkdka;rh" lrälal=,s rcfha le,h" id,ïnhsl=,ï
jkdka;rh yd iqÿfj;a;l=,ï jkdka;rh hk rlaIs;
jkdka;r yd rcfhajkdka;r ìï fï wdldrfhka
t<sfmfy<s lr ;sfí' ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkhg W;=ßka
udú,a¨" fõmamd,a" ußÉÑlâä - lrälal=,s" ú,;a;sl=,ï
yd fmßhuqßmamq jYfhka msysá jk rlaIs; j, wlalr 3400
lg jvd jeä jkdka;r m%udKhla t<sfmfy<s lr ck;dj
mÈxÑlr ;sfí'
jõkshdj Èia;s%lalfha msysá iqúfYaIS jkdka;rhla jk
lrekald,smqrï jk rlaIs;fha wlalr 5000 la muK
m%foaYhla iïmQ¾Kfhkau t<s fmfy<s lr YS% ,xld uyje,s
wêldßh" isú,a wdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=j yd hqOyuqÞj
tla ù ck;dj mÈxÑ lsÍu isÿlr ;sfí'
wdkaoïl=,ï jk rlaI;
s hg yd fldal,s dhs wNh N+ñhg udhsï
j msyg
s k jkdka;r wlalr 6000la muK uyje,s t,a l,dmh
f,i ixj¾Okh lsÍug fï jk úg t<sfmfy<s lsÍfï
lghq;= yd foaYmd,k ys;j;=kga bvï fnod §fï lghq;=
uyje,s wêldßfhka isÿ flfrñka mj;s' fï jkúg m%foaY
rpe;Jru
follg wh;a jkdka;r úkdY lr we;' uq,;sõ Èia;l
s% l
a fha
uq,;sõ m%dfoaYhS f,alï fldÜGdihg wh;a mkai,alkao
m%foaYfha jkdka;r wlalr 1000la muK wlalr 25 ne.ska
jQ fldgiaj,g fjkalr ;sfí' fldal, s dhs l,mqjg ol=Kk
s a
msyá
s fï jkdka;r ìï jdKsc bvï f,i uyje,s wêldßh
u.ska úúO mqo.a ,hkag yd iud.ï j,g ,nd § ;sfí'
ye,Ujej isg fldals,dhs l,mqj olajd msysá ;j;a
jkdka;r wlalr 5000la muK fï jkúg uyje,s wêldßh
u.ska fvdai¾ hka;% Ndú;fhka ud¾. ilia lr jkdka;r
fldgia fjka lsÍu isÿlr ;sfí' fuu jkdka;r m%foaYh o
wlalr 25 ne.ska jQ jdKsc bvï jYfhka yd lDIs wlalrh
jYfhka úúO mqoa.,hkag yd iud.ï j,g ,nd §ug
kshñ; j we;' fï jk úg úYd, Ydl lmd bj;a lrñka
N+ñh ieliSu isÿlrk w;r lmd bj;a lrk ±juh Ydl
ish,a, mq¨iaid ±óu o isÿlr we;'
t<s lsÍug fhdað; jkdka;r
úfYaIfhkau Ök uQ,H wdh;k fj;ska ,nd .;a Kh uqo,a
j,g ys,õjYfhka yïnkaf;dg yd fudKrd., Èia;s%lal
j, bvï wlalr 15000 la Ök l¾udka; ia:dms; lsÍu
i`oyd ,nd §ug rch úiska ie,eiqï ilia lr ;sfí'
tf,i m%Odk jYfhkau ,nd §ug ie,eiqïlr we;af;a
iq¿ mßudK f.dú ck;djf.a j.dìï yd c, fmdaIl
jkdka;r m%foaYhka h' fï ksid f.dú mjq,a 1500 lg jeä
m%udKhlg Ôjk jD;a;Ska wysu ùu yd c, w¾nqO j,g
uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tmuKla fkdj ia:dms; lrk l¾udka;
Yd,d j, n,mEug o ta wjg ck;djg uqyqK §ug isÿfõ'
uq,;sõ Èia;%slalfha iïm;a kqjr m%dfoaYSh f,alï
fldÜGdYhg wh;a jkdka;r m%foaY folla uyje,s t,a
l,dmh f,i ixj¾Okh lsÍug kshñ; h' .cndmqr
m%foaYfha msysá wdkaoïl=,ï jk rlaIs;hg wh;a jkdka;r
wlalr 700 la yd lsß bínka jej m%foaYfha msysá
fjmamïl=,ï jk rlaIs;hg wh;a jkdka;r wlalr 2000 la
ixj¾Okh lsÍug kshñ;h' fï wkqj uyje,s t,a l,dmh
f,i wdrlaIs; jkdka;r follg wh;a jkdka;r wlalr
2700 la ixj¾Okh lsÍug kshñ;j ;sfí'
uyje,s t,a l,dmh f,i ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd moúh
jkrlaIs;h iïmQ¾Kfhkau fhdod .ekSug fï jk úg
ie,eiqïlr ;sfí' ta wkqj moúh jkrlaIs;hg wh;a
jkdka;r wlalr 31"900 la t<s fmfy<s lsÍug kshñ;j
we;' jk ixrlaIK wd{d mk; hgf;a 2013'01'18 jk
Èk wxl 1793$21 orK .eiÜ ksfõokh hgf;a m%ldYhg
m;a l< moúh jk rlaIs;h udi ;=klska miqj 2013'04'29
jk Èk wxl 1808$04 ork .eiÜ ksfõokh u.ska rlaIs;
Ndjfhka bj;a lr uyje,s t,a l,dmh f,i ixj¾Okh
lsÍug ,nd § ;sfí'
W;=re m,df;a w.k.rh f,i uq,;sõ Èia;s%lalfha
udkal=,ï k.rh ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jkixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;a md,kh jk mkslalkal=,ï"
10
09 is÷ir
09 jkaksú,kal=,ï yd udkal=,ï hk jk rlaIs;
;=kg wh;a jkdka;r wlalr 7200 la ^fylaghdr 2900
la& ksoyia lsÍug ie,eiqïlr ;sfí' wlalr 10"000 lska
^fylaghdr 4100 la& iukaú; fhdað; udkal=,ï k.r
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sfha iuia; ie,eiqug wkqj fuu
±jeka; jk úkdYh isÿlsÍug iQÞkï fõ'
jk úkdYfha wys;lr m%;sM,
fuu jk úkdYhkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,i kshÕh fya;=fjka
c, w¾nqo W;aikak ùu yd úh<s ld,.=Khla mj;sk ld,
mrdih udi 06 lg jeäld,hla olajd §¾> j we;' fláld,
iSudjla ;=< úYd, j¾Idm;khla ,eîu fya;=fjka .xj;=r"
kdh hEï jeksiajdNdúl jHik j¾Okh jk ;;ajhla
±lshyels h'
w,s - we;=ka we;=¿ j fndfyda jk i;=kaf.a jdiia:dk fuu
uyd mßudK jk úkdYh fya;=fjka wysñùu ksid w,s-
ñksia .egqu yd jk i;=ka yd ñksiqka w;r .egqï j¾Okh
ú we;' fï ksidiq¿ mßudK f.dùka j.d ìïj,ska bj;a
fjñka ;sfí' ta j.d ìï uyd mßudK jd‚c j.djka i|yd
úúO iud.ï j,g ,nd foñka we;' wo jk úg w,s - ñksia
.egqu ksid jirlg ñh hk ñksiqkaf.a m%udKh 80 olajd
;a ñh hk w,s we;=kaf.a m%udKh 275 olajd;a fuf;la
b;sydifha j¾OkSh u ;;ajhg m;a j ;sfí'
wo jkúg b;sÍ ù we;s jkdka;r
hg;aúð; hq.fha j¾I 1881 jk úg furg jkdka;r
wdjrKh uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka 84] la úh' j¾I 1900 § th
70] olajd my<jeáks' Bgfya;=j fldams yd f;a j.djka
jHdma; lsÍu i`oyd YS>%fhka f;;a l,dmfha jkdka;r t<s
lsÍuhs'
is÷ir
ksoyi ,eîfuka miqj jkdka;r ms<n s `o j mq¿,a iólaIKhla
isÿ flrefka 1956 - 1961 jir j, h' tys § jk wdjrKh
44'2] la ke;fyd;a fylaghdr 28"98"842 la nj y`ÿkd .eksk'
jkdka;r uy ie,eiau ieliSu i`oyd 1982 - 1985 jir j,
f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh u.ska ksoyiska miqj
isÿlrk ,o fojk jkdka;r iólaIKhg wkqj ,xldfõ
jk wdjrKh 37'5] la ke;fyd;a fylaghdr 24"58"250 la
nj wkdjrKh úh' f,.a yd cqfj,a úiska ilia lrk ,o
is;hs ï wkqidrfhka jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;f = jka
ilia l< mßmd,k jd¾;d j,g wkqj j¾I 1992 jkúg
,xldfõ jk wdjrKh 31'2] la ke;fyd;a fylaghdr
20"46"599 la jk nj y`ÿkd .eKsk's
jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ 1996 jif¾ jd¾;d
j,g wkqj jk wdjrkh 29'6] la ke;fyd;a fylaghdr
19"42"219 la nj i`oyka fõ' 2010 jif¾ jk ixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jd¾;d j,g wkqj ,xldfõ jk wdjrKh
29'7] la ke;fyd;a fylaghdr 19"51"472 la nj i`oyka lr
we;' fuu tla tla wOHhk j, § jkdka;r yd jkdka;r
o¾Y ms<sn`o j tla ks¾Kdhlhla u; mokï j wOHhk
isÿlr fkdue;s neúka jk jeiafï m%;sY;h ms<sn`o j
ksjerÈ ixikaokd;aul wjfndaOhla ,nd .; fkdyels h'
kuq;a i;H ;;a;ajh kï 2010 jif¾ jk ixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jd¾;d j,g wkqj my; rg jeis
jkdka;r b;sß ù we;af;a 1'9] ls' tkï fylaghdr
1"23"302 lls' by< l`ÿlr jkdka;r m%;sY;h ishhg 0'7
ls' tys m%udKh fylaghdr 44"758 ls' Wm l`ÿlr jkdka;r
m%;sY;h 0'4] ls' tys m%udKh fylaghdr 28"513 ls' úh<s
ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r fylaghdr 11"21"392 la ke;fyd;a
17'1] l m%;sY;hla mj;S' fï wkqj ;yjqre jkqfha furg
jkdka;r wdjrkh b;du my< uÜgul mj;sk nj h'
jkdka;r ixrlaIKhg l< hq;f
a ;a l=ula o@
jkdka;r wdrlaId lsÍu i`oyd mk;a lsysmhl kS;suh
m%;smdok yd rdcH m%;sm;a;s lsysmhla ilia lr we;' rcfha
bvï wd{d mk;" jk ixrlaIK wd{d mk;" cd;sl Wreu
jk N+ñ mk;" jk i;a;aj yd jDlaI,;d wdrlaIl wd{d
mk;" cd;sl mdßißl mk;" jhU m<d;a mßir m%{ma;sh"
11
10 rpe;Jru
mi ixrlaIK mk; hk wKmk;a jkdka;r wdrlaId
lsÍfï § m%Odk jYfhka u jeo.;a fõ' bvï Ndú;
m%;sm;a;sh" cd;sl jk m%;sm;a;sh" cd;sl jkÔù ixrlaIK
m%;sm;a;sh iy YS% ,xldfõ c, uQ,dY%" tajdfha fmdaIl m%foaY
yd rlaIs; wdrlaId lsÍu yd ixrlaIKh lsÍu ms<sn`o cd;sl
m%;sm;a;sh jkdka;r wdrlaId lsÍfï § jeo.;a fõ'
kuq;a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï" ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s yd
ie,iqï fukau wdfhdack m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï jkdka;r
ìï wdrlaId lsÍu i`oyd jk kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s wNsfhda.hg
,la lrñka tlsfklska jHqla; jQ idOl f,i ls%hd;aul
ùu ksid jkdka;r ìï wo jkúg iS>%fhka mßydkshg
m;afjñka ;sfí'
úfYaIfhka 2011 - 2030 cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqu
yd 2018 - 2050 cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqfï È.=j ls%hd;aul
lsÍfï § fukau jdKsc j.djka f,i lgqfmd,a" nvbß`.=
yd Wla jeks j.d ìï uy mßudKfhka jHdma; lsÍfï
m%;sm;a;suh ls%hdud¾. fya;=fjka furg b;sß ùug
kshñ; jkdka;r ìï m%udKh b;d u wju m%;sY;hla nj
wkdjrKh ù ;sfí' th 10] lg;a jvd wvq jkq we;ehs wm
úiska isÿlr we;s wOHhk u.ska wkdjrKh ù we;' tu
;;a;ajhg mßj¾;kh jQ úg ,xldfõ iuia; ck.ykfhka
70] lg jvd jeä m%udKhla c, w¾nqo j,g f.dÿre jkq
we;' fï ksid ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s yd wdfhdack jHdmD;s
iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrlaIK yd l<ukdlrK m%;sm;a;s
iu. tlsfkl iumd; úh hq;= h'
rpe;Jru
2015 iema;eïn¾ 25 jkod tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h
úiska ;srir ixj¾Ok b,lal 17 la iïu; lrf.k
we;s w;r 2030 iema;eïn¾ 30 jkod jk úg tu b,lal
w;am;alr .ekSug wfmalaId flf¾' fuys 15 jk b,lalh
;=< jkdka;r ;srir f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu ms<sn`o j
o wjOdkh fhduqlr we;'
kuq;a wo jkúg wm rgg wjYH jkafka ;srir
jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh muKla u fkdfõ' ±kg
b;sß ù we;s jkdka;r ish,a, cd, .; lsÍu" ta
i`oyd jkdka;r m%;sia:dmkh lsÍu" c, fmdaIl
ìï wdjrkh jk mßÈ w¨;ska jkdka;r we;s
lsÍu" rlaIs; fkdjk bvï m%;sixialrK fldñIka
iNdjg yd uyje,s wêldßhg wh;a ish¨ jkdka;r
rlaIs; cd,hkag tla lsÍu iy mhskia" weflaishd"
hqle,smagia" f;alal jeks ydkslr jkj.djka fjkqjg
foaYSh Ydl j,ska hq;a jk j.djka m%;sia:dmkh lsÍu
jeks Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï läkñka ls%hd;aul l<
hq;= h'
tfia fkdjqkfyd;a jkdka;r ìï úkdY lsÍfuka
isÿjk c, w¾nqo muKla fkdj ffcj úúO;ajh
úkdY ùu" mdxY= Ldokh W.% ùu" ld,.=Ksl yd
foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi j¾Okh ùu" kdhhEï yd
.xj;=r jeks wdmod j¾Okh ùu" lDIs ld¾ñl
w¾nqo W.% ùu" w,s - ñksia .egqu j¾Okh ùu jeks
;;a;ajhka md,kh lr .; fkdyels uÜgulg
mßj¾;kh jkq we;'
tu ;;a;ajh msgq±lSug kï ;srir jkdka;r
Ndú;fhka Tíng .sh oDIaájd§uh m%fõYhla
wjYHh' ta i`oyd ck;dj ksjerÈ f,i {dkkh
lsÍug u;jdohla f.dvke.sh hq;= h'
ieliqu - iÔj pdñlr"
bvï yd lDIsl¾u m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh
11 is÷ir
 midj;J capupdq;fSf;Fk;
capiug; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
vkJ tho;T jq;fp ,Ug;gJ fhLfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl. ePu;> fhw;W kio> fhy epiy> Njr epiy
Nghd;w midj;ijAk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzpahf
,Ug;gJ fhLfNsahFk; ,itfsidj;Jk; fhLfis
,og;gjd; fhuzkhf mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfspy;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ capupdq;fspd; eilKiw
to;T KOikahfNt tPo;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ,jd; gb
fhLfs; capupdq;fSf;F tho;tplq;fis khj;jpukd;wp
capiuAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; ty;yik ngw;wit vd;gJ
cWjpahfpd;wJ.
,t;thW vy;yh capupdq;fSf;Fk; tho;itg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; tdf; fl;likg;Gf;fs;
gy;NtWgl;litfshfpd;wd. fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;
cs;s fiuNahu fhLfs;> fz;ly; fhLfs; njhlf;fk; fPo;
ehl;L kiof;fhLfs;> cg kiyg; gpuNjr fhLfs;> kiyg;
gpuNjr fhLfs;> tuz;l fyg;G gRikf; fhLfs;> ,il
tya fhLfs;> MWfis mz;bAs;s fhLfs;> nrthdh
fhLfs; vDk; tifapy; gy;NtW tifapyhd td
Rw;whly; fl;likg;Gf;fs; vkJ ehl;by; mike;Js;sd.
vdpDk; ,e;j vy;yhf; fhLfisAk; tuyhw;wpd; Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;W tiu ehk; ghupa mopit Nehf;fp
,l;Lr; nrd;Ws;Nshk;. Mjyhy; vkJ tho;f;ifAk; mjd;
mbg;gilapy; jPu;khzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
J}u tuyhW fhyfl;lj;jpy; vk;kplkpUe;J
gupNghd fhLfs;
,d; ehl;by; fhLfis mopj;J kf;fs; FbapUg;Gf;fis
];jhgpj;jy; Muk;gkhtJ mEuhjGuk; nghyd;dUit
,urhjhdp fhyfl;lj;jpNyNaahFk;. mjw;fhf Ntz;b
ghupa mstpy; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;lJ tuz;l fyg;G
gRikf; fhLfNsNaahFk;. mjd; gpd; 19 k; E}
w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; Nfhg;gp kw;Wk; rpd;Nfhdh
nra;iff;fhf gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; ,yq;ifapd; kdpj
];guprk; glhj fhLfs; ghupa mstpy; mopj;njhopj;jy;
Muk;gkhfpaJ. 1847 k; Mz;lstpy; 20500 n`f;lu; ahu;
kdpj ];guprk; glhj fhLfis mopj;J Nfhg;gpr; nra;if
];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ ,J 1857 k; Mz;L 32400 n`f;lu; ahu;
tiuAk; 1873 Mz;lstpy; 110500 n`f;lu;ahu; tiuAk;
,jd; msT cau;e;J nrd;wJ. ahidfs; Nghd;w
tpyq;fpdq;fs; tho;e;J te;j <ujd;iknfhz;l kiyafg;
gpuNjr fhLfis Ntfkhf mopj;J Nfhg;gp nra;ifia
Muk;gpg;gjd; fhuzkhf kiyaf ahid ,dq;fs;
KOikahfNt mope;J nrd;wd. mj;NjhL Nfhg;gpr;
nra;if gq;fR Neha; gutpr; nrd;W mope;J nrd;wjd;
fhuzkhf 1880 k; Mz;bd; gpd; Nfhg;gpr; nra;iff;Fg;
gjpyhf Njapiyr; nra;if Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1876 k; Mz;L 8 n`f;lu; ahUld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
Njapiyr; nra;if ,d;W kiyafk; cw;gl fPo; ehl;L
<utya gpuNjrq;fspy; 221.969 n`f;lu; ahu; tiu gutpr;
nrd;Ws;sJ. ,e;jsT; Njapiy nra;if epyq;fis
is÷ir
cUthf;Ftjw;fhf kdpj ];guprk; glhj kiyaf fhLfSk;
fPo; ehl;L <utyag; gpuNjr fhLfSk; KOikahfNt
mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;ld. ,d;W njhlu;e;Jk; kiyafg; gpuNjr
fhLfs; cw;gl fPo; ehl;L <utyag; gpuNjr fhLfs;
mopf;fg;gl;L njhlu;e;J Njapiyr; nra;ifia NkYk;
gutyhf;ff; fhuzkhf mike;J ,Ug;gJ Njapiyf;fhf
cs;s re;ij Nfs;tp epiyNaahFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf
Vw;Wkjpf;fhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Njapiyapd; juj;ij
cau;j;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ghJfhg;G tdf;fl;likg;Gf;fSk;
$l rl;l tpNuhjkhd Kiwapy; mopj;njhopj;J Njapiyr;
nra;if NkYk; gutyhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,yq;ifapy; Njapiyr; nra;if gutyhf;FjYf;Fr;
rkhe;jukhf <u kw;Wk; ,ilf; fhy epiyg;gpuNjr fhLfis
mopj;njhopj;J ,wg;gu; nra;if gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ. 1876
k; Mz;L fk;g`> n`duj;nfhl jhtug; g+q;fhtpy;
KjyhtJ ,wg;gu; fd;iw el;b Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,wg;gu;
nra;if ,d;W fPo; ehl;L kw;Wk; cg kiyg;gpuNjr
<uityaj;jpy; cs;s 133.668 n`f;lu; ahu; fhLfs; tiu
mopj;njhopf;fg; gl;L gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1948 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; tuz;l epyg;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s
mjpf mstpyhd fhLfs; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;L tzpf
gapu;r; nra;if vDk; mbg;gilapy; fUk;Gr; nra;if
gutyhf;fg;gly; Muk;gkhfpaJ. 1993 kw;WK; 1994 k;
Mz;L fhy fl;lj;jpy; tuz;l epyg; gpuNjrj;jpd; mjpf
mstpyhd fhLfs; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;L fUk;Gr; nra;if
ghupa mstpy; NkYk; gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;W ngy;tj;j>
`pq;Fuhd> nrtdfy> fe;jsha; > nkhduhfy kw;Wk;
mk;ghiu Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; 30.530 n`f;lu; ahu;
fhl;L epyq;fs; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;L fUk;Gr; nra;iff;fhd
epyq;fs; NkYk; gutyhf;f;fgl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F
mLj;jgbahf jw;nghOJ ,ilapilNa gpgpy gpuNjrj;jpy;
62.500 n`f;lu; ahu; epyg;gpuNjrk; fUk;Gr; nra;ifia
gutyhf;Ftjw;fhf jpl;lkplg; gl;L tUfpwJ. re;ijf;
Nfs;tp epiyNahL > ,r; nra;if NkYk; gutyhf;fg;gLk;
NghJ xU rpy tUlq;fs; nry;ifapy; kz; nropg;gw;Wg;
NghFk;> cw;gj;jpj;jpud; tPo;rpailAk;. mJ Nghd;w
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; fk;gdpfs; Kaw;rp nra;tJ Gjpjhf fhLfis
mopj;njhopj;J tpl;L gapu; epyq;fis fl;bnaOg;gp
cw;gj;jpia NkYk; cau;j;jpf; nfhs;tNjahFk;.
,d;W tzpf gapu;r; nra;ifahf Nrhsr; nra;if tuz;l
epyg; gpuNjrk; KOtijAk; Mf;fpukpj;J tUfpwJ.
fyg;Gg; gapu;r; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;j Nrid
gapu;r; nra;if epyq;fspy; ,d;W gapuplg;gLtJ Nrhsk;
kl;LNkahfk;. 1961 k; Mz;lstpy; 12> 957 n`f;lu; ahu;
fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;L gutyhf;fg;gl;l Nrhsr; nra;if
epyq;fspd; msT ,d;W 72> 390 n`f;lu; tiuapyhd
fhLfis mopj; njhopj;J gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
13
12 rpe;Jru
fhL mopg;G jLj;J epWj;jg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
2003 k; Mz;L mEuhjGuk; tpsr;rp vDk; gpuNrj;jpy; ghupa
mstpyhd kuKe;jpupifr; nra;if nraw;jpl;lnkhd;iw
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 20>000 k; n`f;lu; ahu; epyq;fis
ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhL
Rw;whly; mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd;
fLk; jhf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf mj;jpl;lj;ij jLj;J epWj;j
re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ. mjd;gpd; 2007 k; Mz;L gpgpiyg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; fUk;Gr; nra;ifia gutyhf;Ftjw;fhf
20>000 k; n`f;lu;ahu; epyq;fis mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Kaw;rp ,il epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
Rw;whly; kw;Wk; rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd; fLk; jhf;fq;fs;
fhuzkhfNtahFk;.
2011 k; Mz;L Nlhy; epWtdk; Nrhkhtjp Njrpa
tdg;g+q;fhtpy; ,Ue;Jk; 11.500 Vf;fu; epyj;ij ifg;gw;wp
Vw;Wkjpf;fhf nftz;b]; vDk; thio tifia
gapupLtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpia Rw;whly;
mikg;Gf;fspd; jiyaPl;bd; %yk; Njhl;fbf;f Kbe;jJ.
,d;W mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;L tUk; fhLfs;.
ePz;l fhyq;fs; ghJfhg;G gpuNjrq;fshf kf;fspd;
tupg;gzj;ijf; nfhz;L ghJfhg;gl;L te;j fhLfs;
cw;gl ,aw;if Rw;whly; fl;likg;Gf;fs; ,d;W
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
ahd; Xa ePu;ghrd jpl;lj;jpw;fhf 15000 Vf;fu; fhLfs;>
nkhuf`fe;j kw;Wk; fS fq;if gy;fhupa ePu;ghrdj;
jpl;lj;jpw;fhf 25000 Vf;fu; fhzpfs;> mk;ghe;Njhl;il
khtl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; ghupa mstpyhd
ghjfkhd mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf kl;Lk; 15000 k;
Vf;fu; fhLfs; KOikahfNt mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j midj;J tdg; gpuNjrq;fSk; ahidfs; elkhLk;
gpuNjrq;fshf cs;sd.
kj;jis tpkhd epiya epu;khz eltbf;iffSf;fhf 5000
Vf;fu; fhLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mLj;jgbahf
ru;tNjr fUj;juq;F kz;lgk;> khfk;Gu Jiw Kfk;>
#upantt ru;tNjr fpupf;fl; ikjhdk;> mk;ghe;Njhl;il
gupghsd $l;L> kpupr;rtpy KjyPl;L tyak; cw;gl #upa
ntt #upa mdy; kpd; epiyak; vd;gtw;wpd; epu;khd
eltbf;iffSf;fhf kPjpahf ,Ue;J te;j 10000 k;
Vf;fu; fhLfs; ntl;b mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf tl Nky; khfhzj;jpy; epyTk; ahid kdpju;
Nkhjy;fis tpl mjpfkhd Nkhjy;fs; mk;ghe;Njhl;il
khtl;lj;jpy; epytp tUtij fhz KbfpwJ.
jw;nghOJ tzpf gapu;r; nra;ifahf Nlhy;; epWtdk;
Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;fhf nftz;b]; vDk; thio tifia
tuz;l epyg; gpuNjrj;jpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;
gapuplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fe;jsha;> Flh xa> njNkhju> Gj;jis>
Nghd;w gy gpuNjrq;fspy; 5000 k; Vf;fu; fhLfis
ntl;b mopj;njhopj;J nfthz;b]; thior; nra;iff;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
nkjpupfpup – gpN]hGuk; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s %d;W ghJfhg;G
tdq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd 22> 260 Vf;fu; fhLfs; kfhntyp
mjpfhu rigapd; %yk; nkhuf`fe;j nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
mgptpUj;jp nra;J kf;fis Fbaku;j;Jtjw;fhf fhLfs;
ntl;b mopf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. mjw;fhf Ntz;b jw;nghOJ
rpe;Jru
,g;ghJfhg;G tdj;jpDy; ghij epu;khd eltbf;iffs;
cw;gl fhzp gfpu;T eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,t;thW mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtJ uy gdht
ghJfhg;G tdk;> tbdhntt ghJfhg;G tdk; kw;Wk;
vl;lk;g xah ghJfhg;G tdk; vd;gitfshFk;.
Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F
nrhe;jkhd tTdpah> Ky;iyjPT> kd;dhu;> mk;ghiu>
khtl;lq;fspy; tdg; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpd; fPo;
gupghspf;fg;gl;L tUk; 17 ghJfhg;G tdq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf
cs;s 16500 Vf;fu; fhLfs; ntl;b mopj;njhopj;J Gjpjhf
FbapUg;Gf;fis epWTk;> gapu;r; nra;if epyq;fis
gutyhf;Fk; eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
kupr;Rf;fl;b fubf;Fyp ghJfhg;G tdk;> fUq;fhypGuk;
ghJfhg;G tdk;> kL Njthya ghijNahu ghJfhg;G tdk;>
g+turq;Fsk; ghJfhg;G tdk;> $yh Kupg;G ghJfhg;G
tdk;> ehfd;Nrhiy ghJfhg;G tdk;. ,urd; Fsk;
ghJfhg;G tdk;> tlfhL ghJfhg;G tdk;> fhf;NfdpFyk;
fhL> ngupa kL fhL> xl;bRl;lhd; fhL> flw;fiuNahu
gj;J fhL> fubf; Fyp muRf;F nrhe;jkhd fhL> ryk;igf;
Fsk; fhL kw;Wk; ,Ustpj;j Fsk; fhL Nghd;w
ghJfhg;G tdq;fSk; muRf;F nrhe;jkhd fhLfSk;
,t;thW ntl;b mopf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhLfshFk;. tpy;gj;J
Njrpa tdg;g+q;fhtpw;F tl gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;js;s
khtpy;Y> ntg;ghy;> kupr;Rf;fl;b> fubf;Fyp> tpyj;jpf;
Fsk; kw;Wk; ngupa Kupg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;s
ghJfhg;G tdq;fspy; (,d;W ,e;j ghJfhg;G tdq;fs;
midj;Jk; khtpy;Y ghJfhg;G tdk; vDk; ngaupy;
gpufldg;gLj;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ) ,Ue;Jk; 3400 f;Fk; mjpfkhd
Vf;fu;fs; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;L kf;fis Fbaku;j;jpAs;sJ.
tTdpah khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s kpf tpN\l tdkhd
fUq;fhypGuk; ghJfhg;G tdj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; 5000 k; Vf;fu;
msT epyk; KOikahfNt ntl;b mopf;fg;gl;L ,yq;if
kfhntyp mjpfhu rig> rptpy; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;
kw;Wk; ,uhZtg; gilapdu; $l;lhf ,ize;J kf;fis
Fbaku;j;jp cs;sJ.
me;jkhd; Fsk; ghJfhg;G tdj;jpwF
; k; Nfhfpyha;
ruzhyaj;jpwF ; k; vy;iyahf mike;Js;s 6000 k; Vf;fu;
fhLfs; kfhntyp vy; tyak; vDk; ngaupy; mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhf jw;nghOJ fhl;il ntl;b Rj;jg;gLJ;Jk;
eltbf;iffSk;> murpay; ed;gu;fSf;F fhzpfis
gfpue; j
; spfF
; k; eltbf;iffSk; kfhtntyp mjpfhu rigapd;
%yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpwJ. jw;nghOJ ,uz;L
gpuNjrq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd fhLfs; mopff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ky;iyjPT khtl;lj;jpd; Ky;iy jPT gpuNjr nrayhsu;
gpupTf;F nrhe;jkhf cs;s gd;]y; fe;j gpuNjrj;jpy; 1000
k; Vf;fu; fhLfs; 25 Vf;fu; Jz;Lfshf Ntwhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhfpyha; fsg;gpwF ; tlf;fpy; mike;Js;s ,f; fhl;L
epyq;fs; tdpff; fhzpfshf milahsg; gLj;jp
kfhtyp mjpfhu rigapd; %yk; gy;NtW egu;fSf;Fk;>
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
n`yk;g Fsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nfhfpyha; fsg;G tiu
mike;Js;s kw;WnkhU 5000 k; Vf;fu; msT fhLfs;
jw;nghOJ kfhntyp mjpfhu rigapd; %yk; Nlh]u;
,ae;jpuq;fspd; %yk; ghijfis mikj;J mf;fhl;L
epyq;fis 25 Vf;fu; msT Jz;L Jz;Lfshfg; gpupj;J
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 14
13 is÷ir
jw;nghOJ ghupa kuq;fis ntl;b mfw;wp epy mikg;G
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtNjhL ntl;b
mfw;wg;gl;l kuq;fs; jPapl;L nfhOj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ntl;b Rj;jpfupf;fg;glTs;s fhLfs;
tpN\lkhf rPd epjp epWtdq;fspd; %yk; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;Ls;s fld; gzj;ij <L nra;tjw;fhf mk;ghe;Njhl;il
kw;Wk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; 15000 k;
Vf;fu; epyk; njhopw;rhiyfis ];jhgpg;gjw;fhf ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;f murhq;fk; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW Kf;fpakhf
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f jPu;khdpj;jpUg;gJ rpW tptrhapfSf;F
nrhe;jkhf cs;s gapu; epyq;fSk; Ngh\hf;F epiwe;j
tdg; gpuNjrq;fSkhFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf 1500 f;Fk;
Nkyhd FLk;gq;fSf;F njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; ,y;yhky;
nry;Yk; mghaKk; ghupa ePu; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;glf; $Lk;. mJ
kl;Lkd;wp epWtg;gLk; njhopw;rhiyfspd; %yk; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j kf;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;b
tUk;.
Ky;iy jPT khtl;lj;jpd; rk;gj;;Etu gpuNjr nrayhfg;
gpupTf;F cupj;jhd ,uz;L tdg; gpuNjrq;fs; kfhntyp L
tyakhf mgptpUj;jp nra;a jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. f[ghGu
gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;s Me;jk; Fyk; ghJfhg;G
tdj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhf cs;s 700 Vf;fu; fhL fpup ,g;gd;
ntt gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;s Ntg;gk; Fsk; ghJfhg;G
tdj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd 2000 fhLfisAk; mgptpUj;jp
nra;a jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb kfh ntyp L tyak;
vDk; ngaupy; ,uz;L ghJfhg;G tdq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf
cs;s 2700 Vf;fu; fhLfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl cs;sJ.
kfhntyp L tya mgptpUj;jpf;fhf gjtpa ghJfhg;G
tdj;ij KOikahf gad;gLj;j jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjd;gb gjtpa ghJfhg;G tdj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhf cs;s
31900 Vf;fu; fhLfs; ntl;b Rj;jfupf;fg;gl cs;sJ.
td ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2013-01-18 k; jpfjp 1793
/ 21 vDk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jypd;
fPo; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s gjtpa ghJfhg;G tdk; %d;W
khjq;fspd; gpd; 2013-04-29 k; jpfjp 1804 / 04 ,yf;fk;
nfhz;l tu;jkhdp mwptpj;jypd; %yk; ghJfhg;G tdk;
vDk; epiyapy; ,Ue;Jk; mfw;wp kfhtntyp L tyakhf
mgptpUj;jp nra;a kPsg; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tl khfhz jiyefuhf cs;s Ky;iyjPT gpuNjrj;jpd;
khq;Fsk; efiu mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf td ghJfhg;Gj;
jpizf;fsj;jpd; fPo; gukhupf;fg;gLk; gzpf;fd; Fsk;>
tz;zptpyhq;Fsk; kw;Wk; khq;Fsk; Nghd;w %d;W
ghJfhg;G tdq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd 7200 Vf;fu; fhLfis
(2900 n`f;lu;ahu;) tpLtpf;f jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 10000
k; Vf;fu;fSld; $ba (4100 n`f;lu;ahu;) khq;Fsk; efu;
mgptpUj;jp nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; gb ,e;j ghupa fhL xopg;G
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tpisTfs;.
jw;nghOJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; ,e;j moptpd;
ngWNgwhf tul;rp epiy fhuzkhf jz;zPu; gpur;rpid
cau;e;J nry;yy; cw;gl tul;rp epyTk; fhy fl;lk; MW
khjq;fis tl mjpf fhyq;fshf ePbj;jy; Kf;fp
is÷ir
gpur;rpidahFk;. FWfpa fhy fl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mjpf
kio tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf nts;sg; ngUf;F> kz; rupT
Nghd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; mjpfupf;Fk; xU epiyAk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ahidfs; cw;gl mjpmstpyhd td tpyq;Ffspd;
tho;tplq;fs; ,e;j ghupa mstpyhd fhL xopg;gpd;
fhuzkhf ,of;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;L cs;sikahy;
kdpju;fSf;Fk; ahidfSf;F ,ilNa epyTk;
Nkhjy;fSk;> td tpyq;FfSf;Fk; kdpju;fSf;FkpilNa
epyTk; Nkhjy;fSk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
rpW mstpyhd tptrhapfs; jkJ gapu; epyq;fspy;
,Ue;Jk; ntspNawpr; nry;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j gapu; epyq;fs;
ghupa mstpyhd tzpf gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf gy;NtW
fk;gdpfSf;F toq;ffg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,d;W ahid
kdpju; Nkhjy; fhuzkhf tUlnkhd;Wf;F kuzpf;Fk;
kdpju;fspd; msT 80 fTk; ahidfspd; epiy msT 275
fTk; cau;e;J nrd;Ws;sJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
mike;jpUg;gJ ahidfspd; tho;tplq;fshf cs;s
fhLfs; ntl;b mopg;glNyahFk;.
,d;W vQ;rpapUf;Fk; fhLfs;.
fhydpj;Jt Afj;jpy; mjhtJ 1881 k; Mz;lstpy;
,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J te;j fhLfspd; msT nkhj;j g+kp
mstpy; E}w;Wf;F 84% khFk;. 1900 k; Mz;by; ,jd;
msT 70% tiu Fiwe;J nrd;wJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
Nfhg;gp kw;Wk; Njapiyr; nra;ifia gutyhf;Ftjw;fhf
<utyag; gpuNjr fhLfs; mopj;njhopf;fg;glyhFk;.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; fhLfs; njhlu;ghf gue;j mstpy; Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ 1956-1961 k; Mz;LfspNyNaahFk;.
,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; ,aw;if fhLfspd; msT 44.2
k; my;yJ 28> 98> 842 n`f;lu;ahu;fnsd milahsk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. fhLfs; gw;wpa ghhpa jpl;lj;ij jahu;
nra;tjw;fhf 1982 – 1988 k; Mz;Lfspy; cyf czT
kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;Gf;fspd; %yk; Rje;jpuj;jpd;
gpd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l; ,uz;lhtJ td Ma;tpd; gb
,yq;ifapd; fhLfspd; msT 37.5 my;yJ 24> 88> 250
n`f;lu; ahu;fnsd mwpaf; fpilj;jJ. nyf; kw;Wk; [_
nty; vd;gtu;fshy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l tiuglq;fspd;
cjtpAld; tdg; ghJfhg;G jpidf;fsj;jpd; %yk; jahu;
nra;ag;gl;l gupghsd mwpf;iffspd;gb 1992 k; Mz;lstpy;
,yq;ifapy; cs;s fhLfspd; msT 31.2 my;yJ 20> 46>
598 n`f;lu; ahu; vd njupa te;jJ.
tdg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; 1996k; Mz;L
mwpf;ifapd;gb fhLfspd; msT 29.6 my;yJ 19> 42> 219
n`f;lu; ahu; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2010 k; Mz;L td
ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd; gb ,yq;ifapd;
fhLfspd; msT E}w;Wf;F 29.7 my;yJ 19> 51> 472 n`f;lu;
ahu; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j xt;nthU fw;iffspd;
NghJk; fhLfs; kw;Wk; fhLfs; gw;wpa ml;ltid
njhlu;ghf xU epge;jidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
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