NIAC

Fundamental of Noise
• Noise is unpleasant,
unwanted, disturbing sound.
• Sound is a sensation of
acoustic waves
(disturbance/pressure
fluctuations setup in a
medium)
• The frequency limits of
audibility are from 20 HZ to
20,000 HZ.
• The three inter-related
components- the source, the
beneficiary or receiver and
the transmission path.
 Sound
• Sound is a disturbance that
propagates through a medium
having properties of
inertia(mass) & elasticity .
• The medium by which the
audible waves are transmitted is
air.
• Sound propagate is molecular
transfer of motional energy.
Hence it cannot pass through
vacuum
 Basic Terminology
• Decibel (dB)
• Sound Power Level (SPL): Sound power is the energy
rate - the energy of sound per unit of time (J/s, W in SI-
units) from a sound source
• Sound Intensity Level : Sound Intensity is the Acoustic
or Sound Power (W) per unit area
• Sound Pressure Level: Sound pressure converted to
the decibel scale is called sound pressure level (LP)
• Frequency : the number of repetitions per unit time
(the unit for frequency is the Hertz (1 cycle/s)).
• Hertz: Abbreviated Hz, is the unit of frequency, defined
as “cycles per second.”
 Terminology Cont.
• Noise Criteria : The maximum allowable sound pressure
level(s) (Lp) at a specific location. Criteria may be expressed
as a single overall value or in individual octave bands
• Octave Band : A range of sound frequencies with an upper
limit twice its lower limit. The bands are identified by their
center frequencies (“identifying frequencies”), which is the
square root of the product of the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies of a pass band.
• Sound : The sensation of hearing; rapid, small fluctuations
to which our ears are more or less sensitive; small
perturbation of the ambient state of a medium (ambient air
in most cases) that propagate at a speed characteristic of
the medium.
 Noise Measuring Instruments
• Sound Level Meter (SLM)
The optimums red sound level meters use the
very latest digital technology and industrial
design to give you the ideal instrument for
Occupational and Industrial Hygiene noise
measurements.
 Sound Level Meter (SLM)

Applications
• Occupational & Industrial Hygiene Noise Evaluations
• Noise at Work Surveys & Noise Exposure Calculations
• Hearing Protector Selection using HML or Octave Band
Methods
• Machinery Noise Tests
• Noise Ordinance & Community Noise Assessments
• General Noise Measurements
 Sound Level Meter (SLM)

• Key Features
• Measure up to 140dB(A) and 143dB(C) Peak
with a single measurement range
• Real-time 1:1 Octave Band Filters
• NR & NC values & curves on screen
• 4GB memory with the option of 32GB
• Measure up to 170dB with the optional
 Noise Dosimeter
• It is clipped to a person's belt with a small
microphone that fastens to the person's collar,
close to an ear
• The doseBadge is a true multi-channel
instrument
• It has 1 second data logging
 Key features of the doseBadge
• Internal shock & motion sensor to detect impacts
& tampering
• Internal microphone with automatic calibration
• Remote communication to the dBLink App
• Reporting & data analysis NoiseTools software
• 60dB to 140dB measurement range (143dB Peak)
• A, C & Z frequency weightings for RMS & Peak
channels
Integrating Sound Level Meter (ISLM)

• The integrating sound level meter (ISLM) is

similar to the dosimeter
• determines equivalent sound levels over a
measurement period.
• ISLM does not provide personal exposures
because it is hand-held like the SLM, and not
worn
• The ISLM determines equivalent sound levels
at a particular location
 Specification
• Ranges: 30 - 70 dB, 60 - 100 dB and 90 - 130 dB
Overload indicator provided
• Self-noise less than 25dB (A) or less than 40dB
(Flat).135dB absolute maximum.
• Microphone: 17 mm (0.67 inch) electrets condenser
type
• Frequency Response: dB (A) or Flat
• Temperature Range: 10 to +50°C operational. -15 to
+60°C storage.
• Humidity Range: 30% to 90% for ±0.5 dB
• Vibration Interference :< 62d B (Flat) for 1 m/sec/sec
Noise Standards in India
 Noise standards for automobiles, domestic appliances and construction
equipments have been notified in Part 'E', Schedule-VI of
Environment(Protection)Rules,1986,as amended on 19th May,1993,as given
in the Tables below
 Noise Standards in Argentina
Noise Level in dB(A) Exposure time allowed (in
hrs/day)
91-95 6

96-100 4

101-105 2

106-110 1

111-115 ½
 Noise Standards in Canada
Noise Level in dB(A) Max. Exposure time hours per employee
and per working day

More than 87 but not more than 90 8

More than 90 but not more than 92 6
More than 92 but not more than 95 4
More than 95 but not more than 97 3
More than 97 but not more than 100 2
More than 100 but not more than 102 1.5
More than 102 but not more than 105 1
More than 105 but not more than 110 0.5
More than 110 but not more than 115 0.25
More than 115 0
 Sources of
Sources of noise in opencast mines
Noises in Mines
Sources of noise in underground mines

Compressor Coal Cutting Machines

Coal Handling Plant Conveyor
Conveyor Cage
Drills Auxiliary / Booster Fan / Main Fan on
Surface
Dozer Armored Face Conveyor AFC
Dumper Blasting
Dragline Explosions
Bucket Wheel Excavator Shearer
Front End Loader Plough
In Pit Crusher SDL
Blasting LHD
Locos Gathering Arm Loader
Ropper Haulage
Scraper Rocker Shovel
Shovel Scraper
 SAMALESHWARI OPEN CAST MINE
Case Study
• The main noise sources at the projects were as
follows: Surface miners, shovels, dumpers and
dozers
• The sound pressure levels of noise sources were
taken at different distances of interval 1m from
the source.
• The noise level was measured at a height of 1.6 m
from ground level, 1 m from walls and 2 m from
crossing to avoid the earth reflection of the
sound waves
 WORKING FORMULA FOR SOUND
LEVEL MODELLING

• LW= Source power level Re=10-12 watts

• K1 = Source directivity index -10 log (4R2) = Geometric spreading term
including infinite hard plane coinciding with the source
• R = Source to receiver distance
• K2= Atmospheric attenuation = 10 log (1 + 0.0015R) dB (A)
• K3 = Attenuation due to meteorological conditions = [(12.5/R2) + 0.2]-1 dB
(A)
• K4 = Ground effects = 10 log [3 + (R/160)] - K2- K3 dB (A)
• K5 = Barrier value (0-10) = 10log (3 + 20 d) dB (A) = 10log3 = 4.77 dB
• d= Barrier path difference=0
• K6 = Attenuation due to woodland areas =0
• K7 = Attenuation due to built-up areas =0
Simulation study of dumper noise
SIMULATION STUDY OF SHOVEL
NOISE
SIMULATION STUDY OF DOZER NOISE
 Result

• The maximum sound pressure level was found

at Dumpers of 103dB (A)
• Hearing protectors aid is mediatory to worn by
the mine workers as the sound pressure is
high
 Refreences
• Hartman, L. Howard (1992) SME Engineering Handbook, Colorado, Vol. I, Chapter -
11.9, pp. No .1127-1132
• Sengupta, M. (1990) Mine Environmental Engineering. Florida, Vol. I, Chapter -1
Noise, pp.7-9, 21,
• Ghatak. S, S. (1997). A Study of Mine Management Legislation and General Safety,
4th Edition, pp -101-106.
• HMSO.1979.The law relating to safety & health in mines & in
quarries.part2.section B.pB91-B99.London: Her majesties stationary office.
• Discussion with mining officials Noise sources in mine, visit to mine, and data
collected, and photograph taken of BSL mines from 10/04/2014.
• Discussion with mining officials Noise sources in mine, visit to mine, and data
collected, and photograph taken of Samaleswari mines on 16/12/2013.
• Project Report of Samaleswari OCP Expansion (Phase IV), 2010