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Interaction of radiation with matter
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1 2 3 d
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; #5. C$ (H.Bethe) 2
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(-dE /dx) = (4πe4z2 /m0v2) ZN [ln ( 2m0 v / I )ν- ln(1-v2/c2) – v2 /c2 ]
(3-3)
# 2 m0 )=5 B
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( - dE/dx) = ( 4πe4z2 / m0 v2 ) N Z ln ( 2m0 v / I )
61
= ( 4πe4z2 / m0 v2 ) N B (3-4)
F
&
B = Z ln ( 2m0 v / I )
& / (4T3) )(3T3)
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5. 23
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:$
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7
#
2 #
:$
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< R #
:
; Q4 23 #
.
! Q4 (4T3) #5. B+
RSP = ( - dE / dx )air / (-dE/dx) abs = N air B air / N abs B abs (3-5)
1 N3
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23
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(- dE/dx)comp = (N1/N0) (-dE/dx)1 + (N2/N0)2 (-dE/dx)2 +……
(3-6)
62
)(-dE/dx)1 )#
:$
5 2 (- dE/dx)comp F
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% 0- 23 :$
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5
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,
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63
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5. P 2. #3
; 2
. (annihilation)
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:$
5 N3
(- dE/dx)tot = (- dE/dx)inel + (- dE/dx)rad (3-12)
C
= :$
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I #
(4T3) JP
(-dE/dx)rad C
= (-dE/dx)inel #
>
)#=5
#5= # (-dE/dx)tot #
$ E
(-dE/dx)
rad
b
c
total
inel
a
66
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
E / mc2
(4T3)
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67
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69
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71
:
&
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72
(linear 2=+
B :
M % µ :F
&
8/ .
5 :+
attenuation coefficient)
85 2 3 #
! .(linear absorption coefficient) 2=+
23 II #3 * C
+ 2
E * #*& #
+
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/ I B+ 0 :
R
) .(#
23 (17T3) # # P
)E . N
:2
dI = - µ I0 dx (3-18)
#3
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=
:#
I = I0 e –µµx (3-19)
2 I ) 0 #=5 2 I0 :F
&
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$ 5
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% ,
%6 #
P
"=$ 2σp (E) ) σc (E) )σph(E) :F
&
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K*- K ,
%6 2@P
4
:2 µ 2=+
#
µ (E) = n { σph (E) + σ c (E) + σ p (E) }
:! 7!
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E #
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R
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. B+
%
! (The mass absorption coefficient) 2
. 9 =
.(The atomic absorption coefficient) 7
:#
5. 2=+
+-
74
µ mass = µ / ρ ( cm2 / gm) (3-25)
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4
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10.22 5! , #5= , 5.=, F&
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2
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5 .( K*- K ,
%6 #
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%
E
B*. E 5! M& E
120 µ ph
80
µ tot
µc
40
µ p
(7T3)
8
#5= # ) µtot )µp )µc )µ ph
I
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76
,
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%6 !
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3 . "
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23
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5 C$& B
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&
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B+* Q$ 5 C$&
=
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.(B+* 25 Q*
C.=
& F
&
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+D
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+
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C= 2
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23 =
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3
h ν1 = BK T BL
"=$ #
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#
; #5.
, M
X 0&
"=$ B
5
B
) .σph 2@P
4
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#
; 1 #5. E " .(7T3) 23 #
&
C.= #& 23 2@P
4
%6 2P
"=$ B
5
&
:2 #5. 9 K
77
σph (k) = 1.068 x 10-32 Z5 [( m0 c2 / hν )]7/2 cm2 (3-29)
23 QP #
c )# 7
Z :F
&
/ .=5
ν )
` # m0 )U
3 . #5=
* B+.
+- #5. 9 J
:2 (29T3) #5. + m0 c2 << h νν #5= J
σph (k) ≈ 1.068 x 10-32 Z5 ( m0 c2 / hν ) cm2 (3-30)
78
%6 2P
"=$ ! #$ (29T3) #5. ;&.
P) E .# Z5 "
= M
2@P
4
B
8
7
94 #P+ 5= #+ , #
5 *&
.
Compton effect
' $!& 443
0 /, 2@P
4
%6 F&
/
0
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!
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=
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.
=
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&
M
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, 0 h -ν 15= 3 =$ 1 ! 23
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#
#
C=
3 #5= 9 Q*
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2 (
&
)
) hν′ 15= J #5= 9
B+* #5= #
5
4; F
& #
9 (9T3) JP
9 .1
# m *
. 5 B
:#3
#5. 1 #=
#
m = m0 / ( 1 - β )1/2
h ν′ P = h ν′/c
79
E=hν φ
ν P = h ν/c θ θ
mβ c Ee =me c2
(9T3)
5
B+* #5=
1 N3
/, B 23 E
/ 1 ! F
&
/ 23 ( #
& #
) B+* #5= Q$ / #
:#
#%.% (32T3) / " 2!
2$3-
h ν = h ν′ύ + mc2 – m0 c2
80
M& (Klien and Nishina)
5
#5. "=$ & )
; σc 2P
"=$
:#
σc = ( πe4/m02 c4) (1/γ) {[1-2(γ+1)/ γ2] ln(2γ+1)+1/2+4/γ-1/2(2γ+1)2}
(3-35)
A
$
σc
%- 2P
"=$ ! JP
)=5 #5=
*
µ
%- 2=+
0 &
c
e-
81
h ν > 2 m0c2
γ
e+ e-
(10T3)
K* K , #
2&
P B
* Q 3 B% 2
* 2
82
&
. 94 #
5= ,
23 n (R )
#/ K*- K 2=+
:#5. σp K*- K 2P
"=$ 3B
µp = n σp (cm-1) (3-39)
$
$!0 %
9 463
The nuclear resonance scattering and the Mossbauer effect
F& !
#$ #
@
M
- 0, #3P
$ )
,
# . R
+! !
:
. 9 #%! .45= 9 4$
=
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& (photonuclear reaction) 7 B
B
K
+ 8/ A
=5
7
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8
; #4 #4 . 9 "
83
1 N3 #
I
I
/ #5= .2 8/ #5=
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; 9 :
.
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2
2 :
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10 – 0.2
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2
2 :$ $
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* 2
2 :
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:+ 8@+ *
1 N3
# & B
;
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8@+
%
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H
!
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) 1
) .
! " #
4 . #
! 1 F&
R "
.
B , 1 N3
C
+ 0
5 1
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4 #
84
0, 1
+
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E
.
:E $3 P
B
o
n P+ + β- + ύ
.#$
5 15 2 9
\
#5
> C.> #& # + =
+ "P M
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F F&
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;$
;$7 0 ;$
;
$ 5
9
\
7 210 B
; 2& 5 23 B+
226 B
/ !
138 2
2
; 1 ! /, .B
"
P&
241 B
-
& $3 210 B
;
$
γ + 21 H 1
1H + n – 2.23 MeV
4 6 N R :5 # . *
& #=5 , #5= * , /, B / 7! ) #
, #5= $ /! M
- # 3 .(
#5= $ /! M
3 2 % # ! .3
, I
1.67
.3
, I
2.23
4
#5= 6
9 *
:
=
2 B
B
< & #
5
(2411Na) 24 B
; B+
.
4
3
1
, #5= \ F
&
" 24 B
B
& "P 3 .3
, I
2.76
#
$
; ) &= 9 B
#=5
9
2
0 1 &
(C
+/ 0
1 #%
#5= )#
%/
6 10 2& (1 7!)
.3
, I
1.0 2&
87
2
1H + 31H 4
2He + n + 17.6 MeV
2
1H + 126C 13
7N + n – 0.26 MeV
2
1H + 94Be 10
5B + n + 4.35 MeV
0 & M
+
1 N3 )
#
#5=
I .& #5=
B+
) .#= #
$
#5=
I
B #3
23 F%
#5=
B
I 4 . (neutron generators)
B
: 4 :$
3
,
150 0,
&
.3
, I
14.1 #5=
F 3
0, 1 (neutronflux) 2
C3 0
%
.2B .#
%/
12 10 T 10 10 2&
88
, I
!)
5= # /,
#5=
.(3
#5=
,
B+* #5= Q$ 2 5 B+
:2X
E = E0 ( A2 + 2A cos φ +1 ) / (A + 1)2 (3-40)
23 #
* 2 φ )
#5= 2 E F
&
23 θ #
* #=
2 )$% *
%&, #
:#
#5. #
%& #
cos θ = (1 + A cos ) / ( A2 + 2 A cos φ + 1 ) (3-41)
n A θ
(11T3)
89
5!
#5= ! (40T3) #5.
7! ) 180ْ = #
* , 4
@ .(1T) 7
180 B M
! F
& ( :+
:2
#5= J
E = E0 ( A2 - 2A +1 ) / ( A + 1 )2 (3-42)
4
2 , 1 ! JP
)E
#5= :+ 1 N3 (A = 1)
4 2
15= J
#& 9 23
! 7! .
#
E
.:5
4
#
*
! #5=
$
$
2 #5= #
5 * #
#
* # .
2 2 + & B 23
!
4 #
) .4
F&
@4 P3! 4
23 1
# 0 7& 2
$
!
) .(neutron moderators)
23 B+
.& B 23 15=
I !
Q*
+ B
> = B :
R
+! #
5 #
2&
B = 2
> + / ! )& B 23 #5=
:2X = 2
> + / :
.ζ &
ζ = ln E0 – ln E = ln ( E0 / E ) (3-43)
:! (40T3) #5. B+ #
$ 9 M&
ζ = 1- [( A-1)2 / 2A] ln [(A+1) / (A-1)] (3-44)
2
.ζ = 1 ! ) A = 1 F
&
4 #
2.71
$ B = 23 +
#5= !
#5= ! 7! .( 2
= 2
> <- 7
7! )
15= %37 #
= 23 J B
.B 5
90
=
,
ζ + / = #3
#
$ #
- #
$
#5=
+ #*.
2 2 B 5
#5= #
- #
$ N3 .#=
$ #5= 0& 1@4 B*
%
0 3
, I
=
( #
&
#5= 7! ) 3
, 0.025
: #=
N = ln ( E0 / E ) / ζ
σs
103
91
102
10
(12T3)
4 #
#5= σσs 2P
"=$
I
= ζ σS ( Na ρ / A)
= ζ ∑s (3-45)
93
2P
"=$ #
5 M&
.(n , γ) )
!
:#
#5. 1
1 ! 5
; σc 2
L
σc = C / [ (E-Er)2 + b] (3-47)
E ! )
% 4& 0 % b ) C F
&
F&
2
#5= 2 Er )=5
#5= 243
# 1 ! E .(resonance energy) M
σ c 2
L 2P
"=$ M
#
& 5=
:! 7! ) v
9 #
"
σ c = 1 / E1/2ν = 1 / v (3-48)
#$= ! 0,
.
#
2 v :F
&
94
" 14
; E
3 )
R " #
:2 E M- $=
14 14
6C # 5568 7N + β- + νύ
1 N3 ( 2 % "
) 2 *
$ $=
2& 7! )
#
!
M
$
E
* F&
Q ( # 55680
14
! F
& . 23 % 14
J
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A@ B
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900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
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(B)E (B)E (B)E
1000
1000
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622 5.0 586 2 384 2
420 7.5 449 3 238 3
387 10.0 263 5 147 4
305 12.5 154 7 57 6
240 15.0 69 10 8 10
50 20.0 14 16
58 30.0
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100
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