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Interaction of radiation with matter
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   23
Interaction of heavy charged particles with matter
The energy transfer   
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Range of heavy charged particles
#3 =  
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The specific ionization and the stopping power
The specific ionization S %  & 
– # 
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60
1 2 3 d

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The stopping power ( - dE/dx) # $


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(- dE/dx)comp = (N1/N0) (-dE/dx)1 + (N2/N0)2 (-dE/dx)2 +……
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62
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   33
Interaction of electrons with matter

63
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 ( 233
Energy loss by inelastic collision
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Energy loss by radiation *


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B  ("
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0 S   ,  23 


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(- dE/dx)rad = [4Z(Z+1)e4 NE /137 m02 C2] (ln183Z-1/2 + 0.125)
(3-11)
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#5=   , ! .(E >> m0 c2) 7! )
  
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:2  
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(- dE/dx)tot = (- dE/dx)inel + (- dE/dx)rad (3-12)
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(-dE/dx)rad   C
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(-dE/dx)

rad
b
c

total
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66
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
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Absorption of electrons $ ' +  433


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N = N0 e- µ x (3-13)
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3 µ ! x 9
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. 1TB 1 & 7
   *  *  #   0
68
# ρ  #3% 0 µ 2=+ 8 /   #5  
2  8 /   B :
µm     0 &
:! 7! )(mass absorption coefficient)
µm = µ /ρ
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/2B 2 2  8 /   < 5 &
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+-  
(13T3) #  23 2  8 /   B+    .#
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B/2B #& 9 23 x ρ &  ! B* )E

The half-thickness x1/2 % -


! (the half-thickness) χx1/2 2  E J= B+ 
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E  
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0, 7H 7 E E 1 ! 7! )
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7! ):  0, 15
+ 2     ! #    +
:!
N = ½ N0
:!  (13T3) #5.  B+ 
x1/2 =µln 2 / µ = 0.693 / µ (cm) (3-15)

xm1/2 = ln2 /µm = 0.693 ρ / µ gm/ cm2) (2-16)

+ , .  $ ' "  533


Range determination from the absorption curve

69
#  ! .

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4 . 
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#   E  # N    < 5 M )
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0 :    
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. E        < 5 B 

log N log N log N

(K) (M) (!)

x x x

(6T3) 
.2$  
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M
  
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  , 1 5 23
  
 8 / 0 &  TK

  J 0 & E *  .E        < 5 B 


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B%
    
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70
) . $  =+ < $  23 % 2  (13T3) #5. 
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= !
.0 &  # 4  #=$

   / 



   43
Interaction of gamma radiation with matter
 ./   /     143
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# &   4 $ 2  M - E  
 3. +
$ !  1 N3  0   3 =$  3 . 0,
:#   # @
 F.%    R&, C
=   4&   1 5=

$ 1.+ :(The photoelectric effect) %12$3' $!&  0


=
    
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(
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=
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71
:
& 2  )(
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+ 
  
, &! 7! ) 

.9
    

  F& !   : (The pair production) 567 5 / 5


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5   M
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, *  

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.
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%& !  # % 0-    ! 0  6  2I 


# - E 23  #  = I
4   5= "   
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& #5= #  = I
4 # - #5= * , /, F&
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: #  # -   ,
#  # -  # ! 8 
; #4  4 ! B M
. 23

 %(   / 8 243


Attenuation of gamma radiation in matter
#  # - !   ,  # *  #*& =$  
–  
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+ #   0
1 5= 8  M E #*&  – F.%     76
( K*- K , ! 2@P
4
%6  2  .+ ) 1@ 3 
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%6 ) 9
  13
&  ! 1  M !
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=   #*&  K
+ 2  dN    
:! 7! ) dx (# ) #   E " N0 #=5   
dN = - µ N0 dx (3-17)

72
(linear 2=+      B :
 M  %  µ :F &
8 /    . 5 : +  attenuation coefficient)
85 2 3 # 
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:2 
dI = - µ I0 dx (3-18)
#3
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=   
:#  
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# !  / x 9
$    5
+ 2   
.E  +   M A 5 #  %  ,

0 µµ 2=+          3 JP  


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.(19T3) #5.  B+  & 0 #5=  #5
+  
:2 C
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- µi(E) x
It = ∑ I oi e (3-20)
i
23  n 
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23    7! ) II  #      3 . "   
   " I0 #=5     " M (   B
7! )σ 2 2P
 "=$ ) n ( 3B1 ) B& & 23 

:!
73
- dI / dx = n σ (E) I0 (3-21)
:! JP (18T3) #5.  
+- #5.  9 #
$
µ(E) = n σ (E) (3-22)
M
P &  
  µ 2=+      ! 7!
  σ (E) 2 2P
 "=$ 23   3B 23 
 
. E #  #5=

 & 1 6    σ (E) 2P


 "=$ :
C 5
23  & 
 0 & B  =$ ,    F&
  "    ,    .2B 1 1 & "=$
4 2 2P
 "=$ :
N3 
 F.%    C
=
:! 7! )& 0   # P
 "=$   
 
σ (E) = σph (E) + σ c (E) + σp (E) (3-23)

%6  # P
 "=$ 2σp (E) ) σc (E) )σph(E) :F &
 1 N3 ) .M
 K*- K ,  
%6  2@P
4
:2  µ 2=+      # 
µ (E) = n { σph (E) + σ c (E) + σ p (E) }
:! 7!
µ(E) = µ ph + µ c + µ p (3-24)
E #  #5=   #   µ 2=+      ! 7!

%6    # @*    .    


 
9   µ p K*- K , ) µ c  
%6  ) µ ph 2@P
4
.#5=

  B :
R
+!   .  B+   
%
     ! (The mass absorption coefficient) 2    
.  9 =
 .(The atomic absorption coefficient) 7

:#   5.  2=+      
+-

74
µ mass = µ / ρ ( cm2 / gm) (3-25)

µ atom = (µ /ρ) .(A/Na) (3-26)


  Na )2   A )#  #3% 2 ρ F &
.( 7
 B
  
 23 10x6.02) 
3!

%6  )µ ph 2@P
4
%6  # @*    .   
 , #5= 0 
   µ p K*- K  )µ c  
0.2  5!   , #5=    1 N3 )# # .
  µp   & 23    µ ph  3 
, I 
   # @
 #  @   2@P
4
%6  ! 7! .

2=+       F & #P+  #5=    
.µ ph 2@P
4
%6        5! µ c  
%6 
  & 23 
 P+  µ ph +   , #5=  *
# !   
%6 J )E .@ = #5=  * µ c + 
.3 K*- K , ! .3 
, I  1& 23 5=  
!
I  10.22  5!   , #5=   , 5.=, F&
   #  0, 4& B* 2  #5= ! F & ) 3 
,
 .( 3 
, I  10.22 2 2 
* 2 
 S*
K*- K , #  J  
 1 N3   , #5=  *
 
I #   (7T3)  JP  .#%.%      #  B!
   .8

  #  #5=  # µ p ) µ c ) µ ph
0 &  %  .#  #5=   F.%      # !
 # 8

  2        23
 
E M& 2      B+  !

 .#5=
:. +/ /! E   .$ 5 <    ,  # 5 *&
 ,   B-
+X M .#5= :. +   
5 .( K*- K ,  
%6 # ) 4   + #  %
  E    B*. E  5! M& E 

 )E .*&  # + C! 0  4 ! #+



% 5!   ,  A   2   6  ! 0, 

75
 ! A   6   .# &    A   E
   , 4 &  !   $=  2  #  %  

C
+/ 0   , 
5 !  )E .4  Q* ! 4 5=

$ #
$ 2  ) 
 
$ #
$ # I 

.# $% # &  

  2  E S.= B+   &-  23


E  
  (half-value layer) HVL ! (half-thickness) x1/2
:! 7! ):  0,    + B*. #  

120 µ ph

80
µ tot
µc
40
µ p

0.2E 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.5 10 (MeV

(7T3) 
8

  #5=  # ) µtot )µp )µc )µ ph  
I

Ix / I0 = ½ = e -µ x 1/2

: 2  E N3 2 


x1/2 = ln 2 / µ = .693 / µ ( cm) (3-27)

The photoelectric effect %12$3' $!&  343

76
 ,    &!  2@P
4
%6  ! 

&! =5    
 B  # 3 . " 
E 0, 46   #5= $ 
 #=
  

C=  
   0  .1
 
 C= 7 


     . (the photoelectric electron) 2@P


4 

:#   #5.  #5= Q$  $ $= C=  
 #5= 
Ee = Eγ - B = h ν – B
=5   #5= Eγ ) C=  
 #5= 2 E e F &
243 B ! .   
ν )E . % h :F &) hν 7 2
, /,
%-  F& /  .
 
 =
#5=  

:! 7! )
 
 =
#5= 
!   #5=  
=
 #5=   $
! 4 5=  2    3 . h ν > B

  
, " 2@P
4
%- F& 
 

#5=  * .
   : P 4=
 
; 
 # 
+

%-  
 0 2@P
4
%- F& 4 N3   

 =

!   #5= J ! 0, 
   =

 
, "  E
 !  @  )( h ν > BK 7! ) K
 23
F&  / 1 ! #;&. M  2@P
4
%6  23 

 5 C$& B  
; )
&  
 0 2@P
4
%6 
B+* Q$  5 C$& 
 =
 
 #& 23 ) B+* Q$
  .(B+*  25 Q* 
 C.=    
 & F &
L
 
+D 
, 1& & K
  
, K
+
 
 2 2  )4 *  #   , 
  C= 2 
:! 7! ) L ) K 
 23 =
 2 5= C
3
h ν1 = BK T BL
"=$ # 5    #
; #5.  , M  X 0 &
  "=$  B 5  B ) .σph 2@P
4
%6  2P

#
; 1 #5.  E " .(7T3) 23 #   &  
C.=  #& 23 2@P
4
%6  2P
 "=$ B 5  & 
:2 #5.  9 K
  

77
σph (k) = 1.068 x 10-32 Z5 [( m0 c2 / hν )]7/2 cm2 (3-29)
23 QP #
 c )#   7
    Z :F &
/ .=5   
 ν )
`  #  m0 )U

 3 .   #5=  *   B+ . 
+- #5.  9 J
:2   (29T3) #5.  + m0 c2 << h νν   #5= J
σph (k) ≈ 1.068 x 10-32 Z5 ( m0 c2 / hν ) cm2 (3-30)

78

%6  2P
 "=$ ! #$ (29T3) #5.   ;&. 
P ) E .#   Z5 "  
= M 2@P
4

   B 
  8

 7
   
 
94 #P+  5=   #+   ,  # 5 *&
. 

C.=   &  


I    #5=   
9  0 7 9  23  
! 2@P
4 

  
 C.=   & *   #5=  * .=$
#   5=   .=$ 9 / #  #
 90ْ  5! # *
9   M
5 9  23  
!  
 C.=  J 
=$ 9  23 5.=, 2@P
4 
 C= /  .=$
C.=    (8T3)     .B+* Q$  5 M  
ν F & ) β = ν / c   # + B 5   2@P
4 

.U
 23 QP #
 c ) C.= /   
 #


Compton effect 
' $!& 443
 
 0 /, 2@P
4
%6  F& /  
0  
%6 F& !  1 N3 )  =
 
 #=

 8+  .
 =
/ # P  
 ! 
&  

M 
& 
, 0 h -ν 1 5=  3 =$   1 ! 23
%6 
  $   #  #
 C= 3 #5= 9  Q* 

.9
  2  ( & )    ) hν′ 1 5= J  #5= 9
 B+* #5= # 5
4; F & #   9 (9T3)  JP 
9 .1    
 #  m *
 .     5 B 
:#3
 #5.     1   #=
 # 
m = m0 / ( 1 - β )1/2

h ν′ P = h ν′/c

79
E=hν φ
ν P = h ν/c θ θ

mβ c Ee =me c2

(9T3) 
      5 
   B+* #5=

1 N3 
    /, B  23 E
 / 1 ! F &
  / 23 ( #
& #  ) B+* #5= Q$ /  #  
:#   #%.% (32T3) /  "  2!
 2$3-
h ν = h ν′ύ + mc2 – m0 c2

h ν = (h ν′/c) cos φ + mβ c cos θθ  (3-32)


0 = (h ν′/c) sin φ – m β c sin φ θ
#5= # 5  ,  /   # 9 &
C.=  # *     # *   #5.      
:2  &  0 

h ν′ = h ν / [ 1 + γ ( 1-cos φ) ] (3-33)
:F &
γ = h ν / m0 c2

cos θ = - ( 1 + γ) tan (φ/2) (3-34)

# +  *   !    ! 0, 



 
# * * 3 φ 1  # * 0      h ν′ 1 5=  
.(33T3) #5.  1&P   1 5= 5 1 

80
M&  (Klien and Nishina)         5
#5.  "=$  & )
; σc      2P
 "=$
:#  
σc = ( πe4/m02 c4) (1/γ) {[1-2(γ+1)/ γ2] ln(2γ+1)+1/2+4/γ-1/2(2γ+1)2}
(3-35)
A
  $ σc  
%- 2P
 "=$ ! JP 
)=5   #5=  *  

µ  
%- 2=+      0 &  
c

 σc  


%6  2P
 "=$   #3
 E
3
N = n Z 7  #   B 1  23 N  

! 7! :
µ c = n Z σc (3-36)
3
 7
    Z  B 1 23 
  2 n F &
.# 

The pair production 567 5 / 543


I  0.511 = m0c2 2 
`  #5= ! :
 
9 : P 
! =5   #5=    .3 
,
   F& 1 N3 )( 3 
, 1.022 
! 7! ) # $
)     Q 3 1  A   2
4  =5  
#
& 2 5= $= M 
* M 
, (K , !
(10T3)     .M
 0 T + , T- 
* 
`
 , 4 #5= Q$  5 B+  .#   94  & P 

:! F & )


* 
   #
& 2 5=
h ν – 2 m0 c2 = T- + T+ (3-37)

e-
81
h ν > 2 m0c2 
γ

e+ e-

(10T3) 
K* K , #   2& P B


* Q 3 B% 2 
* 2 


I  10 =5   #5=   , )%   0 3


I  1.022 9
$  #5= 9  I  1 N3 3 
,
# $ *  )
* 
 2   K , 23 3 
,
3 
, I  8.978 = 1.022 – 10 2 )#5=  # 5
F &  .
* 
   # 
& #5=  23
M  
* 
   # 5 #5= * !  )!
  $
!  
* #5= !  @&,   .# +
M  & 23   "
3 
* - 
 #5=
.4  


K*- K  σσp 2P


 "=$ M&  1 !  5
:#   #    #  #$
=
σp = 5.93 Z2 x 10-28 (barn) (3-38)
! 4 #5.  B+   1 N3  25 #  !
23 JP  &   # 
  B $ !  B+ 
K  2P
 "=$ ! (38T3) #5.   JP  .(7T3)
.#  Z2 " 7! )7
   "
 " M σp K*-
 # 5 *&    # $%
  # P3! H  

82
 &   .  94 #   5=     ,
23 n (R ) 
  #/ K*- K  2=+     
:#5.   σp K*- K  2P
 "=$ 3B 
µp = n σp (cm-1) (3-39)

$
 $!0 %
  9   463
The nuclear resonance scattering and the Mossbauer effect
 F& !  #$ # @
 M - 0, #3P
$ )     ,   #  .   R
+!  !
:
 .  9 #%!  .4 5=   9 4$
= 
8  F & (photonuclear reaction)    7    B
   B  K
+ 8 /   A  =5    
7    
 )E .
> !  
 ! 
 
. " #=5    .  ! &!    2 
 8 
; #4  #4 .  9 " 
 

%6    #


$ # P
 4 =$
I E   
.K*- K , !     ! 2@P
4

(nuclear resonance 2  7    


 E "

%6 B #3


 
; 1=
/ #+ # !  scattering)
#5=   , 1 ! 23 2  7     8+  .

(# 5=   /&)    &- 
% #5= % =5  
0, # P
- #&  E $       8  ! 
F& 1 , #& 9 23 $  .& #5=  
% #&
F   N3 .(resonance absorption)   23 2 8   
(# P
- #& 0,  0 & ) 
%        
F & )8    #5=  # I  @P
$ 5! 1 5=  
#5= B #3
 # I 
I #5= 9 
   &
!  /       F      N3 )E .
/
 5! &! 1 5= - 1     #= 1  

83
1 N3 # I 
I 
/ #5=    .2  8 / #5=
#5= #%   : P ! , F     8   ! 
.

%6 B 
; 9 :
 .
/ #5=  7
#5= 23 # = 
I 7- # & C@3

%6
 
#$@ 1 & M .
/ #5=
I 
; F    
.# # & M= 2   $ Q
, 23

%6 B+ 

 $  



   53
Interaction of neutrons with matter
  B   
  
  0  3
! C
:   .(3 
, I  939.52)  E  1.0866 1   # &
:#    - 0, # 
& 4 5=    
 

2 #

&  
  :1
$  $$ $ 
23 3 
, 1 2&  # 
& 4 5= $ 2   
 

 , 1   4 5= S
2  2 #@ =  
  !  &
.3 
,   0.1 )=3
0.1   4 5= S
2   
  2 : 
$ 
.3 
,   20 )
10 – 0.2   4 5= S
2   
  2 :$ $ 
.3 
, I 
10 0 4 5=  * 2   
  2 :  $ 
.3 
, I 

: + 8@+ *  1 N3 
  # &  B  
; 
/ 1 ! 8@+ 9  .# &   8@+  
%
/  
 
   H !  / ( 1
 ) 1  
) . 
 !   " #   
4 . # ! 1  F&
  
 R "   . 
   B , 1 N3
C
 + 0 
 
5 1    )U
 
  4 # 

84
 
 0,    1
+    @$ 
  E  .
:E    $3 P 
    B 
o
n P+ + β- + ύ
.#$ 5 15 2  9
 \ 

The neutron sources $  $ 153


 . 
  #  # =
@; # = 23  /
7 (25298Cf)252 B
 
; K , 
+-   23 !
\ :
   
   & 2 
;  X 0 &

 #+ )# + #   .  +  5 .#  2.65
   
 
 # +
  0 (α,n) 
 ! B 

= / . " .  9


 X 0 & . %.%

  ) 
   &
 2 7  K /
.
 9

Californium 252 Sources ;$' $ 0


. 23 2& 5 23 252 B
  K , B
  &! ! B  
  @$ 252 B
 
; E  .#  
:#  $=  
 
 E 5
252 251
98 Cf 98 Cf + 10n
# % 23  
 6 10 x 2.3 2 
  F  /   \ 
  
  C=  . 252 B
   B

  1 
.3 
, I  6 – 1   S
5= 252 B
 

Radium-beryllium source ;$


– ;$ $ 4
A   . 
 
 8+
! 
 

! B  9 B 
  :5  
  23  
 
:2    $= 
 C= 3
85
α + 94 Be 12
6 C + n + 5.76 MeV
  &! !  
 (226 Ra) 226 B 

; B+  
 #  =+

P&  .1  / 
 ! B  B+ 
& B
 =+  3 .B 
 C&  R
+! #  " B 

0 &  B 
 C&  
  " B 
 
 
   7! (Neutron yield) 9
 \ 2 


.# % 23 "
 
 6 10 2& & # % 23 1  #%  

 #5
> C.> #& # + = + "P M 
.!  
 F F& / 0 &

5= !  


 226 B 
 ! :
 
$ 
;  .3 
, I  7.68 ) 4.79   "$ &
S
  )B 
 C& 23 

 Q %! 4 5= !  

 , I 12)1  
   
  
  5=
 ; )E )#  1600 B 
 2 
    .3
 E )M 4 .   @   # %

7 5  
 *> 0, E 7 B 

 0 #

9 K , :5 $3 " B 
 M
  # & #
  0,
. &


;$
;$7 0 ;$
;
 $ 5
9
 \ 7 210 B 
; 2& 5 23 B+ 
226 B 
  / !   

   138 2 
2 
  
; 1 ! /, .B 
 "  
 

P& 
241 B 
-
 & $3 210 B 
;   
$

 /   .210 B  226 B 


 &
$ =  B;  23 # 
 2 B 
 241B 
-
.#  

The photoneutron source %  $  $ 


86
R    :5 0
 1  ! 8+
B;   B$  . 
  F   E  A 3   
.      B+  0    

γ + 94 Be 2 α + n – 1.67 MeV

γ + 21 H 1
1H + n – 2.23 MeV
4 6   N R  :5  #   .  *  
&  #=5   , #5= * , /, B / 7! ) #  
   , #5= $ /! M -   # 3 .( 
#5= $ /! M 3 2 %   #  ! .3 
, I  1.67
.3 
, I  2.23   

 4  
  
  #5= 6
 9 *  
: =  2  B 
 B 

 <  & # 5 
(2411Na) 24 B 
; B+    .
  4 3  
 
1  
   , #5= \ F &   

" 24 B   B
 & "P  3 .3 
, I  2.76
  #   
$ 
; ) &=  9 B 
  
 # =5
9
 2 

 0 1  &  (C
+/ 0 
1  #%    
  #5= )# %/
 6 10 2& (1  7!)
.3 
, I  1.0 2&

$  $'   > =8


Particle accelerators as neutron sources
 :$ E & #5=   
 0 & 
#  #5= 0 &   23 #  # &   # + R 
:#   .   $=
2
1H + 21H 3
2He + n + 3.29 MeV
1
1H + 21Li 7
4Be + n - 1.65 MeV

87
2
1H + 31H 4
2He + n + 17.6 MeV
2
1H + 126C 13
7N + n – 0.26 MeV
2
1H + 94Be 10
5B + n + 4.35 MeV
0 & M   
 +  1 N3 )
 #    #5=
I  .& #5=   
 
  B+  ) .#= # $  
  #5=
I
 
   B #3
 
 
  23 F%
#5=  
    B
I 4 . (neutron generators)
B
  : 4 :$  3 
,   150 0, 
&   .3 
, I  14.1 #5=  
  F  3
0, 1   (neutronflux) 2 
 C3 0
  % 
.2B .# %/
 12 10 T 10 10 2&

The nuclear reactors  >  – 


C.= 0  
 
 R5! #   .

) 13 10   . +  
  #3% S
!  F &
 . 23  
  A  .2B.# %/ 
 19 10
#  .  F& # B   B
  7
= 
S
 +  
  : = ! 0, 

  .1+
.#
 #

&  
    

 $  



   253
#
$ . 3. +   
      : +
4 5= $  
 3 .  , ! # &    
B! 

> 
   
  .=$3   " 4 #
0 
   
  .1 5= 
  4.+ $ 2  
   ! .4@ =   
  #5= $ #  B! # + R 
$3 23  
 M  .3 # $% #=  R  0 

>

88

 , I  
!) 
 5= #  /, 
  #5=
.(3

$  $   353


The neutron elastic scattering
:
& A 2    0 E0 1 5= 
 =$  
B N3 .#   7$   1 5=  Q* $  9
  
 
# 
& 4 5= 23
I F&   7!)   # + #5=
I
T3)  #
 
= / ! 
        0 (=$3
.(11


  #5=  ,  B+* #5= Q$ 2  5 B+ 
:2 X     
E = E0 ( A2 + 2A cos φ +1 ) / (A + 1)2 (3-40)
23    # * 2 φ )     
  #5= 2 E F &
23 θ    # * #=
 2 )$% *
  %&, #
:#   #5.  #    %& #
cos θ = (1 + A cos ) / ( A2 + 2 A cos φ + 1 ) (3-41)

n A θ

(11T3) 
 
  
   

89
5!       
  #5= ! (40T3) #5.    

 7! ) 180ْ =    # *   , 4   
@  .(1T) 7 180 B M  ! F & ( :+ 
 
:2      
  #5= J
E = E0 ( A2 - 2A +1 ) / ( A + 1 )2 (3-42)
 
  4    2     , 1 ! JP )E

  #5=  :+      1 N3 (A = 1)  
 4 2
  1 5=  J  #& 9 23 
  ! 7! .
 #  E
.:5   
 4

# *        
! #5= 
  $ 
$ 2  #5= # 5 * #  # * #  .
   
2    2    +   & B  23 
 
!  
 4  #  
 ) .4  
    F&
@4 P3! 4  23 1  
 # 0 7 & 2 

  $ !  ) .(neutron moderators)  
 
23 B+   .& B  23 1 5=  
I ! 
 Q*
+  B
> =  B :
R
+! # 5 #   2& 
B  =  2
> + / ! )& B  23 #5=
:2 X =  2
> + / :
 .ζ &
ζ = ln E0 – ln E = ln ( E0 / E ) (3-43)
:!  (40T3) #5.  B+  # $ 9 M&
ζ = 1- [( A-1)2 / 2A] ln [(A+1) / (A-1)] (3-44)
2  .ζ = 1 !  ) A = 1 F &  
 4 # 
2.71
$ B    =  23 + 
  #5= !
#5= ! 7! .( 2 = 2
> <- 7  7! ) 

1 5=  %37 #  =  23 J B    
 
.B  5

90
 =   ,   ζ + / =  #3

# $ # - # $  
  #5= +  #*.  
2 2 B  5 
  #5= # - # $   N3 .#=

$ #5= 0 & 1 @4 B*  %   0 3 
, I 
=   ( #

&  
  #5= 7! ) 3 
, 0.025
: #=   
N = ln ( E0 / E ) / ζ

= [ln(2 x 106/ 0.025)] / ζ


   =    
 4 #  1 ! 7!
: #=
N= 18.2 / 1 = 18.2
 =  - @4 P3!   
 4
 )E
 
 0, 4 &  #
  
  #@4  #*.  
! #;&. M  .( 19 T18 2& ) & #

&
# *I #& 23   
 4 
  B  &
B& & 23  
 4 
  - E # I : P  &
# 5 :. + & 23 "P ! M  .
I  *I 
E ) :. +  
     σs 2P
 "=$
"=$
I #   (12T3)     . 
  #5= :. +
#   
  #5=  # 
    σσs 2P

! M      b4  2 1 N3 
+! . 
 4

I!  9 23  
  8 / 2P
 "=$ 
0 & .#@4   8 .  
 
/ 0 & 
 &       B+  & 23   9 "  +! 
:  
  #@4  8@+

σs
103

91
102

10

0.1 10 103 105 107


E (eV)

(12T3) 
 
 4 #   
  #5=  σσs 2P
 "=$
I

The slowing down power (SDP) 13  . $ 0


#5= +  B
> =  M
P &  
 2
& 23  9 
  23 #   & B 
:! 7! ) 94 σs   2P
 "=$ 23 n B&
SDP = ζ n σs

= ζ σS ( Na ρ / A)

= ζ ∑s (3-45)

# $ 0  .2   A ) #3% ρ )


>3!  Na F &
(
= / ! )    7
4 2P
 "=$ ∑s = n σs
   &  
  (Scattering macroscopic cross - section)
.  3B1 0 
 

The moderating ratio (MR) 13  


 4
"=$ 0 #@4  0 
$ #5 &  
 2
:! 7! )8 . 7
4 2P

92
MR = ζ n σs /n σa
= ζ ∑s / ∑a
= ζ σs / σa
9 + 
  8 / 2P
 "=$  σa F &
#@4  # ! 7! .8 . 7
4 2P
 "=$ ∑a )
23 #   
  0, !4  
  #  
 2
.

$  $ $)   453


The neutron inelastic scattering
F& 2    $  
  

>   F&  
 F& / .
% #& 0, # P
- #&     4 
# 5 
! ! #  
  #5=   , /,      
2   
  /, F& / 

>    N3 ) .#  # &

 ,    @  
 
  0 4 5=  *
#@4 #  23 4 
 

>    M  / )E .3
.
I 5=    
 

The neutron capture %$  $7 553


 

  
6 !
      23 F&
#& 23      9   . 
;  E # 
(capture cross-section) σc
L 2P
 "=$ # 5   .
%
: + #5= #  B 5   
  * *  
  #5= 0
8 / !
- B $ 9  
- :
 .R
+-  
#&  #       .(resonance absorption) 2 
:
 )E .  , E 
 # P
- #& 0, 
%
(radiative capture) 2 
- 8 /       &!

93
2P
 "=$ # 5 M&   .(n , γ)  )
   !
:#   #5.  1 
   1 !  5 
; σc 2 
L
σc = C / [ (E-Er)2 + b] (3-47)
E ! )
% 4 &    0  % b ) C F &
  F& 2  
  #5= 2 Er )=5 
  #5= 243
  
  #  1 !  E .(resonance energy) M 
 σ c 2 
L 2P
 "=$ M #

& 5=
:! 7! ) v  
  9 #
 "  
σ c = 1 / E1/2ν = 1 / v (3-48)

#$=  ! 0, 

  . 
  #
 2 v :F &

-   F& 2  5= #$=  #$  #



& 5=
.48Cd B 
  Q % 
  # I #  2 
5=  M
$ 2  8 / F&
  4 # 3
1  5 6 σc 2  8 . 2P
 "=$ *   .#

&
  #   #  
   B+  )E .# I # 
.#

&  
   # 5 *&

   5 J  !   


  #   5=  
&! #
  
 !  
  8   3 . 
)
> !   
 ! !   % # $% # &  
.  9 #%!  .     
  #5= M& E
# $% # &  
, " R  #
  
   
23 ) )F& 7 ) 14  
 " #
  
  
2&  
 % 7 # P
- 
 = & 7 :.I
.1    % 80
14 14
7 N+n 6C +P
7 :.I 23 F&    ! 0, 

 
# -  #$ #
  
  B=   # P
- 


94
" 14 

; E  3 ) 
 R " # 
:2  E  M- $=    
14 14
6C #  5568 7N + β- + νύ
1 N3 ( 2 %  "
) 2  *   $ $=
2& 7! ) 
 # 
! 
  M
$ 

  
E       *  F&    Q  ( #  55680
14 
 ! F & . 23  % 14 
 
  J 3
  #  N3 )
  ! 2 % >  0  23 
 @ "  23 2  ) 23 # %  126CO2 ) 146CO2
 ! 2 % E.4   :5 1 N3 2& @  
 .# &
23 1 23  146C # ! @  .   

  23 #$ $& 9 B+   .2  E  # 85 
.2& -  #
%- 3 /
!  &  c
6 

8 . 2P
 "=$
I #   (13T3)  JP 
5= ( σc = 1/v) #$=  1  JP F & 
  #5=  *
"=$ * #   5=   .2 
- #$=  B% #

&
"  
         5 J 3 M 2P

.# $% # &  
,

95
 ?  $  %' %2$  653
The total neutron cross – section and its determination
"=$   
  σt 2 2P
 "=$
:! 7! )8 / 
    # P

σ t = σ s + σc (3-49)
 σc )σs   2   &  #  0, 

 
  .#4 σt 2P
 "=$  &  1 !  & 23 )& 0
4 2 "=$  M=     E "P E  
#*&  ! M ) 2 
  :  
 
  
23     <$ B% ( # * 
  #
+  
 
 &   Q
$    .4    23 :
:#   #3
 #5.  B+   94  
  2 "=$
N = N0 e-n σt x = N0 e-∑µt x

96
:           2 N :F &
 3B 1 23 
  n )     N0 )

#% n σ t
$
   E . 9 E  x )
:! 7! ) 
  2=+ 8 /  
µt = n σt

$ 1 10 63



5 ) 0, ! B   #5= $ :  S
 T1
. 0, 
  #5= $    4 

4
5 # $%  
%   R :
 T2
. 
` 4
; 

 )d:$  
$ =
:  )2   6    T3
# $%     2   6  # 
$  B $ 2
d  ,  


dR   4  #5.  2  ):$  


5 :
 T4
. 
 !   :$  
5   
5

.
   23   B 
 B
 T5

 )d    7


/   
   T6
.d1 3.  :  )d1

5=    23 4 5=  


 $ :  T7
.d# +

97
:
 .d 23  
` 8 /  5   T8
23
%H 2    2  .8 /  
.d1 & 2  .2  E :
 .d1  5

23 4 5= #  # -   , $ :  T9


.d

 ) 23   , 8   5 S


 T10
.d2=+ 8 /   0 
%H   2

     8 /  


%6 :  T11
4 # + \  2  )d8 /  7

.d 

2P
 1 =$  :  .2@P
4
%6  :
 T12
#5= 0 #   7
   0
C.= / #P  / 2  .d 
.d2@P
4 


0 2P
 1 =$  :  . 
%6 :
 T13
2  )d  #5= 0  7
  
.d  
, C.= / #P  /

 0 1 =$  :  )dK*- K , 0   T14


.d     #5= 

.

%! :
 T15

.4  C
 B! S
  
 
 
 T16

98
.d 0 =$   45=  
  $ :  T17

B+  :  ) 
  
    S
 T18
db4

B  23 #5= +  =   . :


 T19
.#@4  #  )#@4  0 
$ &

#+   23 


3 M =
 2  20
.d 
  b4

9
  ) 
  

>    :
 T21
.d 
  b4

2P
 1 =$  :  )d2 
 
-   T22
d 
  #5= 0

  :   
  2 8 / :
 T23
.d  1 =$

, B - 23 !   :$  


5 M& T24
:2    
 R #5=   #5.   
EP (MeV) 1 1.5
RP (gr/cm2) 0.00343 0.0069
(2B B>/3 
, I  580 M)


 ;  
     8  #
   T25
23 #  A@    B -  23 32

  .
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
 E

99
B -
(2B/B)
4 4 5 5.5 18 65 165 375 600 1000    
.2  E B - 23   R    9 

  2+ B&  B


  ! :
  T26
 # #$ 5 23   E 16.1 F& % &
#
%! # =5  : .# % 1   14 

23  7 : 23      M+ 

   .7
%- M+   B
 20  #$ 5

 2 
  6  )#
%- # =$ 9
.#  5570  14


 ;  
   ,   #
   T27
) 13Al   23 (:, B 2.76 #5= ) 24 B 
:2   23 #  A@    82Pb ) 50Ti
13Al 50Ti 82Pb
    (B)E     (B)E     (B)E
1000
 1000
 1000

788 2.5 923 1 620 1
622 5.0 586 2 384 2
420 7.5 449 3 238 3
387 10.0 263 5 147 4
305 12.5 154 7 57 6
240 15.0 69 10 8 10
50 20.0 14 16
58 30.0
22 40.0

E ! .   ( 1TB ) µ      A@  9  !


.  2 

100
‫مع الباكالوريا‬ ‫تم نشر هذا الملف بواسطة قرص تجربتي‬

tajribatybac@gmail.com

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