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    Purposive communication part 1 chapter 1

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    Purposive communication part 1 chapter 1

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    190 views23 pages

    Chap2 - Comm - and - Globalization 2

    Uploaded by

    Shekyna
    Purposive communication part 1 chapter 1

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23
    COMMUNICA; AND GLOBALIZAT|gy ne ‘ompleted this chapter © have c “plobal village” ation and the “glo! 7 se 4 the various processes of cultural adaptation, re ani ure of culture ne nat ha ifferences, sue enon ctr masculine and feminine, and various leva 5 high-context and low-context re cor sllectivism and individualis™, erween leaders and followers; fect communication; and communication; al and global issue: + cultural 1 of communication on society and the world impact 5. a9: INTRODUCTIO i st everyone is practically addicted 10 social media. Mention en Tnatagrar, Twiter, YouTube, or Pinerest, and you will readily see ae cin. ends light up. In any public place, you see people taking selfes, and the face ‘ adily posted on a social-media website. As long as you have a cell phone, an interne connection, and downloaded applications, like Facebook Messenger, Skype, or Viber, you can now talk, text, instant message, nd video chat or video call your family nd friends anywhere in the world, and all for free. You can converse with anyone on a particular blog spot, news article, or event. You can also meet people from other countries, make friends wi ! i ith them, and learn about them igure 1 Soci is and their countries ‘ f badus ally gg #04 their countries without leaving the eomfore, of your Ssochi-eun home and your country; all of thes, (ccumm ned «€ are possible through these social media —__ oCaiteG wii Can Rerchig {90 It no Longer dificult; ut Google the informal through web pages, images, or videos. Even the ordinary foley alles you to watch events as they happen anywhere else in the work Ai " What clo all these suggest? By means of televi hhas now become ike one small comimnn| communicate and interact as ifthey ision wnd thy vet, clio world ty where people from duds cor atrley ean were next-door ucighbors GLOBALIZATION AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE ‘You can riow travel across the world anytime, too, and wher re by foreign countrys you can even withdraw the money of that country from its stomated teller machines (ATMs) as long as you have an international deb W ile there, you can also use the card to pay for wy Blodalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and pol alization, In other words, the use of technologies allow businesses, sucl mu sinational corporations, to maintain customers, suppliers, snd even tikes ona worldwide basis (“Globalization,” 2017), ‘Communicate € Connect! v vvua wu wi urcar -Uveww.yout Wah sligation” a video on hetns://ves Jobalization is a rs, i ve account of what gl¢ nd hae TLyP Ps 23 rives a comprehensive a ‘ Famifies ior he world is becoming more and more interconnected: Globalization he world is becoming more a erywhere fin] they cha ges how} cople consume, wor and live almost everywhere [in] the worlg, a ges how} cople consume, work a Tox. y, many sconomic, political, cultural or ecologic! relationships are nog expleinable from a national perspective. At the same time, 4 contol debate about the consequences of globalization has begun. (Edeos - digital education GinH, 2011) Exemples of Globalization ‘Exemple OF,eom, 2017; mikemurakami.wikifoundry.com, 2008) Figuee Z A sign for a McDonald's Figure 3. Nike, among other apparel restaarant in Atrebic. Globalization brings _ brands, is outsourcing to other countries, Many Con'Paniesto different parts of the This is a Nike factory in China, where most world of the workers are yourig women. | . Figure 5. Hydropolis, the world’s first . Oil is imported from 2 Figure eae ae The Underwater hotel, which was completed in foreign eae e ener of oil 2009 after many delays, was entirely built in United States # ou caa! Germany and then assembled in Dubai. cay veamisu wiur val Whatis Blobalization? How Is globalization made possible? Sina Said, what is a "global village"? 7 meee ‘Mean when he says that the world is "tat ” \ 'e video clip “Globalization,” Madd dey <2 Explain how th fe three main areas of econ ality. , culture are affected by globalization; sonore Ab. Talk ab our the new opportunities and challenges of glolis i. on} nd —c. Discuss the $5 the threats and opportunities for industrialized © ie ——" QUGONNEC Tamm 7 1. Based on ased on your observations, readings, and experiences, = som other examples of globalization, 2 Identify any Philippine company that has branches somewhers «i nthe world at about foreign companies that have found it profitable 10! snch vut into the Philippines? m developed 3. What is “outsourcing”? Cite some evidences that companic: j/ countries, like the U.S., outsource many of its jobs to less-dev! like the Philippines (Refer to Figure 3 as example) ed countries, 4, What.about examples of situations like that in Figure 5 where me products are, manufactured somewhere in the world but assembled 1" «>the part of the globe (perhaps like the Philippines)? 5. Trade liberalization is an offshoot of globalization. In yo inior which de. zloping countriés profit more from trade liberalization, develop: countries? Justify your choice. \aprepereeeeener nner moran DEFINITION OF CULTURE You see foreigners in malls and in schools; you meet them as ya walk in parks and in resorts. You find them almost everywhere— Chinese, Koreans, Pngliowg Ainericans, and many Europeans whose nationalities you cannot readily identify watil you hear them talk. Some are white, others are black, and many are brown like ws Filipinos and most other Asians, You notice that they are not dressed differently fram how most ipinos are attired unless they are Indians or Moslems (and yc $e you self that is one result of living in a global village). But as you continue 4B dbse: ve them, scover that they are somewhat different in-many other aspect -the way they , the kind of food they eat, their manner of talking, and thar ehowes of music reational activities. gina number WW Tee echnology, has made it possible for people anywhere the World 49 o@ nmunicate, meet and get acquainted, and even work together and labetate withowt having to leave their respective countries, they still have to deal with cutfarcl AfRrepees for peaceful coexistence in this global village. Scanned with Ca win a seatmate, J {cements teneanntrreenseree en ne CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURES (Chase & Shamo, 2013) 1, Cultures are | innate. We think and act as Filipinas becwise our parents brought us up this way, We acquired comylele. know falge and understanding of our cultural norms from our parents, teachers. relorives, and ae Our cultural norms satisfy us, we accept them as “4va€ and ve follow them. Tf we were Koreans, we would behave the way Kofta woul with a Korean set of values, or as Americans with the American oef of ne.tas if we were Americans. But if a Korean-born infant was adopeal On afer birth by non-Korean parents and raised in the United States, he wall fink and act differently from his cousins who grew up in Seoul. Of @ Filij ino-born 30-year-old chef in Rome, who left the Philippines at eight tor aly to live with his naturalized Italian parents, may still have some Filipmo t sits if his parents Practice these at home but will behave more like 94 Staion because of his exposure to Italian culture. In other words, cultures are Wf {nher.ted; they are acquired. When we observe cultures of any other group #f people, we find them strange, we treat the people unfavorably, and we blame them ‘or being different from us. We seldom realize that had we been brought wp the way these people were raised, we could have acted in exactly He wane wby! 2, Culturesiare shared. We act as members of our own cultwral group, not as individuals, because belonging to a culture means following ne norms of the group. Fitting into the group means acceptance and fellowship and T provides us members with feelings of security and love. We regafd being alike with being right, and being different with being wrong, and We geparate she world into “us” and “them.” Boys are horrified when mistaken for girls, so they live 4p +o the masculine ideal, for instance, by working out regularly at, the gym ¢ body duilding. The rich do not want to be treated as poor, sv they behave (M4 my .ner that befits their status, like living in a mansion, driving a luxury car and cating in posh restaurants. To most groups, circumstances that m. ya" wir “them” undermine not only their sense of self but also their sense of wefth. uicate &9 CONNECT! Scanned with Car . gre sarroumied by cultural norm ecw ation, technology her Belay work! view near as coal rOMpY are Consent ese se teortses and Chis differ ood Jae. all intersctinat rope who Ive together + the pers rare to cultare le in ever nent theje sath China n fare to Americans, it i, but Mosle elicacy ar and heeve sandwich, # comm AreB and Orthodos Jews. Most Filipinos eat F ef nett. Jipine Catholics enjey “dinuguan.” wh Cetefo will never even consider as food. Wha wy be taboo to others, hence and respected. the “kepari some culny tural differences should ral contact increases, intly change as¢ 4 CoMores wredynamic Cultures cons © techaologies emerge, and economic cond 9° Ply ehomred relationships of nations and governments. Cell 7 rapteally changed interpersonc] communication, and the availa! state] has affected how people of varied cultures recognize and jvetenees Insteac! of having tet ideas about cultural norms, we show scondti#t observe changes, and deal with these changes according!» 5. Cuiutal identitics areoverlapping. We belong to multiple, overla cottes ag we interact with one another. Some of these cultures work together whe ffhes clash. We all belong to national, regional, social class, ethnic, premmsopal, religious, age, and gender cultures. For instance. 4 Filipino 2Sayeat od male w v0 belongs to 4 wealthy faers'y from the Vivuayas, who pak Enulish ana Cebuaro flently, and who is ¢ member of ar association {baddua: lawyers n Makati, 2as overlapping culiural identities. Like any ither Wumyin being. as he grows and develops, his viewpoint regarding each vtturaltegory ch. nges with bis age, experience, and understans.ng of both itione vary. Globalization has ing pe ple a : issues 9 me:isnes one or more of these identities become significant while others take Aloac: seat, but when the overlapping cultures create ditferences that cantet P@ -gnored, conflicts and problems arise. It is seldom that any two pee le ecome men:bers of exactly the same cultures, and none of us follow all ht rwcs of the cultures where we are members. cf a, vuamica wid Val ‘ebuano lawyer, if his association t¢ Working for the language of litigation, his beinga Cebuano condary |, : ; tional probleins as his agsoctattan Pushes for his native Cebuano. Anothe¢ good example ultural identities clash isa Womah (member In the case of the C. use of Filipino as the se may possibly cause him some emo the use of a language other than of someone whose overlapping c ernie of GABRIELA Philippines) who believes in the equality of nghts a : ; fic traditional culture dictates that women be subservient tome che con & : ve | in some cultures of her two identities cause stress that needs to be resol way. Scanned with Car ee ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES Besides the United States, many other countries are now considered a melting pot--a place, whether city or country, where people of various rages ef culsures live together and gradually create one community. These countries arv Anerefor:, places of coexisting. cultures, and overcoming cultural differences is difheatt, Despite the difficulties, however, people learn to adapt to one another. People use several ways of adapting to new cultures: (a) eultaral in -xration, (6) cultural assimilation, (c) multiculturalism, (@) cultural acconim@dotion, and (©) separation. Communicate &7 Connect! Scanned with Car 1. Cultured egration is a form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes tee beliefs, practices, and rituals of another group without sacrificing the oharecerisics ofits own culzure (‘Cultures and Traditions,” 2017). This kind of e@aptation is positive because nothing is lost; cultural integration is a healthy weermingling of the beliefs and rituals of two unique cultures. 2. Cultured assimilation occurs when members of one cultural group adopt the we Vangwagg., practices, and beliefs of another group, often losing aspects of their 4radifional culture in the process (“Cultures and Traditions,” 2017). This happens when immigrants voluntarily adopt their new country’s language and uultarel practices primarily to integrate into society and improve their chances of wee nomic and social gain. More often than not, social acceptance by the ecewigg ew, dominant culture is often easier for migrating groups whose uultare mI appearance more closely resemble those of that receiving majority gmp For instance, although Tialian and Irish immigrants to the United States were orig nally belittled and snubbed by Americans of English descent, they were erervually absorbed into the dominant white culture primarily because af the calor of their skin and their westernized locks. Second- and third- generadjonchildren of immigrants from Asian countries, on the other hand, sonTsavé 49 experience stereotypes that mark them both as a “model minority” and 4oye-er foreigners,” which are groups that have severe difficulty of fully inteqrohnginto mainstream USS, society. The counterpart to cultural assimilation is multiculturalism, in whith cotural diversity is encouraged and valued. as beneficial to society. Mulfieulturalism is the belief that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly thog. of minority groups, should be accorded special acknowledgment of their diRrences within a dominant political culture. The acknowledgment wna) (ot Lirough recognition of contributions to the culturil life of the political. ommunity as awhole, « demand for special protection under the law, OF ext non-ous rights of governance (Ea whole, iv.cludes engagement with and r fespect toward people from distincth difleent cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2013, p.24) 7 He gan, 2015). Multiculturalism, on the Culfufal accommodation refers to the Process by which individuals may take on volues and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere while maintsining the parent culture in the private sphere (“Cultural Accemmodation and Negotiation," 2017), Filipinos who migrate to another counhyy Speak their native language at home but outside, they use the language of the Fectiving country, Likew’se, they instill Filipino moral values in their Communicate &7 Conne vvea children as their children simultaneously absorb moral grinciples of the adoptive country. In other words, they try to “maintaintthen cultutal identity even while they strive to establish relationships with membees ofthe dominant culture” (Gamble & Gamble, 2013). On the extreme end, when one cultural group refuses 40 WHesast or join the dominant culture, this attitude is called separation members of this group prefer to interact with the members of their own quart, sd they are often known as outsiders (Gamble & Gamble, 2013). Scanned with Car giferent cultures, <. You do ss (a) leadership, ©) work arent i. fou Ba (Chase 8 Shanes 2013). ier are a 7 cal st eernets 2 PPE nites alle; ghancey prod ity (oan TS wer or infiuence—the 1. Leadership: The key characteristic 07 leadership is PO f health, welfare, and critical decisions of wight fo reaniy ulate the outcome 0! protectiot it a high-power grouP jeadership, the few in p‘ et ease policy and activity of the many. These are the leaders who are © 7 secteet ohief, patsiarch, minister oF judge High- and low-power di ferences cxict un fezms not cnly of governed BrOUPS put also of relationships between jachené and wife, boss and employer, oF BroUP Jeader and participant. ower formulate 2, Werk Productivity. A bipolar (marked by opposite extremes) characteristic of being masculine” or"feminine” ‘existsin the work force or afamily organization. “Tha Weal do not zefer tc gender issues at all but to the descriptive behavior of the groep participants. The masculine culture of a work environment indicates agcregiv€ or assertive behavior whose objective is success in competition, and wine ndj % rewarded with high honor “The feminine culture, on the other hand Wes primary consideration to modesty, quality of life, and tenderness; rewards af€ given for work satisZaction, and salaries are determined based on need not on production. Ina masculine work environment, unions symbolize high sola-ies, large output, anc major impact; in a feminine environment, compart lity exists, unions supply needed employees, and there is k 5 emphagag on status. ; “ 3, Group aflegiance. A bipolar characteristic, likewise, of individual and groug orientation exists. In an individual orientation (individualism), an indayidvk can change the standards of the i e cultw i i re, but in a group orientation leettyign), whore emphasis is on the group, sacr fici f ee cle Indl ws bave erate calta® age Jesus Cacist, Mohandas Gandhi, Martin os viner Lee Kuan Yew, Feréinard Marcos, Benigno Simeon (Nino oe Ir., Manns Pacquiao, Rodrigo Duterte, and Lea Salonga. pier ‘Cohmunicate € Connect! 1val relationship with others, § . on how people define their * Some specific details separate wdiviiua lism from collectivism. F + For exam A te tie person and ple, in an individualistic culture #a all No one else; the “ re is all about one “ Tis i Ieis all abour me, myself the most important thing. and che dictum is, is oF importance, Thi and 1." In acollectivist culture. gus. che “we” that fo ficinea a dhvone is culture focuses more on a group o! people cunforming nana Pool of other groups. Group goals are stressed,» cl people Te group influences (Gamble & Gamble, 201°, 34). 4. Task commitment. m itment. is The focus is on elements controlling 4he group, such as traditi wa to the group (high-context calfre) versus the changes are wade text culture). High-context cultures re Sestehan::e, so few ennithe ns nee the belief is ‘What was good enough for ficher and af tie'cause ne enough for me.” Low-context cultures work for the good , Not the welfare of the group. The focus is on fhe "here”'nd “now” and to get the job done, so change, growth, and innovaticm ait enccuraged. In a high-context culture, such as Middle Eastern 24d Asian cultures, most of the rules for interpreting meaning are built in, 90 very few words need to be said to produce a significant meaning; in a low-eonteMt oné, like in American and Western cultures, few rules for interpretin;, meaning are built into, the people, so things must be precisely and carefully defined of spelled out before the meaning is made clear (Hall, 1976, as cited i. ise &- Shamo, 2013), Another way of explaining the difference between hi: h-Context and low context is this--if you have been with another person for along time, your relationship is in a very high context so that just a simple gloare or look, or very few words can convey’ lot of meaning; when you farst meet a person, however, the context is very low, and very few things can be anderstovd unless spelled out in detail. Scanned with Car ES COMMUNICAT :!¢ WITHIN AND ACROSS CULTUR individuals is difficult because we use and among ing on cultura! differences. Our family a ae eo ee how to interact--what words Se eta ce cable a ara 1 the words of the language but Communieodton between verbal andin@ Yereal symbols that vat cultures teach w Mrough direct and frst na ‘or verbe{ syrbe lp 40 use in which situations a ; i just ee haere expressions, gestures, : ing our ¢ also the ronverbal symbols for expressit ‘ice, i i ind the like. bodily 1 ovement , cone and loudness of the voice, intonation, a Lik: out families, the communities where we belong (which ee o neighberhoodg gur groups of friends and relatives; our age on ee Professional, ey business affiliations; and so on), also have a strong influence on our Communication a we grow and develop. Similar to what we do in our family circles, we obset ve, Vielen. absorb, and copy or mimic the’sounds, feelings, images, behaviors, and words in th interaction all around us in these communities (our subcultures) without even 4hin:ing about what we are doing. But shat 15 of the whole story. We cannot overlook the role of the media from which we hew. se€, and absorb the communication of others in countless situations, such as %elevtgi>: soap operas and variety shows, comedies, dramas, music lyrics, reality Shoug. and documentaries, In these media events, we hear and see people interact, Jemengteqcing what happens in relationships, what the possibilities are, and by omiswon, what! not possible. The risk here is that since the cited events are staged to look teal evef\ they are not, evaluating what is appropriate and effective to say to others in real iG can become quite difficult, and what is not said, we never hear, so we may not cnov whéf is possible a Communicate €9 Connect! Scanned with Car The complication is 1; aon ran They "0 become aggravated when we art vt uw ire of the s involved in the communication exchange we ovt h. ving with that culture can affect the \ familiar with the riany ways base our understanding gp ae ste "0 speak 0, and unversand! otters. We 10 us. To become mer ian” On Verbal and nonverbal symbols avadiablé and known understanding ningful, communication must be placed int frariework of wo ‘épable of ily Understanding all languages anc! atl eultures of che ibe iniereuleurat w they are similar and different from one aneter To bridge int munication gaps, we need to be open-minded gett ug rid of prejudiced and biased beliefs), respecting culeucal differences no mater how seemingly strange or “primitive” they are or seem to us. Some cultural differences, however, may defy our ethical privverp ls (0: sense of what is right or wrong), such as cheating in examinations, gender equality, bribes and payoffs in doing business, favoritism toward friends and relatives. or profound disregard for the environment. In cases like these, we can respond in aaciety of ways (Adler, Elmhorst, 8 Lucas, 2013): 1. Avoiding. We may refuse to comply or do business in cultures th: t operate according to ethical principles that differ from ours 2. Accommodating. We can accept the different ethical system en! conform to practices different from ours. 3. Forcing. We can insist on doing business in x way we believe is ethically proper. 4. Educating—Persuading. We can try to convince the people with Whom we want to do business why our ethical principle is more apprapriatt 5. Negotiating—Compromising. We and the other party ceyytach give up something to negotiate a settlement. 6. Collaboration—Problem Solving. We can work with the ofherpar:y to face the problem directly and reach a mutually satisfying solutiva To lp ug wake the best possible decision on what to do, we ask ourselves the fo lows qaeatwon Bow morelly significant is the situation? 3 \qrue home-culture consensus regarding the issue? Comnmunteotia®across cultures or intercultural communication takes place when vie aly wleenced by different cultuzal commun * g'Toomey, 1999, as cited in CommGap, 2017). Individuals who get benefits from these exchanges. Besides ities negotiate shared: meanings ere we whcultural interactions bic to gPer access to the experiences of other human beings, they improve t on atgolton skills, they develop empathy toward others and openness to new ideas (Ce he, & Tallyot, 2003), and they increase their likelihood to challenge person. belief +d embrace new perspectives (Luo & Jamieson-Drake, 2013) CS. Elm a Scanned with Car | GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE Bear in mind that “just about every person you meet belongs4o a different culture in some way" (Chase & Shamo, 2013, p. 104), and whoever he may be, w! icever his culture or subculture is, and however different this culture or subcatFufe is fiorn yours, he deserves to be treated with respect like the way you would wank FO be trated as a decent human being. Here are some suggestions on how you can become open miided dewidl of any prejudices and biases against people from another culture (Chi Shain, 2013; Singh & Rampersad, 2010). 1. Gettin, to know people coming from your targeted group whose culture diffs frm yours makes you understand the group and their culture better 2. Learn about history and the experiences and aspirations of people from different cultures. Taking a course or reading books about pe Qple fF diverse cultures makes you experience their cultures vicarious! aflowing you to understand and appreciate them more 3. Examine yourself for possible stereotypes. Stercotype: ond bis es result from ignorance about the targeted group. Being fair-minde.! 9nd uny \¢judiced your judgnins acc walair and makes you realize the possibility that some o! wrong 4. Look at the world from someone else's way of lookin: af and hinking about something, not just yours. Be empathic; try w undedland others! perspective--how they make sense of their worl:--and try 4o expericiice what and how they feel. 5, Work on becoming more self-confident. The better we 1. dpeut c urselves, the more likely we are to feel good about others, too, and Hy mofie al le we are not only to understand them but also to learn from them, 6. Appreciate cultural similarities and differences. Use cutfural ces: rces to do this. It allows you to understand the members of different ahural groups and.helps you establish better intercultural relationships an wferact ons 7. Acknowledge the essential equality and value of all cuitares. Never feel superior to people belonging to any other cultural group, eve mint city one. Be sensitive and interpret cultural styles of communiciTw Des lop ability to understand the communication symbols of the fagapt culfure—its verbal language, signs, gestures, body language, and custo: he ave &# Connect! 7 re BARRIERS TC ‘F! CCTIVE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION (MeKe er, Chase & Shamo, 2013) 1 [2thnodentrism. Eth nocentrism refers to the belief that a person's culture his ww vou ulture) is much better than any other group's culture (an our group” cultu FPO Cucure by us and the tendency is for that person to judge any “out- the norms of his “in-group" culture. All of us are, to Som. ectent, ethnocentric, whose ethnocentricity falls somewhere on a scale vetween low” and “high” (Neutiep, 2012, as cited in McKeiver, 2013). Our Teve Ye! nocentricity affects cur ability to successfully communicate cross culreraly H oul ethnocentr icity level is high, the effect is negative. We experience he largect communication barriers, so we are less likely to attempt to interact vith Hro®@ whose culty defensive, and hosti res differ from ours. We can possibly feel “suspicious, Cultural nd-ms from toward them because they have different social and the in-grous in which we belong. SH alow cilinoceneichy lesel, ower, the affect positive, We can beeene © curious, interested, and inspired” to interact with those belonging fo the af-grou !P» So we become more inclined to deal with them, enjoy Fheit company, le and experience the benefits of our increased intercultural Con munication. 2. Stereotypes and prejudices. Stereotyping and being prejudiced against Cultural groups are the main barriers to intercultural communication ‘The Negative characteristics attributed to one group can cause beliefs and feelings dha +p biases and discrimination against that group, The discriminated Group often suffers from being rejected and avoided in cross-cultural intezactions. Communicate & Connect! Scanned with Car ca erred Regative traits assigneite grou? of people y ia may only re faeries is na orien Men, age end ¥ tee re sein spt ah tn cnn nt ee oa and the individual differences essential in each risers ef specific situations For. ex; sane, while walking to your hone late at viii and vs see & Sroup of s raat citizens walking behind you, you walk ni: mally bc ause you Consider senior citizens as Weak and harmless. But when you wnceta yroup of teenage boys wy and try to vod ae unkempt hair wearing dirty clot. you walk fast tem because you conclude that they ars q@%dfor-nothing SI natchers and troublemakers, You : see in deceit the results of your own experi ep stuasions you magazines, and bobker yas things you read about frwmncwspapers, 5 and friends, j and experiences you hear from yourfomily,

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