.6.

Key
to

Senior Course of

English Composition

BY

f]. C. NESFIELD
AUTHOR OF * SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION,' ETC.

ico

[ACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON

Price i/ net.
 KEY
TO

SENIOR COURSE OF

ENGLISH COMPOSITION

BY

J. C. NESFIELD
AUTHOR OF 'senior COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION,' ETC.

MAOMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

ST. MARTIN'S STEEET, LONDON
1917
First Edition 1903
Reprinted 1909, 1917
 CONTENTS
PAGE
Exercise on Chapter II. pp. 32-40 5

III. pp. 45-48 . . . . . 10

Exercises on Chapter IY.

I. To eliminate superfluous words, pp. 58-60 . . 12
To correct examples of over-brevity, pp. 60-63 12
II.

III. To condense sentences, pp. 63-65 .... . .

13

Exercises on Chapter Y. pp. 81-91.

(a) Impressiveness by change of order, pp. 81-84 . . 15
(b) ,, repetition or recapitulation, pp.
84-86 17
(c) Supplying needed words or recasting the construction,
pp. 86-91 .18
....
. . . . . . .

Exercise on Chapter YI. pp. 95-102 21

Exercises on Chapter YIII. pp. 117-123.

(a) Conversion of sentences from Loose to Periodic,

pp. 117-119 25
{h) Subdivision of a sentence into two or more sentences

pp. 119-123 . .27

S
 ;

EXERCISE ON CHAPTER II.— Pages 32-40

Improve^ if necessary, the perspicuity of the following sentences: —

1. As China will trust no mandatory from Europe and considers the
exaction of the indemnity an act of Adolent oppression, and as Europe
will not again enter that country with a composite army to enforce its
claims, we should not be surprised if the indemnity were by degrees
whittled away until only a moderate annuity remained to be paid.
2. Nothing gave greater or juster offence in this country than the
characteristic, etc.
3. There is not a word in it but what the author religiously
believes.
4. Two senses are possible :
— (1) I therefore differ from . . Mr.
.

B., who sees no objection, etc. ; (2) I therefore ditier from . . . Mr. B.,
and see no objection, etc.
5. Not only did he court the favour
of the people as a comedian and
a singer, but he needed their support as a bulwark against, etc.
6. ... a complete defeat sustained by Germany, etc.
7. It is greatly to be desired that theie shall be as little connection
as possible between members of the Cabinet and companies or firms
regularly employed by government or regularly taking government
contracts.
8. Even when we come to a writer so deliberately Irish as T. Moore,
he never thinks of writing anything but classical English. To write
a poem in the Irish dialect, as Tennyson did in the Lincolnshire,
T. Moore would have thought exceedingly vulgar.
9. .more in awe of them than of the omnibus conductor, etc.
. .

10. If the League were not attended with open agrarian crime,
this fact would be one of the best proofs that it was not a mischievous
conspiracy, destructive of the well-being and peace of the community.
11. Is it unreasonable to ask the Chancellor to pause before pro-
ceeding farther with this duty and withdraw it at least for a period,
so as to allov/ time for a full and impartial inquiry into its probable
effect on the trade and shipping of the Empire ?
12. The population of Chicago will probably be announced soon
after that of New York, and the statistics relating to other cities will
be pushed forward as rapidly as possible. No estimates for any of
the cities are given out in advance of the completion of the final count
but the idea has already got abroad in Philadelphia that the population
of New York will be shown to be greater than that of Chicago.

5
6 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
13. It is very difficult, at least for outside observers, to understand
the precise relation between Jews and Mohammedans. Though in
some places, as for instance in Morocco, the Jews are horribly
(cruelly) persecuted, they are, we imagine, held to be nearer to the
ruling caste in Mussulman countries than they are held to be in any
Christian country, etc.
14. The Austrian aristocrats have no enthusiasm for the Alliance,
because they are proud, etc.
15. There are two kinds of deer from the same region, one of which
does and the other does not accommodate itself to life in Western
Europe, —
a contradiction which upsets all our notions of natural
history.
16. . which the Clericals and other adversaries of the Republic,
. .

etc. (As it stands, it might mean "the adversaries of the Republic and
of the Clericals.")
17. It is perishing, not from the cause alleged, but from the deadly
respectability, etc. {Instead should not be used adverbially as it is in
the present passage. The o/" which follows must be construed not with
"instead," but with "perishing").
18. No individual owns estates the land is either forest, or com-
;

munal holding, or Tundra, i.e. the free wandering ground of the

Samoyede and his reindeer.
19. When a spring of water first breaks through a small hole, the
hole may be stopped by a man's fmger but when the hole has become
;

large, it cannot be stopped by the foot of an elephant.

20. ... to envenom the feelings of the Chinese people. (We can
hardly speak of envenoming a movement. Substitute pretexts for
levers. The latter word causes confusion of metaphor.)
21. . Public opinion, no less than the influence of governing
. .

bodies and of headmasters, would be strong against such interference.

22. He was not a hermit of asceticism, but a saint of the practical
type, combining, etc.
23. This personage was Hanan or Annas, son of Seth and father-
in-law of Kaiaplia. Hanan was formerly the High Priest, etc.
24. . guilt is more likely than misfortune to meet, etc.
. .

25. ( Which, and which, though coupled by the conjunction "and,"

refer to different antecedents.) There is political corruption, etc. . . .

for a war which ended thirty-three years ago. This pension-list, though
its fraudulent character has been exposed, passes Congress without a
word.
26. For one man who cannot absolve himself to pretend that he
can absolve another is a manifest absurdity, especially as the pretender
himself is not merely in the same condemnation, but on account of
his blasphemous assumptions is in a far greater one.
27. What we have to do with Russia or any other country is to
discard prejudice and endeavour to put ourselves in its place. {Pre-
judiced judgments is a tautological phrase. There is no antecedent
which justifies the use of their.)
28. One constantly hears it said by persons who work among the
classes educated at the elementary schools and who judge by personal
contact with individuals, that they cannot trace any general improve-
ment of character among the students.
29. Answer. I think he ought to be allowed to conceal his identity.
 EXERCISE ON CHAPTER II 7

But I also think he would naturally come under the penalty that he
could not go into the court to enforce his copyright.
30. Full confidence is felt that the British Government will act
fairly, making some compromise whenever such a course is likely
materially to assist the Uitlanders, but making no surrender of Sir A.
Milner's cardinal points.
31. The meeting was characterised throughout by marked hostility
to the English. (It looks at first as if throughout was a preposition
followed by ''meeting" as its object.)
32. . They had not been gone more than a minute, when the
. .

jewellers received, etc.

33. . the laws that M. Lebon has outraged.
. .

34. After the marriage ceremony a reception was held at 18 Cadogan

Square, the residence of Mr. and Mrs. F. Yilliers, the former being
uncle to the bride.
35. . how the enemy obtained their guns and their trained
. .

gunners, French and German.

36. . is alleged to have secured Delagoa Bay and other Portu-
. .

guese territory south of the Zambesi, etc.

37. With their advent robberies in hotels and flats began to
increase in the metropolis and have gone on increasing.
38. . with mails, thirty-seven first-class passengers, and a full
. .

cargo of fruit.
39. . .the Lord Chief Justice stated that he would instruct them
.

that the fact of no coal having been worked would not justify their
deciding against the defendants.
40. . outside the confines of Russia to Cronstadt, where he
. .

lives.
41. (The antecedents of which, to which are not the same.) It is
to celebrate the anniversary of the birth of a great nation, of one —
of those nations, which together make up a great empire, greater than
the world has ever seen before, —
the empire to which we are all so
proud to belong.
42. . . . has its own medical staff and equipment complete, the
efficiency of which
tested before embarkation. is
43. . steel wheels than wooden ones.
. .

44. William Pitt entered the House of Commons without money

and without political interest. {Interest without the addition of
"political" might be understood in connection with money.)
45. , owing to the wide difierences of feeling in the different
. .

provinces.
46. . . . and from these towers armed bodies of retainers issued
forth, etc. (The insertion of towers serves to separate "these" from
"armed bodies.")
47. . and in spite of nearly two millions of extra expenditure
. .

on military defences.
48. What is wanted to make efficient that civilian control of the
War Office, which we regard as absolutely necessarj^ is an expert head
of the army, who is directly under the Secretary of State, receives
orders from him, and sees his policy carried out, but who is otherwise
supreme in the military department.
49. . . . if only the Ottoman Government could realise its duty
and not show itself the unworthy heir, etc.
8 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
50. They will tolerate in any one whom they respect differences of
opinion on the most important subjects, — such differences as on the
Continent, etc.
51. It would be necessary to try some new man ; but as the throne
of Servia is not very tempting to any Prince who dislikes dependence,
and as the man selected must have some ability if he is to get along
at all, the choice would be a difficult one.
52. The chief fault of the book is its lack of such homely simplicity
of description as would impress one with the reality of the narrative.
53. . .where the Mac Somethings, to the number of above two
.

hundred men, had taken refuge from their foes, etc.

54. .applications to bankers for loans.
. .

55. A curious feature, if I may say so without impertinence, in

American commercial men is that they not only have a great faculty
for acquiring money, but a great contempt for money itself except as a
means for making more and for the exercise of power.
56. .a brace of heroes and another of heroines.
. .

57. Their hopes might resemble ours, etc.

58. .the admiration felt by every one for a splendid house full
. .

of treasures of art and set in the finest of gardens and parks, and more
especially felt by a population, etc.
59. .an important plea from the pen of A. Lusignoli for the
. .

emancipation of women.
60. .will find in La Reforme Sociale an exhaustive study, etc.
. .

61. The selection by the Queen Regent of Spain, etc.

62. Were he the bugbear of the Dutch-speaking population that he
'

is represented to be by the wire-pullers here and at home, the wire-

pullers at home would hail his return with satisfaction.
63. Such men there were in the past, etc.
64. Ministers carried all the groups into which the vast amount
of undiscussed supplies had been distributed, and carried them by
majorities, etc.
65. but the moment that the Opposition said a word, etc.
. . .

All experience shows that, alone and unassisted, they cannot

66.
deal with the difficulties of housing.
67. France no less than the rest of the world has forgotten Poland.
68. The British chaperon has left us, we are assured, only for a
time. We devoutly hope that the assurance is warranted but left
;

us she has.
69. adapt themselves to the altered necessities which the de-
. . .

velopment of mechanism has brought about.

70. One was £20,000, and the other about £30,000, in advance of
the Berlin firms.
71. detested him for having once been a Socialist, etc.
. . .

72. ... at her having eloped and lived with Wickham a fortnight
before the nuptials took place.
73. The old Mother of the world stands beside her with relentless
purpose. Knowing that the moment conies in every woman's life,
when she wakes from the dream of never falling in love, mother
Nature gives back the fetters which the woman has thrown away, etc.
(The ambiguity of the original arises from the uncertain reference of
she in ''she knows" and "she has thrown away.")
74. continuing without a remonstrance to do business, etc.
. . .
 EXERCISE ON CHAPTER II 9

75. , B. is to be discharged c n Wednesday.

. ,

76. . too deeply imbued v/itli its political constitution, especially

. .

in its relation to the army, to change the character of its army.

77. . between Russians and British and between British and
. .

French.
78. ... a necessity not merely of the party but of the nation.
(Or say, —not merely a party necessity, bat a patriotic one.)
79. . . . and this is more than can be said of the British Parliament.
80. . . . are determined to set upon the Queen's husband in battle,
wherever he may be, and either to slay, etc.
81. . . . it requires to be stated that the consecration has been
carried out in the face, etc.
82. . . . which have grown up since Fielding died and since we
have all become, etc.
83. . . . is the best proof that Peter was not in Rome at all.
84. . . . all persons outside the British army, who, among other
things, destro}^ bridges, etc.
85. ... I maintain that these departments were not found wanting.
86. These different Parliaments, scattered as they are all over the
world, —are we to see them drawn once more in some nearer bond ?

87. (Two senses are possible — "the questions of theatre-building

:
(1)
and of lighting and machinery respectively" (2) '*the questions of
;

theatre-building and lighting and of machinery respectively.")

88. . and these high rates made the Jews unpopular.
. .

89. She herself finds that the most objectionable feature of the
Chinese is their utter want of respect for women.
90. General S. showed them that British soldiers could not only
meet an enemy whose numbers were superior, but, etc.
91. He does not know how to spend well the money that he knows
so well to earn.
92. . .the names of things of which a brief conversation shows
.

them to be ignorant, etc.

93. Concord may best be obtained not by accusing dissenters of
unfaithfulness to tradition, but by appealing to them to recognise the
historic Episcopate as the best rallying- point for all Christians.
94. In my view St. Paul was a Jew who believing that it was
practicable to make the faith of Israel the possession of those that
were not of his own blood, was so inflamed with this new idea that
he made a tremendous compromise with the faith itself.
95. . .without, until very recently, giving rise to any suspicion
.

of their enormous size.

96. . .caused the great men to swear allegiance to Edward in
.

his absence, so that Edward's reign, etc., the last king former kings
;

had counted the date of their accession from their coronation.

97. . he considers it quite possible that General J. may assist
. .

the President on the spot with his advice.

98. London is in many respects far behind the other great cities of
—
the world, and one point of inferiority by no means the least annoying
— is the inadequacy of the arrangements for keeping, etc.
99. To the west of them their lost positions which would have
given them a safe refuge to the great hills, etc.
100. With regard to the first issue —
that of making provision for
—
the war it would seem that when once the real difficulties of the case
10 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
were realised (and tliese came as a surprise on men of all parties),
everything necessary and possible was done and is being done.
101. ... an attempt should be made to send out children as
emigrants and settle them in South Africa.
102. will maintain a bigger racing stable in America than has
. . .

ever been established in England.

103. The nation has to compare carefully and deliberately His
Majesty's present advisers and their measures with any more or less
coherent, etc.
104. . it had left somewhat hurriedly, etc.
. . which
105. the relations between the American and British Consuls
. . .

and naval commanders on the one hand, and the Russian adminis-
trators of the port on the other, etc.
106. and Turkey cares nothing about the Persian Gulf.
. . .

107. the problem is still with us and bristling with difficulties.

. . .

108. And yet history shows that Victoria in her early days owed
much of her development to the older colony, Tasmania, which, if it
supplied, etc.

EXERCISE ON CHAPTER III.— Pages 45-48

1. retire by lapse of time, etc.

Four District Councillors
2. . . . who
died about a dozen years before he did. ("Pre-
decease," however, though not a simple or common word, is useful and
is gradually coming into vogue.)
3. ... as having died in 1034.
4. ... it is not picturesque and not always accurate.
5. .which I am thankful to say he condemned altogether.
. .

6. .the same failure to picture to the mind the men, etc.

. .

("Visualise," however, though not common, is coming into use,

because a stronger word than " imagine" is needed.)
7. . . having it, etc.
. dislike not
8. .were and still are sheep-farmers and stock-breeders, etc.
. .

9. The by-ways of the antiquary and the book-fancier, etc.

10. and those who make a comparative study of proverbs will
. . .

not neglect, etc.

11. without a revolution when the rates go up.
. . .

12. but may buy in open market, and especially, etc.

. . .

13. The practice seems to have fallen into disuse, etc.

14. the opportunity of appeasing these elements, etc.
. . .

15. he praised Mahommed up to the skies.

. . .

16. For the moment the enemy cannot but believe that some
American government would proceed, etc.
17. . the inhabitants are approaching a state of famine.
. .

18. . the knowledge acquired during the last five years on the
. .

causes, the treatment, and the prevention of this affection, etc.

19. . additions to the slight gains which form, etc.
. .

20. . to oppose the thrifty classes.

. .

21. . too vague, chaotic, and shapeless, etc.

. .

22. The officer was sent home, but after changing his clothes he
 ) ) )

EXERCISE ON CHAPTER III 11

returned to duty, declaring that he felt none the worse for his too
early bath.
23. all unnecessary embittering of the enmity, etc.
. . .

24. sympathetic insight and far-seeing tact, etc.

. . .

25. the greater part of historical Paris.

. . .

26. who had been the supporters and followers of his aunt,
. . .

27. ... a man of this temperament and these lofty principles,

etc.
28. . . . to take measures unfavourable to the independence, etc.
29. . . . were bathed in the deepest darkness, etc.
30. . . . the marvellous attraction of all who are interested in
machinery.
31. Though perhaps neither side is blameless in this matter, etc.
32. We not only fail to give the same facilities, etc. (Too many
nots. )

33. . . . and has evoked many conciliatory expressions of goodwill,

etc.
34. If felt thus, he it was surely unnecessary for him to produce
the book in question. (The infinitive should not have been in the
Perfect tense.
35. . . . it would not be just to the poor to acquit a man because he
was of a better class.
36. . . . save that now indispensable one, private means.
37. We
almost fear that our countrymen are making too little of
this Franco -Turkish affair. (Such a word as minimise cannot be
qualified by such a word as too muck, )
38. The whole of the Persian Gulf with its coast-tribes, etc.
39. The Colonial Secretary's ability in debate, etc.
40. based upon a manifest lie and a crying wrong the result
. . . ;

'
is the demoralising of our public life.
41. . the most complete discomfiture that political prophets
. .

ever met with.

42. ... by a certain class of Englishmen who would accept, etc.
43. He is approaching the melancholy catastrophe, etc.
44. . subordinate to this greater military need.
. .

45. But the head and front of Mr. P.'s offending is not limited to
this single point, though he very skilfully, etc.
46. . any lover that might be rash enough to invade, etc.
. .

47. .but she is within sight of losing this pre-eminence, etc.

. .

48. .to change what had hitherto been the soul of the world.
. .

49. Mr. Crump has a large collection of cuttings, etc.

50. Distress has reached its furthest point, etc.
51. The converts, etc., intensify their not unnatural suspicions.
52. . . to show him the dormitories.
. (Here, howeVer, the
pompous phrase in the original has been used by the author intention-
ally : see § 52.
53. . . . may be lessened, and perhaps overcome, etc. (Too many
nots.
54. Butter in the northern sense of the word, etc.
55. . does not square with the truth, but far otherwise.
. .

56. or the dubious character of their religious tenets.

. . .
12 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER IV.— Pages 58-65

I. To eliminate superfluous words. — Pages 58-60

1. Omit 'Svholly."
2. Omit ''in full."
3. Omit "limited.
4. Omit "in silence."
5. Omit "Old."
6. Omit " mucli."
7. "and the punishment thereof." There can be no
Omit re-
mission of sins without the remission of punishment.
8. Omit "nevertheless."
9. Omit "'gradually."
10. Omit "therefore." the force of which is implied already in the
Participle.
Omit "ahsoktely."
11.
Omit "too temerarious."
12.
13. Omit "notorious."
14. Omit " humanly speaking," which adds nothing to the sense.
15. Omit "again," the sense of which is implied in the prefix re
in the word " reaffirms."
16. Omit "in July." (The order of the words is bad: say "In
midsummer next year will rise a white city of canvas, in which," etc.)
17. Omit " equally."
18. Omit " safely."
19. Omit " and less complex."
20. Omit "human."
21. Omit " useless and."

II. To correct examples of over-hrevity. — Pages 60-63

1. . towed the Pavonia to a place of safety, etc.
. .

2. Those differences will grow smaller and more capable, etc.

3. ... iscollaborating in the preparation of the book.
4. . . . Like the Chinese in the south, they believe they are far
superior, etc.
5. ... so of them, much
if anything at all. —
6. . beyond what is possible or desirable in schools.
. . far
7. Heaven forbid that I or any one else should deny, etc.
8. . and the plain where it stood has not been sown with
.' . salt.
9. In spite of the reverse at Barnet, etc.
10. .that both the acquiring of Constantinople, and the shak-
. .

ing, etc.
11. . . . compatriots who are not shareholders.
12. . . . down to the same j)eriod as that allowed to Mr. Froude
and Mr. Lecky.
13. The projected expedition was to smash Sherkeleh and catch
Abdullah or hunt him out of the Soudan following this, to take ;

Darfur, if necessary.
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER lY 13

14. . . . only so far as to define the functions, etc.

15. which were afterwards collected and put into the per-
. . .

manent form of a book.

16. ... it leaves public curiosity as unsatisfied as the strange dis-
covery found it.

17. . In the Lords, though Tory principles might be set aside,

. .

the conservation of wealth, etc.

18. The child was sitting on the table, her thin legs incased in
black cotton hanging down, and the toes turned in. She wore a long
white apron, the strings of which were tied behind in a bow.
19. . neither the people of India nor that of the colonies.
. .

20. . might be descried at a distance of a hundred miles.

. .

21. Tlie astute cultivation of the friendship of Turkey, etc.

22. .and number two was the securing of equal rights, etc.
. .

23. One of the difficulties is how to secure the smooth, etc.

24. . further particulars of the extent to which he was in-
. .

debted, etc.
25. .. at the New Gallery there is a rather meagre "speci;il
.

selection " of Rosettis, though on what principle the selection was

made it is difficult to say.
26. than there ever were poets of any other class elsewhere in
. . .

a similar period, the Provencal poets have not left a single master-
piece. . . .

27. . . . the influence which a conflict between, etc.

28. . . . not so much in the interests of trade as in those of civili-
sation, etc.
29. .under the plan of community of interests.
. .

30. .not what he meant, but what they desired.

. o

31. The recollection of what they had been, and the recognition
of the state to which they were now reduced, etc.
32. Tlie whole of this expenditure does not come, etc.
33. .liable for succession duties with respect, etc.
. .

34. .but most of them consisted of men slightly wounded.

. .

35. .alluding to the question as it stood two centuries ago.

. .

36. . . . or private hatred, or love of filthy lucre, etc.

37. . . . that the world had waited so long before using silkworms.
38. . . . by cutting polysyllables into words of one syllable.
39. . . . better in pocket than when they went away.
40. . . . committee, which held a long and important investi-
gation .

41. We do not blame, indeed we commend him, for, etc.

42.Besides excelling in Shylock, he excelled in Richard III., etc.
43. between using guns with a defensive force and usitig them
. . .

mth an aggressive one.

44. it being meant by this that the expectation of life, etc.
. . .

45. between the treatment of women and children and that of

. . .

soldiers.

III. To condense sentences, — Pages 63-65

1. In spite of this they select the deplorable cheerlessness of their
own room in preference to the airy and well-warmed wards of the
hospital.
14 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
2. To tell a depraved man to elevate himself by the contemplation
of abstract holiness is about as absurd as to ask a man born blind to
admire the beauty of colour.
3. In fact, there is nothing in history so improving to the reader as
the accounts of the death-scenes of eminent persons and their behaviour
at that awful season.
4. Whatever parents ought to do or to abstain from doing in the
interests of their children, the law is not merely entitled, but bound,
if it can, to make compulsory.
6. The results of administrative economy in the Eastern colonies
have proved to be satisfactory.
6. . . . and a fourth the tip of his nose cut clean off.
7.Being himself accustomed to smart business methods, the colonist
finds the circumlocution and obstructiveness of the English bureaucracy
most depressing.
8. . his ultimate triumph is quite possible.
. .

9. Few of the pre-Raphaelite paintings were strongly medieval in

feeling.
10. When subjects rebel on principle, kings become tyrants by
necessity.
11. Proposals for adding to the strength and efficiency of the army,
and for amending the present conditions of military service, will be
submitted to you.
12. Many of our men are city-born, and to those born in the
country England ofiers but a small area. We went out to a region
where most of our enemies were born in a very large country, and
could see at least two miles further than our men could.
13. Owing to original diversities of taste, capacity, and constitu-
tion, and the still greater diversities produced by habit, it is impos-
sible, etc.
14. Wealthy persons were called upon to subscribe sums of
. . .

various amounts miscalled Benevolences or good-will gifts.

15. Students of animal intelligence take a peculiar interest in the
travelling feats of homing pigeons, and are unable at present to decide
how much is due to education, and how much to the comparatively
small brain of the birds.
16. I know of no evil so great as the misuse of the understanding ;

yet there is no vice more common. It has spread through both sexes
and all ranks, so that it is difficult to find any one who would rather
be considered honest and virtuous than clever and quick-witted. This
unhappy preference is the source of most of the bad habits formed in
life.

17. For this reason, Sir Roger was saying last night, that in his
opinion none but men of fine parts deserved to be hanged. Their
faculties of discernment are so delicate that they deserve a heavier
penalty when they offend against the promptings of their own con-
science, and allow the fine edge of their minds to be so blunted that
they are no more shocked at vice than are men of slower capacities.
18. In the next place I commend this paper to the daily perusal of
those gentlemen whom I regard as my own friends and allies the —
fraternity of spectators —
men who are in the world, but not of it,
who either through laziness or the possession of independent means
have nothing to do with the rest of mankind but to look at theio-
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER Y 15

19. avoid disputes in company.

If possible, It requires more
cleverness and more tact to improve than to disprove the notions of
another and if you stir up an argument you might betray a lack of
;

both qualities. But if an argument is forced upon you, calmness and

modesty in stating your opinion will always help you. For if you
prove your point, the bystanders will rejoice in your victory and if ;

you fail to prove it, you can show that you are pleased at having
learnt something new, and can retire with a good grace.

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER V.— Pages 81-91

{a) Impressiveness by a change of order. — Pages 81-84

1. My glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven
images.
2. Tully was the first who observed that friendship improves happi-
ness by the doubling of our joy and abates misery by the dividing of
our grief.
3. Our Berlin correspondent telegraphs that in diplomatic circles
in that city no confidence is placed in reports about the Chinese loan.
4 the land over which the Romans were paramount.
5. Upon all moral questions the pulpit has gained as much powei
as it has lost upon all theological issues. In this domain it is not less
powerful, etc.
6.Dreary and cold though the climate of Newfoundland is from
November to June, from June to October— the months during which
—
the sportsman is likely to visit the island the weather is delightful.
7. There is a touch of historic irony in the fact that the recipient
of this frank avowal that in efficient armaments are to be found the
real protectors of a country's honour and interests should be the Czar
of Russia, who summoned the Peace Conference at the Hague.
8. ... a weapon of which they have not been slow to avail them-
selves.
9. The object of the defending party is not only to diminish or
annihilate the striking power, etc.
10. Listening carelessly amid my dream, I tried, etc.
11. In the name of chivalry Gordon was betrayed to death at
Khartoum and the natives of the Soudan abandoned to the bloody
despotism of the Mahdi. In the name of chivalry the Samoans and
other South Pacific Islanders were set to fight, etc.
12. ... or whether there shall be a convenient, healthful, tasteful,
imperial, and, in fact, necessary plan, etc.
13. . but out of them issue some of the best and highest of our
. .

resolves.
34. . keen is the sympathy expressed, and strong are the
. .

views expounded, etc.

15. To force the survivors of the Legations owe their safety, by
force the relief expedition is surely pressing on, and if unhappily its
near approach should provoke a last outburst of mob violence, to force
we must look, etc.
16 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
16. Deep beneath the window lay a wild
leafy garden, etc.
17. the last people with whom I should choose to have a
. . .

visiting acquaintance.
18. Then must have gone forward anew, in that high tableland of
South Africa; the terrible spectacle of destruction which the telegrams
depict.
19. Singularly and cynically outspoken was the declaration of
policy, etc.
20. A
most interesting and important point, which can be brought
out only by reference to more detail than what is furnished in the
above table, is the practical universality, etc.
21. Of invective, of insinuation, of distortion of simple facts there
was enough and to spare, but of new evidence or substantial reasons
for inducing, etc., —
members there was absolutely nothing.
22. At
Paris I found a different view in regard to the South African
War only in the house, etc.
23. Pre-eminent in this respect stands the present Secretary, etc.
(The word other should be inserted after "any.")
24. ... A death-trap visitors of a scientific turn have called
Johannesburg.
25. Political results there will be and can be none.
26. Ethnologically if with their physical resemblances and strange
diversities of language they remain a puzzle, politically they are an
increasing difficulty.
27. Keen sportsman though he was, George Kingsley did not
love, etc.
28. Their plea of waiting for improvements in marine propulsion
on the turbine principle Mr. White will not allow.
29. . This threat he fulfilled to the letter.
. .

30. . of all possible motives to select the most sordid, etc.

. .

31. Mr. Stuart announces one discovery, which, though of high

interest to the physiologist, will be read with dismay by anglers in
general, viz. the susceptibility of trout to tuberculosis.
32. . . .
—
Disguised the blessing certainly was to those, etc., given
to a stranger. Disguised it w^as to the perishing thousands of the
ravaged north. Disguised it was to the whole, etc.
33. The connection between the Norman nobles in the two countries
still subsisting, in Normandy gathered the feudal storms that broke
over England.
34. His gospel was Machiavelli. Religious convictions he probably
had none. Of conscience he was wholly devoid.
35. Courage was wanting to him, while from passion and prejudice
he was free.
36. A
more equivocal ally than the knights of the shire Henry
found in the Church, which was ready, etc.
37. . of which none could a few months ago have imagined our
. .

national spirit capable.

38. .. than that in which he has of late allowed himself to
.

appear.
39. Bankruptcy and revolution, the ruin of her French bond-
holders, the forced industry of her towns, and the necessity of trying
to repair all at the expense of the peasantry, who are taxed already to
the point of torture, and whom further pressure would make mad,
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER V 17

these evils would be bad enough, but they might not be the
worst.
40. . . whom the money rightly belongs.
. the girl to
41. especially that sort of fiction in which we other Americans
. . .

imagine ourselves to have surpassed the remnant of the Anglo-Saxon

world.

(b) Impressiveness by repetition or recapitulation, — Pages 84-86.

1. That paper lies as to our victories, it lies as to our reverses, it
lies as to our motives, etc.
2. The dawn of the century then ending was a French dawn.
French French lawgivers, French writers, French
philosophers,
painters, French soldiers were the terror, etc.
3. In our past history we have had signal victories and equally
signal defeats, etc.
4. It needs nothing but the presence of the conquering white man,
decked in his shoddy clothes, armed with his gas-pipe gun, his Bible
in his hand, schemes of benevolence deep rooted in his heart, his
merchandise (that is, his whisky, gin, and cotton cloths) securely
stored in his corrugated iron-roof sheds, and the man himself active and
persevering as a beaver or red ant, —
it needs but the presence of such a
n:an, with such belongings, to bring about a sickness, etc. (Observe
that he has been changed to the man. He is wrong since it is the
object of the preposition ''of" in the first line. Them after "to
make" should be cancelled, since the object of "make" is "whom.")
6. . At present we get nothing but rumours, rumours that the
. . —
Emperor is a prisoner, rumours that the Court contemplate a further
flight, rumours that Prince Tuan, etc.
6. I think that the House would commit a grievous injury, a
grievous affront, a grievous insult, and a grievous wrong, if they
departed, etc.
7. To arouse the senior partner at the dead of night, and to insist
upon his there and then deciding whether or not lie would reverse the
principles upon which the business had been so far carried on, without
giving him time even to examine his balance-sheet or check the
—
accuracy of the figures presented to him, this is a method that might
etc. (Observe the change of position given to even.)
8. In no civilised community in tlie world is there a right of free
insult, free slander, or free aspersion, etc.
9. Against the alleged injury that is intangible can easily be pu.t
the benefit that can be shown by figures, —
benefit to the working man,
benefit to the consumer, benefit to the capitalist.
10. it is false to the democracy and false to the humanity of
. . .

this country.
11. Great were the hopes and great the fears which, etc.
12. . . . against a cautious enemy better armed, better led, and
better organised.
13. has done more than any other living man to bind them
. . .

to the mother-country by bonds of mutual interest, mutual esteem,

and mutual afi'ection. (Observe the insertion of the word other.)
14. Happy is the man who has lived in Burma. Happier still is
he, who, etc., start for Rangoon. — But even those, ^.tc, a fairly com-
B
18 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
plete picture of Burmese scenery, the various aspects of life in that
country, and the Burman's existence, etc. (Observe that in that country
has been substituted for there, the latter being unsuitable because no
mention of " Burma " has been made in this sentence.)
15. A sense of common interest and common peril, etc.
16. True it is that the politicians have done much true it is
. . . ;

that an epoch-making speech, which might have caused the very

stones of our city to rise in protest against the Little Englanders, had
they been numerous enough to form a target, was delivered by our
well-beloved Justice Williams true it is that press and pulpit have
;

never wavered in wholesome loyal allegiance to the British throne and

the British constitution, etc.
17. The tie between French Protestants and French Catholics, etc.
18. which will be at once more efficient and more economical,
. . .

etc.
19. There are various other articles, such as one on Cecil Rhodes,
one by Professor Martens on China, and one by Mr. Neville on the
National Defence, which are noticed elsewhere.
20. the conditions of a more wholesome, more prosperous, and
. . .

more hopeful life, etc. (Insert what after *' than " what is needed as ;

object of the verb "known.")

(c) Supplying needed words or recasting the construction. — Pages 86-91

1. . . . whether we are to have an organisation or whether we are
to muddle through as best we can.
2. . declares that the United States needs Cuba for the States'
. .

protection, but that Cuba needs the States for Cuba's salvation.
3. The Tory Johnson pronounced him a very good king. Good in a
certain sense he was for had a respectable bigot and absolutist, atten-
;

tive to business and loyal to the Anglican Church, been in Charles's

place, he might, with the tide of royalty running so high, have
extinguished the liberties of England.
4. ... in which men present an appearance of being most cheerful
and contented.
5. The grand jury found true bills against them and although the ;

accused threw every obstacle in the way, the proceedings were success-
fully carried through.
6. ... by laying out, not a small number of large, but a large
number of small, floating breakwaters.
7. . and announcing that calf- lymph is used in all public
. .

vaccinations.
8. . however much it may be deplored. (There is nothing faulty
. .

or obscure in the original. But the final word deplored " gives a
better balance to "concealed" and "extenuated.")
9. . than what the world at large entertains of me.
. .

10. Giant cities are destined at no distant date to such a process of

dissection and diffusion as Avill almost obliterate from the map the
blot that now marks their situation.
11. It is surmised here that if Germany acts at all in regard to the
conflict, the only object of her action will be to save German property
in the mines.
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER V 19

12. Let your advocacy be strong in facts and temperate in words ;

the stronger the facts and the more temperate the words, the greater
will be the attention paid to them.
13. If a boy has been wild, it is Goddard who is appealed to to see
whether anything can be done for him. Innumerable are the demands
made upon his time and patience.
14. This time he did not seek refuge in Scotland, but went first to
France and then to the Netherlands, from which, however, he was
soon compelled to return to England. In 1812 the barons succeeded,
etc.
15. them six months to succeed, but succeed they did.
It took
Here we have the historical origin, not of party-faction, which
16.
had raged, etc. (In the original there is no balance between par^^/ and
party -government.)
17. . It is only their inexplicable inaction which, etc.
. .

18. When applied to the Anglo-Saxon, the democratic organisation

of modern society sits like a garment made to order. When applied
to other nations, it often sits, etc.
19. . the forfeiture of his own and his bride's estates, etc.
. .

20. . the possessors of capital and the instruments of production

. .

on one side, and on the other the proletariat who possess only the
power to labour.
21. . and the army Avhich in that empire is nearly as powerful
. .

as in Germany will (it is calculated), etc.

22. . viz. the period before the year 1886,
. . the year of the first —
fatal disruption of the Liberal party, —
and the period which has
followed it.
23. After having thus, as he believed, assured the security of his
country abroad, he took no thought of analysing and assuaging the
ills which troubled his country at home. (It is necessary to make he
the subject instead of " idea " after the gerund having assured.")
24. . had been less diffuse and less crowded with details.
. . if it
25. . but the idea has been seldom used, and still more seldom
. .

has it been used wisely.

26. .to convert the ritual and doctrine of the Church of
. .

England to something similar to those of the Church of Rome,

differing only on such questions as the supremacy of the Pope.
27. The ex-President has no longer his right hand on the throat,
and his left in the pocket, of the British settler.
28. the slow triumph of sheer merit, invincible patience,
. . .

unwavering conduct, and unfailing character.

29. Anglicanism, hateful to Scotland both on its own account and
because it was English, had been forced upon her.
30. After courteously affording the prime mover full opportunity,
we have failed to obtain any explanation eithen from him or from any
one else
31. Those who have studied the question are aware that the
parochial authorities cannot, alone and unassisted, deal with the need
in London for increased housing.
32. heavily hit by falling prices due to the importation of
. .

foreign grain and by a rising rate of wages due chiefly to emigration

and the swarming of rustics towards the towns.
33. . . . between the agrarians who object to the free importation
20 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
of foreign grain and the citizens who object to further taxes on
food.
34. Some writers hold that no dreams are so clear or so significant,
if any dreams can be such, as the dreams of profound sleep.
35. . Newton made a calculation that the average duration of
. .

reigns, all countries being reckoned, is but nineteen years, while, if we

confine our reckoning to English sovereigns, we reach the higher average
of twenty-three years and a half. Victoria's reign is nearly three times
as much as the English average.
36. But the jury having given their verdict, surely that verdict
must be respected, etc.
37. There are, he says, three great national reforms which cannot
—
wait legislation in respect of temperance, legislation in respect of
the housing of the working classes, and fearless administrative
reform, etc.
38. due
. . . to some misunderstanding which could be explained
and removed.
39. . . proposals, though not identical, are substantially the
.

same. (Insert ^7te before ''American.")

40. . . we ought not to stand in America's way in any project
.

where our interests, etc.

41. Neither side could place itself in the other's position, and the
half truth, which is all that one side with every desire to be reasonable
can see from its own point of view, does not necessarily dovetail with
what the other side sees and believes from a different standpoint.
42. . and then as far as possible restore the status quo ante (the
. .

former state of things), abstaining especially from asking for any

demolition of forts or demanding fortified residences for the Legations.
43. On the other hand in a market, in which British coal has a
monopoly, it appears that the consumer, so long as the monopoly
lasts, will be the one to pay the duty.
44. . But the distinction in degree between the cruelties of
. .

sport and those of torturing caged animals, etc.

45. . and of the fact that war-material produced in a foreign
. .

countr}^ was contraband.

46. . and now he admits that he did not tell the whole truth
. .

in the former trial, but promises to tell it for the first time, because
now either he himself or Dreyfus must be crushed.
47. . place themselves in a corner by attacking the whole
. .

policy of expansion, until that policy is justified, as it is expected to

be a few days hence, when the news comes of the occupation, etc.
48. Provided the instrument was used legitimately, there was no
criminal act, even if it was used negligently.
49. broad in his views, with a mind well balanced, balanced
. . . —
in fact to a fault, since he could never incline, etc.
50. is being urged not to sanction the regulations proposed
. . .

by the eight companies without the assent of Parliament, such assent

being considered necessary on account of the expense which, etc.
51. that for a time at least they leave South Africa.
. . .

52. which is real in its intensity, though disappointing in its

. . .

expression.
53. He charges the Colonial Government with taxing the nation
twice over, —
firstly, by the ordinary indirect taxation gathered in
 EXERCISE ON CHAPTER VI 21

customs which fall on all the inhabitants alike ;

secondly, by the
poll-tax which falls only on the Fijians, all other inhabitants being
exempt.
54. The chief difference between this fleet and that commanded by
Sir Charles Napier was that whereas one division of Sir Charles's fleet
was composed chiefly of sailing ships, the new fleet was entirely com-
posed of ships propelled by steam. Sir Charles's fleet, too, was without
floating batteries and mortarand was attended by only one
vessels,
gunboat, while the new
was well provided with batteries and
fleet
mortar vessels and was followed by a flotilla of gunboats.
55. In 1254 the Pope, who had been warring in Italy against the
descendants of the Emperor Frederick, endeavoured to secure the
assistance of Henry III. of England by off'ering the crown of Sicily
(part of the Imperial domain) to Richard, the brother of Henry, and
brother-in-law of the Emperor. The English king refused it for his
brother, but accepted it for his second son, Edmund, then nine years
old.
56. In England itself there was peace for some time after 1572 ;

but in Ireland there were three disturbances in succession. The first,

in 1579, was caused by the landing of a small force in Ireland, the —
quarter in which they hoped to strike most eff'ectually at England.
Though they came in the name of the Pope, they achieved no success.
The second, in 1580, was caused by the landing in the same country
of a larger force consisting of Italians and Spaniards but these also ;

the English Lord Deputy was able to overthrow. The third, which
broke out immediately afterwards in the same year, was more serious.
It consisted of a rebellion headed by the Earl of Desmond and this ;

was not put down until 1583.

57. With her increased independence a girl is not less safe than she
was before for in the first place the chivalrous feeling that men
;

naturally have towards women is not weakened, but strengthened, by

the confidence wdiich her new position creates in her mind, and which
must prevent a man of honour from taking advantage of it and in ;

the second place, though she may know less of the dark side of life
than she did when she was under closer supervision, the self-reliance
which is the result of her increased liberty, makes her better able to
stand alone and take care of herself.

EXERCISE ON CHAPTER VL— Pages 95-102

1. , . . whom we may
congratulate on his wonderful industry.
2. Much could and should be done to bring into order the chaotic
state of things, etc., and the accomplishment of this is the real
tendency, etc.
3. ... if he had not been compelled to leave, etc.
4. In forbidding the irregulars, who cast out devils and did many
wonderful works in the name of Christ, but did not follow the officially
appointed teachers, the disciples set an example, etc.
5. There are thousands of Englishmen who would submit to being
told that they were not Christians to do so and so, but would resent
22 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
being told that they were not gentlemen to do so and so, and would
abstain from doing wrong to any one if they knew the facts of the
case men of this stamp would not destroy native independence and
;

native constitutions, if they knew what these things really were.

6. have seen the requisite money obtained by other means.
. . .

7. Lord Curzon endeavours with much elaboration, etc.

8. .that the risk of a serious check being placed in the way of
. .

recruiting, if sweeping alterations are made, is no longer present.

9. .the Empire is not onl}^ magnificent,
. . it is on a sound —
business-footing.
10. . . . from retreating through Spring Valley and looting it on
the way.
11. . . . the conditions then existing were to
of you some- many
what from what they are now.
different
12. the mercenaries and rebels who. having nothing to lose,
. . .

desire the continuation of the struggle.

13. asked the First Lord of the Treasury to state whether in
. . .

the promised inquiry, etc.

14. I am quite certain that in everything he said he was animated
by a perfectly sincere and single-minded desire, etc.
15. the only way in which the danger can be averted is by
. . .

Turkey's conceding to Macedonia the long-promised reforms.

.16. especially in the present state of the industrial outlook.
. . .

17. led him to dwell most on, and make the best present-
. . .

ment of, all luminous effects, etc.

18. . . . People got into the habit of hardly inquiring after Madame
19. There are three measures in particular on which Unionist
Governments looked askance, because they held them to be destructive
of majorities.
20. The thirst in me showed itself early, and so I was conveniently
s^vitched off to some works on the Clyde side.
21. where he dealt with a topic which undoubtedly at the
. . .

present time occupies us most deeply.

22. . Some day he will require a chamber in, etc.
. .

23. Surrounded as he has been by pitfalls of all kinds and made the
centre, etc.
24. has not kept pace with trade requirements.
. . . In view of
the near approach of the busy season this is somewhat disquietiug.
25. Nay, we may partly ascribe to circumstance much that appears,
etc.
26. in discussing questions that have an agitating influence
. . .

and admit of diversities of aspect, upon which men feel deepl}^ and
think variously.
27. distrust in the Liberal party and failure to grasp its policy.
. . .

28. ... a verdict that C. H. died from the effects of an illegal

operation, etc.
29. The enemy, he states, besides having large stores at Wepener,
are working two flour mills, etc.
30. This is the attempt which has been overthrown the attempt —
which attacked in South Afiica, etc.
31. in the Lands of a statesman and his ministers who seemed
. . .

more efficient, etc.

 EXERCISE ON CHAPTER YI 23

32. ,all sorts of impossible conditions were demanded, which

. .

made equivalent, etc.

it
33. . the visitor finds himself buying post-cards, some very-
. .

good, but many very poor, which he can despatch, etc.

34. The expression of these ideas is (not "are") anathema to the
official clique that looks with jealous resentment on any one who
ventures, etc.
35. . and it extended somewhat the free sale, etc.
. .

36. . though by training and disposition he may be an excellent

. .

man, as, in fact, most agnostics are, has nevertheless, etc.

37. ... is not to encourage a blind and reckless confidence either
in officers already known, or in future officers still untried, but in
place of this to have an etiquette, etc.
38. . who it is that discloses to the Chinese, etc.
. .

39. However great may be the pro-Consuls who follow, not one of
them, when he conies, can excite the peculiar interest which attaches
to the pro-Consul of to-day.
40. . the noble earl is as incapable of misusing the position of
. .

a Minister of the Crown as any of those who have occupied that high
and honourable position before him.
41. We
should also desire that, if possible, nothing should be done
to aggravate the discontent existing, I fear, in parts of our own
colony, concerning which, etc.
.42. . his philosophic Whiggism a creed on which it was im-
. .

possible to work.
43. . arc as unHellenic as anything written in Greek could be.
. .

44. The greatest alteration of all is one that was barely suspected
in 1875 —
so little suspected, in fact, that its possibility would have
seemed to Herschel the wildest and least scientific of dreams.
45. . the peasantry and burgesses alone, whose amiable
. .

materialism, etc.
46. Before all things London is a place where one expects every
convenience in the way of living and getting about, etc.
47. ... I felt it my duty to make, and I invariably did make,
due representations, etc.
48. Not long ago I lived in Suffolk, where I spent fifteen years of
my life. There my labouring men, when working on a hot day, would
not drink brewer's beer, though I oftered it to them.
49. If you ask them whether no sanctity, etc.
50. ... a later idea, which we owe to the development of Greek
thought. This idea, as far as we know, first found expression in
Pindar, the most religious of Greek poets, and was afterwards elaborated
further by Plato.
51. . the complete inability to conceive any point of view other
. .

than the purely selfish one, and (what astonishes one more than any-
thing else) the pressing even of Christianity itself into the service of
imperial expansion.
52. . This form does not compare very favourably with that of
. .

our magnificent expresses, furnished as these are with comfortable

third-class corridors and dining cars.
53. The railway takes you to Voiron ; from that place a mountain
railway, etc.
54. The year 1899-1900 has proved to be the record year for New
24 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
Zealand railways. Not only has the amount of business carried on
and of revenue received been in excess of that of any previous year,
but the rate of increase in the past over the preceding year has
been the highest ever yet reached.
55. . will recognise this fact and by surrendering in time not
. .

compel us to exact the extreme penalty.

56. The Sultan has ordered the execution of Abdullah Hussein,
under whose leadership, shortly before the Jubilee, the Government
House at Saena was attacked and bombarded.
57. . the two contracting parties reserve to themselves the
. .

option of coming to a preliminary understanding, etc.

58. The fatal woman who seems to have been born to fulfil the old
prophecy that one of her sex would bring ruin on the kingdom, this —
woman and her satellites are now proved, etc.
59. By all means devise a method for training the soldier (the
sailor, asMr. Brodrick points out, is sufficiently trained by Neptune
himself), the lawyer, the teacher, and the farmer.
60. ... a white man's country, where the Englishman can live
and bring up his children and found a family, to whom he can
bequeath ancestral estates, which will enable his descendants to take
rank, etc.
61. . invariably accompanied with an umbrella, the handle of
. .

which had
the shape of an eagle's head with very conspicuous
eyes. (Observe the chansje of hy to with "an umbrella").
62. .whose remains have been found in Upper Egypt, and
. .

whose date was first put at three or four thousand years B.C., but is
now relegated to the prehistoric era.
63. . that the people should once in the year, at the time
. .

observed by the rector or vicar of the parish, walk about the parishes,
as they were accustomed to do in former times, and at their return,
etc.
64. Lizzie, about whom gathered almost as much interest as about
the prisoner himself, caused a profound sensation when she appeared
in the witness-box.
65. . has added to his reputation, etc.
. .

66. Mr. W. J. amidst tremendous disorder accused the police of

partisanship for having ejected, etc.
67. Whenever an opportunity occurs, and the differences that now
exist have become unimportant, etc.
68. as the two companies retired.
. . .

69. There still remain other purposes held by all the Powers in
common, which, etc.
70. From some conversation which I have just had with competent
authorities, I gather that they have arrived, etc.
71. for practising on a large scale the business of receiving
. . .

stolen goods.
72. acknowledged that the amount turned oftt to be only
. . .

about nine millions and a half.

73. Candles are lighted and incense is offered, etc.
74. Such reading must be humiliating to those members of the
Church, etc.
75. . . . the functions of a bishop, one of which consists in answer-
ing such questions, etc.
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER VIII 25

76. (Tlie word invariably must be cancelled. It spoils the sense as

well as the rhythm.)
77. In that journal I have seen passages in which your name
appears, and this leads me to believe, etc.
78. The failure of the attempt to deprive him of his birthright had
increased his popularity. (The comma after "failed," which occurs
in the original, obstructs the sense.)
79. When The Light that Failed was read and enjoyed years ago by
so many thousands, etc.
80. is very little known as a poet in this country, and not
. . .

much more so in America.

81. . . . though quite allowable if the time had not been so full of
difficulties, etc.
82. I went out in the spring of the year named, in the course of
which it was important, etc.
83. How
many persons are there who are ready to talk confidently
of the peculiarities of Wordsworth, though their acquaintance, etc.
84. Our rooted dislike of all genuine realism, etc.
85. Whether the Government which has been in name at Pekin
remains a government in fact, or whether it is more widely diffused
amongst those viceroys, etc. (Since remains is Indicative, the verb he
should be changed to is in the co-ordinate clause following.)
86. It is impossible to get any co-opei'ation in protecting the plants
from the ravages of pet dogs and cats.
87. the so-called delegates, four in number,
. . . who with a
travelling companion are at prcbeut in London, etc.

EXERCISES ON CHAPTEE VIII

(a) Correction of order —conversion from Loose to Periodic. —
Pages 117-119

1. The present crisis, anxious as it certainly is, though not grave,

isby no means, etc.
2. During my stay in London I endeavoured, agreeably to her
commission, to match the spectacles.
3. The master of the ship, without taking any steps to verify his
position, though he must have known that his vessel was in the
immediate neighbourhood of the headlands, continued his course at
fallspeed in thick weather.
In all the main points which go to make up a good racing craft
4.
there is a curious similarity between the yachts Shamrock and
Columbia^ the competitors for the America cup, although the
designers, etc.
5. The government in British India undertakes at the cost of the
Indian Treasury to prevent death, and to relieve misery, from famine,
so far as, etc.
Without some very exceptional qualities a man does not rise, etc.
6.
7. and yet the average French publisher will not, as is some-
. . .

times done in England, publish even at the author's cost any rubbish
that is submitted to him.
26 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION
8. . has gone a great way to convince of the groundlessness of
. .

their fears those Radicals, who were opposed, etc.

9. Even when the larder is not empty, a certain amount of practice
is essential, so that when meat is needed the unaccustomed hand may
not fail.
10. the Government, owing to the fewness of able officers in
. . .

the navy, could not see their way to devoting a ship for Antarctic
discovery.
11. An opposition called the country party had been formed, having
Shaftesbury, Holies, and Essex for leaders in the Lords, with Russell
and others for leaders in the Commons, all of whom were animated
by, etc.
12. . as to confirm us still more, if that were possible, in our
. .

resolve, etc.
13. Only a few weeks ago we brought this matter to the attention
of the clergy and others, who, etc.
14. The somewhat remarkable speech made yesterday by Prince
Hohenlohe, being directed against France more than against Alsace-
Lorraine, is regarded in political circles as an interesting exposition,
etc.
15. Yesterday, in the House of Lords, Lord Salisbury made a
statement, etc.
16. In Prussia, unless the Crown or the Government leads the way,
nothing goes, etc.
17. England, as she has known, with, patience and calmness after
defeat, how to wait for the hour of success, may be proud, etc.
18. The history of street-cleansing, though too long to deal with
here, becomes quite interesting in Mr. Robinson's pages.
19. who, when the franchise was finally thrown open in 1885,
. . .

did not regard witli distrust and even with dread the change in the
basis of the Constitution.
20. Yesterday, prior to embarking for their homes, two thousand
Australian and Canadian troops received the valedictions of Cape
Town, spoken by the Mayor.
21. But for one serious doubt we should believe, etc.
22. On this aspect of his many-sided character, much has
. . .

been written, etc.

23. Though the Dane made
a better stand against the same enemy,
the naked Celt was as helpless before the Norman with his bowmen
and mailed horsemen, as the Mexican was before the Spaniard.
24. Mrs. Jennings entered the drawing-room with an air of such
hurrying importance as prepared Elinor, who was sitting there by
herself, to hear something wonderful.
25. If it is necessary that a man, who will indulge the flights of
fancy and push his researches into the obscure corners of truth, should
have no slavish fears hanging upon his mind, it is equally necessary
that he should be provided with all the comforts and conveniences of
life.
26. To the future of the agricultural labourer, if only the labourer
will be true to himself, he looks, etc.
27. Neither I nor they, if I could help it, should wear handcuffs or
see the inside of a jail.
28. At a banquet held, etc., —
in the Siegesallee, Berlin, the German
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER YIIl 27

Emperor made a remarkable speecli on the principles and purposes of

art, urging that its object should be to " educate the people, etc."
29. In his article, of which the following is an abstract, Sir
Henry, etc.
30. In the arguments advanced, etc., —
preferential arrangement,
there is nothing more contemptible than the suggestion, etc.
31. . whose book, if it appeared under the name of Confucius
. .

or of any celel)rated Grecian philosopher, would be regarded by our

modern wits as one of the most shining tracts of morality extant.
32. . one continual weighing, not of the advantage of the
. .

particular act and the particular individual at the particular moment,

but of those larger experiences, etc.

(b) Siobdivision of a sentence into two or more sentences. — Pages 119-123

1. Though the times were hard for all, the country was moving
along the road marked out for it by the wisdoitf of William the
Conqueror. As long as Archbishop Lanfranc, etc.
2. Edward invaded France, but Philip wisely declined a pitched
battle. Having exhausted his energy and loaded himself with debt
Edward returned, etc.
^ 3. The French fleet was foraied in four lines. But in drawing up
his own fleet Edward arranged that each ship, of men-at-arms sliould,
in its attack on a French ship, be supported by two vessels filled with
archers. The result of these tactics was that, whenever an English
ship attacked a French one, the archers shot down the Frenchmen on
the deck, and the men-at-arms boarded. In this way line after line
was defeated, and the ships were either sunk or captured.
4. John of Gaunt, notwithstanding the great hostility shown to
him by the rebels during the insurrection, continued to have much
influence till 1385. In that year, however, his hopes of the succession
were destroyed, Roger Mortimer, grandson of the Duke of Clarence
having been declared heir to the throne. Next year he made, etc.
5. The steeds of these attendants wererof Saracen origin and conse-
quently of Arabian descent. Their fine slender limbs, small fetlocks,
light manes, and easy springing motion, formed a marked contrast
with the large-jointed, heavy horses of which the race was reared in
Flanders and Normandy for mounting the men-at-arms of the period,
when arrayed in all the panoply of plate and mail. The two sets of
horses standing side by side might have passed for personifications of
substance and shadow.
6. The spirit of the suffering people of France found its embodiment
in Joan of Arc, whose execution at the close of the war left a dark
stain on the English escutcheon. A darker stain, however, rests with
France, considering that her trial took place at the instance of the
University of Paris, and almost all concerned in it were French-
men of the Burgundian party. In defence of both it may be pleaded
that the belief in sorcery was the superstition of the age, and that
Joan owed to it her victories as well as her cruel death.
7. The new hotel has been erected in red brick relieved with light
terra-cotta dressings from the designs of Colonel E s. In the choice
of furniture comfort has not been, etc.
 )

28 KEY TO SENIOR COURSE OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION

8. To cut a long story sliort, I pulled the labouring oar for a few
years, and in every class of business that I tried I earned money enough
to keep me. Eventually I found myself man enough to sail my own
ship. I continued to live in Parliament Street for forty years.
9. It is also pleasant to remember having heard Lord Lyndhurst,
when, at the age of ninety, he spoke on a Canadian question with a
voice that rang as clearly as a bell. He w^as the son of Copley Fielding,
—
and was born at Boston, U.S.A. an English subject before the Inde-
pendence of America.
10. In this uneasy state of both his public and his private life Cicero
was oppressed by a new and cruel affliction, the death of his beloved
daughter Tullia. This happened soon after, etc.
11. Very nearly two-thirds of the present book are devoted to the
writer's earlier career in the northern hemisphere ; and of the re-
mainder, two chapters tell us of the visits that he paid to Europe
during his colonial career. Although his public life in Europe ex-
'

tended only from 1836 to 1855, while his colonial career occupied close
upon a quarter of a century, the proportion is not perhaps ill-
adjusted.
12. Sir W. White has ceased to hold the post of chief naval con-
structor to the Admiralty. Mr. Philip Watts, of the great Els wick
firm on the Tyne, has been appointed his successor.
13. . . especially in reference to the question of reform.
. By his*
writings and lectures he had done more than any (other) man in
England to promote that cause, though the extreme, etc.
14. Fulgentius holds some kind of position in the history of allegory.
He is regarded as a connecting link, or (as others would say) a fresh
point of departure, between the last development of the purely classical
allegory in Claudian and the, etc.
15. (Omit the irrelevant parenthesis ; or make a separate sentence
of it on completion of the other.
16. In the reception, etc., —
from all parts of South Africa. They
expressed themselves in most loyal terms but the picturesqueness of
;

their appearance was destroyed by European clothing, in which black

men always look like valets.
17. This work in its embryo stage obtained the Green Moral
Philosophy Prize in the University of Oxford for the year 1899, when
the topic proposed to the competitors was "The Reciprocal Relations
between Etliics and Metaphysics. " The importance of the work seems
to us, etc.
18. That is the leading and, from our point of view, the unhappy
fact of the situation. We
know that it cannot last for English
;

Liberalism, rooted as it is in the very natures of at least half our

people, cannot die ; but we wish we could see any immediate prospect
of an alteration.
19. There was by no means a large gathering of shareholders, and
among those present there were several ladies.
20. The plaintiffs have won the day, and the offending newspapers
have been mulcted in damages. Though many will be surprised at
the lightness of the damages, a very wholesome corrective has none
the less been administered to furious partisanship.
21. Free thought in modern France is a political banner and not
a matter of conviction for most of its leaders send their children to
;
 EXERCISES ON CHAPTER YIII 29

seminaries and convents for their education. At this no one can be

surprised ; for the results, etc.
22. The Queen will, with her own gracious hands, lay the founda-
tion stone of the new buildings, to be called the "Victoria and Albert
Museum." These, together with the "Science College" to be simul-
taneously constructed are destined, etc.
23. In 1839 he returned to England, and in the year following he
was persuaded to enter Parliament. There he did not remain long ;

for at the next general election he lost his seat. After his retirement
from political life he resumed his literary studies, but in the midst of
them was cut off by death in 1849.
24. Archbishop Tillotson was exceedingly beloved by both King
William and Queen Mary. Dr. Tennison was nominated by them to
succeed him.
25. Since the king, after his return to England, had many a friendly
talk with those who had helped him to escape, and as some of these
were among my most intimate friends, there is no reason to doubt the
accuracy of the short narrative that I have given of his marvellous escape.
It is a pity, however, as I said before, that no diary was kept, showing
day by day, or even hour by hour, what strange adventures he went
through from the moment of his flight from the battle-field at Worcester
to that of his going on board ship at Bright- Hemsted, and what
kindness was shown him all this time not only by the highest, but
even by the lowest of the people. The latter, though they might not
have known the full value of the precious life that they held in their
hands, were at least aware that if they liad given him up to the
Government, they would have been liberally rewarded. This con-
currence of generosity on the part of those, who did not know the
excessive value of the king's life, with courage and loyalty on the part
of those who did, must have been a direct inspiration from the
Almighty. Had such a diary as this been kept and published at the
time, it would either have so convinced the rebels of their guilt as
to deter them from further rebellion, or it would have made their guilt
the more inexcusable.
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