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Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks: Types, Applications, Security Goals

Conference Paper · March 2015

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 International Journal of Advent Research in Computer and Electronics (IJARCE)
(E-ISSN: 2348-5523) Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2015”, 28 March 2015

Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks: Types, Applications,

Security Goals
Ms. Monika G. Ghorale, Prof. A. O. Bang
M.E CSE Scholar, Assistant Professor
Pankaj Laddhad Institute of Technology and Management Studies, Buldana- 443001 Maharashtra
monikaghorale38@gmail.com, mr.ankurbang@gmail.com

Abstract- This review paper focus on Wireless Ad communication technology to deal with the
Hoc networks where I took review of its types, unexpected conditions emerged. Ad hoc networks
applications and security goals. The concept of help to reduce administrative cost. Wireless ad hoc
dynamic mobility is also introduced in Ad Hoc network
network because nodes are moving from one place to
another place, within this network any node can join
the network and can leave the network at any time. A
wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized type of is a special structure of the wireless communication
wireless network. The network is ad hoc because it network, whose communication relies on their
does not rely on a pre existing infrastructure, such as cooperation among the nodes and achieves it in the
routers in wired networks or access points in manner of wireless multi-hop. Therefore, this kind of
managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. The network does not rely on any fixed infrastructure, and
decentralized nature of wireless ad-hoc networks has the properties of self-organizing and self-
makes them suitable for a variety of applications managing.
where central nodes can't be relied on and may
improve the scalability of networks compared to
wireless managed networks. Wireless Ad hoc
networks are networks in which communication links
are based on wireless technologies and the network
structure or topology is not pre-defined rather build
through dynamic network connectivity.

Keywords- AD-HOC Network, MANET, VANET,

WMN, WSN
Fig 1: Ad Hoc Network and Infrastructure
1. INTRODUCTION Network

Wireless networks can be classified in two types: - 2. TYPES

infrastructure network and infrastructure less (ad hoc)
networks. Infrastructure network consists of a
network with fixed and wired gateways. Ad-hoc is a
Latin word, which means "for this or for this only."
An ad hoc network is made up of multiple “nodes”
connected by “links. Nodes can be the form of
systems or devices i.e. mobile phone, laptop, personal
digital assistance, MP3 player and personal computer
that are participating in the networks. An ad hoc
network typically refers to any set of networks where
all devices have equal status on a network and are free
to associate with any other ad hoc network device in
link range. Ad hoc network often refers to a mode of
operation of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. The
three common sub types of these networks are Mobile
Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), Wireless Sensor
Networks and Wireless Mesh Networks. Ad hoc
networks have been proposed as an appealing
As we seen in introduction, classification of Wireless
networks are infrastructure network and infrastructure
less (ad hoc) networks and According to their
application types of Wireless ad hoc networks are:
2.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
A mobile ad-hoc network is a self-configuring
infrastructure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. Where no centralize
authority is available and all nodes are independently
follow the routine of mobility. Due to absence of the
centralize authority the attacker easily join the
network and perform the malicious activity. Beyond
this gap to overcome this fault or problem various
trust based security architecture are proposed for
MANET. In general two types of communications can
be considered in classical MANETs, broadcast
communications and multihop communications via

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 International Journal of Advent Research in Computer and Electronics (IJARCE)
(E-ISSN: 2348-5523) Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2015”, 28 March 2015
routing protocols.
The mobile ad hoc network has typical features
namely Unreliability of wireless links between nodes
and constantly changing topology. Each device in a
MANET is free to move independently in any
direction, and will therefore change its links to other
devices frequently. Each must forward traffic
unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router.
The primary challenge in building a MANET is
equipping each device to continuously maintain the
information required to properly route traffic. Such
networks may operate by themselves or may be
connected to the larger Internet. The achievement of
MANET is hug growth of laptops and wireless or Wi-
Fi networking.
Fig 2.1: Mobile Ad Hoc Network
2.1.1 Types of MANET
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are further classified into
following three types:
2.1.1.1 Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of
mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs). Vehicular Ad
Hoc Networks is a class of special wireless ad hoc
network with the characteristics of high node mobility
and fast topology changes. A Vehicular Ad-Hoc
Network is a technology that uses moving cars as
nodes in a network to create a mobile network.
VANET turns every participating car into a wireless
router or node, allowing cars approximately 100 to
300 metres of each other to connect and, in turn,
create a network with a wide range. As cars fall out of
the signal range and drop out of the network, other
cars can join in, connecting vehicles to one another so
that a mobile Internet is created. It is a promising
approach for future intelligent transportation system
(ITS). These networks have no fixed infrastructure
and instead rely on the vehicles themselves to provide
network functionality. However, due to mobility
constraints, driver behavior, and high mobility,
VANETs exhibit characteristics that are dramatically
different from many generic MANETs.
2.1.1.2 Internet Based Mobile Ad-hoc Network
(IMANET)
Internet Based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are ad hoc
networks that link mobile nodes and fixed Internet-
gateway nodes. In such type of networks normal ad
hoc routing algorithms don't apply directly. Internet
Based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are ad-hoc networks
that link mobile nodes and fixed Internet-gateway
nodes. In such type of networks normal ad hoc routing
algorithms don't apply directly. Wireless networks can
generally be classified as wireless fixed networks, and
wireless, or mobile ad-hoc networks. MANETs
(mobile ad-hoc networks) are based on the idea of
establishing a network without taking any support
from a centralized structure. By nature these types of
networks are suitable for situations where either no
fixed infrastructure exists, or to deploy one is not
possible.
2.1.1.3 Intelligent Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
(InVANET)
Intelligent Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network is a kind of
artificial intelligence that helps vehicles to behave in
intelligent manners during vehicle-to-vehicle
collisions, accidents, drunken driving etc. Intelligent
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networking defines an intelligent
way of using Vehicular Networking. In VANET
integrates on multiple ad-hoc networking technologies
such as Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11, WAVE IEEE 1609,
WiMAX, IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, IRA, and ZigBee
for easy, accurate, effective and simple
communication between vehicles on dynamic
mobility. Effective measures such as media
communication between vehicles can be enabled as
well methods to track the automotive vehicles are also
preferred. InVANET helps in defining safety
measures in vehicles, streaming communication
between vehicles, infotainment and telematics.
2.2 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
A wireless sensor network (WSN) sometimes called a
wireless sensor and actor network (WSAN). WSN are
spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor
physical or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to
cooperatively pass their data through the network to a
main location. The more modern networks are bi-
directional, also enabling control of sensor activity.
The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several
hundreds or even thousands, where each node is
connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each
such sensor network node has typically several parts:
a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or
connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller,
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 International Journal of Advent Research in Computer and Electronics (IJARCE)
(E-ISSN: 2348-5523) Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2015”, 28 March 2015
an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors
and an energy source, usually a battery .
The development of wireless sensor networks was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield
surveillance; today such networks are used in many
industrial and consumer applications, such as
industrial process monitoring and control, machine
health monitoring, and so on. In computer science
and telecommunications, wireless sensor networks
are an active research area with numerous workshops
and conferences arranged each year, for example
IPSN, SenSys, and EWSN.
Fig 2.2: Wireless Sensor Network2.3 Wireless Mesh
Network (WMN)
A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a mesh network
created through the connection of wireless access
points installed at each network user's locale. A
wireless mesh network (WMN) is a communications
network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh
topology. Wireless mesh networks often consist of
mesh clients, mesh routers and gateways. Well-known
examples of WMN are Laptops, cell phone and other
wireless devices. The mesh routers forward traffic to
and from the gateways which may but need not
connect to the Internet. The coverage area of the radio
nodes working as a single network is sometimes
called a mesh cloud. Access to this mesh cloud is
dependent on the radio nodes working in harmony
with each other to create a radio network. Wireless
mesh architecture is a first step towards providing cost
effective and dynamic high-bandwidth networks over
a specific coverage area. Wireless mesh infrastructure
is, in effect, a network of routers minus the cabling
between nodes. Wireless mesh networks can be
implemented with various wireless technology
including 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, cellular
technologies or combinations of more than one type.
Fig 2.3: Wireless Mesh Network
3. APPLICATIONS
3.1 Applications of Mobile AdHoc Network
Some of the typical applications include:
Collaborative work: For some business environments,
the need for collaborative computing might be more
important outside office environments than inside and
where people do need to have outside meetings to
cooperate and exchange information on a given
project.
Military battlefield: Ad-Hoc networking would allow
the military to take advantage of commonplace
network technology to maintain an information
network between the soldiers, vehicles, and military
information head quarter. Local level: Ad-Hoc
networks can autonomously link an instant and
temporary multimedia network using notebook
computers to spread and share
information among participants at e.g. conference or
classroom. Another appropriate local level application
might be in home networks where devices can
communicate directly to exchange information.
Personal area network and Bluetooth : A personal area
network is a short range, localized network where
nodes are usually associated with a given person.
Short-range MANET such as Bluetooth can simplify
the inter communication between various mobile
devices such as a laptop, and a mobile phone.
Commercial Sector: Ad hoc can be used in
emergency/rescue operations for disaster relief efforts,
e.g. in fire, flood, or earthquake.
3.2 Applications of Wireless Sensor
Network
Area monitoring is a common application of WSNs.
In area monitoring, the WSN is deployed over a
region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. A
military example is the use of sensors to detect enemy
intrusion; a civilian example is the geo-fencing of gas
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 International Journal of Advent Research in Computer and Electronics (IJARCE)
(E-ISSN: 2348-5523) Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2015”, 28 March 2015
or oil pipelines.
A disaster alert system that uses WSN and Analytic
Network Process (ANP) to predict any possible
landslides disasters is proposed. In the authors
proposed a flashflood alerting system based on a
WSN in a rural area. Regarding the work done for
post disaster scenarios, in the authors proposed a
multi-agent system based WSN approach for crisis
management. In the authors evaluated using
autonomous mobile robots to deploy a WSN in a
disaster area.
3.3 Applications of Wireless Mesh Network
Mesh networks may involve either fixed or mobile
devices. Due to their versatility, WMNs can
efficiently satisfy The needs of multiple applications.
The solutions are as diverse as communication needs,
for example in difficult environments such as
emergency situations, tunnels, oil rigs, battlefield
surveillance, high speed mobile video applications on
board public transport or real time racing car
telemetry. Some current applications:
Electric meters now being deployed on residences
transfer their readings from one to another and
eventually to the central office for billing without the
need for human meter readers or the need to connect
the meters with cables.
U.S. military forces are now using wireless mesh
networking to connect their computers, mainly
ruggedized laptops, in field operations.
The 66-satellite Iridium constellation operates as a
mesh network, with wireless links between adjacent
satellites. Calls between two satellite phones are
routed through the mesh, from one satellite to another
across the constellation, without having to go through
an earth station.The laptops in the One Laptop per
Child program use wireless mesh networking to
enable students to exchange files and get on the
Internet even though they lack wired or cell phone or
other physical connections in their area.
4. SECURITY GOALS
Security is an essential requirement in Wireless ad
hoc networks as compared to wired networks.
Security is an important issue for ad hoc networks,
especially for those security-sensitive applications.
Security in wireless network is becoming more and
more important while the using of mobile equipments
such as cellular phones or laptops is tremendously
increasing.
Security in MANETs is challenging task and difficult
to achieve as there is no central server and base
station. In fact, the security hole provided by Ad hoc
networking is not only the Ad hoc network itself, but
the bridge it provides into other networks.
1) Availability: Availability means the assets are
accessible to authorized parties at appropriate times.
Availability applies both to data and to services. It
ensures the survivability of network service despite
denial of service attack.
2) Confidentiality: Confidentiality ensures that
computer-related assets are accessed only by
authorized parties. Protection of information which is
exchanging through a MANET. It should be protected
against any disclosure attack like eavesdropping-
unauthorized reading of message.
3) Integrity: Integrity means that assets can be
modified only by authorized parties or only in
authorized way.. Integrity assures that a message
being transferred is never corrupted.
4) Authentication: Authentication is essentially
assurance that participants in communication are
authenticated and not impersonators. The recourses of
network should be accessed by the authenticated
nodes.
5) Authorization: This property assigns different
access rights to different types of users. For example a
network management can be performed by network
administrator only.
6) Non-repudiation: Non-repudiation will facilitate the
ability to identify the attackers even after the attack
happens. This prevents cheaters from denying their
crimes. This ensures that the information originator
cannot deny having sent the message.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper our main goal to make review of
Wireless Ad Hoc networks where we study different
types of network namely MANET, WMN, WSN and
subtypes of MANET namely VANET, IMANET,
InVANET. So the study of this network will be
helpful to understand Ad Hoc networks and its
various application area and security goals.
As we know wireless devices are getting more and
more popular in coming days. So in future we must
have to concentrate on improving more effective and
accurate communication of these networks.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank all those people who made this
review paper possible and an unforgettable experience
for me. I avail this opportunity to express my
gratitude and whole hearted thanks to Guide Prof. A.
O. Bang, and also thank him for the systematic
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 International Journal of Advent Research in Computer and Electronics (IJARCE)
(E-ISSN: 2348-5523) Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2015”, 28 March 2015

guidance and friendly advice during the review paper Position Paper, PAMPAS Workshop, Sept. 16/17
work. 2002.
[13] Bimal H Patel, Parth D Shah, Harikrishna B
I acknowledge my overwhelming gratitude and Jethva, Nishidh Chavda, “Issues and
respect to H.O.D., Prof. V. P. Narkhede and sincere Imperatives of Ad hoc
thanks and respect to Principal, Dr. P. M. Networks”, International Journal of
Jawandhiya who giving me support and Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
encouragement whenever I was in need. Volume 62 – No.13, January 2013.

My thanks also goes to other staff members of AUTHORS:

Computer Science & Engineering Department, my
parents and my friends who are directly or indirectly
involved in my work. I am extremely grateful to all
the helping contribution for the successful completion
of this review paper.

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