THI: LCIU ANAL)’ST. V O L 40. N O 3 (MAY-JUNE 1949): P. 218-225: b FIGS.

: 2 TABLES

An Integrated Approach to Determine Shale Volume

and Hydrocarbon Potential in Shaly Sands
in the Gulf of Suez
C. M. Hamada’

clays) and “passive” shale (predominantly kaolinite and

ABSTRACT
One of the most controversial problems in for-
mation evaluation in the Nubian Sandstone of the
Zeit Bay Field, Gulf of Suez, is the shale effect in
the reservoir rocks. An accurate determination of
formation porosity and fluid saturation in shaly
sand is subject to many uncertain parameters. It is
necessary to integrate information from several
different log responses using various interpreta-
tion models and local knowledge in order to accu-
rately estimate the desired formation properties.
This note illustrates that a conventional approach
for handling the problem of shaly sand provides
accurate values of shale volume from different
shale indicator tools and thereafter a reliable effec-
tive porosity. Hydrocarbon saturation profiles
have been calculated using a laminated shale
model. The validity of petrophysical parameter
values estimated by this integrated approach is
confirmed by a comparison with petrophysical
properties measured on core samples collected
from shaly sand sections i n the same wells.
chlorite clays), each of which may be distributed as lami-
nated, dispersed, or structural “shale” (Figure 1 ). Active
shales have significant cation-exchange capacity (CEC)
while passive shales have essentially zero, or only very mi-
nor, CEC. Most of the shale-indicating instruments re-
spond to active shale, whereas only neutron instruments
respond definitively to passive shale. This means that the
latter type of shale is easily mistaken for sand on logs other
than the neutron. Regional experience is required to deter-
mine the mode of shale distribution.
A knowledge of shale volume is necessary to estimate
porosity from porosity log responses. Using a technique
that integrates several shale volume and porosity indica-
tors, the porosity associated with the shale volume is deter-
mined and used to reduce the logging instrument apparent
porosity response to an effective porosity value.
CLEAN LAMINAR STRUCTURAL DISPERSED
SAW SHALE SHALE SHALE

INTRODUCTION
Shale effect on various log responses is determined by
the type, volume, and the mode of distribution. of shale
(Schlumberger, 1987; Saner et al., 1994 ). For the purposes
of this study, I consider two types of shale: “active” shale FIG. 1:Forms of shale classified by mode of distribution.
(comprising predominantly montmorillonite and bentonite (Schlumberger, 1987)

Manuscript reccived by thc Editor February 1998; revised manuscript reccived January 1999.
1
Petrolcum Engineering Department. College of Enginccring. King Saud University. P.O. Box 800. Riyadh I 142 I . Saudi Arabia
Fonnerly of’ Pctroleum Engineering Department. Faculty of Enginccring, Cairo University. Giza. Egypt.
iC8 1999 Society of Professional Well Log Analysts. All rights rcserved.

218 The Log Analyst May-June 1999

 An Integrated Approach to Determine Shale Volume and Hydrocarbon Potential in Shaly Sands in the Gulf of Suez

DETERMINATION OF SHALE VOLUME Gamma Ray Shale Indicator

AND POROSITY
Shale volume in the Zeit Bay Field can be estimated us-
ing three techniques: the gamma-ray log, the resistivity log,
and the density-neutron log combination. Generally the
three techniques indicate three different shale volumes.
The minimum estimated shale volume from the three tech-
niques is used in the effective porosity estimation. This
minimizes any errors due to the possible existence of pas-
sive shales and radioactive sands. Figure 2 illustrates the
available log data for well 1.
Shale volume derived from the gamma-ray log is
(Dresser, 1982)
where IGR= (GR - GRclea,,) 1 (GRshaIe- GRclean)and where
GRcleanis the gamma-ray log response in clean sand,
GRshaleis the response in an adjacent shale layer, and GR is
the gamma-ray log response at the depth in question. The
presence of radioactive minerals can cause the shale vol-
ume so calculated to be too high, although this tendency is

10000

1000

100
E
:E
c
10
.-ul
In

u 1
a
0-1
11000 11200 11400 11600 llsoo 12000 12200 12100
11100 11300 11500 11700 11900 12100 i n--_-
nn
Depth O f t "
I.-.-.LLs -LLD --MSFL\

FIG. 2: Logging data for well 1

May-June 1999 The Log Analyst 219

 Hamada

reduced by the non-linearity of equation 1. To determine
the best shale volume estimate it is thus not possible to de-
pend only on the gamma ray response; use of independent
shale indicators to validate the gamma-ray response is pru-
dent. Figure 3 includes the gamma-ray log as the first step
in the shale volume estimation in shaly sand evaluation.
Resistivity Shale Indicator
The effectiveness of the resistivity instrument response
as a shale indicator depends on the contrast between the re-
sistivity response in shale and in a clean pay sand. Fertl
Input : Resistivity
-
Neutron Density logs...
( 1987) proposed a relation for estimating shale volume
from resistivity data,
where R,f,l,,is the maximum resistivity in clean pay sand. R,
is the shaly sand resistivity value at the depth of interest,
R,, is the resistivity of the adjacent shale layer and b is an
empirical constant. For the reservoir rocks studied, b was
taken as equal to 1.4 based on local experience. Depending
on the porosity, lithology, and water salinity (the average
value in the studied wells is 220,000 ppni NaCl equiva-
lent), different resistivity contrasts are normally seen
throughout the wells. This means that the calculated shale
volume from the resistivity method may be too high, too
low, or about right. Wells 1 and 2 were considered together
when selecting the values of R,f,,, and of Rrh.

+ Option ( N o ) The Neutron-Density Shale Indicator

+ Option (No) The neutron-density crossplot can be used to determine
shale volume and effective porosity i n a zone comprising
Option ( N o ) only active shales and sands. The presence of passive
shales or other reservoir rocks will result in too high an es-
timated shale volume, resulting in an underestimation of
effective porosity. Shale volume VslIand effective porosity
4 d 8, 4 n corrected from Shr
are calculated from the simultaneous solution of
II
@k.

@ ~ I c i r = @ P -k V d ~. @ d w J ~ , (3)
and
I 1g d 8 4-cnerroc
4
I $JflL~Jif = @c + VdJ ’ @n~ri,s,l (4)
Solve + d & + n Eqs. for g e &Vsh where and $ J l l e l i l are porosities calculated by the respec-
Ye5
tive tools assuming values of shale-free lithology for the
1 + d & o n corrected from Shr
matrix terms; @lfc,lsl, and @,I,,l,ISh are the porosities assuming
4
+ d & g n corrected from Vsh 100% shale i n the matrix values. Clearly, like the other
+
1 +e = +d++h 12
methods, the calculated shale volume can either be either
erroneously low or high, depending on the matrix values
ye5 4 chosen.
Yes 4 In hydrocarbon bearing shaly sand formations, the prob-
Solve Indonesea Eq. l o r Sw lem is further complicated by the effect of residual hydro-
carbon on the porosity logs. Therefore, the log porosities
Optlon (No) -I @~,c.,r and @ l I c I , , in equations ( 3 ) and (4) must also be cor-
rected for the effect of residual hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbon effects on the density log are accounted
for using (Schlumberger, 1967).
Moved HC :: + e ( S x o - Sw)
@<fell =

FIG.3: Flow chart of the used technique to evaluate shaly

sand.

220 The Log Analyst May-June 1999

 An Integrated Approach to Determine Shale Volume and Hydrocarbon Potential in Shaly Sands in the Gulf of Suez

where plnais the matrix density (g/cm3),P b is the density
log reading (g/cm3),phis the hydrocarbon density (g/cm3),
Rlnfis the mud filtrate resistivity (ohm-m) and R,, is the
flushed zone resistivity reading (ohm-m).
Hydrocarbon effects on the neutron log are accounted
for using (Dresser, 1982)
@nmt = This is illustrated by Figure 4.
,
I @netrt,app
( ( ~ - s , , . ) [ P , / . ( ~ - P ) . P ~- ,0 . 3 ] / p , , f ( l - ~ ) }
where pmfis the mud filtrate density (g/cm3),P is the mud
filtrate salinity (1O-6ppm NaCl equiv.) and @ne,,fapp is the
apparent neutron porosity response of the logging instru-
ment. Sh! is the saturation of hydrocarbon in the flushed
zone and is estimated for input into this equation.
The minimum shale volume from these three methods is
selected at each depth level. Figure 4 shows shale distribu-
tion profiles for wells 1 and 2. In determining effective po-
rosity in shaly sand, the characteristics of the shale and
shale volume must be known. The strongly laminated na-
Porosity L Sand and Shale ‘1.
0 0 0 0 0 0
o a N L i C b & b & . 5
0 0 0 0 0 0
ture of the reservoir is indicated by these shale distribution
curves.
Figure 4 shows the resulting porosity distribution for
wells 1 and 2, together with the final selected shale vol-
umes. In this particular case a simple average of the neu-
tron and density porosities [corrected for shale and
hydrocarbon by equations (3) through (6)], is adequate.
, (6) DETERMINATION OF WATER SATURATION
All shaly sand corrections tend to reduce water satura-
tion estimates relative to those which would be estimated
ignoring the shale effect. Over the years, a large number of
models relating fluid saturation to resistivity have been de-
veloped for shaly sands according to the mode of occur-
rence of the shale (i.e., laminated, dispersed, or structural).
These models each exhibit a shale term and a sand term.
The shale term may or may not be independent of the sand
term (Worthington, 1985). Of course, all the models reduce
to the limiting clean sand model when the shale volume is
insignificant. Thus for small shale volumes, all shale mod-
els should yield quite similar results (Simandoux, 1963;
Waxman and Smits, 1968; Poupon and Leveaux, 1971;
Clavier et al., 1977; Bussian, 1984; Schlumberger, 1987).
Local experience in the Gulf of Suez for wells 1 and 2
0 0 0 0 - suggested shale distributed in laminations. The Indonesia
0 d O O O
equation is used to estimate the water saturation in this
shaly sand case. The Indonesia equation (Poupon and
Leveaux, 1971) is

The Archie parameters a, m,and 12 are assigned values of

0.81, 2, and 2 based on local knowledge. Figure 5 illus-
trates water and hydrocarbon volume profiles derived from
this relationship for the reservoirs studied. For layers of
shaly sand (V,h less than 20%) the water saturation and hy-
drocarbon profiles are calculated and shown on the figure.
The effective porosity in equation (7) has been hydrocar-
bon and shale corrected according to the procedures out-
lined above in equations (3) through (6).

DETERMINATION OF MOVABLE
HYDROCARBON VOLUME
Well 2 Well 1
The ability of the mud filtrate to displace oil during the
I Sand UShole Porosity I invasion process implies that a formation exhibits perme-
FIG. 4: Porosity and shale volume for shaly sand sections ability to oil and that it could be a potential hydrocarbon-
in wells 1 and 2. producing interval. This ability is diagnosed by the differ-

May-June 1999 The Log Analyst 221

 Hamada

ence between the flushed zone saturation, S,,, and the vir-
gin zone saturation, S,,; the volume of moved hydrocarbons
is (S,,,- S,,,)$&..For S , , determination equation (7) is niodi-
fied to
core specimens are collected, stored, and tested at close to
in situ conditions. Thus, an essential step in obtaining core
samples from these formations is the use of special core
preservation techniques to minimize alteration from reser-
voir conditions. Eight core samples from well 1 and ten
core samples from well 2 were analysed to provide petro-

water and moved hydrocarbon volume

where the .YO subscript indicates flushed zone properties,
and mf'indicates mud filtrate. Figure 6 indicates the moved
hydrocarbon proportion for well 1.

COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED

AND MEASURED VALUES
Core samples were selected at the depths shown in Table
1 . Obviously. logs responding to formations in situ will not
agree with core measurements in the laboratory unless the

water M d hydrocarbon volume

" ' " g z g
- 4 z ! % o n o
watre and hydrocarbon volume
0
0
0
o
-
0
"0
N g0 : 0 :
0

FIG.5: Water volume and hydrocarbon volume for shaly FIG. 6: Water and moveable hydrocarbon volumes for
sand sections in wells 1 and 2. shaly sand sections in well 1.

222 The Log Analyst May-June 1999

 An Integrated Approach to Determine Shale Volume and Hydrocarbon Potential in Shaly Sands in the Gulf of Suez

TABLE1: Comparison between the computed and measured core sample values: effective porosity, shale volume and
water saturation for wells 1 and 2.
~ ~ ~~

Depth, ft Effective porosity (frac.) Shale volume (frac.) Water Saturation (fi-ac.)
Measured Computed Measured Computed Measured Computed
I

Well 1
11142 0.172 0.153 0.021 0.0267 0.112 0.109
11230 0.135 0.133 0.0142 0.0133 0.07 0.068
11540 0.13 0.122 0.15 0.1466 0.105 0.102
11635 NA NA 0.74 0.69 NA NA
11740 0.132 0.133 0.15 0.147 0.101 0.0138
12045 0.125 0.12 0.085 0.0867 0.24 0.208
12255 0.0921 0.104 0.129 0.133 0.131 0.144
12340 0.0891 0.0933 0.149 0.1533 0.181 0.169

Well 2
11430 0.118 0.123 0.092 0.0969 0.205 0.203
11550 NA NA 0.405 0.385 NA NA
11740 0.098 0.0923 0.081 0.0615 0.131 0.133
11910 NA NA 0.388 0.343 NA NA
12030 0.1 10 0.102 0.152 0.154 0.08 0.076
12130 0.172 0.176 0.241 0.246 0.071 0.049
12175 0.132 0.138 0.158 0.152 0.107 0.121
12250 NA NA 0.84 0.787 NA NA
12270 NA NA 0.76 0.692 NA NA
12350 0.134 0.1338 0.12 0.108 0.67 0.581

TABLE 2: Comparison between the average saturation values computed by clean sand equation and the used equation
for shaly sand sections in wells 1 and 2. The standard deviation is indicated by usws,.

Well No Clean Sand Equation Shaly Sand Equation Used

S," % &,?A
1 17.7 0.34 13.3 0.0725
2 16.1 0.38 11.2 0.0686

physical ground-truth to validate the accuracy of the log
analysis. The core sample descriptions, and analyses per-
formed by the Suez Oil Company, indicate that the core
sample lithology varies from shale to shaly sand. Table 1
contains the details of the sample measurements and corre-
sponding log analysis calculations. Core porosity was
measured using a gas porosimeter under conditions of
simulated overburden pressure. Log-derived and core:
derived porosity and shale volumes are consistent.
To measure core sample water saturation, core sample
R, is measured at the unknown saturation in the plug. For-
mation water resistivity (R,) is defined for a given forma-
tion water salinity (220,000 ppm NaCl equiv.) and
formation temperature ( 1 8OOC). Water saturation in the
plugs is estimated from S,,, = 0.81(R,/R,)/qj2 and is shown
on Table 1 compared to the log-derived estimates. The
source of the variation observed between core-derived and
log-derived estimates arises from use of different models,
differing vertical resolution of logs versus core plugs, and
core preservation conditions.
Table 2 shows the standard deviations and average wa-
ter saturations for the less-than-20% Vshintervals in the two
wells. The effectiveness of the shaly sand approach is seen
in the reduced standard deviation of the computed values
compared to those found from the clean sand equation. I
suggest that this result should be considered in selecting a

May-June 1999 The Log Analyst 223

 Hamada
method for the evaluation of any shaly-sand producing in-
terval. The comparisons shown in Table 1 confirm the ap-
plicability o f my approach, in particular, t o the
interpretation o f petrophysical properties in the Zeit Bay
Field.
CONCLUSIONS
Evaluation of shaly sands can be complicated. Shale in-
tluences all logging instrument responses and interpreta-
tion techniques. Regardless o f their basic assumptions,
most shaly sand models employ weighted averages to ac-
count for the relative contributions o f sand and shale to the
overall shaly sand response. The type, distribution mode,
and the volume o f shale in the sands should also be taken
into account during the log interpretation. An integrated
approach to determine shale volume and hydrocarbon po-
tential in shaly sands provides the important petrophysical
parameters: shale volume, effective porosity, water satura-
tion, arid movable hydrocarbon potential. My approach in-
tegrates all available information: log data, interpretation
models. and local knowledge. It provides a method that op-
timizes the input data, ensures quality control o f interpreta-
tions, and is easily extended to new logging instrument
responses and interpretation models. The accuracy o f shale
volume, effective porosity, and water saturation estimates
derived from the integrated approach is confinned by coin-
parison with the corresponding properties measured on
NOMENCLATURE
Tortuosity factor
Empirical local factor
Density log data (g/cm3)
Density o f hydrocarbon (g/cm')
Density o f mud filtrate (g/cm')
Density o f tnatrix (g/cni3)
Gamma-ray data (API)
Gamma-ray index
Cementation factor
Water saturation exponent
Not available
Salinity o f mud filtrate ( ppm NaCl equiv.)
Standard deviation in water saturation values
Resistivity of mud filtrate (ohm-m)
Resistivity o f shale bed (ohm-m)
Formation resistivity (ohm-m)
Flushed zone resistivity (ohm-in)
Water saturation
Flushed zone (filtrate) saturation
Hydrocarbon saturation
Porosity from density log data
Neutron log reading (fractional porosity units')
The Log Analyst
q5tlel,, Porosity from neutron log data
@ I2 Effective porosity
I;'.S/l Volume of shale
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the Suez Oil Company (SUCO) for releasing log and
core data, for core laboratory assistance and for permission to
.
publish this paper. I also thank Prof. A. M. Abouzeid Cairo Uni-
versity, for critically reviewing the tnanuscript and for technical
conversations.
REFERENCES
Bussian, A. E.. 1984, A Comparison of shaly sand models, paper
E, in 24th Annual Logging Symposium Transactions: Society
of Professional Well Log Analysts.
Clavier, C., Coates. G. and J. Dumanoir. 1977, Theoretical and
experimental bases for the dual water model for the interpreta-
tion of shaly sands, paper SPE 6859: Society of Petroleum En-
gineers, presented at 52nd Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition.
Dresser Atlas, 1982, Well logging and interpretation techniques,
Dresser Industrics, Inc.
Fertl, W. H., 1987, Log-derived evaluation of shaly clastic reser-
voirs: Joirrrial qf Petroleum Technology, February, 1987.
Poupon, A. and Leveaux J., 1971, Evaluation of water saturation
in shaly formations, paper 0, iri 12th Annual Logging Sympo-
sium Transactions: Society of Professional Well Log Ana-
lysts.
Saner, S., Cagotry, M. N., and AlFassail, Kh., 1994, Shaliness ef-
fect on the log-derived Archie M cementation factor: A study
of a Saudi Arabian sandstone reservoir: The Log Ana(yst. v.
35, 110. 6, pp. 16-27.
Schlumberger, 1967, Well Evaluation Conference, Middle East,
Schlumberger.
Schlumberger, 1987, Log Interpretation Principles/Applica-
tions, New York.
Simandoux, P., 1963, Mesures Dielectriques en Milieu Poreux,
Application a la Mesure des Saturations en Eau, Etude du
Comportement des Massifs Argileux: Revire dt. I 'Instifzrt
Frarictris dzr Petrole, Supplementary Issue ( 1963). (Translated
as "Dielectric Measurenients on Porous Media, Application to
the Measurement of Water Saturations on the Behaviour of
Argillaceous Formations": in Shaly Sand Reprint Volume.
SPWLA, Houston, pp. IV 81-95. July 1982.)
Waxman, M. H. and Smits. L. J. M., 1968, Electrical conductivity
in oil-bearing shaly sands: Socieh of Petroleirni Engineers of
.4IME Joirrnal, June 1968, pp. 107-1 22.
Worthington, P. F.. 1985, The evolution of shaly sand concepts
in reservoir evaluation: The Log .4nulyst, v. 26, no. 1, pp.
2340.
May-June 1999
 An Integrated Approach to Determine Shale Volume and Hydrocarbon Potential in Shaly Sands in the Gulf of Suez

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Gharib M. Hamada is professor of well logging and applied

geophysics at Cairo University, Egypt. Presently he works with
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Previously he worked with
Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 1996 to 1997 and for
Sultan Qaboos University, Oman from 1989to 1993. He obtained
BSc and MSc in 1975 and 1979 from Cairo University, Egypt all
in petroleum engineering and then obtained DEA and Doc. D’Ing
degrees in 1980 and 1983 from Bordeaux University, France in
applied geophysics. Hamada’s main research interests include
formation evaluation, production logging, and reservoir descrip-
tion. He is a member of SPWLA, SCA and SPE. Email: gaha-
mada@ksu.edu.sa.

Maydune 1999 The Log Analyst 225

High Minded Scholarship Built on a Crude Foundation

During a recent conversation on the difficulty in finding Eve also charted selected data captured in her table in
papers for The Log Anulyst, my colleague Eve Sprunt casu- two summary plots. The first (Figure 1) shows the number
ally remarked that it has seemed as if the proportion of pa- of papers trending downward from 199 1, but that propor-
pers submitted to TLA from authors outside the US has been tion of US-based authors remains a high percentage of the
steadily growing, and that in recent years the point had been total. These data are replotted in Eve's second graph (Figure
rcached where non-US authors are in the majority. My re- 2).
sponse was that this has seemed to be a trend in severaljour- The operative statistic would appear to be the interna-
nals that I receive including Geophysics and IEEE tional distribution of the membership. This is still approxi-
Trunsuctions on Antennas und Propugution. Eve volun- mately two-thirds in t h e U S and o u r papers are
teered to put together a survey of TLA papers since 1990. I approximately two-thirds authored by US residents. Proba-
pass the results along to you. bly part of the false perception that foreign contributions to
Eve writes: TLA are growing is that the US has recently benefited from a
significant brain-drain from other countries; many of the
Dave, surnames such as Shen, Chew, Hagiwara, Tabarovsky, etc.,
The survey didn't show what I thought it would. now belong to US citizens and residents.
The spreadsheet (Table I ) reflects the domicile of the Logging being the technical contribution to the oil indus-
authors at the timc their papers were written (as determined try pioneered within France, and outside of it by its French
from affiliation or the biography). I ran statistics based on
the domicile of the first author. If you count USSR/Russia
as one country, 22 countries are represented by first authors.
Only the US and UK have had papers every year in the sur- TABLE 1
vey period. The Canadians are the fourth most prolific first Number % Oil
authors followed closely by the French. However, the Ycar ofPapers USA USA UK Canada Othcr Pricc
French authored papers every year from 1990 through 1 994,
but none since then. Does The Log Anulyst need to reach out 1998 25 60% 15 2 1 7 $13.50
to French authors? Special issues tend to be dominated by 1997 15 73% 11 3 1 $17.00
USA authors. Should there be a special issue spearheaded 1996 18 78% 14 I 1 2 $ I 8.00
by a European'?
1995 23 48% 11 4 2 6 $14.50
On a percentage basis, the low year for USA papers was
1994 20 60% 12 1 7 $14.00
1995, but the peak year was 1996. Combined the two years
were just below average, 0.61 versus 0.67. The number of 1993 28 68Yo 19 1 4 4 $14.25
papers published has gone through some major short-term 1992 34 76% 26 4 4 $16.00
swings. 1991 45 67% 30 2 1 12 $16.50
Eve 1990 19 74% 14 2 2 1 $20.00

Location of First Author

50 30%
45 80%
40 70%
35
30 50% Papers
25
20
15 30%
10 20%
5 10%
0 0%

FIG. 1 FIG. 2

226 'The Log Analyst May-June 1999

 Survey Results

inventors, TLA is the poorer for not having any recent con-
tributions from France. Come you heirs of Clavier, Du-
manoir, Tixier, Poupon, Guyod, and the Schlumbergers
themselves, the pages of The Log Analyst are waiting to re-
ceive your work.
The shape of Eve’s second graph got me to wondering
whether the price of oil was a significant predictor of the
number of publications in TLA. I did a search on the Internet
feeding the search engine “Oil Price.” The result was a nice
article with many graphs relating various quantities, such as
rig count and oil price, as functions of time. I added the
rightmost data column to Eve’s table. A most interesting
graph of this data is shown in Figure 3.
For some reason the number of papers by US authors
more closely parallels the oil price than the total number of
I $21
Oil Price vs. # Publications
papers. One can see the decline the fortunes of the business
in the early 1990s were followed by the output of papers by
a two year delay. The stealth miniboom the industry experi-
enced beginning in 1994 resulted in a significant boom in
publications after a three-year delay. For the most recent
price crash, oil price and scholarly output are almost per-
fectly synchonized.
In my last few editor’s column I have shamelessly solic-
ited papers from the membership of the SPWLA (and any-
one else with suitable material). The message in the chart
may be that until the price stabilizes at a level that allows a
decent return on capital risked, scholarship in the oil patch
is going to continue at a low rate, and TLA will consequently
have some “low volume volumes.” Still, I urge you, and I
urge you to urge your colleagues, write up that result you’ve
been sitting on for years. Now is a good time for us to bring
the documentation of our craft up to the same high level of

802
quality that is typical of its daily practice in the field and in
our laboratories.
$20 WDK
$ $19 70 4
--C Oil Pnce
F $18
$17 Oil Pnce
2 $16 %
- USA
4 $15
’ $14
$1 3
50 %

$12

I
1990 1882 1894 1886 1988
Year

FIG. 3

May-June 1999 The Log Analyst 227

Chapter News
Edited by Vicki King
Denver Chapter
The speaker for the March meeting was James Mullarkey
(Westport Oil & Gas Co, Inc.), who give a talk on “Low
Contrast, Low Resistivity, Upper Cretaceous Hydrocarbon
Reservoirs in the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming,
USA.” The 1999 DWLS Log Analysis Seminar was held
March 18 and 19. William Donovan (Automated Mudlog-
ging Systems), gave a talk on “Determining Coal Gas Con-
tent Using Mudlogging Methods” at the April meeting.
Fort Worth Chapter
Richard Odom (Computalog Research) was the speaker
for March. His topic was “Cased-hole Lithology and Den-
sity Measurements.”
Houston Chapter
March meetings featured the following speakers and top-
ics:
Westside-Bob Skopec (Independent Consultant), “Res-
ervoir Evaluation and Data Integration in Horizontal Well-
bores.”
Greenspoint-George Coates (Halliburton Energy Serv-
ices), “Using the MRIL in Formation Evaluation.”
Downtown-Xiaoming Tang (Baker Atlas), “Dipole
Acoustics: Applications in Various Disciplines.”
April tneetings featured the following speakers and top-
ics:
Westside-Paul Worthington (Gaffney, Cline and Asso-
ciates), “Value-additive Petrophysics in Integrated Reser-
voir Studies.”
Greenspoint-Dave McNaughton (Mincom Petroleum
Technology), “Productivity Prediction from Well Logs in
Variable Gain Size Reservoirs.”
Downtown-Kenneth Henry (International Consultant),
“Advancements in Wireline Technology - Past, Present and
Future.”
The 1999 Spring Symposium on “Examining Net Pay
Determination Using Conventional and Unconventional
Techniques” is planned for Tuesday, May 18, 8:00 a.m. -
4:OO p.m.
London Chapter
February’s speaker was Dale Chenery (Stimlabs) who
spoke on “Formation Damage.” A one-day meeting was
228 The Log Analyst
held in March, the theme was “Petrophysical Input for Res-
ervoir Simulation: asking the right question.”
Moscow Chapter
The talk at the February meeting was given by A. A. Ta-
bakov (Moscow, Central Geophysical Expedition) and V.
N. Bandov (Oktjabrsky, Bashkirija, Institute of Logging)
who spoke on “VSP (Vertrical Seismical Profiling)-new ap-
proaches and acheivements.”
New Orleans Chapter
The March meeting featured Tom Maher (Shell Off-
shore, Inc.) who presented “Inflow Fluid Typing in
Screened Horizontal Completions Using a Pulsed Neutron
Holdup Imager.” Paul Worthington (Gaffney, Cline and As-
sociates), gave a talk on “Recognition and Development of
Low-Resistivity Pay” at the April meeting, A day-long sym-
posium is planned for the final meeting of the 1998-99 sea-
son, on May 20. The theme will be a “Cutting Edge
Symposium.”
New Orleans Chaptcr appreciation awards wcre givcn by Sheng
Ding (1997-98 Prcsident) to major sponsors and contributors. Left to
right: Tim Kliberl (Divcrsificd Well Logging), Mike Sparacino (ac-
ccpting for Paul Bienevuc), James Dwyer (Baker Hughes INTEQ),
Shcng Ding (formerly with Shell, currently with Enron Oil & Gas ln-
tcrnational), Jcff Corski (Schlumbergcr), Tommy Johnson (Hallibur-
ton) and Craig Mucller (Baker Atlas).
San Joaquin Chapter
Ahmed Badruzzaman (Chevron Petroleum Technology
co.) gave a talk on “Pulsed Neutron Technology in Oil Field
Management: Progress and Challenges” at the March meet-
ing.
Norwegian Chapter
The January, February and March speakers and topics
were, Wendell Menard (Conoco Norway), “Revealing the
Petrophysical Properties of Thin Bedded Rock in a Norwe-
May-June 1999
 Chapter News

gian Sea Reservoir by the use of Logs, Core and Miniperm
Data”; February, Craig Keinitz (Schlumberger), “Use of
Azimuthal LWD Data for Comprehensive Formation
Evaluation” and March, Jim Galford (Halliburton), “A New
Characterization of Bulk Volume Irreducible Using Mag-
netic Resonance.”
Tulsa Chapter
The Tulsa chapter celebrated the fortieth anniversary of
the society’s founding at the regular monthly meeting at the
Tulsa Petroleum Club. The SPWLA was founded in Tulsa in
March 1959. The meeting was attended by members of the
Tulsa Chapter, nine members of the SPWLA Board of Di-
rectors and special guests. Five former Presidents; Bill Belk-
nap (second President) retired from Phillips, Joe Owen
(fourth President) retired from Phillips, Tony Messineo
(sixth President) retired from ARCO, Erwin King (twenty-
second President) retired from ARCO and Wallie Souder
(twenty-fifth President) with Phillips.

Joe Owen, fourth President Bill Belknap, second Presi-

dent

Tulsa Chapter: Jay Patchett Tony Messineo, sixth President

gives a toast to the SPWLA’s
40th year.

May-June 1999 The Log Analyst 229

New Members
February 20, 1999.to April 16, 1999
Algan, Ugur, Ilex Technologies Ltd., Doma Farm Nursery, Lam-
pool Corner, Maresfield E. Sussex, TN22 3DR United King-
dom
Baranyi, Peter, Geoinform Ltd., 8800 Nagkanizsa, Var Ut 8 Hun-
gary
Bootle, Richard, PGS Reservoir (UK) Ltd., PGS Thames House,
17 Marlow Rd. Maidenhead Berks, SL6 1AA United King-
dom
Carroll, Richard, 31 Gannet Hollow Place, The Woodlands, TX
77381 USA
Chandler, Richard, Numar Corporation, 508 Lapp Road, Down-
ingtown, PA 19335 USA
Chapin, David, LaCoste & Romberg LLC, 4807 Spicewood
Springs Rd., Bldg. 2, Austin, TX 78759 USA
Cranfield, Colin, 15 Pleydell Ave., London, W6 OXX United
Kingdom
Davis, Nathan, Colog, 17301 W. Colfax Ave., Suite 265 Golden,
CO 80401 USA
Decoppet, Francois, P.O. Box 793, Youngsville, LA 70592 USA
Dunoiu, Daniela, 173 Carol I Blvd., Campina 2150 Prahova Ro-
mania
Eiane, Tor, Baker Hughes INTEQ, Ekofiskveien 1 4056 Tananger
Norway
Elseth, Trym, Saga Petroleum ASA, Kjorboveien 16 Postboks 490
Sandvika, 1301 Norway
Fan, Shihong, Xian Petroleum Exploration, Instument Complex
No. 8 Hong Zhuan Nan Lu Xian Peoples Republic of China
Fishburn, Todd, Unocal, 14141 SW Freeway Sugar Land, TX
77478 USA
Henri-Pierre, Valero, Schlumberger K.K., Interpretation Product
Line 2-1 Fuchinobe, 2-Chome Sagamihara-shi Kanagava-
Ken, 229 Japan
Hveding, Frode, Saga Petroleum ASA, P.O. Box 117 Giodes Et
Dalen 8 Stavanger, 4033 Norway
Janardhan, K., Halliburton Logging Services, India Ltd. 6 Local
Shopping Complex Pushp Vihar, Madangir New Delhi, 110
062 India
Jaspers, Johannes, NAM - The Netherlands Dobbenwal 88 9407
AH Assen Netherlands
Kenny, Wilfred, 108 Merchant Blvd., Apt. 32 Lafayette, LA
70508 USA
230 The Log Analyst
Lean, Jonathon, PGS Reservoir (UK) Ltd. PGS Thames House 17
Marlow Rd., Maidenhead Berks, SLG 1AA England
Li, Anzong, Xian Petroleum Exploration Instrument Complex 8
Hang ZhuanNan St. Xian, 710061 Peoples Republic of China
Malinowsky, Kirk, NuTech Energy Alliance, 7702 FM 1960 E,
Suite 324 Humble, TX 77346 USA
Marc, Fleury, Institut Francais Du Petrole, 1 Et 4, Avenue De Boris
- Preau 92852 Rueil - Malmaison France
Mitchell, Alan, Elf Exploration Production, Well Construction
Avenue Larribau 64018 Pau Cedex France
Padilha, Solon, SchlumbergerWireline & Testing, Rua Da Assem-
bleia 98 - 17 Andar, CEP20011-000 Rio De Janeiro Brazil
Rademaker, Thijs, Halliburton Manufacturing and Services Ltd,
Halliburton House, Pitmedden Road Pitmedden Road Indus-
trial Estate Dyce, Aberdeen AB21 ODB United Kingdom
Robertson, Bruce, Schlumberger, 3300 North A Street Building 4,
Suite 200 Midland, TX 79705 USA
Seccombe,James, BP Exploration 900 East Benson Blvd. Anchor-
age, AK 99519-6612 USA
Seeberg, Tnne, Saga Petroleum ASA, P.O. Box 490 Sandvika,
1301 Norway
Shi-Qi, Wu, Production Logging Research Institute, 4 Xiliu St.
Longgang Region Daqing City Heilongliang Province
163453 Peoples Republic of China
Shim, Douglas, P.O. Box 2026, Bandar Seri Begawan, BS 8674
Brunei Darussalam
Smith, Lonnie, Unocal Corporation, 14216 Horse Shoe Bend,
Conroe, TX 77384 USA
Smith, Donald, 408 East Martial Ave. Lafayette, LA 70508 USA
Tilley, David, Baker Atlas, 201 Energy Parkway, Suite 305, Lafay-
ette, LA 70508 USA
Tsin, Benjamin, 1408 Sherwood Forest, Houston, TX 77043 USA
Volokitin, Yakov, SIEP - RTS Volmeerlaan 8, P.O. Box 60 2280
AB Rijswijk Netherlands
Vrind, Barbara, Halliburton, Reservoir Description Halliburton
House, Pitmedden Road Pitmedden Industrial Estate Dyce,
Aberdeen AB2 1 ODP Scotland
Yan, Guang, Xian Petroleum Exploartion Instrument Complex No.
8 Hong Zhuan Nan Road Xian, 7 10061 Peoples Republic of
China
May-June 1999
I
Proposal for Amendment to SPWLA Articles of Incorporation
The Board of Directors of the SPWLA requests your vote
on the following important issue that could affect the opera-
tion of the Society. A ballot for this purpose will be mailed
to all SPWLA members in good standing later in the year.
This article serves as notice to the SPWLA membership
that the Board of Directors has approved bringing this issue
to the membership for a vote. The Board of Directors recom-
mends that you vote for the proposition.
Article VI states “In each case where the election results
cause a single company to be represented by more than two
electees, the electees to the two highest offices shall be in-
stalled; each other office of the case shall be filled by the
highest runner-up from a company not already represented
by two installed officers.”
The proposal is to change “two” to “three” electees.
The purpose of the change is to allow more flexibility for
the nominating committee. It is becoming extremely diffi-
-k 1(
i b
3Li
March board meeting in Tulsa, President Allen Gilchrist (left) and
President-Elect Gary Beck.
May-June 1999 The Log Analyst
cult for the nominating committee to fill a slate without the
possibility of ending up with three people from the same
company being elected. In many instances the nominating
committee would like to nominate a third person (who is
willing to serve!) from one company for a position. How-
ever, given the rule, we are extremely reluctant to nominate
three because if all three people from the same company
were elected, only two could serve. Given the industry con-
solidations that have occurred over the past several years, it
is now almost impossible to fill the slate without nominating
three people from the same company.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully submitted,
Eric S . Pasternack
Vice-president Finance, Secretary and Administration
- -
Vice-president Publications David Kennedy (left) and Director Joe
Beck at the March board meeting.
231
 Instructions to Authors and Guidelines
for Manuscript Preparation
(Revised May 1, 1999)
POLICY
TheLog Analyst publishes original contributionson theoreti-
cal and applied aspects of formation evaluation, particularly
well logging and petrophysics. Case histories and interpretation
papers are of special interest. Contributionsmay be in the form
of Articles, Reports, Notes, Review Papers and Tutorials, and
Discussions or Replies; they are accepted on the basis of quality
and significance of subject matter, clarity of expression, and
compliancewith The Log Analyst guidelines. Letters to the Edi-
tor are also accepted.
TYPES OF CONTRIBUTIONS
Articles are comprehensive papers on new interpretations or
methods of analysis of well log data, new information or ap-
proaches to theoretical or applied topics, new instrumentation,
or new research methods. Conclusions are firmly based on work
reported in the paper. Speculation is kept to a minimum.
Notes are shorter technical reports of preliminary discover-
ies, speculative hypotheses, new techniques, or new instrumen-
tation. Based on mathematical derivations or empirically
derived data, these manuscripts are brief, to the point, timely,
and of general interest.
Discussions are comments on Articles or Notes published in
The Log Analyst and may offer useful additional information. A
copy is provided to the author of the original paper for the op-
portunity to prepare a Reply. Discussionsand Replies should be
offered by commentators and received by authors at a suitable
technical level. Eschew any appearance of ad hominen argu-
ment in discussion and replies. Remember that experts can and
do disagree.
When sending a Letter to the Editor, indicate if it is for publi-
cation.
WRITING YOUR ARTICLE FOR THE LOG ANALYST
The technical journals of the world are filled with poorly
written and therefore deservedly obscure papers. At The Log
Analyst these are referred to as inscrutablepapers; these are arti-
cles beyond the reach and endurance of readers who might oth-
erwise be interested in their topics. They must be read
repeatedly and often and using references in order to fathom
their message. At The Log Analyst inscrutablepapers are the en-
emy. The purpose of writing a technical paper is to communi-
cate (not obfuscate) ideas to an audience. Part of the audience,
of course, will be your colleagues working in your field and fa-
miliar with the techniques and jargon of your discipline. You
should also keep in mind that you are making a permanent rec-
232 The Log Analyst
ord of your work, one that will be archived in the libraries of the
world and that may be referred to by students and scholars un-
known to you, some as yet unborn. This is the audience that you
should aim to communicate with. To write effectively you
should first introduce your subject and describe why your work
was needed. The body of your article should describe your
methods and results. Finally, you should discuss the signifi-
cance of the results and summarize the paper.
Organization
Your finished article should be structured around a format
that includes seven elements: a title, and abstract, an introduc-
tion, a description of methods, a description of results, discus-
sion of the significance of the work, and a summary or
conclusions section. There is latitude in selecting subtitles in the
description of methods and results, but the abstract, introduc-
tion, and summary or conclusion section should be so named.
Title. Your title should evoke an accurate image of your
work in each of your reader’s mind’s eye. There is nothing to
prevent creativityor even a touch of poetry in crafting your title,
using imagery as vivid and bold as you and your topic can sup-
port. Succinct and vivid titles will be remembered. However,
your paper must deliver on what your title promises. The last
question you should ask yourself before submitting your manu-
script for review should be-Does my manuscript deliver what
my title promises? If not, work some more on the title.
Abstract. Your abstract will represent your work to many
more people than will ever read your paper, therefore craft it
carefully. Your abstract is a very short version of your paper. Its
purpose is to briefly introduce why your subject is worthy of in-
terest including its areas of uncertainty, one of which your paper
will illuminate. Then move to the significant findings, conclu-
sions, and the consequences of these conclusions for your tech-
nical community. You should avoid phrases such as “it is shown
that” and “is discussed”; assert your points in direct declarative
sentences. Avoid the use of equations. Limit the abstract to 250
words or less.
Introduction. Many readers will expose themselves only to
your introduction and your conclusion section. Others may read
past the introduction if the introductionis successful in explain-
ing why the problem you are reporting on is interesting. Use this
section to introduce your reader to the imperatives that impelled
you to do the work. Briefly explainthe history of the problem in-
cluding references to previous work. This is the place where
connections to related problems can be made. After reading this
section the audience should be able to explain what work you
have done and why you have done it.
May-June 1999
I
 Instructions and Guidelines to Authors
Methods. In some cases the paper will be about a method. If
you have developed a new method and applied it to illustrate its
usefulness your paper will be of this type. In these cases it is
proper to present the method in detail. In other instances, the
method used in your work is not original per se, but was used to
obtain a new result. In these cases, detailed discussion of the
method would detract from the chain of thought you are linking
for the reader; these details should be relegated to an appendix.
In either case, the description should contain enough detail to al-
low the work to be repeated by a competent and diligent reader.
Results. Explain your results. Results are often summarized
graphically or in tables. Such graphs and tables should be sup-
ported with enough text to illuminate their content and signifi-
cance. In this section you can direct the attention of the reader to
various subtleties and caveats in your data.
Discussion and Conclusions. In a very real sense these last
two items are the heart and soul of a paper. There are many
styles that work equally well at this point in a manuscript. How-
ever, many papers fail at this point so I offer some constructive
comments for you to consider in crafting these sections. Al-
though in some cases one may wish to omit an explicit Discus-
sion section in favor of a more lengthy Conclusion section, the
discussion section is used to convey the significance of your re-
sult; how does your result illuminate the problem stated in your
introduction?; how does it relate to other similar work in the
field?; can your result be used to make a new connection be-
tween disciplines? A Conclusion section should begin with a
paragraph summarizing of your work-this is for readers who
will sample only the Introduction and the Conclusions before
deciding to read your paper. Follow this with the main points to
be drawn from your work, avoid redundancy but the Conclusion
need not necessarily be brief. Describe how well the study ob-
jectives were met. If there are logical conclusionsthat need to be
drawn they should appear here. Discuss new problems that have
arisen as a result of your study and/or future work that might be
done to further the development of understanding in your topic
of study.
General Caveats
Equations. If your paper contains equations, use an equation
editor to create them. If you do not have access to an equation
editor then write them out longhand approximately as they
would appear when typeset. Do not type your equations using
Fortran-like conventions (e.g., E = m * c ** 2 ;c = 2 * pi * rho).
In some cases your copy editors and you may agree on the visual
appearance of equations so specified, but in general you should
assume the copy editor and typesetter are not familiar with
mathematics and equations and you must leave no doubt as to
how your equations should look. Your manuscript may be re-
turned to you for revision before the commencementof peer re-
view if your equations are not perfectly clear to the editor.
Bullets and item numbering. Do not use “bullets” and use
specific enumeration sparingly. Although “bullets” are now
very common in presentations your paper is a narrative and you
are not required to make your point in a single abbreviated line
of text as on a slide-you have the luxury of full blown prose.
May-June 1999 The Log Analyst
Enjoy it. Compose a topic sentence for a paragraph and then
write the paragraph. Similarly,enumerated items should have a
fair amount of discussion in order to justify their use. For lists
without much discussion just use a simple list. Consider
whether a table would meet the needs of your exposition.
Topic and subtopic headings.Headings should be followed
by some reasonable amount of discussion. If you find that each
of your headings merits only a sentence or two, this is an indica-
tion that you are merely enumerating items with headings; con-
sider a table instead.
Author’s Editing and Revision-Preparing for Peer Re-
view. After preparation of a draft manuscript the author should
put his manuscript out to sympathetic colleagues with the re-
quest that the manuscript be thoroughly and critically, even bru-
tally, evaluated; then be prepared to receive criticism and use it
to improve the paper. This should be repeated until the manu-
script is judged as good as it can be. A paper vetted in this way
may spend considerably less time in peer review than an uncri-
tiqued paper.
Although the membership of the SPWLA is international,
The Log Analyst is an English languagejournal. Authors, what-
ever their native languages and their level of fluency in English,
will want their contributionsto The Log Analyst to be in English
of the highest caliber. For co-authored papers, the native Eng-
lish speaking co-authors, if there be any, should take charge of
the revision process at this point. For this large subset of papers
the native English speakers on the writing team can save incal-
culable time in the copy editing process by editing the paper for
high quality English prose before submitting the paper for peer
review. This seems obvious but is not done in many cases.
At the end of your writinglcritiquing process a scrutable
manuscript should be submitted for review. Inscrutablenessre-
maining in the manuscript will be removed by the process of
peer review and copy editing.
PUBLICATION PROCEDURE
Manuscript Submission
1. Submit only papers written in English.
2. Submit only papers that are unpublished and are not under
consideration for publishing elsewhere.
3. Papers appearing in preliminary @reprint) form in meeting
transactions or proceedings and not yet formally published
are acceptable.
4. Identify papers presented orally with date and location of
presentation.
5. Submit five copies of the manuscript and figures (see
MANUSCRIPT SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMAT and
FIGURES AND TABLES for requirements) to the Editor of
The Log Analyst (Vice-president, Publications) or the
SPWLA business oftice.
6. Provide a mailing address, email address (if available),tele-
phone number, and facsimile (FAX) number for correspond-
ing author.
233
 Instructions and Guidelines to Authors
Review and Copyediting Process
Final acceptance is at the sole discretion of the Editor with
the advice and consent of his associate editors and reviewers.
Manuscripts that do not comply with The Log Aiialyst guide-
lines may be returned to the corresponding author with a request
froin the Editor for compliance prior to review. The manuscript
is sent out for review, first to an associate editor competent in the
paper’s subject; the associate editor then will forward the manu-
script to three reviewers also competent in the paper’s subject
iiiaieflai. Tiie may contrjlo.ute to the review
his discretion, and will adjudicate the interests of authors and re-
viewers as required. Finally, The Log Atialyst editor will review
the revised manuscript. No paper will be published without
prior review of at least three peers including the chosen review-
ers, the associate editor, and the editor. At least two ofthese shall
be members of The Log Andyst Publication Committee. Re-
viewer’s comments and suggestions accompany the author’s
notification of the decision on acceptance.
Manuscripts are copyedited after acceptance.
The corresponding author receives one set of page proofs to
check for typographic errors and to answer queries from the
copy editor. The Publication Editor reserves the right to accept
or reject changes in proof.
I . Keep corrections in the proof to a minimum; authors may be
charged for excessive proof corrections that differ from their
accepted manuscript. Some corrections may result in serious
delay in publication.
2 . Return proofs to the Managing Editor within 48 hours of re-
ceipt; tardiness in returning proofs delays publication.
3. Complete and return the reprint order form, sent to authors
with page proofs, with the proofs.
Manuscripts are usually published in the order of receipt of
an accepted final version. Manuscripts and figures are not re-
turned.
Copyright Transfer
Copyright law requires a copyright transfer be obtained from
authors of papers published in The Log Analyst. Copyright
forms must be signed and returned by the corresponding author
before publication is scheduled.
Printing Costs
The Log Analyst requests voluntary page charges of $75 per
page. Costs of any special printing, such as foldouts or color, are
borne entirely by the author.
MANUSCRIPT SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMAT
Hard Copy
All text (including footnotes and references). tables, and fig-
ure captions must be double-spaced. Type must be letter quality
using typewriter-style or Times-Roman fonts, or desktop-
published material must be at least 10-point type on 24-point
leading ( 3 lineshnch). Number pages consecutively from Ab-
stract to References.
234 The Log Analyst
Electronic Diskette
The Log Ancilwt encourages contributions submitted on ei-
ther 3%- or 5%-in. electronic diskette; also provide five hard
copies of text, figures. and tables. Authors should remove all
tabs, formatting codes, and indentations. There should be no
hard carriage returns except at ends of paragraphs. Double
space between paragraphs.
Preferably, authors should save files to PC-compatible disk-
ettes in PC format. ASCII is acceptable but MS Word docu-
ments are easiest for our print shop. Label diskettes with name
of file, software, hardware. and operating system (MS-DOS or
PR-DOS). Save illustrations to TIF. WMF, EPS, CorelDRAW,
or Adobe Illustrator files.
MANUSCRIPT ORGANIZATION AND STYLE
I . Indicate professional affiliation for each author under the ti-
tle.
2. Organize as listed: abstract (required for Articles, but not for
Notes, Discussions. or Replies), body of text (introduction.
methods or techniques, results, interpretation or discussion,
conclusions, etc.), nomenclature, acknowledgments, refer-
ences, appendices, tables, figure captions, figures, brief
paragraphs about author entitled “About the Author.” A
glossy portrait-type photograph of each author showing head
and shoulders should accompany the manuscript. Color or
black and white photographs are acceptable; passport or i n -
stant prints are acceptable. Digital images made by scanning
photos are not acceptable but itnages made using a digital
camera are okay.
Nomenclature: Papers using extensive abbreviations, acro-
nyms, and symbols require a separate section for definition.
Avoid extensive use of abbreviations or commercial acronyms.
Refer to Glossary of Terms and Expressions Used in Well Log-
ging, 2nd ed., SPWLA, 8866 GulfFreeway. Suite 320, Houston,
TX 77017.
References: List all published works cited in the text alpha-
betically by author and then chronologically. If there are two or
more papers by the same author(s) in the same year, add lower-
case letters after the year: Jones (1989a), (Jones, 1989b). When
citing references in text, list chronologically: (Smith, 1957;
Jones et al., 1988; Jones, 1989). Do not use abbreviations in ti-
tles of articles, books, or journals. Use the following format:
author, year, title, volume, number, pages. Refer to manuscripts
in preparation and personal communications as such in the text
and do not include in the references section.
Books
Beinkafner, K. J., 1988, Coniputer processing of dipmeter
log data; enhancement of a subsurface exploration tool, in D. F.
Merriam, ed., Ciweiit trends it?geonintlienzatics: Plenum Press,
New York, p. 181-206.
Joirrwals
Dupree, J. H., 1989, Cased-hole nuclear logging interpreta-
tion, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: The LogAnalwf, v. 30, no. 3, May-
June, p. 162-177.
May-June 1999
 Instructions and Guidelines to Authors
Published meeting transactions or proceedings
Khokar, R. W., and Johnson, W. M., Jr., 1989, A deep later-
olog for ultrathin formation evaluation, paper SS, in' 30th An-
nual Logging Symposium Transactions: Society of
Professional Well Log Analysts, p. SS1-10.
Woodhouse, R., and Kerr, S. A., 1988, The evaluation of oil
saturation through casing using carbodoxygen logs, SPE-
17610, in SPE International Meeting on Petroleum Engineer-:
ing, Proceedings:Society ofpetroleum Engineers,p. 62 1-632.
Unpublishedmeeting papers
Hsu, K., Brie, A., and Plumb, R. A., 1985,A new method for
fracture identification using array sonic tools, SPE-14397: So-
ciety of Petroleum Engineers, presented at 60th Annual Techni-
cal Conference and Exhibition, 8 p.
About the Author: Briefly outlines education, career ac-
complishments and contributions, professional position, and
work on current projects.
Measurement Units: SPWLA prefers metric units but ac-
cepts either English or metric units. When using English units,
provide conversions to metric units in parentheses.
Style Guides: For discussions on how to prepare a scien-
tific/technicalpaper, SPWLA recommends the CBE Style Man-
ual, Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 9650 Rockville Pike,
Bethesda, MD 208 14 and Geo-writing-A Guide to Writing, Ed-
May-June 1999 The Log Analyst
iting and Printing in Earth Science, American Geological Insti-
tute, 4220 King St., Alexandria, VA 22302. The Chicago Man-
ual of Style,University of Chicago Press, 580 1 South Ellis Ave.,
Chicago, IL 60637 is an excellent reference for general writing
style and grammar.
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure captions should explain succinctly what each figure
illustrates. Figures, together with captions, should be under-
standablewithout reference to text. (For an example ofthis style
of captioning see any figure caption in any article in any issue of
Scientific American)
1. For initial manuscript submission, send photocopies of
camera-ready figures and tables. Format individually, 20 x
25 cm (8 x 10 in.) without captions; do not integrate into text.
Traditionallydrafted figures are acceptable, but hand-drawn
figures and lettering that are not of publishable quality are
unacceptable.
2. Number figures and tables.
3. List figure captions separately following the text.
4. Submit originals of photographs and micrographs. They
should be well contrasted; arrows, letters, and numbers
should be inserted. Micrographs must have an internal mag-
nification marker (bar scale) and magnification stated.
235
 SOCIETY O F PROFESSIONAL WELL LOG ANALYSTS, INC.
8866 Gulf Freeway. Suite 320, Houston, Texas 77017
USA
(713) 947-8727 FAX (713) 947-7181
Instructions to Applicants for Membership (Retain this sheet)

1. Please read the instructions listed below very carefully before completing the attached application fonn. 2. Deterniine the class of member-
ship for which you believe you are qualified. 3 . Complete the application following the instructions. 4. Mail the completed application with
payment for the initiation fee and 1st year dues to the above address.

Summary of Membership Requirements and Dues

(See Instructions A, B, C, below)

Class Member Junior Member Associate Member

General Actively engaged in formation evaluation Actively engaged in forination evaluation Shall by profession. affiliation or ahidlag
tluougli oii3Iysis of well logs and lor through analysis ofwell logs aiid /or interest meet the purposes of the
Qualification relaled well data. related well data corporation

Years of active practicc:

may include four years
of college (See amended Nine Four NIA
Articles of Incornoration)
~~~

References required One SPWLA Member One SPWLA Member One SPWLA Member

Initiation Fee $20.00 $20.00 $20.00

Annual Dues
$50.00 $50.00 $50.00
(Includes The Log ..lrirr(i>sf)

A. Qualifications for Adniissions

Read carefully the qualifications for membership. Article V. Section 2 , of the Amended Articles of Incorporation. (See reverse side of this page.)

B. Professional Record
Give detailed information. keeping in mind the class of membership for which you believe you are qualified. (Use another sheet if needed.)

C. References
As the Board of Directors places substantial reliance on reference approval, the processing of your application may be delayed until the qualified refer-
ence approval has been obtained. You should ask one SPWLA MEMBER to act as a reference, reminding them of the periods of your association with
them. This Member should have PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE of periods during which you perfomied responsible work calling for independent judg-
ment i n the application ofwell log and related data. It is highly desirable that your reference examine the facts which you have entered on the application
and then complete a reference line with signature under Part C. If the reference signature is missing, the Membership Committee may need to refer the
application to the reference. (Please include the complete name and mailing address of any such reference.) If you are unable to secure a SPWLA Meni-
ber reference, you may request a responsible person who can vouch for your qualifications to act as a reference. In this case, please include with your ap-
plication a letter to the Board of Directors explaining this irregularity.

236 The Log Analyst May-June 1999

 AMENDED ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
of
SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL WELL LOG ANALYSTS, INC.
ARTICLE V
This corporation is formed exclusively for scientific purposes, and there-
fore has no stated capital and no capital stock. Each Member, Honorary Mem-
ber, Senior Member, and Junior Member shall have one vote in the election of
directors of the corporation. All rights and powers vested in stockholders un-
der the Oklahoma Business Corporation Act (18 O.S. 1961, Secs. 1.1 through
1.2501, except those powers and rights which are inconsistent with the pur-
poses of this corporation as set forth in these Articles, shall be vested in the
members of the corporation. The following provisions shall govern the classi-
fications, qualifications, reinstatement, ethics, and expulsions of members of
this corporation:
Section 1- Classifications
Membership in the organization shall be divided into six categories on the
basis of experience and degree of participation. They shall consist of
1. Members
2. Honorary Members
3. Senior Members
4.Junior Members
5. Associate Members
6. Student Members
Section 2 -Qualifications
A. Members
1. They shall be actively engaged in formation evaluation through
analysis of well logs and/or related well data; or actively engaged in
the research, development, or application of fomiation evaluation
technology.
2. They shall have a minimum of nine years professional experience in
areas as defined in Article V, Section 2.A.1 above; however. each
year of the study of science or engineering at a university, college
or institute satisfactory to the Board of Directors, up to a maximum
of four years, may be counted as professional experience.
3. All charter members are Members.
B. Honorary Members
The Board of Directors may elect to honor Members who have
made outstanding contributions to the cause or science of well log
analysis by awarding them the classification of Honorary Member.
C . Senior Members
Senior Member status may be granted by the Board of Directors at
the request of any Member or Associate Member who has attained the
age of 60 and has been a member of the Corporation for a minimum 6f
15 years.
D. Junior Members
1. They shall be actively engaged in formation evaluation through
analysis of well logs and/or related well data; actively engaged in
the research, development, or application of formation evaluation
technology.
2. They shall have a minimum of four years professional experience in
areas as defined in Article V, Section 2.D.1 above; however, each
year of the study of science or engineering at a university, college
or institute satisfactory to the Board of Directors, up to a maximum
of four years, may be counted as professional experience.
May-June 1999 The Log Analyst
E. Associate Members
They shall by their profession, affiliation, or abiding interest, meet
the purposes of the corporation.
F. Student Members
They shall be enrolled in a college or university satisfactory to the
Board of Directors.
Section 3 - Privileges
A. Members may vote and hold office, and hold committee membership
on all committees.
B. Honorary Members may vote and hold office, and hold committee
membership on all committees. They are exempt from payment of
dues.
C. Senior Members may vote and hold office and hold committee mem-
bership on all committees. Dues for Senior Members shall be no more
than one-half the dues of Members.
D. Junior Members may vote but shall not hold office. They may hold
committee membership on all committees except the Nominating
Committee.
E. Associate Members shall not vote or hold office. They may hold com-
mittee membership on all Temporary Committees except the Nominat-
ing Committee.
F. Student Members shall not vote or hold office or hold membership on
any committee.
Section 4 - Election
A candidate for membership shall submit a formal application on a form
authorized by the Board of Directors. The application shall be reviewed by the
Membership Committee. The Membership Committee shall investigate the
qualifications of each candidate and shall make recommendations for approval
to the Board of Directors. Election shall be declared on approval of the candi-
date by two-thirds of the Board of Directors.
Section 5 - Change of Classification
The Board of Directors, generally at the request of the Membership Com-
mittee, will change the classification of any member to conforni to his current
qualifications. Change of occupation does not disqualify a member classifica-
tion once approved.
Section 6 -Reinstatement
Any former member desiring reinstatement to membership shall submit to
the Vice President-Membership a letter stating his professional experience
since termination of membership. Dues for the current year plus a reinstate-
ment charge of one-half the initiation fee shall accompany such letters. Rein-
statement is accomplished after recommendation by the Membership
Committee and approval by two-thirds of the Board of Directors.
Section 7 - Ethics
All members must maintain the highest standards of business ethics, per-
sonal integrity, and a professional conduct. They shall conform to the Articles
of Incorporation and By-Laws of the corporation.
Section 8 - Expulsions
Any member who, after due investigation, is found guilty of violating any
of the standards prescribed in Section 7 of this Article may be suspended, rep-
rimanded, allowed to resign, or expelled from the corporation by the Board of
Directors.
237
 AP BLICAT10 N F0R MEMBERSHI P

$:Y,Societvo f Professional Well LOPAnalvsts

J J J U J
.&( 8866 GULF FREEWAY, SUITE 320. HOUSTON, TEXAS 77017 * (713) 947-8727 FAX (713) 947-7181

I I FOR MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE USE

VISA 0 MASTERCARD 0

SEND INITIATION FEE AND DUES WITH APPLICATION

EXPIRES I
I[ NAME
DATE APPROVED BY COMMITTEE
NUMBER

Chapter Affiliation Desired:

(State Active Chapter)
I DATE ELECTED BY BOARD

MEMBERSHIP CLASSIFICATION

CREDIT APPLICATION TO: DATE ELIGIBLE FOR RECLASSIFICATION

(From Junior Member to Member)
(Print Reference Member's Full Name)

Member 0
A 1 desire admission into the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts. Inc., in class of
Junior 0
for which I am qualified by requirements of the SPWLA Amended Articles of Incorporations. Associate 0
I subscribe to the following record and if elected to any class will be governed by the Amended Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws
of the Society as long as I continue a member. I furthermore agree to promote the objects ofthe Society so far as shall be in my power.

I.
First Name Middle Name surname t h a c t l y BE to appcar on membership tenificac)

*.
9
Address lor Mail and Publications

3.
Cumpmy by Wlioni Presently Employed 'Area Code Offire Phone

4.
Addre\r ~ifC'ompany(ifdillerenl from Item 2'1 above t Phone Number Fax Number

5.
I h w Address (ifdifferent trom Item 2 above)

6.
Title of Your Current Position Name of S U ~ C N I S N

7.
wmer
Dale of Binh Citizenship

8.
College or University Lacntiun Dates Altrndcd

9.
Dxr of tiradudtion Hlghest Degree Major

Signature in Ink Dale

238 The Log Analyst M a y J u n e 1999

 Application for Membership

B PROFESSIONAL RECORD OF
Please Print Your Name

I Dates of Each
Position
XVE IN SEQUENCE AND IN COMPLETE DETAIL
game and location of Employer - Title of Position - Descriptions of duties, giving
:vidence of responsible work and use of independent judgement. For each position Time, Yrs.
From To ndicate experience with analysis of well logs or related data, or research, development,
Mo. Yr. Mo. Yr. md application of formation evaluation technology.

Total Years Work Experience

Total years of active practice

in formation evaluation technology.

REFERENCE (See instruction C on page 1 regarding the signature of a reference)

1. Yrs.
Print Name Membership Signature Known Applicant Classification
Number Recommended

Company Address

May-June 1999 The Log Analyst 239

 Application for Student Membership

( Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, Inc.

To the Board of Directors

Society of Profcssional Well Log Analysts, Inc.

FOR MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE
8866 Gulf Frceway, Suite 320 Date Approved by Committee:
Houston, Texas USA 77017 Date Elected by Board:
Tclephone (713) 947-8717; Fax (713) 947-7181

Date:

I desire admission into the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, Inc.. in the class of Student Member. for which I am qualified by rc-
quirements of the SPWLA Fifth Amended Articles of Incorporation. 1 am enclosing the sun1 of US $20 for the annual dues.
I subscribe to the following record, and if elected to membership, will be governed by the Fifth Amended Articles of Incorporation and By-
Laws of the Society for as long as I continue as member. I furthermore agree to promote the objectives of the Society so far as shall be i n my
power

Signature in ink
I.
Suniaine First name Middle namc Date of birth Srx
-.
I

Mailing address
3.
Telephone Fax
4.
Place of hirth
5.
College or university now attending Location Major subject
6.
Freshman Sophoniore Junior Senior Graduate Shident Expected date of degree
1st Year 2nd Ycar 3rd Year 4th Year
(Check one)

I.
Namc of faculty sponsor Title
8.
Sponsor’s mailing address
9.
Signature of sponsor Date
10.
Remarks by student

11.
Remarks by sponsor

Instructions
I , Student Members of the Society shall be a student in good standing enrolled in an undergraduate or graduate program at a recognized univer-
sity or college working toward an engineering, geoscience, or related degree. They shall not vote, hold office, or hold membership on any
committee in the parent organization. The annual dues for Student Members is US $20. There is no initiation fee.
2 . Thc objectives ofthe Society are to advance the science offormation evaluation through well logging and petrophysical techniques; to de-
velop the proper application of these techniqiics to the exploratioii for, and exploitation of. gas, oil. and other minerals; to disseminate infor-
mation relating to formation evaluation, log analysis, and associated technologies; and to inspire and maintain high standards ofprofessional
and ethical conduct on the part of its members professionally engaged in these endeavors.
3 . Understanding the above items ( 1 ) and (3).complete the application form with student and sponsor information and signatures. Send the ~ 0 1 1 1 -
plcled form to the above address.

240 The Log Analyst May-June 1999

 Established 1982

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ADVANCED LOG ANALYSIS
DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
DOS, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS NT, SWNOS, SOLARIS-2, HPWPJBMAIX

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Tel: 44-1223421-548 Fax:: 421-546
Email: louis@petrologic.co.uk
DIGITAL PETROPHYSICS INC.
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Petroleum House Bakersfield,
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3NP (P.T. BARATA NUSATAMA PRIMA Tel: (618) 9470-5004/ 470-5006
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Fax: (618)9470-5003 Houston, Texas 77043
Email: cdp@techpkwa.curtin.edu.au Tel: (713) 461-4467
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Fax: (713) 461-1762
Tel 62-21-252-2369 Fax 520-1049
MALAYSIA MIDDLE
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I
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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SERVICES DIACOMP # 505.665 8th St S.W.

DATAMINDASDN BHD
12-D. SNC Plaza, Blue Area
28 1 Lomng 6C 91 Taman Shamelin
Perkasa Cheras. 56100 Kuala Lumpur -
Islamabad
Malaysia Pakistan
Tel: 92-51-210-029 Fax: 273-920
Tel: (603)987-8981 Fax: 981-6820
Email: pes@pesma.sdnpk.undp.org
Carrera 20 No 84-36
Santa Fade Bogota
Colombia
Tel: (571) 257-7299 Fax: 257-7364
diacomp@anditel.andinet.lat.net
Calgary. Alberta -
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TeVFax: (403) 265-5077
Email : menardb@ibm.net