2arizors Grammar Print clase Nouns have a gender (grammatical gender}: der Tag (the day) —ein Maskulinum (masculine) je Woche (the week)~ ein Femininum (feminine) das Jahr (the year) - ein Neutrum (neuter) The gender is most clearly defined by the definite article (accompanying word of the noun): der # dio # das, butit isnot so clear when looking at the indefinite article: ein Tag — eine Woche — ein Jahr. Most nouns can be both singular and plural, The plural definite article for all nouns is always dio, der Tag — die Tage, die Woche — die Wochen, das Jahr— die Jahre Aplural indefinite article does not exist ein Tag ~ Tage, eine Woche — Wochen, ein Jahr— Jahre Das waren schéne TageWechen/Jahre. Singular nouns are used in the gender of the three personal pronouns of the third person singular, plural nouns always use the third person plural: der/ein Tag - er, die/eine Woche - sie, das/ein Jahr— es (die) Tage - sie, (die) Wochen — sie, (die) Jahre — sie Nouns are declined (declension); that means they are putin different cases. The article usually gets an additional ending; the singular noun may get one in the genitive. Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative (Wer?iWas?) deriein Tag idieleine Woche | das/ein Jahr Accusative (Wen2Was?) denieinen Tag Jdiejeine Woche | das/ein Jahr Dative (Wem?) dem/einem Tag _|derieiner Woche | demieinem Jahr Genitive (Wessen?) desieines Tages _|derieiner Woche _| des/eines Jahr(e)s Genitive masculine and neuter singular nouns usually receive the ending -s or -es (-es is always added to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -8, -x, 'Sch, -z, and often to one syllable nouns or nouns with -sch and -st) ‘Some masculine nouns require an -n or -en ending in the accusative, dative and genitive. Only very few nouns (masculine, neuter) require the ending -ns or -ensiin the genitive. Nominativ |der/ein Lowe der/ein Student derlein Name dasiein Herz Accusative |denleinen Lowen |denieinen Studenten _|denveinenNamen _|das/ein Herz Dative dem/einem Lowen |demieinem Studenten |demicinem Namen | dem/einem Herz(en) Genitive desieines Lowen _|des/eines Studenten _|desieines Namens _| desieines Herzens Nominative | die Wochen die Autos dio Tage die Hauser hepdeuschkurse dw. elKursPlatormWebObjects/KursPiatorm woaiwol45.11.1.3.1 182arizors Grammar Accusative | die Wochen die Autos die Tage die Hauser Dative den Wochen den Autos den Tagen den Hausern Genitive der Wochen der Autos der Tage der Hauser Plural nouns add =the ending -n (die Woche — die Wochen), or =the ending -en (das Bett - die Botten), or the ending -s (das Auto — die Autos) in each of the four cases. The definite article takes on different forms However, =the ending -e (der Tag - die Tage), also with an umiaut (der Stuhl - die Stiihle the ending -er (das Feld - die Felder), also with an umlaut (das Haus - die Hauser) and nouns without an ending (der Kater - die Kater), also with an umlaut (der Vater - die Vater) only occur in the nominative, accusative and genitive. The dative of these nouns adds an additional -n ending, The genitive singular and the nominative plural form of nouns are listed in most good dictionaries. The nominative noun functions as the subject of the sentence (Der Mantel ist b/au.) or a part of the predicate (Das ist ein Mantel). The accusative and the dative nouns function as the object of the sentence afler many verbs (Sie hattragt einen Mantel. Wir horen dir zu.) Prepositions may require use of the accusative, dative and genitive. ‘The negation of the indefinite article ein/eine/ein is the negative article kein/keine/ein. Ittakes on the same form as ein, e.g. Nominative Singular: Das ist eine/keine Hose. Akkusative Singular: Sie tragt einenkeinen Rock The nominative and accusative plural is keine, e.g Dort sind keine Autos. Ich sehe keine Autos. Country Names and Articles German nouns have a grammatical gender. They are + masculine (der Tag), + feminine (die Woche), or ‘neuter (das Jahr), The article can take on different forms in German because German has a case system. + Der, den, dem or des can come before masculine nouns; + die or der can come before feminine nouns; and + das, dem, or des can come before neuter nouns. You will leam everything about grammatical gender and cases in the course of this program. htpdeuschkurse dw. dlKursPlatormWebObject/KursPiatorm woaiwol45.11.1.3.1 282arizors Grammar In some cases, der can refer to a feminine noun, e.g, + when a preposition is in frontof the noun (in der Schweiz) or + when two nouns are combined with the meaning “of (die Hauptstadt der Schweiz). Most country names are neuter and are used without articles (Deutschland, Osterreich, Frankreich). Some are feminine (die Schweiz, die Tirkei), masculine (der Iran) or plural (die USA). These country names are used with a definite article htpdeuschkurse dw. dlKursPlatormWebObject/KursPiatorm woaiwol45.11.1.3.1 38