Chapter Chemical Reactions and Equations Basic Concepts — A Flow Chart Chemical} reaction Process in whigh one or mone ‘substances react to form new ‘Chemical equation Shorthand notation of chemical reaction in terms of the symbols, formulae and the ratio of he number of various reactants ‘and products involved Combination Decomposition Displacement reaction reaction reaction Mebbtrnre evbsticas “Th Break down'ofa | Ove alom ora group of sla ala feadirsoyh ai arreor ‘single compound into two: is replaced by another atom or group of elec oareeees CASOulen + Fol) —=FesOule + Cu) 2040) + Hp0X")—CalOHtoa) sate prot Thermal Electric Photo decomposition decomposition decomposition ‘Asingle substance breaks down single substance breaks down single substance breaks down Into two or more simpler into simpler substances upon info simpler substances in substances upon heating aseage of elctic current ‘presence of sunlight aCOsls) #4 Ca0K) + COs) 2H,0(n SRO 244,45) + One) 2Agcis) SAH. 2Ag(n) + CitedChemical Reactions and Equations == 3 ‘Types on the basis of heat transfer Endothermic Exothermic reaction reaction ‘© Reactions in which energy is Reactions in which heat is released absorbed ‘along with the formation of products All reactions CH,le) + 20,{g) — CO;(e) + 2H,0(e) + Heat en ecommpostion ration Hale) + 20218) a(e) + 2H,0(e) ergy Double ‘Oxidation-reduction displacement reaction (redox) reaction “Two reacting compounds exchange thle I correspending fons and form two new compounds AaNCalor* NacKoa) — Ag) + NaNOsag) es aren = ie, Boos caer ee ar ha Arcee el pcetrcie cnn Eni apomn tome Lem toupee acess : rere, Ge0 + Hy Heat by 0 Con: tfoen Dang Sain Hh eye = everyday ie amar ir ‘Stow conversion of mais no tho undesabia non ffs or tata commeaunds (alphas brtoraton srteh ae) imicoaresbng treed ty iebrcton St mosphere pears ant abe aaah Ble) $OnayesH,O() =—~ Fesoy tO) Gee eet Woiheds of Mathods of Seen prevention — ao SS Dyeaang ee feral = Rotgeron ‘greasing coating plating” (zinc plating) MY arlcnidanta packing) Dyatosen eeeQ4 Ans. Q5. Ans. Q.6 Ans. Q7. Qs. Ans. Q% Xam idea Science-X: Term-I is (1: mark) Why is combustion of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) a chemical change? . Combustion of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a chemical change because after its combustion, the new substance formed changes chemically and cannot be turned back into LPG. . Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air? [CERT] . The magnesium ribbon which we use usually has a coating of a white layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. It is formed by the slow reaction of moist air on it. ‘This hinders the burning of magnesium. So, this layer is removed by rubbing with sandpaper before burning. . What is wrong with the following equation? Mg + O—> MgO Identify the mistake and balance the equation. In this equation, oxygen should be in molecular form (Og) as oxygen exists as: bimolecular gas O». 2Mg + Op —> 2MgO Potassium chlorate (KCIOs) on heating forms potassium chloride and oxygen. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. 2KCIO4(s) —> 2KCIs) + 302g) In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved. [NCERT] Cu(s) + 2AgNO4 (ag) —> Cu(NOs) (aq) + 2Ag(9) ‘Copper Silver nitrate Copper(II) nitrate Silver On heating blue coloured powder of copper(II) nitrate in a boiling tube, copper oxide (black), oxygen gas and a brown gas X is formed. Identify the: brown gas X. 2Cu(NO 5) 9(s) 2 2uO(s) +Oo(g) + 4NO2(g) Copper(Il) nitrate Copper oxide X is nitrogen dioxide gas. Convey the following information in the form of a balanced chemical equation: “An aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate reacts with an aqueous solution sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of ferrous hydroxide and sodium sulphate remains in solution.” FeSO (ag) + 2NaOH(ag)—> Fe(OH) 9(s) + NagSO,4(aq) Balance the following chemical equation: PH(NO 5)2(s) 2» PbO(s) + NO 2(g) + O2(g) [CBSE Dethi 2009} 2Pb(NO3)o(s) —HS> 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) Give one example of a combination reaction which is also exothermic. [CBSE Delhi 2009}Chemical Reactions and Equations Ans. When quicklime or calcium oxide (CaO) reacts with water, slaked lime [Ca(OH),] is formed. During this reaction a large amount of heat is released So, this reaction is an exothermic reaction, CaO(s) +H,0( —> Ca(OH) 9(s) + Heat Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide (Quicklime) (Glaked lime) Q. 10. What happens chemically when quicklime is added to water? [CBSE Delhi 2008} + Quicklime reacts with water to produce slaked lime. In this process, large amounts of heat is released. Cas) + H,O) —> Ca(OH), (aq) + Heat Caleium oxide Calcium hydroxide (Quicklime) (lated time) Q: 11. Why will the colour of heated copper powder become black when air is passed over it? » When copper powder is heated in the presence of air, black copper oxide is formed. 2CuG) + Ox@) HX acu06) Copper Oxygen Copper oxide powder (Prom the air) (Black) - What is the difference between the following two types of reactions? AgNO; + HCI ——> Agcl + HNO, Mg + 2HCI——+ MgCl, + Hy + The first reaction is a double displacement reaction whereas second reaction is a single displacement reaction. Why is hydrogen peroxide kept in coloured bottles? This is done in order to cut off light because hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of light. Consider the following reactions: @ Fe + CuSO, ——»+ FeSO, + Cu (@ Cu + FeSO, ——> CuSO, + Fe Which of these two reactions will take place and why? - Reaction (#) will take place. This is because Fe (iron) is more reactive than Cu (copper) and so it can displace Cu from its compound (CuSQ,), On the other hand, copper (Cu) cannot displace iron (Fe), so reaction (ji) will not take place. ‘Q. 15. Give one example of a reaction which is a double displacement reaction as well as a precipitation reaction. Ans. AgNOs(aq)_ + NaCl(ag) —> Ags) + NaNOs(aq) Silver nitrate Sodium chloride Silver chloride (ppt) Sodium nitrate Q. 16. Why is photosynthesis considered an endothermic reaction? Ans. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction because sunlight, energy is absorbed during the process of photosynthesis by green plants. Q. 17.What type of reaction is represented by the digestion of food in our body? Ans. Decomposition reaction.Xam idea Science-X: Term—1 Q. 18. How will you test for the gas which is liberated when hydrochloric acid with an active metal? [CBSE Delhi 2 ‘Ans. When an active metal like Zn reacts with HCl, the gas produced burns with pop sound which indicates that it is hydrogen gas. Zn(3) + ZHCK) —> ZnCl, (s) + H.(g) Q. 19. Can a double displacement reaction take place when the products are hii soluble or highly ionised? ‘Ans. No, double displacement reaction takes place when there is a formation of) slightly soluble salt. Q.20. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings? CI the correct answer. (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced. (6) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced. (©) No reaction takes place. (@ Iron salt and water are produced. INCER’ Ans. The following reaction takes place Fe + 2HCI —> FeCl, + Hy Iron Hydrochloric acid Iron chloride Hydrogen. ‘Thus, hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced. Therefore, (a) is correct answer. Q.21. What changes in the colour of iron nails and copper sulphate solution do observe after keeping the iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution about 30 minutes? ICBSE Delhi 2011 ‘Ans. Iron nails become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulph: solution fade. Q. 22. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect? 2PbO(s) + C(s) —> 2Pb(s) + CO2(g) (a) Lead is getting reduced. (®) Carbon dioxide is getting oxi (0) Carbon is getting oxidised. (@) Lead oxide is getting reduced. @ @ and (6) (éé) (@ and (c) ii) (@), @) and (¢) () all UNCER’ Ans. The incorrect statements are: (a) Lead is getting reduced. (6) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised. Hence, (i) is the correct answer. Q.23. Why do we apply paint on iron articles? INCER’ ‘Ans. By coating paint over iron articles the contact of moist air with iron is cut off. So, moist air cannot attack on the surface of iron articles and there is no risk rusting (corrosion of iron). Thus, iron articles can be protected from damage many years, Q. 24. In the reaction represented by the following equation: CuO(s)+ H,(g) —> Cu(s)+ H,O(!) (a) Name the substance oxidised.Chemical Reactions and Equations ____ @) Name the substance reduced. gO). 26. Name the oxidising and reducing agent in the following reaction: 2H,S + SO, ——, 2H,0 + 381 the reducing agent while SO, is the oxidising agent. (@27. A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing acidified potassium permanganate solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally disappears. Write the correct explanation for this observation. Ass. Potassium permanganate solution (KMnO,) is an oxidising agent. It oxidises ferrous sulphate (FeSO,). @ 28. Define rancidity. Azs. The oxidation of oils or fats in food resulting in a bad taste and smell is called rancidity. ‘@ 29. Name one synthetic antioxidant. Ans. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). ‘1. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should the chemical ‘equations be balanced? INCERT] Ans. A balanced chemical equation is one which contains an equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. For example, 2Hy + O, —> 2H,0 According to the law of conservation of mass, matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. During a chemical reaction, the total mass of ohanants and products remain the same. Hence, in a chemical reaction, the number of atoms of the various elements on both sides must be equal. Therefore, a chemical equation is to be balanced in accordance with the law of conservation of mass, ‘Q.2. How do we come to know that a chemical reaction has taken place? Ans. The presence of any of the following changes helps us to determine that a chemical reaction has taken place” ( Formation of new substance(s) (ii) Change in state (ii) Change in colour (v) Change in temperature () Formation of a precipitate (vi) Evolution of a gas For example, ifon mixing two substances a gas is evolved, then we can say that chemical reaction has taken place.Xam idea Science-K: Term Q.3. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain. _ [NCER’ ‘Ans. Rice, potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates. During digestion, the carbohydrates are broken down into simpler substances called glucose. Digestion follows respiration. During respiration, the glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. Thus, respiration is an exothermic process because energy is produced during this process. CGH 20 6(ag) + 6O2(g) ——> 6CO2(g) + 6H,OM + Energy Gtucose Q. 4. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in each case. (@® Nitrogen gas is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst at 773 K to form ammonia gas. (i) Sodium hydroxide solution is treated with acetic acid to form sodium acetate and water. (ii) Ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated H,SO,. (iv) Ethene is burnt in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat and light. [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. (i) Nog) + 3Hag) Soe 2NH3(g) Combination reaction (ii) NaOH(aq)_ + +CH,COOH(ag) ——> CH;COONa(ag) + H;0@ Double displacement reaction/Neutralisation reaction (ii) CQH;0H® + CHyCOOH() —# > CH,COOC,H,() + H,OO Double displacement reaction/Esterification reaction iv) CoHyg) + 302(¢) ——> 2CO,(g) + 2H,O@) + Heat + Light Redox reaction/Combustion reaction Q.5. A shiny brown coloured element “X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour, Name the element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed. —_[NCER Ans. Element X is copper. The black coloured compound formed is copper oxide. 2Cu + O, —HSt+ 2Ccud Copper” Oxyiea Copper oxide (Brown) ‘Black) Q. 6. What is an oxidation reaction? Give an example of oxidation reaction. Is oxidation an exothermic or an endothermic reaction? _ [CBSE Delhi 2009] ‘Ans. The reaction in which oxygen combines with other elements or compounds is known as an oxidation reaction. For example, burning of hydrogen is an oxidation process in which hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water. 2H9(g) + O2(g) —> 2H,0() ‘Oxidation reactions are exothermic. Q. 7. Give reasons: (@) Aluminium is a reactive metal but is still used for packing food articles. (®) Red litmus paper turns blue when touched with aqueous solution of magnesium oxide. Ans. (a) On exposure to air, aluminium forms a hard protective layer of aluminium oxide (Al;O3) which prevent further oxidation. rcChemical Reactions and Equations () Magnesium oxide is an oxide of a metal, so, itis basic in nature. Due to its basic character it turns red litmus blue when touched with its aqueous solution. Q. 8. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions. (@ Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride. (ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochl acid solution (in water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water. (NCERT] Ans. (i) BaCl, (ag) + Na SO, (aq) —> BaSO,(s)+ 2NaCl(aq) (ii) NaOH(ag)+ HCK(ag) —> NaCK(ag)+ HO) Q.9. What do you mean by precipitation reactions? Explain with examples. [NCERT] Ans. On mixing the clear solutions of two ionic compounds, a substance which is insoluble in water, is formed. This insoluble substance formed is known as precipitate. Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a precipitation reaction. When sodium sulphate solution is mixed with barium chloride solution, a white substance BaSO, is formed. Na 9SO,4(aq) + BaCly(ag)—> BaSO4(s) + 2NaCK(aq) The white precipitate of BaSO, is formed by the reaction of SOF and Ba**. ‘The other product formed is sodium chloride which remains in the solution. Q. 10. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance the equations: ( Phosphorus burns in oxygen to give phosphorus pentoxide. (i) Aluminium metal replaces iron from ferric oxide, Fe,Os, giving aluminium oxide and iron. (iii) Carbon disulphide burns in air to give carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. (iv) Barium chloride reacts with zinc sulphate to give zinc chloride and barium sulphate. Ans. (i) Py +50, ——> 2P,0, (ii) 2Al + FeO, ——> Al,O, + 2Fe (iii) CS, + 30. ——> CO, + 280, (iv) BaCly + ZnSO, —> ZnCly + BaSO, Q. 11. A solution of a substance *X’ is used for whitewashing. (i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula. (ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water. [NCERT] ‘Ans. (i) The substance 'X’ used for whitewashing is quicklime (calcium oxide). Its formula is CaO10 Xamidea Science-K: Term—1 (ii) When quicklime is mixed with water, the following reaction takes place: CaO) + HO) —+ Ca(OH), (ag) + Heat Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide (Quickie) (Glaked lime) Q. 12. @ What is observed when a solution of potassium iodid: solution of lead nitrate taken in a test tube? (ii) What type of reaction is this? (iii) Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the above reaction. [CBSE (AD) 2009) is added to a Ans. (i) A yellow precipitate of lead iodide (PbI2) is formed. (i) Precipitation reaction/Double displacement reaction. (iii) Pb(NOs)9(aq) + 2KI(ag) —> PbIy(s) + 2KNO3(aq) Lead nitrate Potassium Lead iodide Potassium ‘olde (fallow pp) trate Q. 13. What happens when silver chloride is exposed to sunlight? Write a chemical equation for this reaction. Also give one use of such a reaction. Ans. When silver chloride is exposed to light, it decomposes to form silver metal and chlorine gas. 2AgCKs) ——> 2Ag(s) + Chg) ‘This reaction is used in black and white photography. Q. 14. What type of chemical reactions are represented by the following equations? @ A+B—> C (i) A+BC —> AC+B Git) A —> B+C (iz) AB + CD —> AD+BC Ans. (i) Combination reaction (i) Displacement reaction (iii) Decomposition reaction (iv) Double displacement reaction ). 15. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes double of the y gas amount collected in the other in electrolysis of water experiment? Name this gas. (NCERT] Ans. The gas which is collected in double the amount in the electrolysis of water experiment is hydrogen. This is because water (H,O) contains two parts of hydrogen element as compared to one part of oxygen element by volume. Q. 16. Complete the missing components/variables given as x and y in the following reactions: (@ Pb(NO5),(aq) + 2KI(ag) —> PbI,2) + 2KNO,() (ii) Cu(s) + 2AZNOs(ag) —> Cu(NO,)2(aq) + x(6) (iii) Zn(s) + HySO,(aq) — > ZnSOix) + Hay) (iv) CaCO,(s) —*+ CaO) + CO®) [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. * (i) x—(s);y — (aq) (i) x — 2Ag Git) x — (a9); 9 —@ (jo) x — Heat 17. (i) What happens when silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride ‘PP! solution? Write the equation for the reaction which takes place. (ii) Name the type of reaction involved.= Chemical Reactions and Equations. = 11 Ans. (i) When silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride solution, a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed along with sodium nitrate solution. AgNOs(aq)+ NaCl(aq) —> AgCl(s) + NaNOs(aq) (oehive ppt.) (ii) This is double displacement reaction. Q. 18. On adding dilute HCI to copper oxide powder, the solution formed is blue- green. Predict the new compound formed which imparts a blue-green colour to the solution. [CBSE Dethi 2008} Ans. The new compound formed is copper(II) chloride (CuCk), which imparts blue-green colour to the solution. CaO OFC 19. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it? INCERT] ins. Iron is more reactive than copper. It displaces copper from copper sulphate solution according to the following reaction: Fe(s) + CuSO4(ag) —> FeSO,(aq) + Cu(s) Iron Copper sulphate Tron (II) sulphate Copper ‘Thus, as copper sulphate reacts to form iron (II) sulphate, the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades. 20. Ferrous sulphate decomposes with the evolution of a gas having a characteristic odour of burning sulphur. Write the chemical reaction involved and identify the type of reaction. INCERT Exemplar] ins. 2FeSO,(s) —HS> Fe,O,(s) + SOx(g) + SOs) It is a thermal decomposition reaction. | 21. Consider the chemical equation given below and answer the questions that follow: cuO + H, —5 Cu + H,O @ Name the substance which is getting oxidised. (éi) Name the substance which is getting reduced. (iii) Name the oxidising agent. (iv) Name the reducing agent. (2) What type of a reaction does this equation represent? () The substance getting oxidised is Hy. (ii) The substance getting reduced is CuO. (iii) CuO is the oxidising agent. (jv) Hg is the reducing agent. (v) Since oxidation and reduction is taking place simultaneously, this reaction is an example of redox reaction. +22. Grapes hanging on the plant do not ferment but after being plucked from the plant can be fermented. Under what conditions do these grapes ferment? Is it achemical or a physical change? [NCERT Exemplar]12 Xamidea Science~X: Term—1 Ans. Grapes when attached to the plants are living and therefore, their own immune system prevents fermentation. The microbes can grow in the plucked grapes and under anaerobic conditions these can be fermented. ‘This is a chemical change. Q.23. A copper coin was kept dipped in silver nitrate solution for a few hours/days. What will happen to the copper coin? What will happen to the colour of the solution? ‘Ans. Copper is more reactive than silver. Hence, it displaces silver from the silver nitrate solution according to the reaction. Cu(s) + 2AgNOs(aqg) ——> Cu(NOs)(ag) + 2Ag(s) Copper Silver nitrate Copper(t) nitrate silver ‘The silver thus formed is deposited on the surface of copper, thereby giving ita white shining appearance. ‘The solution becomes blue due to the formation of copper nitrate Q. 24. (i) What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals? How does this colour change after heating? (ii) Name the products formed on strongly heating ferrous sulphate crystals. What type of chemical reaction occurs in this change? [CBSE Delhi 2009) ‘Ans. (i) The colour of ferrous sulphate crystals is green. On heating, FeSO,.7H,0. first decomposes to form anhydrous ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) which is white in colour. (i) The products formed on strongly heating ferrous sulphate crystals are’ ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. 2FeSO 4(s) E> Fe 905(s) + SO9(g) + SO3(g) Greenish-blue Brown This is a type of decomposition reaction (thermal decomposition). Q. 25. Identify the oxidising agent (oxidant) in the following reactions. (@ PbO, + 8HCI——> 3PbCI, + Cl, + 4H,0 (i) 2Mg + O, ——> 2MgO (ii) CuSO, ++ Zn =~ ——> Cu+ ZnSO, (iv) V,0; + 5Ca —> 2V+5Ca0 @) 3Fe + 4H,O——> Fe,0,+4H, (@i) Cuo + Hy — > Cu + H,0 INCERT Exemplar] Ans. (i) PbsOy (ii) Og (iit) Cuso, (iv) V20s (v) H,O (vi) CuO Q..26. Solid calcium oxide was taken in a container and water was added slowly to it. (i) State the two observations made in the experiment. (di) Write the name and chemical formula of the product formed. [CBSE (AD) 2008) Ans. (i) Following are the two observations: (a) Calcium oxide (CaO) reacts vigorously with water to form slaked lime.__ @ The container becomes hot because a large amount of heat is released during this reaction. _@) The product formed is slaked lime for which the chemical formula is (OH), CaO(s) +H, ——> © Ca(OH)s(aq) Calcium, Water Slaked lime ‘oxide (Calejum hydroxide) ‘A magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen to give a white compound X sccompanied by emission of light. If the burning ribbon is now placed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, it continues to burn and forms a compound Y. @ Write the chemical formulae of X and Y. @) Write the balanced chemical equation when X is dissolved in water. [NCERT Exemplar] 2Mg + O, —> 2MgO 3Mg + No ——> MgsNo @ X is MgO; Y is MgsNo @ MgO + H,O —~ + Mg(OH), What is the role ofa catalyst in a chemical reaction? [CBSE Delhi 2007] Catalyst changes (usually increases but sometimes decreases) the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction. 29. Identify the type of chemical reaction taking place ( on mixing a solution of potassium chloride with silver nitrate, an insoluble white substance is formed. (ii) on heating green coloured ferrous sulphate crystals, reddish-brown solid is left and smell of a gas having odour of burning sulphur is observed. Ans. (i) KCl(aqg) + AgNO3(aq) ——> AgCl(s) + KNO (aq) Potassium Silver Silver chloride Potassium chloride nitrate (White precipitate) nitrate ‘This reaction is an example of double displacement and precipitation reaction in which a precipitate of silver chloride is obtained. (ii) 2FeSO4(s) —HS% > FesOg(s) + SOs(g) + SOs(g) Ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide (Green) (Reddish-brown) This reaction is an example of decomposition (thermal decomposition) reaction because a single substance (FeSO,) breaks down into three substances (FesO3, SO, and SOs). Here, SO, gives the smell of burning sulphur. Q. 30. Identify the type of reaction in the following examples: (@® Na,SO,(aq) + BaCl,(ag) —> BaSO,(s) + NaCl(ag) ) Fe(s) + CuSO,(aq) —> FeSO, (aq) + Cus) (iii) 2Hg(g) + O2(¢) ——> 2H,00 [CBSE Delhi 2008C Ans. (i) Double displacement reaction (ii) Displacement reaction (iii) Combination reaction14 Xam idea Science-X: Term-1 Q. 31. During the reaction of some metals with dilute hydrochloric acid, following observations were made. (@ The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when aluminium (Al) is added. i) The reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly explosive. Some bubbles ofa gas are seen when lead (Pb) is reacted with the acid. Explain these observations giving suitable reasons. INCERT Exemplar ‘Ans. _ (i) The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when aluminium is added because it is an exothermic reaction. (ii) Reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly explosive because it is am ‘exothermic reaction. (ii) When lead is treated with hydrochloric acid, bubbles of hydrogen gas are evolved. Pb + 2HCL ——> PbCl + He Q. 1. Give the characteristic tests for the following gases: @ CO, (ii) SO, (iii) Oz (iv) He INCERT. Ans. The characteristic test for ( Carbon dioxide (CO,) gas turns lime water milky when passed through due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate. Ca(OH), + CO, ——» CaCO; + H,O Lime water Carbon Calcium dioxide carbonate (i) Sulphur dioxide (SO,) gas when passed through acidic potassi permanganate solution (purple in colour) turns it colourless because S is a strong reducing agent. 2KMnO, + 2H,O + 580, —> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 2HySO, Potassium — Manganese sulphate sulphate (Colourless) (Colourless) (5 mar (Purple) (iii) The evolution of oxygen (Oz) gas during a reaction can be confirmed bringing a burning candle near the mouth of the test tube containing reaction mixture. The intensity of the flame increases because oxy; supports burning. (jv) Hydrogen (H,) gas burns with a pop sound when a burning candle brought near it Q.2. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then bal: them. (a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia. () Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide. (©) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give alumini chloride and a precipitate of barium sulphate.—— (@ Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. F (©) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur and liquid water. (NCERT] Aas. (a) Nog) + 3H2(g) —> 2NH3() (b) 2H,S@) + 302(g) —> 2H,0() + 280.) (©) 3BaClo(aq) + Alg(SO,)3(ag) —> 2AICl,(aq) + 3BaSO4(s)b (d) 2K(s) + 2H,O() —> 2KOH(aq) + Hog) (©) 2H.S@) + Ox(g) —> 28s) + 2H,00) ‘3. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations for these reactions. INCERT] ‘Aas. In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element displaces or removes another element from its compound. For example, zinc being more reactive, displaces copper from its compound. Zn(s) + CuSO , (ag) —> ZnSO , (ag) + Cus) In case of double displacement reactions, two compounds react by exchanging their ions and form two new compounds. For example, silver and sodium exchange their ions, sand _~ respectively and form two new compounds in the following reaction. AgNOs(aq) + NaCl(ag) —> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) (White ppt.) 4. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. (@) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide —> Calcium carbonate + Water (©) Zine + Silver nitrate —> Zinc nitrate + Silver (©) Aluminium + Copper chloride —> Aluminium chloride + Copper (@ Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate ——> Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride (©) Lead acetate + Dil. Hydrochloric acid ——> Lead chloride + Acetic acid [NCERT] “Aas. (2) Ca(OH), +CO, —> CaCO; +H,O (6) Zn + 2AgNO, ——> Zn(NO,), + 2Ag (© 2Al+ $CuCly —> 2AlCl, + 3Cu (@) BaCl, +K gO, —> BaSO, + 2KCI © Pb(CHyCOO); + ZHC|L—+ PbCl, + 2CH;COOH 5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case. (@) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) ——> Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s) () Zinc carbonate(s) ——> Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g) (©) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g) —> Hydrogen chloride(g) (@ Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) ——> Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g) ‘ ll“16 Xam idea Science-X: Term-1 Carbon monoxide) _» Iron(s) + Carbon dioxide @ (@) 2KBr(aq) + Balx(ag) —> 2KM(ag) + BaBrs(9); (@) Iron(III) oxide(s) + INCER: mer Double displacement reaction (6) ZnCO4(s) —> ZnO() + CO); Decomposition reaction (©) Hy@) + Clg) —> 2HCIg); Combination reaction (@) Mg(s) + 2HCK(ag) —> MgCl(ag) + Hag); Displacement reaction (©) Fe,Os(s) + 3CO(@) —> 2Fe(s) + 3COx(g);_ Redox reaction . 6. With the help of an activity explain that hydrogen and oxygen are released Ip P ydrog ye when an electric current is passed through water. Ans. (i) Take a plastic vessel. Drill two holes at its bottom and set {Plastic rubber stoppers in these holes. mug Gi) Insert carbon electrodes in Gyygen Htycrogil these rubber stoppers and “vor” oa watill connect these electrodes to a 6 > = volt battery and a switch. Graphite rode a (ii) Fill the vessel with water such Rubber. that the electrodes are stopper 2104 immersed. Add a few drops of ‘Anode— dilute sulphuric acid to. the water in the vessel. (iv) Take two graduated test tubes III! filled with’ water and invert Sie a ate them over the two carbon Electrolysis of water electrodes. (v) Switch on the current. (vi) After sometime, you will observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These bubbles displace water in the graduated tubes. (vii) Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases, remove them carefully. (viii) Test these gases one by one by bringing a burning splinter of wood close to the mouth of test tubes. When the glowing splinter of wood is brought close to the mouth of one test tube, it relights and when it is brought close to the mouth of other tube, the gas burns with a pop. Oxygen is the only common gas that) relights the splinter and hydrogen gas burns with a pop. Q. 7. What happens when zine granules are treated with dilute solution of H,SOw HCI, HNO,, NaCl and NaOH? Also write the chemical equations if reaction occurs. (NCERT Exemplar} Ans. The reaction of Zn granules with @ dilute H,SO, Zn) + HySOg(ag) ——> ZnSO,(ag) + Hog) (i) dilute HCI Zn(s) + 2HCKag) ——> ZnCl(aq) + Hye)(iii) dilute HNO, Reaction with dilute HNO, is different as compared to other acids because nitric acid is an oxidising agent and it oxidises Hy gas evolved to HO. AZn(3) + 10HNOs(aq) —> 4Zn(NOs)s(aq) + 5H;OW + N,O@) (iv) NaCl solution Zn(s)_ + NaCl(aqg) ——> No reaction (v) NaOH solution Zn(s)_ + 2NaOH(aq)——> NayZnO,(aq) + Hy(g) Sodium rincate 8. (@ Crystals of copper sulphate are heated in a test tube for some time. (a) What is the colour of copper sulphate crystals before heating, and after heating? (6) What is the source of liquid droplets seen on the inner upper side of the test tube during the heating process? [CBSE (AD) 2009) (i) A metal ‘X’ when dipped in aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate no reaction is observed whereas when it is dipped in an aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate, the pale green solution turns colourless. Identify metal ‘X’ with reason. Aes. (i) (@) Blue; white () The liquid droplets are actually the water droplets. The source of water droplets is the water of crystallisation of hydrated copper sulphate crystals (CuSO 4.5H,0). (i) When metal ‘X’ is dipped in aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate no reaction is observed, it means itis less reactive than aluminium. But when it is dipped in ferrous sulphate solution, the solution turns from pale green to colourless, so "X’ is more reactive than iron and thus displaces it from its solution. Therefore, ‘*X’ must be zinc. It reacts with ferrous sulphate to form colourless zinc sulphate solution by displacing iron. Zn(s)_ + FeSO,(ag)——> ZnSO,(aq)_ + Fe(s) | Samuel had a silver coin which turned black. He kept the coin in a bowl lined with aluminium foil. Then he filled the bowl with water _ and boiled it. After sometime, he found that the coin has become _ new. Its blackness disappeared. How did it happen? ‘The blackness of silver coin is due to the formation of silver sulphide on its surface. On boiling, the aluminium foil reacts with the layer of silver _ sulphide thus making it shiny. : . 3AgS + 2Al ——> G6Ag + Al,S, ya 18 Xamidea Science-X: Term Q2. Ans. Q. 3. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. liberates heat. Compound ‘A’ is used in whitewashing. Compound . When Ca0 is added to water taken in a beaker, rise in temp‘ During electrolysis of water a few drops of sulphuric acid is a into water. Why? Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. By adding few drops sulphuric acid, we make it a good conductor of electricity. Justify with the help of an example that displacement reaction also a redox reaction. Consider the following displacement reaction: Fe(s) + CuSO,(aq) ——> FeSO,(aq)_ + Cu(s) Iron Copper sulphate Iron (1) sulphate Copper (Blue) (Green) (Reddish-brown) In the above reaction, Fe is converted to Fe” by loss of electrons. Hence is oxidised. Cu®* is converted to Cu by gain of electrons. Hence Cu reduced, Thus, the above reaction is a displacement reaction as well redox reaction. Compound ‘A’ when dissolved in water gives compound ‘B’ reacts with CO, to form a white precipitate of compound ‘C’. Ide1 compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. Also write the equations involved. roe hy +H,0 ae ‘@ Usedtor_~ Bxothermie White pot ‘wiltewasbiog —reecton Quicklime (CaO) is used for white washing. So ‘A’ is CaO. CaO + H,O—> Ca(OH), + Heat Calcium tiydroxide (Slaked lime) is Ca@H),. Ca(OH).(ag) + CO.g)—> CaCO,(s) + H,0() Calcium Carbonate ‘White ppt) ‘C’ is CaCOg. ‘A white salt on heating decomposes to give brown fumes yellow residue is left behind. Name the salt and write the rea involved. The salt is lead nitrate. 2Pv(NO;)(s) —H2at_, 2Ppo@) + 4NO.@ + 0.4) Lead nitrate Lead oxide Nitrogen dioxide ‘(White) ‘Wellow) (Brown fumes) is observed. However, when Ba(OH), is mixed with NH,Cl, a temperature is observed. Why? Reaction of CaO and water is an exothermic reaction. So, rise temperature is observed. CaO) + H,O ——> Ca(OH),(ag) + Heat Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide Reaction of Ba(OH), and NH,Cl is an endothermic reaction and hence in temperature is observed. Ba(OH), + 2NH,Cl + Heat -——> BaCl, + 2NH,OH Barium Ammonium Barium ‘Ammonium hydroxide chloride chloride InydroxideChapte Acids, Bases and Salts Basic Concepts — A Flow Chart Chemical Substances ‘Strong acids a aap 3508 07 nae jases MP strength COOH, CH;COOH, ete l Or ‘Based on E.g., HNOs, H;S0,, HCI, ete ‘Acids = strength of Ht E.g., Mo(OH) po pap AHLOM, te Physical Sropertios Properties + Taste sour Taso btor 2 Eatbien water ——————~] 5 Feel sippery to + Ate aids ‘Organic acids + Scie ear water Conduct on soluble, ©, sodkum . M alaees) roma iecsny Metal + Base — Salt + Hydrogen ‘animals, hydroxide Zn(s) + 2NBOH(e9) ee ‘howe a ale kas NarzhO shor) * Hea) CH;COOH, et an mecltirs: pea aaa ey “ ae Reaction with non-metallic Mineral a¢ oxid ‘Acid prepared Non-metalic oxide + Base— Salt + Water: from minerals COyis) + 2NaOH(ag) — NazCOsl) + 1-00 present in earth's hydrogencarbonates ‘Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid— Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water 'NaHCO,(s) +HCl(aq)— NaCl(ag) + COn(e) + H,0()) Metal + Acid — Salt + Hydrogen gas Zn(s) + HjSOq(0a) = ZnSO,(04) + H4(8) Reaction with metal with metallic, carbonates, oxides: ‘Metal carbonate + Acid — Salt+ Carbon dioxide + Water: ‘Metal oxide (base) + Acid = Salt + NazCO,(s) + 2HCKag)— 2NaClag) + COz(2) + HOU) (CUuO|s) + 2HCKtag) — CuChzlag) *Acids, Bases and Salts a ee '= Scale for measuring hydrogen ion ‘concentration in a solution. * For acidic solution, pH <7 For neutral solution, pH = 7 For basic solution, pH > 7 Salts Formed by neutralisation reaction ‘Acid + Base — Salt + Water HA+ MOH— MA+ HOH. NaOH(ag) + HCl(ag) — NaCi(ag) + H20(0 HNOg(t) + KOH(aq)— KNO,(ag) + H,0(0) aa is re NaCl By combination reaction of sodium| (j) As raw material for = eoaia a eecionrses |) Pacee maa area: i eae 1 NaCKag) + H20() cer eoa. | yea concentrated sodium chloride (ii) In paper making enna Speman. anacian+2,o | nema peteton © 2NaOH(a9) Hol + Hele) Na,CO3.10H,0| By recrystallisation of sodium _ | (i) Softening hard water carbonate in water (i) In washing clothes Na,CO, + 10H,0 Gm paper. paint and texte iv) Manufacturing glass, borax NaCOs -10H,0 | Sie caustic soda extract Sodium | NaHCO, | On reacting cold concentrated | ()) Preparing baking powder hydrogen sodium chloride (brine) solution | (i) Manufacture of soda water carbonate with ammonia and carbon dioxide | (ii) In fire extinguishers NaCl+NH,+CO,+H,0 | (iv) As an antacid in medicine NaHCO, + NH,CI Calcium ‘acl, By passing chlorine gas over _| () For bleaching cotton textile loxychloride ‘ry slaked lime (i) For disinfecting drinking ee aiyasen oxidising agent in 1 ‘chemical industry CaO, + HO (v)Manufacturing chloroform By healing gypsum at 373K Sipnata [950s HO] OFC THO Onoda 1s, et hemihydrate| ‘ypaimt (For making fireproot [573K "materials For setting fractured bones cas0,.4.4,0+ 14,02 Ans. Q2. Ans. Q.3. Ans. Xam idea Science-X: Term-1 (1 mark) . Name the acid present in vinegar. Ethanoic acid ‘Name two salts that are used in black and white photography. Silver chloride (AgCl) and silver bromide (AgBr). ‘Two solutions A and B have pH values of 5 and 8 respectively. Which solution will be basic in nature? [CBSE Delhi 2008} Solution B |. Ifa few drops of a concentrated acid accidentally spills over the hand of a student, what should be done? [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. The hand is washed immediately with plenty of water and a paste of sodium Ans. Q6. Ans. Q7. “Ans. Q9 Ans. Q.10. Ans. Qu. Ans. hydrogencarbonate (a base) is applied to neutralise the acid. . If someone is suffering from the problem of acidity after overeating; which of the following would you suggest as a remedy? Lemon juice, Baking soda solution or Vinegar. Baking soda solution because it is a base and hence neutralises the excess acid present in the stomach. Arrange the following in the increasing order of acidic strength. Acetic acid, water and hydrochloric acid Water < acetic acid < hydrochloric acid. Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5? [CBSE Delhi 2009) Tooth starts decaying when the pH of our mouth is lower than 5.5. This is because below this pH value, the medium of the mouth becomes more acidic due to which tooth enamel corrodes at a faster rate. |. Two solutions X and Y have pH values of 3.0 and 9.5 respectively. Which of these will turn litmus solution from blue to red and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink? X will turn blue litmus to red. Y will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink. ‘A knife, which is used to cut a fruit, was immediately dipped into water containing drops of blue litmus solution. The colour of the solution changes to red, what is the nature of the fruit? ‘The fruit is acidic as it turns blue litmus solution to red. Why does dry HCI gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper? INCERT] Dry HCl gas does not ionise to produce H* ions as ionisation takes place in aqueous solution. Hence, it does not show acidic properties and therefore, does not change the colour of the dry litmus paper. Explain why an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is acidic in nature. Ammonium chloride (NH,Cl) is the salt of a strong acid, hydrochloric acid (HCD, and a weak base ammonium hydroxide (NH,OH), so an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is acidic in nature.Acids, Bases and Salts 23 ‘@ 12. What effect does the concentration of H* (aq) ions have on the acidic nature of the solution? INCERT] _ Aas. Water contains exactly the same numbers of H* and OH7 ions. Acidic solution e contains more hydrogen ions than water. Higher the concentration of H* ions in a solution, more acidic is the solution. @15. How is concentration of hydroxide ions (OH) affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide? [INCERT] ‘Aas. On dissolving excess base in a solution of sodium hydroxide, concentration of OHT ions per unit volume in the solution increases. 14. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H 0%) affected when a solution of an acid is diluted? INCERT, CBSE Delhi 2008C) Aas. When a solution of an acid is diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions (H0*) per unit volume decreases. ‘@ 15. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. When it changes into curd (yogurt), will its pH value increase or decrease? Why? [CBSE Delhi 2009) Aas. When milk changes into curd (yogurt), its pH value decreases. This is because ; during curd formation, lactic acid is produced which makes it acidic. ‘@ 16. A white chemical compound becomes hard on mixing proper quantity of water. It is also used in surgery to maintain joints in a fixed position. Name the __ chemical compound. Ans. Plaster of Paris. ‘@17. Which one of these has a higher concentration of H* ions? ____ IMHClor 1MCH,COOH [CBSE (Al) 2009) Aas. 1 M HCl. 18. Why does an aqueous solution ofan acid conduct electricity? [NCERT] Aas. An acid in the aqueous solution ionises to produce H* ions and the corresponding negative ions. For example, HCI gives H* and Cl ions and HNO gives H™ and NO} ions. Due to the presence of ions in the solution, it conducts electricity. 19. Do basic solutions also have H* (aq) ions? If yes, then why are these solutions basic? INCERT] Ans. Basic solutions also have H* ions in addition to OH" ions. They are basic because in these solutions OH” ion concentration is greater than H* ion concentration. ‘@20. In addition to sodium hydrogencarbonate, baking powder contains a substance X. Name the substance X. _ Ams. Tartaric acid. 21. What is the commercial name of calcium sulphate hemihydrate? Aas. Plaster of Paris. 22. Name the substance obtained by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime. Ans. Bleaching powder. /@23. Which is the real bleaching agent present in bleaching powder? Ans. Chlorine ‘Q 24. How many molecules of water of crystallisation are there in ') copper sulphate crystals, (ii) washing soda crystals? Ans. (i) 5 (i) 10.‘Xam idea Science-X: Term—| Q. 25. Why does the milkiness disappear on passing excess of carbon dioxide to lime water? ‘Ans. When carbon dioxide is passed in excess, calcium carbonate (which appears, milky) gets converted into calcium hydrogencarbonate which is soluble. Hence, the milkiness disappears. Q. 26. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and cop) vessels? INCERT} ‘Ans. Curd and sour substances are acidic in nature. As we know, the acids attack most! the metals. Hence, if acidic substances like curd or other sour substances are kept in copper or brass vessels, they react to form toxic compounds and make the foodstuff unfit for consumption. Q.27. An aqueous solution turns red litmus solution blue. Excess addition of which solution would reverse the change—ammonium hydroxide solution oF hydrochloric acid? ‘Ans. Hydrochloric acid. Q. 28. Why is the electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride known as chlor-alkali process? ‘Ans. It is because of the products formed: chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium) hydroxide. (2,3 marks) Q. 1. What is an olfactory indicator? Name two such indicators. ‘Ans. Those substances whose smell (or odour) changes in acidic or basic solutions, are called olfactory indicators. Onion and vanilla extract are olfactory indicators. Q. 2. List in tabular form of two differences between an acid and a base based om: their chemical properties. ‘Ans. Acids 1. H* are released in aqueous solution. | 1 2. Reacts with metal carbonates to] 2. No reaction takes place with metal liberate CO, gas. carbonates. OFT are released in aqueous solution. Q. 3. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is added to test tube A while acetic acid is added to test tube B. Amount and concentration taken for both the acids are same. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why? [NCERT] ‘Ans. We know that hydrochloric acid (HCI) is a strong acid and acetic add’ (CHgCOOH) is a weak acid. Being a strong acid, HCl solution contains a much: greater amount of hydrogen ions in it. Due to this the fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube A. The fizzing is due to the evolution of Hy gas which is formed by the action of acid on the magnesium ribbon, Mg + 2HClL ——> MgCh + Hy Magnesium Hydrochloric Magnesium Hydrogen add chloride28 Xamidea Science-X: Term-1 Ans. "Name of the solution “Colour change with | Colour change with & a : = _phenolphthalein : blue litmus (@)_NaCOs ‘Turns pink No change @)_Dil HCL No change ‘Turns red (©) NaCl No change No change Q. 19. A salt X when dissolved in distilled water gives a clear solution which turns Ans. Q.20. Ans. Q21. Ans. red litmus blue. Explain this phenomenon. .. Basic solutions turn red litmus paper blue. The salt ofa weak acid and a strong base gives a basic solution. So, the given salt X is the salt of a weak acid and a strong base. Example: When sodium carbonate is dissolved in water, it gets hydrolysed to some extent and forms sodium hydroxide and carbonic acid. Na OO) <> 2Ni + A, ee TO ee eee (Basie salt) (Strong base) (Weak acid) Being a strong base, sodium hydroxide is fully ionised and gives a large amount of hydroxide ions (OH). Carbonic acid is a weak acid which is only slightly ionised and hence, gives a small amount of hydrogen ions (H*). The H* ions produced by carbonic acid neutralises only a small amount of OH7 ions produced by sodium: hydroxide and the rest amount of OH” ions are present in the solution. Hence, the NayCOs solution is basic in nature. It turns red litmus blue. ‘A metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride. [NCERT] ‘The gas that extinguishes a burning candle is carbon dioxide, It is formed by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate and produces effervescence. Since one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride, this shows that the metal compound is calcium carbonate. It ‘cannot be calcium hydrogencarbonate because calcium hydrogencarbonate is found in solution. Thus, the metal compound A is calcium carbonate (CaCOs). Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. CaCO4(s) + 2HCKag) —> CaCly(ag) + CO2(g) + HO) With the help of a chemical equation, explain how a soda-acid fire extinguisher helps in putting out a fire. Soda-acid fire extinguisher contains sodium bicarbonate and sulphuric acid, which are in separate containers in them. When knob of the fire extinguisher is pressed, then sulphuric acid mixes with sodium bicarbonate solution and produces a lot of CO, gas, which forms a blanket over the fire and cuts it off from the supply of the air to the burning substance and the fire stops. 2NaHCO, + H SO, —> Na,SO, + 2H,0 + 2CO, Sodium hydrogen Sulphuieaid Sodiummuipiate Water——-Carbon dioxide‘Acis, Bases and Sats 2" A compound which is prepared from gypsum has the property of hardening when mixed with a proper quantity of water. Identify the compound. Write the chemical equation for its preparation. For what purpose is it used in hospitals? [CBSE Delhi 2009} ‘The compound prepared from gypsum on heating it at 100°C, is known as Plaster of Paris. Its chemical formula is CuSO,.4H,O. Hence, its chemical mame is calcium sulphate hemihydrate. The chemical equation for its preparation is as follows: CaSO,.2H,0 —S_, CasO,4.4HsO +14H,0 Gypsum Plaster of Paris Water Plaster of Paris is used in hospitals mainly as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right position. In dentistry, it is used for making casts. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why. INCERT} Plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with moisture or water, it changes to gypsum giving a hard solid mass. CaSO,.4H,0 + 14H,O —> CaSO,.2H,0 Plaster of Paris Gypsum Hence, it should be stored in a moisture-proof container. (®) Name the products formed when sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated. (Gi) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved in (i). [CBSE (Al) 2009} (® On heating sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCOs), it decomposes to form sodium carbonate (NagCOs), water (Hg) and carbon dioxide (CO,). (ii) 2NaHCOs(s) 2+ Na sCO4(s). + COsg) + HOO ‘Sodium carbonate (Goda ash). ‘What is meant by water of crystallisation? Explain that the crystalline salts contain water of crystallisation. Water of crystallisation is a fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt. One formula unit of copper sulphate contains five water molecules (5H,O). The water molecules which form part of the structure of a qystal are called water of crystallisation. When hydrated salts are heated strongly, they lose their water of crystallisation. On strong heating, blue copper sulphate crystals turn white (due to the loss of ‘water of crystallisation). CuSO,.5H,O ———>» CuSO, + 5H,0 Hydrated Anhydrous Water copper sulphate copper sulphate (Goes away) (Blue) (White) Anhydrous copper sulphate turns blue on adding water. CuSO, + 5H,O —+> — CuSO,.5H;0 Anhydrous Water Hydrated copper sulphate copper sulphate (White) (Blue) You have two solutions A and B. The pH of the solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of these is acidic and which one is basic? [NCERT]30 Ans. Q.27. Ans. Q.28. ‘Ans. Q.29. Ans. Q. 30. Ans. Q.31. Ans. Q.32. Xam idea Science-X: Term-1 ‘The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to its hydrogen ion concent ‘This means that the solution having lower pH will have more hydrogem! concentration. Thus, solution A will have more hydrogen ion concentrati A solution with pH < 7 is acidic. Hence, solution A is acidic. A solution with pH > 7 is basic. Hence, solution B is basic. Name the acid present in an ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also. the common method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sti INCERT ‘The acid present in an ant sting is methanoic acid (formic acid). The ch formula is HCOOH. To get relief, one should apply any available basic salt, baking soda (NaHCOs) on it. ‘What happens when nitric acid is added to an eggshell? [NCERT E: Eggshells contain calcium carbonate. When nitric acid is added to it, dioxide gas is evolved. The reaction can be given as CaCO, + 2HNO; ——> Ca(NOs)p +H,O + CO, (®) Write the formula and chemical name of bleaching powder. (ii) Write chemical equation to represent the action of atomospheric gas on bleaching powder when left exposed in open. (iii) State for what purpose is bleaching powder used in water tre plants. [CBSE Delhi () Chemical formula: CaOCly ‘Chemical Name: Calcium oxychloride (ii) CaOCl, + CO, —> CaCO, + Cl, (iii) Bleaching powder is used in water treatment plants for disinf drinking water to make it free of germs. How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda heating? INCERT The chemical formula of baking powder is sodium hydrogenca (NaHCOs); whereas, that of washing soda is sodium carbonate (Na,CO3.10H; Sodium hydrogencarbonate on heating gives CO, gas which will turn water milky whereas no such gas is obtained from sodium carbonate. 2NaHCO, —Het_, NaCO; + H,O + CO, Na,CO3.10H,0 —HSt+ NasCO; + 10H,O Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted i another salt B which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a. C is evolved. The gas C when passed through lime water, turns it Identify A, B and C. [NCERT E: Baking powder (NaHCOs), salt A is commonly used in bakery products. heating, it forms sodium carbonate (NagCOs), B and COs gas, C is ev When CO, gas is passed through lime water it forms calcium carl (CaCO,), which is slightly soluble in water making it milky. A—NaHCOs; B — NagCOs; C — CO, gas What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate s acids from weak acids: Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric formic acid, sulphuric acid. [NCERT Exe1Acids, Bases and Salts 31 In aqueous solutions, strong acids ionise completely and provide hydronium ions. On the other hand, weak acids are partially ionised and an aqueous solution of same molar concentration provides a much smaller concentration of HjO* ions. Strong acids—Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid. Weak acids—Citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid. fe (5 marks) 1. (@ Inthe following schematic diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown in figure, what would happen if following changes are made? Delivery tube Burning hydrogen Jo we ‘gas with a pop ‘Stand Dilute \ By ee Ne iIphuri \——; 2 subphuic E a ‘Soap bubble filled with hydrogen Soap solution (a) In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the test tube. (6) Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken. (©) Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube is heated. (é) How do metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids? INCERT Exemplar] (@® (a) Hydrogen gas will evolve with greater speed. (d) Almost same amount of gas is evolved. (©) Ifsodium hydroxide is taken, hydrogen gas will be evolved. Zn + 2NaOH ——> NaZnO, + Hy Sodium zincate (ii) All metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates react with acids to form a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water. Metal carbonate + Acid —+ Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid —> Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water For example, sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as follows: NayCO4(s) + 2HCl(aqg) ——> 2NaCl(aq) + HO) + CO,g) Sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as follows: NaHCO 4(s) + HCl(aqg) —> NaCl(ag) + HyO@ + COs)32 Q2 Ans. . Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reactions taking, Xam idea Science-X: Term—1 On passing the gas liberated (CO) through lime water [Ca(OH) 2] the white precipitates of CaCO s is obtained. Ca(OH) 9(ag) + CO4(¢) —+ CaCO 4(s) + H,OD (White ppd On passing excess carbon dioxide, the solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate is obtained. CaCO 4(8) + HOW) + CO a(g) —> Ca(HCO 5) 9(a9) (Soluble in water) ‘A metal carbonate X on reacting with an acid gives a gas which when passed. through a solution ¥ gives the carbonate back. On the other hand, a gas G that is obtained at anode during electrolysis of brine is passed on dry Y, it gives compound Z, used for disinfecting drinking water. Identify X, Y, G and Z. [NCERT Exemplar] The gas evolved at anode during electrolysis of brine is chlorine ( When chlorine gas is passed through dry Ca(OH)2 (¥) produces bleaching powder (Z) used for disinfecting drinking water. Ca(OH), + Cl —> CaOCl, + HO Slaked lime Bleaching powder Since Y and Z are calcium salts, therefore X is also a calcium salt and is calcium carbonate. CaCO; + 2HCl ——> CaCk + CO, + H;O Ca(OH); + CO, —> CaCO, + HO place when (a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zine granules. (6) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon. (0) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder. (@) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings. (©) asolution of sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated. INCER’ (a) Sulphuric acid(aq) + Zinc(s) — Zinc sulphate(ag) + Hydrogen(g) H,SO,4(ag) + Zn(s) —+ ZnSO,4(ag) + H,(g) (b) Hydrochloric acid(ag) + Magnesium(s) —> Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g) 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) ——> MgClo(aq) + Ha() (© Sulphuric acid(aq) + Aluminium() + Aluminium sulphate(aq) + Hydrogen(g) 3H,SO,(aq) + 2AK(s) —> Alg(SO,)3(ag) + 3H,(g) (a) Hydrochloric acid(aq) + Iron(s) —> Iron chloride(ag) + Hydrogen(g) 2HCK(ag) + Fe(s) —> FeCly(aq) + Ha(g) (©) Sodium hydrogencarbonate(aq) — Sodium carbonate(s) + Carbon dioxide(g) + Water()) Heat QNaHCOs(ag) —HS > NagCO,(s)+ CO2(g) + HO)Acids, Bases and Salts 33 Q. 4. Write the formulae of the salts given below. Potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride. Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained. How many families can you identify among these salts? Ans. The formulae of the given salts and the acids and bases from which these salts may be obtained are given in the following table S.No. Salts Formula Family _| Acid and Base 1. [Potassium sulphate [K,SO, Potassium salts | H,SO, and KOH 2. | Sodium sulphate Na,SO, | Sodium salts | H,SO, and NaOH 3. [Calcium sulphate | CaSO, | Calcium salts | H,SO, and Ca(OH), 4. | Magnesium sulphate | MgSO, Magnesium salts | H,SO, and Mg(OH)2 5. | Copper sulphate CusO, — | Copper salts | H,SO, and Cu(OH’ 6. NaCl Chloride salts | HCl and NaOH 7. | Sodium nitrate NaNO, | Nitrate salts. | NHO, and NaOH 8. |Sodium carbonate |Na;CO, | Carbonate salts_ | H,CO, and NaOH 9. [Ammonium chloride |NH,Cl__| Chloride salts _| HCl and NH,OH Q 5. A sulphate salt of Group 2 element of the Periodic Table is a white, soft substance, which can be moulded into different shapes by making its dough. When this compound is left in open for some time, it becomes a solid mass and cannot be used for moulding purposes. Identify the sulphate salt and state why does it show such a behaviour. Give the reaction involved. INCERT Exemplar] Ans. The substance which is used for making different shapes is Plaster of Paris. Its chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO,.%H,O). The two formula unit of CaSO, share one molecule of water. As a result, it is soft When it is left open for some time, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and forms gypsum, which is a hard solid mass. "ASO, $H,0 et Plaster of Paris (Somt) (Sulphate salt) gher Order Thinking Skills) 1. Why is acetic acid called a weak acid though there are four hydrogen atoms in the molecule? Though acetic acid has four hydrogen atoms, only one of the four hydrogen atoms is released as H* ion in solution. So, it is a weak acid. 2. In one of the industrial processes used for manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas X is formed as by-product. The gas X reacts with lime water to give a compound Y which is used as a bleaching agent in chemical industry. Identify X and Y giving the chemical equation of the reactions involved. {NCERT Exemplar]‘= Sane 34 Xam idea Science-X: Term-1 Ans. Ans. Ans. . A baker found that the cake prepared by him is hard and small " moisture and curns sticky. The compound is also a by-product » A compound ‘A’ is used in fire extinguishers as an antacid and In the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are formed as by-products, When chlorine gas (X) reacts with lime water, forms calcium oxychioride (bleaching powder) Y. The reactions are 2NaCKag) + 2H,0@——> 2NaOH(ag) + Clg) + Hig) X — Cl; (Chlorine gas) Ca(OH),(8) + Clg) ——» CaO0Cl(s) + H,0() Y — Calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder) size. Which ingredient had he forgotten to add that would hi caused the cake to rise and become light? Give reason. ‘The baker had forgotten to add baking powder. Baking powder is a rnixt of baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) and a mild edible acid such tartaric acid. When this baking powder is added with water, then sodii hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO,) reacts with tartaric acid to evolve carl dioxide gas. This CO, gas causes the cake to rise and become soft and A dry pellet of a common base B, when kept in open ab: chlor-alkali process, Identify B, What type of reaction occurs w! B is treated with an acidic oxide? Write a balanced che: equation for one such solution. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is 2 commonly used base and is hygro: that is, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and becomes sticky. The acidic oxides react with hase to give salt and water. The reat between NaOH and CO, can be given as 2Na0H + CO, ——» Na,CO,+ B,0 small amount is also used in making bakery items. Identify compound and also explain the reason for above mentioned u: the compound ‘A’. Compound ‘A’ is sodium hydrogencarbonate—NaHCO,. @ Itis used in five extinguishers because it produces CO, gas on reaction acid. H,80, + 2NaHCO, —+ Na,SO, + 2H,0 + 2C0, (id) It is used as an antacid because it neutratises excess acid (HC} p: stomach. een HCL + NaHCO; —> NaCl + H,0 + CO, Gi) Itis used in making bakery items because on reaction with acid it CO, gas which makes bread, cakes, ete., soft and spongy. NaHCO, + HY ~~» H,0 + ©O,t + NasaltChapter: 3 Metals and Non-metals Basic Concepts — A Flow Chart (aise Elements Metals Motalloi Non-metal (odincuding ee (22 known) ‘metalloids) Show both characteristics, Non-metals Gai Metals lose electrons ‘metalic as well a8 ‘and form -¥e ions. ‘and form #ve ions non-metal ‘Examples: Si, 60, As, Sb and Te they ean be hammered into thin sheets. + Are ductile, lustrous ‘and can be polished. += Are good conductors (of heat and electricity. + Have high tensile strength, + Have high density. ‘+ Melting and boiling points are usually high * Allare solid at room temperature except ‘mercury (liquid). ‘Chemical Properties ‘+ Reaction with oxygen ‘Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide “ANats) + Oats) Secium Oxygen 2Na,O4(s) Sodium oxide + Reaction with water ‘Metal + Water Metal oxide + Hydrogen ‘2Na(s) + 2H,0(0) 2NaOH(ag) + Hale) + Heat Metal oxide + water etal tyrone Na,0(s) + H0(— 2NaOH(ea) + Reaction with acids Metal + Dilute acid ‘Metal salt + Hydrogen Zn(s) + 2HCKae) ZnCt,(aa) + Hae) « Reaction with solutions of Other metal salts Motal A + Salt solution of B ‘Salt solution of A+ Metal B Ng(s) + CuSOg(a) MgSO,(aa) + Cuts) Fisaso” —“Wetaa of eahim en my reacty Electrolysis Seah “Corpora “ Suphe Spe EES PEE Pee “Catcnaion “Roasting oa Extraction and Purification Yn dich ‘Concentration ‘of Ores.'* Are solids or gases except bromine cr) + Are brite, he, they break down “Physical ~ + Are non-maleatie Properties.» Are nor-ducta * Except geaphito, all are bad ‘conductors of heat and electricity + Have very low tensile strength + Have tow melting and boting points “*Reaction with exgen Shs) + Oe) — COxe) CO.ke) + #010 — H,COsag) ais “Ghemicar “Reaction with acids Properties Non-motals donot dieplace Hy ‘*Reaction with chlorine Pals) #6Chle) — AP CRG) Tonic Compounds ye Properties: Formation Solid and crystalline i nature, ‘Compounds are formed by a glve-and-take '* Good conductors of electricity in aqueous __felallon betwen the sloments as shown below: ‘itis the arrangement of metals in a series in the descending order of their reactivity. « z Yop Na | Nlohy reactive x | Les roscoe metas ar ound n fee ofthe Ca} metals ‘Ag | sta as wollas combined state senes Ma] ice sate fapeae Za = Moderatety Milde Fe | ere natal Ri }Heatreactve meta ae ound in fthe Mf are found in te ‘Au | ime state $0 |cambined state, Metals and Non-metals a38 Xamidea Science-K: Term Q. 1. Why are metals good conductors of electricity? ‘Ans. Metals are good conductors of electricity because they contain free eles These free electrons move easily through the metal and conduct electric cu Q. 2. Which property of graphite is utilised in making electrodes? ‘Ans. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity. Due to this property, grap! utilised in making electrodes. ‘i Q.3. Which of the following metals will melt at body temperature? Gallium, Magnesium, Caesium, Aluminium [CBSE Delhi 2 ‘Ans. Gallium and caesium will melt at 37°G (body temperature). Q. 4. Name two metals that do not react with water at all. Ans, Lead and copper. Q. 5. Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and metals which will not. Ne ‘Ans. (i) Magnesium and zine will displace hydrogen from dilute acids. (ii) Copper and silver will net displace hydrogen from dilute acids Q. 6, What happens when calcium is treated with water? Ans. Calcium reacts less violently with water and bubbles of hydrogen gas stick! surface. Q-7. Generally, non-metals are not lustrous. Name a non-metal which ish Ans. lodine Q. 8. What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides, [NCERT, CBSE (Al) Ans. Some metal oxides show both acidic as well as basic character, such oxi called amphoteric oxides For example, (i) Aluminium oxide (AlsOs); (ii) Zinc oxide (ZnO). Q. 9. What is the nature of non-metal oxide? ‘Ans. Non-metal oxides are acidic or neutral Q. 10. What is the nature of metal oxides? ‘Ans. Metal oxides are basic in nature. Q. 11. Why do copper abjects develop a green coating in air? ‘Ans. Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gai basic copper carbonate. Q. 12. Why do silver articles become black on prolonged exposure to air? ‘Ans. Sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide gas (HyS) present in when combine with the silver articles, form a black coating of silver (AgsS). Q. 13. Which oxide of iron could be obtained on prolonged reaction of steam? Ans. FeO, 3Fe(3) + 4H,0(¢) —> Fe O4(s) + 4H (g) nature, s a green csMetals and Non-metals 39 ‘Q. 14. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points? [NCERT, CBSE (Al) 2008C) Ans. The ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions. There is a strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions, therefore a lot of energy is required to break this force of attraction and melt this ionic compound. That is why, ionic compounds have high melting points. Q.15. Why are ionic compounds usually hard? [CBSE Delhi 2008} Ans. In all ionic compounds, their positive and negative ions are attached to each other by a strong ionic bond. So, they are rigid and hard solids. Q. 16. Why does aluminium not react with water under ordinary conditions? Aas. Aluminium docs not react with water under ordinary conditions because of the presence of a thin layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. Q.17. Innature, metal A is found ina free state while metal B is found in the form of its compounds. Which of these two will be nearer to the top of the activity Series of metals? Ans. Metal B will be nearer to the top of the activity series of metals. Q. 18. Arrange the following metals in decreasing order of their reactivity: Fe, Zn, Na, Cu, Ag ICBSE (41) 2008C| Ans, Na > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag Q. 19. Why cannot aluminium be obtained by reduction of its oxide with carbon? Ans. Aluminium has more affinity for oxygen than carbon. Q. 20. Why does a little addition of carbon in iron make it more useful Ans. Pure iron is very soft and stretches easily when hot, When it is mixed with a small quantity of carbon (0.05%), it becomes hard and strong and hence becomes more useful. Q. 21. Give an example of a sulphide ore which is reduced to metal by heating alone, , by roasting. Ans. Cinnabar (HgS) on roastingis first changed to mercuric oxide which on further heating is reduced to mercury. 2HgSs) + 30x) ———+ 2Hg0G) + 2802) 2HgO(~) ———> 2Hg + Ovi) Q. 22. Metals are refined by using different methods. Name two metals refined by electrolytic refining. Ans. Copper and gold. Q. 23. What is rust? Ans. The coating of brown, flaky substance on the surface of iron when it is kept exposed in moist air is called rust. Q. 24. What is corrosion? Ans. When the surface of a metal is attacked by air, water and some other substances, itis said to be corroded. This phenomenon is known as corrosion. Q.25. What is aqua regia? Ans. It is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid im the ratio of $ : 1. It can dissolve gold, It is a highly corrosive liquid.a 40 Xam idea Science-X: Term! Q.26. Whatare alloys? INGER: “Ans, Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals, or # metal and non-metal. For example, brass is an alloy of two metals; copper and zine, whet Steel is an alloy of a metal, iron and a small amount of a non-metal, carbon: Q.27. Which metals are mixed with iron to get stainless steel? ‘Ans. Nickel and chromium. Q. 28. Why is stainless steel preferred for making household utensils? “Ans, Stainless steel is preferred as it is non-reactive and so the milk or food is spoiled in it. Q. 29. What is galvanisation? ‘Ans. ‘on is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coati them with a thin layer of zinc. Q. 30. Name an alloy of () aluminium used in the construction of aircraft. (ii) tead used in joining metals for electrical work. Ans. (i) Duralium (7) Solder. (2,3 Q. 1. Give an example of a metal which {@ is a liquid at room temperature; (i) can be easily cut with a knife; is the best conductor of heat; (iv) is a poor conductor of heat; (v) found in free state in nature; (vi) oceurs in free stateas well as in combined state. [NGI ‘Ans, (i) Mercury, (ii) sodium, (ii) silver, Gv) lead, (v) gold, (vt) copper. Q.2. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil? [NcE! ‘Ans, Sodium isa very reactive metal. It reacts vigorously with the water and oxy, (in air) and even catches fire. Hence, to protect sodium, it is kept immersed) kerosene oil. Q. 3. Explain why the surface of some metals acquires a dull appearance exposed to air for a long time. ‘Ans: The surface of some metals acquires dull appearance when exposed to aif a long time due to the formation ofa thin layer of oxide, carbonate or sulph ‘on their surface by the slow action of the various gases present in air, Q.4. Name two metals which react violently with cold water. Write any obse you would make when such a metal is dropped into water. How would identify the gas evolved, ifany, during the reactions: [CBSE (AD ‘Ans. Metals which react violently with cold water are potassium (K) and sodium ( 2k + 2H,O ——>2KOH + Hy + Heatenergy 2Na + 2H,O0 —>2NaOH + Hy + Heat energyMetals and Non-metais 4 ‘The hydrogen gas produced during the reactions of these two metals with water immediately catches fire. Thus, these reactions are violent and exothermic. The gas evolved during these reactions burns with a popping sound which confirms that the gas is hydrogen (Hy). Q.5. Write equations for the reactions of (@ iron with steam. (ii) calcium and potassium with water. [NCERT] Ans. (i) 3Fe(s) + 4H,O(g)—> Fe,O,(s)+ 4H,(a) Gi) Ca(s) + 2H,0 —+ Ca(OH),(ag) + Hale) 2Kis) + 2H,0() ——> 2KOH(ag) + Hale) Q.6. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H»SO4. INCERT] Ans. Hydrogen gas is produced when a metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. M + 2HClL —>+ MCl, + Hy Meta Hydepelorc acd Metalchloride Hydrogen hemical equation for the reaction of iron with dilute HySO, is Fe(s) + H,SO,(ag) —> FeSO,(ag) + tron Dake slp Irom sulphate Q.7. Give reasons: (a) Reactivity of Al decreases if itis dippedin HNO;. _ [NCERT Exemplar] (ii) Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of Na or Mg. (iii) NaCl is not a conductor of electricity in solid state whereas it does conduct electricity in aqueous solution as well as in molten state. (i) Metals like Na, K, Ca and Mg are never found in their free state in nature. Ans. (i) Due to the formation of a layer of oxide, iz., Al,Oy, (ii) Na or Mg are more reactive metals as compared to carbon, (tit) In solid NaGl, the movement of ions is not possible due to its rigid structure but in aqueous solution or molten state, the ions can move freely. (iv) They are highly reactive Q. 8. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over Test tube it as shown in figure. (a) What will be the action of gas on L_.} — sulphur powder () dry litmus paper? (i) moist litmus paper? (6) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place. |NCERT] Ans. (a) When sulphur is heated in sulphur dioxide gas is formed,42 =~ Kam idea Science-X: Term—| (i) Sulphur dioxide has no action on dey litmus paper (ii) Sulphur dioxide turns blue litmus paper to red. 6) SG) + Ox(g) —+ _— SOaie) Sulphur Oxygen Sulphur dioxide Q.9. Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the foll solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows: Metal Tron (I) Copper{il) sulphate sulphate A No reaction Displacement B Displacement - ic No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement Dd No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction. Use the table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, and D. (a) Which is the most reactive metal? (6) What would you observe if B is added toa solution of copper(II) sulpha (c) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity. INGE. Ans, (a) B is most reactive. (b) B will displace copper from copper(II) sulphate. @ B>A>C>D. Q.10. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron(II) sulp! Write the chemical reaction that takes place. INGER! Ans. When zinc is added to a solution of iron(II) sulphate, the greenish colour iron(II) sulphate solution fades away gradually due to the formation colourless zinc sulphate solution. Iron metal is deposited on zinc. Zn(s) + FeSO, (ag) —> ZnSO,lag) + Fe(s) “ime Aron (1) sulphate ‘ine sulphate (Grecalah tle) (Colaurtestaokation) Q. 11. Azinc plate was kept in a glass container having copper sulphate solution. examining it was found that the blue colour of the solution is getting and fader. After a few days when the zinc plate was taken out of the solution, number of small holes were noticed in it. State the reason and give chemi equation of the reaction involved. Ans. Zinc is more reactive than copper. Hence, when a zine plate is keptin a soluti of copper sulphate, it slowly displaces copper from the solution and blue colo’ of the solution keeps fading away. Because of zinc going into solution as zi sulphate a number of holes are seen in the zine plate. The reaction is CuSO,4(ag) + Zn(s) —» ZnSO,(ag) + Cu(s) Blue ColourleasQ12. Ans. Q13. Q15. Metals and Non-metals 43 Metals replace hydrogen from dilute acids, whereas non-metals donot. Why? ICBSE (Al) 2008} lute acids can only be replaced if electrons are supplied to H” Hydrogen from ions of the acid. HySO4(ag) = ——> 2H" (ag) + SOF (agp 2H" + 2e° ——»> Hog) HClKaq) — > H*(ag) + Cl (ag) Ht + ec —— H 2H — +> Hygyt Metals have a tendency to lose electrons and hence they supply electrons, i.e., they are electron donors. That is why metals clisplace hydrogen from dilute acids. On the other hand, non-metal is an electron acceptor. It cannot supply electrons to H’ and hence, it does not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. What happens when (chemical equation only) (® iron nail is placed in silver nitrate solution? iron strip is dipped in zinc sulphate solution? (@ Iron is more reactive than silver. 2Fe(s) + ZAZNOg(ag) ——> Fe(NOQs)o(aq) + 2Ag(s) Gi) Iron is below zinc in the reactivity series; therefore, iron cannot displace zine from zinc sulphate solution. No reaction takes place. Why do metals not evolve hydrogen gas with nitric acid? [CBSE Delhi 2008C] When metal reacts with nitric acid (HNO,), hydrogen gas is not evolved. This is because HNO, is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises H, produced to water and is itself reduced to any of the oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO or NO). For example, 8Cu(s) + 8HNO, (ag) —> 3Cu(NO,),(ag) + 2NO(g) + 4H,O() () Name a metal for each case: (a) It does not react with cold as well as hot water but reacts with steam. (0) It does not react with any physical state of water. (i) When calcium. metal is added to water the gas evolved does not catch fire but the same gas evolved on adding sodium metal to water catches fire. Why is it so? [CBSE (Al) 2008) « Ans. (i) (¢) Aluminium, (b) Copper i) In both cases, the gas evolved is Hy, When calcium reacts with water the heat evolved is not sufficient for hydrogen to catch fire. On the other hand, sodium metal reacts with water violently and in this case a lot of heat is evolved which is sufficient for hydrogen to catch fire,44 =~ Xamidea Science-X: Term Q. 16. When a metal X is treated with cold water, it gives a basic salt Y molecular formula XOH (Molecular mass = 40) and liberates a gas Z whit easily catches fire. Identify X, Yand Z and also write the reaction involved. INCERT Exem Ans. X—Na; Y—NaOQH; Z—Hy 2Na + 2H;0 ——» 2NaOH + Hy + Heat energy Q. 17, Which of the following reactions will not occur? Give reasons. (i) MgSO (ag) + Fe) —+ FeSO,(aq) + Mgis) (él) MgSO,(aq) + Cu(s) —+ CuSO,(aq) + Mgis) (ii) CuSO,(ag) + Fe(s) —» FeSO,(aq) + Cu(s) Ans. Reaction (i) will mot occur because Fe is less reactive than Mg, Reaction (ii) not occur because Cu is less reactive than Mg. Q. 18. Of the three metals X, Y and Z, X reacts with cold water, ¥ with hot water ant Z with steam only. Identify X, ¥ and Z and also arrange them in order increasing reactivity. ENCERT E: ‘Ans. X is alkali metal, Na or K. Y is alkaline earth metal, Mg or Ga, Zis Fe. Increasing reactivity series: Na > Mg > Fe Q. 19. State the reason for the following behaviour of zinc metal: On placing a piece of zinc metal in a solution of mercuric chloride, acquires a shining silvery surface but when it is placed in a solution magnesium sulphate nochange is observed. Ans, When a piece of etal is placed in a solution of mercuric chloride (HgCly a white layer of mercury is deposited on zinc metal to give it silvery shi look. This is because mercury is lower to zinc in reactivity series and hence, zi can displace mercury from HgCly. But when zine is placed in a solution of magnesium sulphate, there is change. This is because magnesium is above zinc in the reactivity series 4 hence, zinc cannot displace magnesium from its salt solution. Q. 20, An element A burns with golden flame in air, It reacts with another element atomic number 17 to give a product C. An aqueous solution of product C electrolysis gives a compound D and liberates hydrogen. Identify A, B,C and Also write down the equations for the reactions involved. [NCERT. Ans, A— Na; B—Cly © - NaCl, D- NaOH 2Na + Clo — 2NaCl 2NaCKag) + ZH,O() ——> 2NaOH(aq) + Clog) + Hog) Q. 21. Define the terms: (2) Mineral (b) Ore (¢) Gangue. _ [NCERT, CBSE (AI) 2006] ‘Ans. (a) Mineral: The inorganic element or compound which occurs naturally in the earth's crust is called mineral, For example, copper pyrites (CuFeSy cuprite (Cu,O), ete. are the minerals of copper. (6) Ore: The mineral from which a metal can be extracted profitably a) conveniently is called ore. For example, Bauxite (Al,Oy.2H,0) and Clay 3-28iO,.2H,0) are the minerals of aluminium. But extractionMetals and Non-metals aluminium is cheaper and easier from bauxite. Hence, bauxite is the ore of aluminium. Thus, “every ore is a mineral but every mineral is not ore.” (©) Gangue: The unwanted impurities of sand and rocky materials present in the ore are known as gangue or matrix. We get a concentrated ore by removing the gangue present in it. (Q.22. Give the difference between electrolytic reduction and reduction with carbon. Ans. Reduction with carbon. Electrolytic reduction 1. Carbon isused asa reducing agent. | 1, Electrolysis process is used for reduction 2. Oxides of moderately reactive metals| 2. Oxides (and chlorides) of highly (eg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ni) are reduced by carbon 3. In this process the metal oxide is mixed with carbon (coke) and heated reactive metals (¢.g., Al, Na, K. Mg. Ca) are reduced by this process, 3. In this process molten metal oxide is electrolysed in an clectrolytic cell where the cathode acts as a powerful ina furnace, reducing agent by supplying electrons to reduce metal ions into metal. Ay + 3e- {n0, + G —> zn + CO ene iow exon) on fe con | then erro ay What is meant by refining of metals? Deseribe the electrolytic refining of copper with aneat labelled diagram. [CBSE Delhi 2009) In electrolytic refining process, the impure metal is made as anode and a thin strip of pure metal is made as cathode. A solution of the metal salt is made as an electrolyte. On passing the current through the electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode. The soluble impurities go into the solution, whereas, the insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and are known as Q.23. e oy Cathode= Acidified | ‘sulphate solubon Tank (anode mud) anode mud. At anode: Cu —> cu 4+ 26 At cathode: Cu*+ + 26° —+ Cu (224. An ore gives carbon dioxide on treatment with a dilute acid. What steps will you take to convert such a concentrated ore into free metal? ‘Ans. A metal carbonate reacts with a dilute acid to form carbon dioxide. Therefore, this ore is a carbonate ore. Carbonate ore is converted into free metal in the following two steps:‘46 © Xam idea Scienoe-X: Term1 @ Galcination: The carbonate ore is strongly heated in the absence of air} get the metal oxide. Metal carbonate —*Himsticn_, Metal oxide + Carbon dioxide (i) Reduction: The metal oxide is reduced with carbon to get free metal. Metal oxide + Carbon Bets", Metal + Carbon monoxide (Coke) Q.25. An ore on heating in air produces sulphur dioxide. Which process would suggest for its concentration? Describe briefly any two steps involved in conversion of this concentrated ore into related metal. [CBSE Delhi 21 Ans. The ore on heating produces sulphur dioxide gas so it is a sulphide ore. method used for its concentration is “froth floatation process”. After concentrati of the ore following two steps would be followed to convert it into metal. (é) Roasting: The sulphide ore is converted into its oxide by heating it in presence of air. MS + O, ——» MO + sO,T (ii) Reduction of metal oxide to metal; The oxide formed by roasting is reduced to metal by using a suitable reducing agent like carbon (coke) MO + — ~+M + co (Coke) Q. 26. During extraction of metals, electrolytic refining is used to obtain pure m (i) Which material will be used as anode and cathode for refining of si metal by this process? Suggest a suitable electrolyte also. In this electrolytic cell, where do we get pure silver after electric current? Ans, (i) Anode: Impure silver Cathode: Pure silver (ii) Electrolyte: Silver salt, such as AgNOs, AgCl, etc. (iié) We get pure silver at cathode. Q. 27. What is a thermit reaction? State one use of this reaction. ‘Ans. The reaction between iron(II) oxide and aluminium gives out k heat. Ivis called the thermit reaction. FegOg(s) + 2Al(s) ——> 2Fe() + Al,O4(s)_ + Heat Trom(III) oxide ——Alueningum, Tron Akuminium oxide This displacement reaction is used to join railway tracks or cracked mad parts, ‘The heat given out in the reaction melts the iron formed. The molten iron down between the tracks and welds them together. Q. 28. A metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature is obtained by hi sulphide in the presence of air. Identify the metal and its ore and give reaction involved. [NCERT E:Metals and Non-metals = 47 Ans. Metals low in activity series can be obtained by reducing their sulphides or oxides by heating. Mercury is the only metal that exists as liquid at room temperature. Te can be obtained by heating cinnabar (HS), the sulphide ore of mercury. ‘The reactions are as follows: 2HgSG) + 30.¢) —H, 2HgOG) + 280.) 2Hgoo) —Ht+ 2Hgi + Ore) Q-29. What is 24-carat gold? How will you convert it into 18-carat gold? “Ans. 24-carat gold is pure gold. Pure gold is very soft and not suitable for making jewellery. ‘Therefore, to increase its hardness, it is alloyed either with copper or silver 18-carat gold is prepared by alloying I8 parts pure gold with 6 parts of either copper or silver. ‘2.30. A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of the solution he had used? ‘Ans. Goldsmith dipped the set of the gold bangles in aqua regia solution. Aqua regia isa freshly prepared mixture of | part of conc. HNO; and 8 parts of cone. HCl by volume. Aqua regia dissolved a considerable amount of gold from the dipped gold bangles and hence reduced their weight drastically. The goldsmith (dishonest) can recover the dissolved gold from aqua regia by a suitable treatment, Q.31. What would happen to iron railings on the road side if they are not painted? Why does it happen so? Ans, If the iron railing on the road side is not painted, a brown rust would form on its surface because the moist air of the atmosphere reacts with iron to form brown flaky substance on its surface. The rust is hydrated iron (IIT) oxide, FegO3.xH,0. 32. Explain why, the galvanised iron article is protected against rusting even if the zinc layer is broken. Ans. The galvanised iron article is protected against rusting even if the zinc layer is broken because zine is more easily oxidised than iron, So when zine layer on the surface of galvanised iron article is broken, then zinc continues to corrode but iron article does not corrode or rust. @. 33. How can a layer of aluminium oxide on an aluminium object be made thicker? What is this process called? Ans. Aluminium develops a thin oxide layer when exposed to air. This aluminium oxide coat makes it resistant to further corrosion. The resistance can be improved further by making the oxide layer thicker. This process is called anodising. During anodising, a clean aluminium article is made the anode and is electrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid. The oxygen gas evolved at the anode reacts with aluminium to make a thicker protective oxide layer. This oxide layer can be dyed easily to give aluminium articles an attractive finish. |z= 48 Xam idea Science-X: Term—1 Q. 34. (@ A metal M is found in nature as MCOs. It is used in galvanising i articles. Name the metal. (é) How can the metal be obtained from its carbonate ore? Ans. (i) The metal is zinc (Zn). (ii) The carbonate ore is first heated strongly in limited supply of oxygen ai changed into its oxide. This process is called calcination. AnCOx(s) —HSL+ ZnO) + COAX) Zinc oxide is then reduced to zine metal by heating it with carbon. Thi process is called reduction. znO(sy + Cy —HSt+ Znb) +. CO) Q. 35, Which two metals do not corrode easily? Give an example in each case support that {i) corrosion of some metals is an advantage. a serious problem. Ans, Gold and pl @ A thin impervious layer of aluminium oxide forms a protective lx which protects the aluminium metals underneath from further damay (i) Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every year enormous amount: money is spent to replace damaged iron and steel structures. Q.36. Why is aluminium oxide considered an amphoteric oxide? [CBSE Delhi 2008 ‘Ans. Aluminium oxide (AlsO3) shows basic as well as acidic behaviour because reacts with both acids and bases. Thus, it is considered an amphoteric oxi ‘The two types of reactions given by AlsOs are as follows: @ AL,O4(s) + GHEKag) —> 2AICI,(aq) + 3H,0() Alumina Hydrochloric Atuminiuen chloride “oxide aed (Ai) i) In this reaction, Alyy behayes as a basic oxide because it reacts with an acid form salt and water. Gi) AI, (ag) + 2NaOH(ag) —> 2NaAlO, (ag) + HzO() soi n hydroxide Sod aluminate i Salo) In this reaction, Al,Qy behaves as an acidic oxide because it reacts with a base| form salt and water. Q.37. A non-metal A is an important constituent of our food and forms two oxides and C. Oxide B is toxic whereas C causes global warming. (a) Identify A, B and G. (6) To which group of Periodic Table does A belong? ‘Ans. (a) Global warming is mainly caused by carbon dioxide. So, C—CO, I is an oxide of carbon So, A— Carbon, C ‘The other oxide of carbon which So, B—CO {b) ‘A’ belongs to group-14 of the Periodic Table. toxic is carbon monoxide, CO.Q. 38. Ans. Q.39. Q. 40. Ans. Metals and Non-metals 49 Why are food cans tin-plated instead of zinc plated though zinc is cheaper than tin? ‘Tin is less reactive than zinc. Itis less likely to dissolve in the liquid stored in the food cans. Tin reacts only with powerful acids whereas zinc can easily react even with tomatoes, so it is not safe to store food in zinc-plated cans. In the formation of the compound XY, atoms of X lost one electron each while atoms of Y gained one electron each. What is the nature of bond in XY? Predict the two properties of XY. ‘The atoms of X lose electrons whereas the atoms of Y gain electrons. Thus, there is transfer of electrons from atoms of X to atoms of Y. The bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called ionic bond. Therefore, the nature of bond in the compound XY is ionic. Properties of ionic compound XY: (i) The compound will be soluble in water. (i) The compound will conduct electricity when dissolved in water or in molten state. Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state? [CBSE Dethi 2008) In solid state, ionic compounds do not conduct electric current because the ions are held together in fixed positions by strong electrostatic forces and cannot move freely, When ionic solid is dissolyed in water or melted, the crystal structure is broken down and ions become free to move and conduct electricity ints Sepa (5 marks) QL Ans. (@ Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium. (ii) Show the formation of Na;O and MgO by the transfer of electrons. (iii) What are the ions present in these compounds? @ Sodium ‘Oxygen ° Magnesium | Mg (ii) Formation of Na,O: The atomic number ofsodium is 11 and it has only one valence electron. Hence, electronic configuration of ,,Na is 2, 8, 1. The atomic number of oxygen is8 and it has 6 electrons in its valence shell. Hence, electronic configuration of 4O is 2, 6.Xam idea Science: Term Sodium has‘a tendency to lose the valence electron and oxygen tendency to gain the electron lost by sodium. Since, sodium can lose lone electron of the valence shell and oxygen atom needs two clectrons complete its octet in the valence shell, two atoms of sodium combine wi ‘one atom of oxygen. By losing valence electron, sodium is changed into and by gaining two electrons lost by two sodium atoms, oxygen atom changed into an oxide anion, (O*. In this process, both the atoms, sodii and oxygen, obtain the stable electronic configuration of the noble gas m 2Nat + 02> —> 2Na*O?” or Na2O, ‘The oppositely charged sodium ion, Na‘ and oxide ion, o* are held together by clectrostatic force of attraction or by ionic ‘clectrovalent bond, Na,O is, therefore, an ionic or electrovalent compou $e is “ 2- + . er fe] G8) Sy Naw! 5" Formation of MgO: ‘The atomic number of magnesium = 12 Its clectronic configuration is K, L, M. Jt has two electrons in its outermost shell. So, the magnesium atom dot its 2 valence electrons and forms a stable magnesium ion, Mg** to attain’ electronic arrangement of neon atom. Mg —> Mg*" + 2e7 2.82 28 ‘The atomic number of oxygen = 8 Electronic configuration = K, 1. It has 6 electrons in its valence shell. Therefore, it requires 2 electrons to attain the stable electronic arrangement of neon gas. Tht oxygen accepts 2 electrons donated by magnesium atom and fo stable oxide ion, O7— QO. +227 —> OF Ze as ‘The oppositely charged magnesium ions, Mg®*, and oxide ions, O*~ held together by a strong force of electrostatic attraction to fe magnesium oxide compound Mg * *07> or MgO. Mg?2* + 02> —+ Mg?*0?> or MgO —> Mg?* * ~ or MgO. oe Mgi + O ‘MgO is an ionic compound. Gii) The ions present in Na ,O-are sodium ions (2Na*) and oxide ion OF. ‘The ions present in MgO are magnesium ion (Mg 2+) and oxide ion O07Metals and Non-metais 52 Q.2. Give reasons: (@) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery. @®) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil. (©) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking. (@) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction. (e) Lemon or tamarind juice are effective in cleaning tarnished copper vessels. (CBSE Delhi 2008C) Ans. (a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery because of their bright shiny surface and high resistance to corrosion. Also they have high malleability and ductility. (8) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil to prevent their reaction with oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide of air so as to protect them. (¢) Aluminium metal forms a thin layer ofaluminium oxide all over its surface under the action of moist air. ‘This layer prevents the metal underneath from further corrosion. It is cheap, easily available, malleable and ductile ‘Therefore, it is used to make utensils for cooking: (@) Ivis easier to obtain a metal from its oxides as compared to its sulphides and carbonates. So, prior to reduetion, metal carbonate and sulphides must be converted into metal oxides. A carbonate ore is converted into oxide by calcination whereas a sulphide ore is converted into oxide by roasting. (©) When copper vessels are exposed to moist air, they form a green coating of basic copper carbonate [CuCO,.Cu(OH)s]. 2Cu + GOy + Oy + HO —> GuCO,.Cu(OH)s thai copper carbonate (ercen From mote air ‘The sour substances such as lemon or tamarind juice contain acids. Lemon Juice contains citric acid and tamarind contains tartaric acid, These acids dissolve the coating of copper oxide or basic copper carbonate present on the surface of tarnished copper vessels and make them shining red-brown again. Q.3. (i) Hydrogen is nota metal but it has been assigned a place in the reactivity series of metals. Explain. (i) How would you show that silver is chemically less reactive than copper? Ans. (i) Though hydrogen is not a metal but even then it has been assigned a place in the activity series. The reason is that like metals, hydrogen also hhas a tendency to lose electron and forms a positive ion H* ‘The metals which lose electrons less readily than hydrogen are placed below it and the metals which lose electrons more readily than hydrogen are placed above it in the reactivity series of metals, (ii) By displacement reaction silver can be shown to be chemically less reactive than copper or copper is more reactive than silver. Ifa piece of silver is immersed in a solution of copper sulphate, no reaction will take place because silver is less reactive than copper and will not displace copper from the copper sulphate solution.me 52 Xamidea Science—X: Term—t CuSO,fag) + Ag(s) —> No reaction On the other hand, if a copper plate is placed ina solution of silvet oe ane copper will slowly displace silver from the solution and blue solution of copper nitrate is formed. BAgNO4(ag) + Cus) —> Cu(NOs)2(ag) + 2Ag() Colountess we “This shows that copper is more reactive than silver. Q.4. (@ What is an ionic bond? (Gi) How is an ionic bond formed? (iii) Write the formation of magnesium chloride. Ams. | @ The chemical bond farmed by the transfer of electrons from one atoms another is known as an ionic bond. Gi) Am ionic bond is formed when one of the atoms can donate electrons At ieve the inert gas electronic configuration and other atom nee Glectrons to achieve the inert gas electronic configuration. When a metal (usually 1, 2 oF 3 clectrons in outermost shell) reacts with, 6 or 7 electrons in outermost shell), transfer | atoms and non-metal (usually 5, Ulectrons takes place from metal atoms to the non-metal soe ec bond is formed. ‘There is a strong force of electrostatic attractios aoa oo cuallic cation and non-metallic anion which is responsible f the formation of ionic bond. Gi) Formation of magnesium chloride (MgCl;} ‘The atomic number magnesium is 12. [thas two electrons in its valence shell as shown below: Mg —2, 8.2 Magnesium, therefore, has a tendency to lose the 2 configuration of neon. nce electrons a in the process attains the electro Mg ——> Mg™ + 2e ae 2 number 17) has 7 electrons in the valence shell. It has: tendency to gain one clectron to complete its octet cl +e" —> 287 Bs8 ‘Thus, when magnesium and chlorine are brought together, Magnesium atom transfers its two valence electrons to two Chior aeee in the process, both the. atoms acquire the stable electron configuration of nearest inert gases. The positively charged magnets fon Mg" and negatively, charged chloride ions (CI ), are now hel euether by the electrostatic force of attraction and form ionic bond. Mg** + 2cl —+ Mg**2CI” or MgCly "This process can also be shown as below: ats mgt e[:Gi] or MgClaMetals and Non-metals 53 Q.5. (i) Distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds under the following properties: (a) Strength of forces between constituent elements (b) Solubility of compounds in water (©) Electrical conduction in substances Gi) Explain how the following metals are obtained from their compounds by the reduction process: (@) Metal M which is in the middle of the reactivity series () Metal N which is high up in the reactivity series Give one example of each type. [CBSE (41)2009] Ans. (i) (a) Ionic compounds have strong force of attraction between the ‘oppositely charged ions (eg., Na* and Ch), so they are solids. Covalent compounds have weak force of attraction between their molecules, so they are usually liquids or gases. (®) Tonic compounds are soluble in water but covalent compounds are insoluble in water. (e) Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or when melted because they contain ions (charged particles). But, covalent compounds like glucose do not conduct electricity because they do not contain ions. (ii) (a) The metal M which is in the middle of the reactivity series (such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, etc.) is moderately reactive. So, for obtaining such metals from their compounds, their sulphides and carbonates (in which they are present in nature) are first converted into their oxides by the process of roasting and calcination respectively. For example, — 2ZnS(s) + 303(g)—4#* 5 22n0(s) + 2804 (g) ree sulpticie Siphide ores ZnCO4(s) —H* > ZnO(s) +COx(g) Foster ‘The metal oxides (MO) are then reduced to the corresponding metals by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon. For example, zinc metal from its oxide is obtained as follow: ZnO(s) + C(s) —> Zn(s) + CO(g) Zine oxide “ine (6) The metal N which is high up in the reactivity series (such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, etc.), is very reactive and cannot be obtained from its compound by heating with carbon. Therefore, such metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction of their molten salt, For example, sodium is obtained by the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl). At cathode Na* +e° ——» Na Atanode: 2CI- —— + Cly + 2¢754 Xam idea Science-X: Term— Q.6. (i) Distinguish between ‘roasting’ and ‘calcination’. Which of these used for sulphide ores and why? (i) Write a chemical equation to illustrate the use of aluminium for j cracked railway lines. (iii) Name the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte used in the el refining of impure copper. ICBSE (AD. ‘Ans. (@ Roasting: It is the process in which sulphide ores of the me converted into oxides by heating them in the presence of excess ait example, zinc sulphide is converted into zinc oxide by roasting. 2ZnS(s) + 3C pl ipcomronys Wn0(s) + 2SO.(g) Calcination: It is the process in which carbonate ores of the metals decomposed into oxides by heating them in the absence or limited For example, zinc carbonate is decomposed into zine oxide and ca dioxide by calcination. ZnCO4(s), aaa ZnQ(s) + CO3(g) Out of roasting and calcination, only roasting is used for sulphide This is because it is easier to obtain metal from its oxide as compared sulphide. (i) FesOs(s) + 2ANsy —HM > 2Fe(l) + AlOy(s) + Heat ) ude Amin Irom metal Amici ‘powder ‘onde (ii) Anode — Impure copper Cathode — Strip of pure copper Electrolyte — Acidified copper sulphate solu Q. 7. Write about different chemical processes used for obtaining a metal from: oxides, for metals low in the reactivity series, metals in the middle reactivity series and metals towards the top of the reactivity series. Ans. (i) For obtaining the metals that are low in the reactivity series, oxides such metals can be reduced to metals by simply heating them in the ai For example, Hg$ or cinnabar is the ore of mercury metal which on hi changes to HgO. This metal oxide (HgO) gets reduced to mercury (Hg) on further heating. 2HgS + 30,—4=5 2HgO + 280, T Yai) (Roasting) 2HgO #5 2Hg + OT Mercury metal (ii) For obtaining metals that are in the middle of reactivity series, oxides such metals can be reduced with coke (carbon) which acts asa reducing, For example, iron(II) oxide can be reduced to iron, as follows: 2Fe,0, + 36 —H% > 4Fe + 3GQeT (Coke) Mew (iii) For obtaining metals that are high up in the reactivity series, their oxi are reduced to metals by electrolysis.Metals and Non-metals 55 For example, 2A1,0, —SE, 4al** + 6(0)*> (Bauxite ore) At cathode: 4Al** + 12e~ ——» dal Atanode: 6(O)* —+ 30, + 12e7 @.8. (i) Howdo you classify elements into metals and non-metals on the basis of their electronic configuration? Choose metal and non-metal out of the following: fia, Ia, tic, Ep, Be (i) What type of bond will be formed if (a) ‘A’ combines with ‘B’? (6) ‘A’ combines with ‘E’? (©)‘C’ combines with *E’? _(d) “D’ combines with “E’? Ans. (i) Elements which contain I to 3 electronsin their outermost shell are metals. Elements containing 4 to 7 electrons in their valence shell are non-metals. Electronic configurations: HA(Z=11). = 2.8.1 '}B(Z =9) = 2,7 HC = 12) = 2,82 {}D(Z= 15) = 2, 8,5 HEC =17) = 2,8,7 Hence A and G are metals whereas, B, D and E are non-metals. (ii) Type of bonds (a) ‘A’ is metal and ‘B’ is non-metal, so the bond formed will be ionic. A= 8, 8, 1) B= 2,7 Tonic bond (6) ‘A’ is metal and “E’ is non-metal, so the bond formed is ionic. A=2,8,1 E=2,8,7 Tonic bond (c) ‘C’ is metal and ‘E’ is non-metal, so the bond formed is ionic.56 Xamidea Science-X: Term—1 @) ‘D’isanon-metal and E isalso a non-metal, so the bond ft covalent 2,8, 5 DEs Covalent bond EE ener Order Thinking Skills) ‘There are 3 unknown metals — A, B and C. C displaces B oxide while with oxide of A, there is no reaction. G' reactivity order of A, B and C. Ans. C displaces B from its oxide, therefore, C is more reactive than BL ‘There is no reaction when C is treated with oxide of A or C displace A from its oxide. So, A is more reactive than C. Thu reactivity order is B 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO;),(a9) Coloarlons Copper slowly displaces silver from the AgNO, solution and the colour solution changes from colourless to blue due to formation of copper nit [Cu(NO,),], The copper coin will disappear and silver will precipitate out. Q. 3. An element A reacts with water to form a compound B which used in white-washing. The compound B on heating forms an oxii C which on treatment with water gives back B. Identify A, B and and give the reactions involved. INCERT Exempl. Ans. A — Ca; B — Ca(OH); C — CaO Cats) + 2H,0 —+ Ca(OH),(ag) + Hie) Ca(OH), 4 CaO + H,0 Q. 4. ‘MW is an element which is out of Cu, Fe, Al, Na. It shows following properties: (® One of its ore is rich in M,O,. (ii) M,0, is not affected by water. (iii) It corrodes easily. (iv) It forms two chlorides MCI, and MCI). Identify “M’.Metals and Non-metals 57 As the metal ‘M’ forms oxide M,O, it is trivalent. Out of the metals listed, only Fe and Al are trivalent. ‘M,0, is not affected by water, so ‘M' can be out of Fe or Al. Fe and Al both corrode easily. Out of Al and Fe, only Fe can form divalent chloride, so the element ‘M’ is Fe. ‘Carbon can reduce copper oxide to copper but not CaO to Ca. Why? © is a strong reducing agent and can reduce CuO as follows: eu + C ——>» Cu + Cot Ca is much more reactive than Cu and has greater affinity for oxygen than C has. So, it eannot reduce CaO to Ca. A metal A, which is used in thermit process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide B, which is amphoteric in nature. Identify A and B. Write down the reactions of oxide B with HCl and NaOH. INCERT Exemplar] A—Al; B— ALO, Al,O, + 6HCl ——> 2AICl, + 3H,0 ALO, + 2NaOH ——» 2NaAl0, + H,0 An ore on treatment with dilute hydrechloric acid gives a smell like that of rotten eggs. What type of ore is this? How can it be concentrated? How can the metal be obtained from the concentrated ore? The gas which smells like that of rotten eggs is H,S. Hence, the ore is a sulphide ore, It is concentrated by froth-floatation process. The metal is ‘obtained from the concentrated ore in the following two steps: {@ Roasting: Heating the ore strongly in the presence of air. The metal sulphide is converted into metal oxide along with evolution of sulphur dioxide gas. Metal sulphide + ©, —S""#"*, Metaloxide + SO, (#) Reduction with carbon: On heating the metal oxide with earbon, it is reduced to free metal. Metal oxide + Carbon ——» Metal + Carbon monoxide.‘58 Xam idea Science-X: Term Sad Maximum mat 1. Name one metal which react with very dilute HNO, to evolve hydrogen gas 2. Anelement A forms two oxides AO and AOs, ‘The oxide AO is neutral wi the oxide AQy is basic in nature. Would you call element A a metal non-metal? 3. A non-metal X exists in two different forms ¥ and Z. ¥ is the hardest substance, whereas Z isa good conductor of electricity. Identify Y and Z. 4. By which method metals of high reactivity is purified? 5. Why does calcium float in water? 6. A metal A, which is used in thermit process, when heated with oxygen g oxide B, which is amphoteric in nature. Identify A and B. Write dot reactions of oxide B with HCland NaOH. 7. Give reason for the following: (a) Ionic compounds usually have high melting and boiling points. () Metals.are good conductors of electricity whereas non-metals are not. 8. The electronic configurations of three elements X, Y and Zare X — 2, 8; Y- and Z— 2,8, 2. Which of them is a metal and a non-metal? 9. What are the constituents of solder alloy? Which property of solder mi suitable for welding electrical wires? 10, (a) Atomic number of Mg is 12 and oxygen is 8. Show the formation of from its elements. (b) How isan oxide of metal obtained from the carbonate ore and sulphide; 11. Anon-metal A which is the largest constituent of air, when heated with Hi ratio in the presence of catalyst (Fe) gives a gas B. On heating with Og it g oxide C, If this oxide is passed into water in the presence of air it gives an which acts as a strong oxidising agent. Identify A, B, C and D. 12. Given below are the steps for extraction of copper from its ore. Writ reaction involved. (a) Roasting of copper(I) sulphide (6) Reduction of copper(1) oxide with copper(I) sulphide (c) Electrolytic refiningMetals and Non-metals. ' (a) An element X on reacting with oxygen forms an oxide X,O. The oxide dissolves in water and turns blue litmus red. Predict the element is metal or non-metal. () A solution of copper sulphate was kept in an iron pot. After few days, the pot developed some holes in it. How will you account for this? 3Chapter: 4 Life Processes Basic Concepts — A Flow Chart Life Processes Nutrition nutrition animals (humans) a Food i eruthsd wit tat and wate by salva nthe mouth (eacreted by salivary land) . Cnganioms whicn || The enzyme aatvay amylase in salva breaks rake oe we vn auton ho Spee food using * COy and Hy Food is transferred to stomach through food pi of onan yy erect [EE erate vere) Pretoautcirophic. ‘External! Gast lacs n stomach wal release tycroctionc a Foodis pronared ed erin and maces or dgesing food Physiologic ‘by the process of * Respiration — Food is comptotely | in small intestine. in oropists "iy trrminee be ic, pencreas Taking ust oxvo0n ‘etcrensc hice cataringwypen and Wom the-ehfonment Feneserpeee FeSinalydnds sectoral ices anc geting dof ie ° saben se fom = Wicn intasial wat absorb digested ood the boy ‘ierotophie aman ntsaten ey Hy a apes. biSeaa mit mye ert aeoioe womans eet ste atrial removed va he ars ‘Saprophytic: Twaquatle’ Tn terrestrial “inhuman” ctor: | organiems organisms beings diten Fer" | ayes snimals have «Diferont organs ‘ones he nosis Gears J “tata some oven aroused Oy nd ec by fine angers, have urges Slotcnt animale ‘has ining the pestogs Eg. fungi, a eee 4 ‘en organisms like: * te ontra gis tough“ artwors, a (On breathing in, rs foc ord docotred Situs nvovgh skin Wap, capt ators FFloorele'ed] Gowen s ken up sin nsaets, trachea are cheat cal a by Boo ‘errespwatory organs larga nd ae roves in ‘organic food * matoai ‘A olor te unos ‘man fo, sce ead et Parasitic Inlungs a omtrsatvook Share enange of poses then a ‘no hte p a a Oxygen in alveoiar air iro capa Partial or semiparasites host. rena tee own food but “etter ond inerals tom crhises nto lining the slveot and carbon "Sse from the ood. tees ave wile breathing out, ib relay. slaphnage contracts, chest cave reduces and alt moves oulof circulatory sy: Erythrocytes Toucocytes or ‘orRed Blood — White Blood Colls (RBCs) Cells (WBC) Carry oxyaen Provige trwanty Life Processes GL Importance of transpiration + Absorption and upward movernent of water and mine = Temperature regulation Blood ‘Siow urine ‘to the sol platelets i Participate Urine flows through blood clotting "te reer it th nary blacer ‘where tf stored ‘unt expulsionQi Ans. Q.2. Ans. Q3. Ans. Q4. a9. Ans. Q. 10. Ans. Qt ie ‘Ans. Q.12. Ans. Q13. ‘Ans, . Define photolysi: . The phenomenon of breaking down of water molecule using solar energy . Achemical reaction, which take place only in the presence of li Xam idea Science-K: Term (1 mark) What outside raw materials are used by an organism. [NCERT] ‘The important raw materials used by heterotrophic organisms are food and oxygen. But autotrophic organisms use carbon dioxide, minerals and water. ‘Why is energy required by an organism even during sleep? This is because even when an organism is asleep, various biological proc keeps on occurring in its body which requires energy. Give the energy transformation that takes place in the process of photosynthesis. Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis. What is chlorophyll? ‘Chlorophyll is a green coloured pigment found in the green leaves or green’ parts of the plant which traps solar energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is present in cell organelles called chloroplasts. . Name the various factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis. . The factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis are light, water, temperature and carbon dioxide. absorbed by chlorophyll molecules is known as photolysis. Define light reaction. ht, is called light reaction or light dependent reaction. It takes place in grana of chloroplast. . Define dark reaction. A chemical reaction, which can take place even in the absence of light, is called a dark reaction or light independent reaction, It takes place in stroma of chloroplast. What are peristaltic movements? ‘The contraction and expansion movements of the walls of food-pipe are called peristaltic movements. This movement pushes the food in forward direction int the alimentary canal. Which is the largest gland in the human bedy? Liver Give an example of an organism whose digestion is intracellular. Amoeba Name the various cells through which water moves upward to reach the leaves. Water absorbed by root hairs moves through epidermis —> root cortex > endodermis + root xylem (ie., tracheids and vessels) »stem xylem —>xylem in. the leaf. What will happen toa plant if'its xylem is removed? [CBSE Delhi 2009] ‘The xylem tissue transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves of a plant for photosynthesis. If xylem is removed, upward movement of water will stop leading to wilting of leaves and ultimately causes death of a plant.life Processes 63 Q.14. In which chamber of heart is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood found? ‘Ans. Oxygenated blood: It is found in left auricle and left ventricle. Deoxygenated blood: It is found in right auricle and right ventricle. Q. 15. What makes red blood corpuscles red? Ans. Haemoglobin Q. 16. What is the main function of kidneys in humans? ‘Ans. Kidneys excrete water and dissolve metabolic wastes, e.g, urea and other dissolved solids like uric acid, creatinine and inorganic salts. Q. 17. In which part of nephron is water reabsorbed? Ans. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Q.18. In which region of kidney Malpighian corpuscles are found? ‘Ans. In the outer (cortex) part of kidney. Q.19. What process in plants is known as transpiration? [CBSE Delhi 2008) "Ans. The release of water vapours in the atmosphere through the pores present on plant leaves, i.c., stomata, is called transpiration. 20. What is urethra? ‘Ans. The urine collected into the urinary bladder passes through a muscular tube which is called urethra, Q. 21. Which is the major nitrogenous waste product in human beings? How is it removed from the body? Ans. The major nitrogenous waste product in human beings is urea. Urea is removed! eliminated from the bedy through urine. Q. 22. Name the membrane covering the lungs. Ans. Pleura Q.23. What is osmoregulation? [CBSE (AI) 2006] ‘Ans. Osmoregulation is the maintenance of optimum concentration of water and salts in the body fluids. Q.24. In which form (i) oxygen is carried to the tissues? (i) GO, moves out of the blood? Ans. (i) Oxyhaemoglobin (ii) Carboxyhacmoglabin and as carbonic acid (CO, dissolved in blood plasma). Q.25. Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it? ‘Ans. Trachea walls do not collapse when there is less air in it because it is supported by rings of cartilage. Q.26. Which part of root is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases in plants? ‘Ans. Root hairs are involved in the exchange of respiratory gases in plants. Q.27. Name two organisms in which food material is broken down outside the body and absorbed. Ans. Yeast, mushroom Q. 28. What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction? ‘Ans. Valves in heart prevent backflow of blood inside the heart during contrac= 64 Kamiidea Science-X: Term Q. 29. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive system? ‘Ans. Salivary amylase Q.30. Why does lack of oxygen in muscles often lead to cramps among cricketers? "Ans. This is duc to the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in the absence of oxy} during deficiency of ox Q. 31. Where is pyruvic acid converted into lactic aci in tissues of human beings? Ans. Golgi body Q.32. Where does the oxygen come from when it is liberated during photosynth "Ans. Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from water. Q. 33. What is the internal (cellular) energy reserve in autotrophs? ‘Ans. Starch Q. 34. In which forms do most plants absorb nitrogen? ‘Ans. Nitrates and nitrites. Q.35. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which event in the mouth ew will be affected? Ans. Starch breaking down into sugars, Q.36. What protects the inner lining of stomach from hydrochloric acid? “Ans, The inner lining of stomach is protected from hydrochloric acid by mucus, . What is chyme? "Ans. ‘Theslightly digested food, entersinto the stomach through the alimentary ca churned along with gastric juices converting. Q. 1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of mult organisms like humans? IN ‘Ans. In the case of a single-celled organism, no specific organs for exchange of may be needed because the entire surface of the organism is in contact with covironment. But in multicellular organism, all the cells may not be in di contact with the surrounding environment, ‘Thus, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms (human beings) because the volume of human bod) so big that oxygen cannot diffuse into all the cells of the human body quic] Q. 2. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynth [NCERT, CBSE (AB) 21 ‘Ans. The raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and wi Plants (terrestrial) get carbon dioxide from environment and water [rom soil. Aquatic plants obtain CO, that is presentin dissolved form in water. Wi is simply absorbed by the parts of the plant submerged in waterlife Processes 65, Q.3. Whatis the function of digestive enzymes? INCERT, CBSE (Al) 2008C] Ans. Enzymes convert the large and insoluble food molecules into small water- soluble molecules by the process of digestion. For example, pancreas secretes enzymes like amylase, trypsin and lipase, The enzyme amylase breaks down the starch, the trypsin breaks down the proteins and the lipase breaks down the emulsified fats into simple sugars, amino acids and fatty acids, respectively. Q.4. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food? [(NCERT| Ams. The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food. The inner lining of small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. The presence of villi gives the inner walls of the small intestine a very large surface area for absorption of digested food. The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body Q.5. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases? INCERT, CBSE (Al) 2008) Ans. Lungs are two soft spongy structures lodged in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is enclosed in a double-walled Primary bronchus sac called pleura. In the lungs, the air passage (wind — “bronchi Pipe) divides into smaller tubes, called bronchi which Bronchioles in turn form bronchioles. Branch of Branch of The bronchioles later UN gene terminates in. balloon-like i Alveolar duct structures, called alveoli, The presence of alveoli in the lungs provides a very cs ¥ large area for the exchange ‘Aiveol in section of gases and thi bil of large surface ar Aiveoli and associated capillaries in the lung maximises the exchange of gases. ‘The alveoli have very thin walls and contain extensive network of blood vessels to facilitate exchange of gases. Q. G. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds? INCERT] Ans. Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals. They antly use energy to their body temperature. They have higher energy need and so they require more oxygen to produce energy. Thus, it is important that their oxygenated blood does not get mixed up with deoxygenated blood Q.7. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants? INCERT] Ans. ‘The components of the transport system of highly organised plants consist of xylem and phloem. Xylem consists of trachei sels, xylem parenchyma and. xylem fibres. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma. Trachea, Secondary. Tertiary bronchi66 Kam idea Science-X: Tem Q.8. Howis the amount of urine produced regulated? [NCERI ‘Ans, ‘The amount of urine produced depends on how much excess water there isi the body, and on how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted. Mow ‘ater and dissolved waste in the body will produce more urine and on. wther hand less water and less dissolved waste will therefore produce less uri Q.9. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? [NCER ‘Ans. ‘The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of fats. The food com from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreall enzymes to act. It is made alkaline by bile juice secreted by the liver, The upp part of small intestine, also called duodenum, receives bile juice from the I pel the enzyme lipase from pancreatic juice. Bile salts break them down i smaller globules thereby ficiency of enzyme action and for breaking down emulsified fats. The wall of the small intestine con! sglands which secrete intestinal juice. ‘The enzymes present in it Bally cone the fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The latter are absorbed by villi and passe into their lacterals where fat is again formed. Q.10. Howare the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? [NCERI ‘Ans, Alveoli are smail pouches or sacs like structure. They are surrounded by bl ‘capillaries. Thus a large amount of air is brought in contact with the air in Jungs. More than millions of alveoli are present in the lungs. ‘The presenee milons of alveoli in the lungs provides a very large surface area for the exchar of gases. The availability of large surface area maximises the exchange of g Q.11. What would be the consequence of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bods [NCERI “Ans. ‘The deficiency of haemoglobin in our body is called anaemia, In anaemi blood is unable to carry the sufficient amount of oxygen required by the b So, respiration would be less and less energy will be available to the body. haemoglobin deficient person will feel weak, pale, lethargic and will be anal to perform heavy physical work. Q. 12. What is compensation point? "Ans, When the rate of photosynthesis is equal to respiration, it is compensation point. The rate of liberation of O; during photosynthesis is eq 1 of CO» during respiration. Thus, there is no net up vironment. Compensation point is usually reached at di and dawn and on a cloudy day. Q. 13. What happens to visible light of the sun when it falls on chlorophyll? “Ans, Visible light of the sun consists of seven colours—violet, indigo, blue, g yellow, orange and red. Out of these lights of different wavelem Chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue, violet, red and orange lights but does absorb the green light, [tis due to the reflection of green light by chlorophy the plants that the plants look green in colour, Q. 14. How does water affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants? "Ans, The deficiency of water causes stomata to open very litile or even remain de Therefore, CO, (required as a raw material for photosynthesis) cannot enter the leaves and thus lack of water slows down the rate of photosynthesis.life Processes 67 15. Study the given diagram: ‘Name the parts ‘A’ and ‘B’ and state one function of cach, A + Stomatal pore Function: Massive amounts of gaseous exchange takes place in the leaves through these pores for the purpose of photosynthesis. B Guard cell Function: The opening and closing of the stomatal pore is a function of the guard cell 46. What substances are contained in the gastric juice? What are their functions? Gastric juice contains three substances; hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin and mucus. Their functions are: ( Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is used to make the medium acidic to facilitate the action of the enzyme pepsin and to kill germs if any. (a) Enzyme pepsin digests proteins to convert them into peptones. (ii) The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid. - What are the various processes that take place in the duodenum? Processes that take place in the duodenum are: (?) Bile emulsifies the fat molecules present in the food into small globules i) The pancreatic enzyme trypsin starts digesting the proteins and the pancreatic amylase breaks down the starch. (i#) Bile juice secreted by the liver and bicarbonate ions are secreted by the duodenal wall which makes the medium alkaline What is peptic ulcer? How is peptic ulcer caused? An ulcer on the inner membrane lining of the stomach is called peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer is caused by the high acidity of gastric juice secretions. How does respiration occur in the roots of the plant? Air is present in between the particles of the soil. The roots take the oxygen by the process of diffusion. Oxygen first diffuses into the reat hairs and reaches all other cells of the root for respiration. CO» produced in the cells moves out through the root hairs by the process of diffusion. For respiration, in older roots, where root hair is not present, the exchange of gases takes place through lenticels (tiny openings in the protective layer) by the process of diffusion, How does respiration occur in the leaves? Leaves have tiny openings on their lower surface called stomata. The exchange of gases takes place through the stomata by the process of diffusion, (® Explain why the rate of photosynthesis in plants is low both at lower and higher temperatures, (i) Is green light most or least useful in photosynthesis and why? [CBSE (AT) 2005]68 Xam idea Science-X: Term ‘The enzymes function within s neither very low nor very hil lowered due to which u ‘Ans, (i) Photosynthesis is an enzymatic process. optimum range of temperature whicl ‘At low temperature the activity of enzyme rate of photosynthesis is also law. Again when the temperature high, the activity of enzymes decreases which leads to low rate of photosynt Gi) Green light is least useful in photosynthesis, because chlorophyll does} absorb green light. Q. 22, How does respiration occur in the stem of the plant? ma. Th thé stem of herbaceous plants, stemataa are present, So, the exchangl gases takes place through stomata by the process of diffusion. It the woody Fae ea evostof big plants, the exchange of gases takes place through lent which are present on the bark of the stem. Guard calls Open pore Nucleus Closed pore Chloroplast (@) (6) ‘Open and closed stomata Q.23. What is ascent of sap? ees. Absorbed water from the soil also contains dissolved minerals f phosphates, etc.) and hence it isealled sap. This sap moves upwards du {ranspiration pull’ developed in the xylem elements. Thus, transports sap from roots to the leaves at the top is called ascent of sp. Q.24, What is transpiration pull? ‘Ans. Water in the mesophyll cells of contact with water or sap in xy evaporates by the process of transpiration, Thus, due to tr pulled upward which creates an upward suction force called ‘tra {leaves (cells located below the stomata) Jem of leaf petiole, stem and root. This piration w Q. 25, What is root pressure? ‘Ans. It isa pressure developed in th Itis a hydrostatic pressure d or sap in the root xylem. . 26. What is the role of intercostal muscles in respiration an found? Ans. Intercostal muscles are found in between the ribs. Th roeation changes the volume of thoracic éavity so that air ean enter and the lungs. Q.27. State the function of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. “ans, Bowman's capsule and glomerulus have semipermeable walls. The glom is a tuft of capillaries contained in Bowman's capsule. The water and di xylem due to metabolic activity of sped in the root system that pumps the d where are contractionLife Processes substances (wastes and useful) are filtered into the Bowman's capsule and from here they are filtered into the tubule, Thus, both the structures act as filtering apparatus. Q.28. What happens to glucose which enters the nephron along with the filtrate? Ans. Glucose along with filtrate rans down through the long renal tubule by the action of cilia. Glucose, amino acids, salts, etc., are reabsorbed by the tubular cells and then secreted into the capillary blood cells by diffusion. Q. 29. Draw and label the parts of the human excretory system. (CBSE (AI) 2006) Q.50. Write down the functions of lymph nodes. Ans. Functions of lymph nodes are: (i) Lymph nodes produce and maintain the lymphocytes of blood. These are only found in the mammals, (ii) Lymph nodes filter the blood and remove poisonous and foreign substances, ¢.g., bacteria, debris, etc. 31. Why is cigarette smoking injurious to health? Ans. During smoking, the cigarette fumes make the walls ofalveoli very thin which causes rupturing of alveoli, This reduces the surface area for gaseous exchange n lungs. To make up for the reduced gaseous exchange, the heart has to pump more blood. This over-burdening of the heart may cause heart failure. 32. State the function of epiglottis. [CBSE Dethi 2004) Ans. At the top of the trachea (or wind pipe) there is a flap of ca The function of epiglottis is to cover the mouth of trachea (or we swallow food so that the food may not enter the trachea (or 33. Give reasons: (i) Plants look green. (ii) The respiratory surface of earthworm is its skin, (Gi) Nutrition is necessary for an organism. (év) We boil the leaf in alcohol when we are testing it for starch.70 =©—-‘Xamt idea Science-X: Term—| ‘Ans. (i) The leaves of plants contain green pigments called chlorophyll which is necessary for photosynthesis. Plants reflect green light of sunlight, so they” look green (ii) The skin of earthworm is quite thin and moist and has rich blood supply: So, it respires through its skin, (iii) An organism requires nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins for the growth, repreduction and metabolic activities, so nutrition is necessary for an organism. (i) We boil the leaf in alcohol to remove chlorophyll from green leaf. Q. 34. Why are white blood corpuscles called soldiers of the body? "Ans. White blood corpuscles engulf (phagocytose) the foreign matter (bacteria, dust and other foreign material) entering the body, and are hence called soldiers, ‘They produce antibodies against antigens, and antitoxins against toxins. Q. 35. State the functions of the following components of transport system: () Blood (ii) Lymph [CBSE Dethi 20 ‘Ans. @@ The following are the important functions of blood: (a) It transports the digestive component of food to all the body cells. (b) Ivalso transports respiratory gases to body cells. (0) It also carries waste product for excretion. (d) Ivacts as carrier of hormones. (ii) Lymph contains lymphocyte cells which fight against infection and it carries digested fat. Q. 36. Name the parts of the body responsible for excretion in (i) Amoeba (i) Earthworm. ‘Ans, (i) Amoeba; Contractile vacuole (ii) Earthworm: Nephridia Q. 37. State differences between artery, vein and capillary. Vein Capillary Thin-walled Thin-walled, 2, Carries blood from the| 2. Carries blood from] 2. Capillariesare involves heart to other parts of | differentorganstothe| _ in the exchange of the body. heart material, respirat gases, and body wi 3. Situated deeper under] 3, Situated just under] 3. Occur at the termi the skin. the skin. of artery and vein. Q. 38. What happens to the rate of breathing during vigorous exercise and why? ‘Ans. During vigorous exercise, our body requires more energy and for this pw more oxygen is needed, so the rate of breathing is increased, Oxygen int rate increases by about 20 to 25 times.life Processes 71 39. How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores? Ans. The swelling of guard cells due to absorption of water causes opening of stomatal pores while shrinking of guard cells closes the pores. Opening and closing of stomata occurs due to turgor changes in guard cells. When guard cells are turgid, stomatal pore is open while in flaccid conditions, the stomatal aperture closes, 40. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen-free containers, one in the dark and the other in continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons. Ans. Plant kept in continuous light will live longer. Because it will be able to produce ‘oxygen required for its respiration by the process of photosynthesis, 41. Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss. Ans. Food is required for the following purposes: (i) It provides energy for the various metabolic processes in the body. (i) It is essential for the growth of new cells and repair or replacement of worn out cells. (iti) Ieis needed to deyelop resistance against various discases. 42. In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis? (i) Cloudy days (éi) No rainfall in the area (ii) Good manuring in the area (iv) Stomata get blocked due to dust Ans. (i) Decreases (ii) Decreases Gi) Increases (iv) Decreases 43. Name the energy currency in the living organisms, When and where is it produced? [NCERT Exemplar] Ams. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced during respiration in living organisms and also during photosynthesis in plants. 44. Match the terms in Column (A) with those in Column (B):_ [NCERT Exemplar] (0) Trypsin’ (@) Pancreas (i) Amylase tb) Liver (ii) Bile (©) Gastric glands (tu) Pepsin (d) Saliva Ans. (j)—(@); Gi) — 1), Git) — (); Gv) — fe) 45. Explain the statement, ‘Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion? le does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion because bile is alkaline and contain salts which helps to emulsify the fat present in the food. So, the bile perform two functions: {a) The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. (6) The bile salts breakdown the fat present in the food into smaller globules. ‘This increases the efficiency of enzymes in the small intestine to digest the food effectively. Ans.72 Xamidea Science-K: Term Q.1. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive? v ‘Ans. Following are the standards that decide whether something is alive: Gi) The major criterion which is used to decide whether something is movement. Movement may be incurred through locomotion (rum walking, ete), action of body parts (eg., chewing of cud by breathing, growth (in plants), maintenance and repair of ¢ structures and molecular movement in metabolic reactions, (ii) Requirement of food for performing life activities. ii) Respiration and utilisation of the inhaled oxygen for oxidation of (iv) Display of growth and development. (o) Expulsion of metabolic wastes (Excretion) Q. 2, What is the difference between autotrophic nutrition and hete nutrition? Ans. Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition. 1. The organisms that make their own | 1. ‘The organisms which cannot food from, simple — inorganic| their own food and depend di substances are called autotrophs, or indirectly on autotrophs for most green plants, Therefore, survival are called _heteratrpls Rutotrophic nutrition refers to the| animals and fungi, Heterot process. of nourishing, namely nutrition refers to, the pri mtosynthesis, that they adept for| nourishing, namely by obtain growth and maintenance. from other organisms, for their growth and maintenance, 2. The raw materials Yequired for| 2. Heterotrophs are directly preparation of food are CO, and| indirectly dependent on aut HO. $. Chlorophyll and sunlight. are] $. Chlorophyll and sunlight a ‘essential for photosynthesis and thus quired, D 9 occur Q.3. How is oxygen and carbon ‘Ans. During inhalation oxygen comes surrounded by ve So the oxygen diffuses out from th carried by blood to all the pa diffuses into the cells (due to its Carbon dioxide the body tissues. ‘Thi produced as CO» diffuses joxide transpo! 0 alveoli of the lungs. ‘The a thin blood vessels called capillar Iveoli walls to the blood. The 0x3 s of body by h ‘The blood passes through the tissues of the body, the oxygen prese higher concentration in the blood) “oxygen combines With the digested food present in the cells to release aste product during respiration into the blood (due to its concentration in body tissues). Blood carries the CO» back to the lings diffuses into the alveoli of the lungs into the trachea, nost ted in human beings? ICBSE (AD) carrying blood itt moglobin present in bl the: and then 0!Life Processes 73 body into air, CO. is more soluble in water than oxygen and hence mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood. o. oO, Os ° Air == Nostril == Pharynx == Wind pipe == Bronchi tO, co. CO, eos ° °o o o, = Lungs == Alveoli —> Blood == Tissue , ©, vO, CO. Q. 4. How are water and minerals transported in plants? [NCERT] Ans. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stem and leaves are inter- connected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching, all parts of the plant. The root hairs are directly in contact with the film of water in between the soil particles. Water gets into the reot hairs by the process of diffusion, At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions. This creates. difference in concentration of these ions between the root and the soil, Water, therefore moves into the root from the soil. Hence, there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards. Also, water is lost from the aerial parts of plant (transpiration). Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of the leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cell of roots (the transpiration pull), Piiferous layer See ore ‘ Jjermis Soil particle a Root hair Film of water | (parenchyma) Absorption of water through root hair ‘Thus, transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves. Q.5. What are the common features between all the respiratory organs? Explain the mechanism of gascous exchange between tissues and blood. Ans. Common features between all the respiratory organs are 4) All the respiratory organs have large surface areas to get enough oxygen. (ii) All the respiratory organs are thin-walled for easy diffusion of gases and substances. (iid) All the respiratory organs (like skin, lungs, gills) have a rich supply of blood for transporting respiratory gases.14 Xamidea Science-X: Term—t “The mechanism of gaseous exchange between tissues and blood is as follos (@ The blood reaching the tissues has higher concentration of oxygen in the cells so it gets diffused into the cells. (ii) The carbon dioxide, which is formed in the cells, gets accumulat higher concentration as compared in the blood, so it easily diffuses the blood. iii) ‘The blood with takes this gas to the lungs, from where out during exhalation Q.6. How is food transported in plants? ‘Ans. ‘The food manufactured by the leaves of a plant through a kind of tube system calle leaves to other parts of the plant is called ¢ material through phloem depends on ¢ Companion cells Sieve tube 1 d phloem. The transport of food from: anslocation, The mover she action of living cells called sieve t Sieve pores: Sieve plate Plasmodesmata connecting sieve. ‘element with Fine cytoplasmic filaments, companion cell Fragment of Sicha —— endoplasmic viens reticulum Organelles pressed against cell wall Dense active ‘cytoplasm Cellulose wall A part of phloem tissue Jements or cells from mesophyll cells Food molecules enter the phloem ¢ can be transported upwards or down leaf. Once they enter phloem, they to all parts of a plant, including roots. ‘This food is transported to different parts of plant i ‘Transportation occurs mainly through sieve tubes of phloem. The end seve tubes are connected with each other by perforated sieve plates, for continuous passage from root tips to stem Ups through which dissolved substances move freely. ‘The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilising energy. Material sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP. increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues whieh have less pr Hvis allows the phloem to move material according to plant's needs in the form of sohLite Processes 75, Q.7. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons. INCERT| ‘Ans. Structure of Nephron: Nephronis the structural and functional unit of kidney. (@) It consists of a long coiled Afferent tubule differentiated into arteriole Giomerulus ons proximal tubule, loop of tubule. Henle and distal tubule. ‘The latter opens into the collecting tubule. @i) At the proximal end of er the nephron lies a double-walled cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule. (iii) The Bowman's capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries which is called etary. Glomerutar Collecting duct glomerulus. (iv) In the glomerulus, the W blood that comes in Loop of Henle” through afferent arteriole Sirietica ok aptene is drained out through efferent arteriole. Functions of Nephron: (@ Filtration: Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the capillaries of glomerulus. This takes place under high pressure. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron, This filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, salts and major amount of water. (i#) Reabsorption: As the filtrate flows along the tubule, useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts and water are selectively reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries surrounding the nephron tubule. The amount of water reabsorbed depends on the need of the body and also on the amount of wastes to be excreted. (iif) Tubular secretion: Certain substances which are harmful and not needed by the body like ammonia, potassium, creatinine and hydrogen ions are secreted from the capillary blood into the lumen of distal tubule. This is called tubular secretion. ‘The fluid entering the collecting tubule is called urine. It flows through the ureters into urinary bladder, where it is stored and discharged from time to time through urethra. Q. 8. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products? (NCERT] Ans. To get rid of excretory products, plants use the following ways: (@ The plants get rid of gaseous waste products through stomata on leaves and lenticels in stems.7 Xam/idea Science-X: Term-1 iy ‘The plants get rid of stored solid and liquid wastes by shedding of lea peeling of bark and felling of fruits. (iii) The plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the for resins, (iv) Plants also excrete some waste substance around them. (wy Excess of water is eliminated by the (vi) In living cells, many cytoplasmic waste: Q. 9. Describe double circulation in human beings: Why is [NCERT, CBSE Delhi 2 © heart twice through separate pathways tion is called double circulation. rm of gums es through roots into the process of transpiration sare shifted to cellular vacuoles ‘Ans. The blood passes through th completing one cycle. This type of circula The double circulation of blood includes: {@ Systemic circulation (i) Pulmonary circulation () Systemic circulation: It supplies oxygenated blood from left auricle ea ventricle, which is pumped to aorta to distribute blood 10 various parts. The deoxygenated blood is collected from the various body or} perthe veins to pour into vena cava and finally into the right atri (auricle), Right atrium transfers this blood into the right ventricle. (ii) Pulmonary circulation: The deoxygenated blood is pushed by the ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery, Oxygenated blood is brought back to left atrium of the human hi through pulmonary vein. From left atrium, the oxygenated blood pushed into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated bl into aorta for systemic circulation These two types of circulation taken together is called double circulation. Pulmonary veins ‘Onygenatéd blood ae Left'auricle ‘Left ventricle se \Oxvgenated! blood cate ay eae ‘Deoxygenated blood Systemic : rae circulation SP"O® rah enti t \ x All body organs except Rings Sale jated blood Deoxygensted bi — VeinsLifeProcesses 77 Necessity of Double Circulation: In humans, having four chambered heart (which consists of two auricle and two ventricle). The left side and right side of heart is completely separated to prevent the oxygenated blood from mixing with deoxygenated blood, Such a separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells which is necessary for producing a lot of energy. This energy is useful in case of human beings that have high energy need because they constantly require energy to maintain their body temperature. 10. What are the differences between acrobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration. [NCERT, CBSE (Al) 2008} Ans. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 1, Aerobic respiration takes pl the} 1. Anaerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen, and Oz is| the absence of oxygen. utilised. 2. Complete breakdown of food occurs | 2. Partial breakdown of food occurs in in it, in 3. The end products are carbon dioxide | 3. The end products may be ethyl (€O,) and water (HO). alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid, 4. It produces a considerableamount of| 4. Much less energy is produced, due to energy, due to complete oxidation of incomplete oxidation of food. food molecules Organisms that use the anaerobic mode of res and some parasitic worms. 11. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and n are yeast, some bacteria phloem? [NCERT] ‘Transport in xylem ‘Transport in phloem 1. It transports water and minerals. L. It transports organie nutrients. 2. The movement is generally 2. The movement is multidirectional. unidirectional, 3. It is not influenced by metabolic] 3. Phloem transport is inhibited by inhibitors. metabolic inhibitors. 4. Itis carried out by xylem vessels and | 4. ‘Takes place in sieve tubes with the twacheids, help of adjacent companion cells. Major operating forces are diffusion] 5. Energy (ATP) is required for and transpiration pull translocation, o78 Xamidea Science-X: Term Q, 12. Compa with respect to their struct Ans. | Q. 13. Describe the glands involved in the digestive system. Ans. Alveoli 1. Its structure is that of a pouch-ike air sac. 2. ‘The walls of alveoli are very thi 3. Alveoli are surrounded by the thin blood capillaries. 4. ‘The presence of millions of alveoli in the lungs provides a very large surface area for the exchange of gases between bload and inhaled air re the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in th re and functioning. Ne Nephron. 1. They are elongated tubules. 2, Each nephron has two component Bowman's capsule and tubules. 3. Blood capillaries form two glomerulusand peritubular eapi 4. ‘The function of tubular part nephron is to allow the sel reabsorption of the useful subst into the blood capillaries. $. | Organ Giand | Secretion| Enzymes | Substrate No. Mouth Salivary [Saliva [Salivary Stare amylase 2. [Stomach — [Gastric Gastric |1. Pepsin Pept pice 2. Lipase Gye 3. |Duodenum |I. Liver Bile juice [No enzyme [Fat Ema 2. Pancreas [Pancreatic [1 Amylase [Starch jaice 2. Trypsin [Proteins _|Pept and Pep 3. Lipase Fats vay. (emulsified) land 4. [Small Intestinal [Intestinal |1. Erepsin |Peptones, intestine |glands ice and peptides} 2. Enzyme for [Sugars ct sugar digestion succus |. Lipase | Triglycerides| JentericusLife Processes 79 14. Explain the nutrition process in an Amoeba. [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. Paaeen en rian aE gaa (2) ingestion (©) Digestion Oot eyopiaam Seineoar out (d) Absorption (2) Assimilation (0 Egestion Different stages in the nutrition of Amoeba ‘The various steps involved in the process of nutrition are: (i) Ingestion: Amoeba ingests food with the help of its finger-like extensions, called pseudopodia. When a food particle approaches Amoeba, it forms pseudopodia around it and forms'a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. Gi) Digestion: Various enzymes from the cytoplasm enter into the food vacuole and break them down into simple soluble molecules ii) Absorption: The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba from food vacuoles through the process of diffusion, (iv) Assimilation: Amoeba cell obtains energy from the absorbed food through respiration. This energy is utilised by Amoeba for its growth and repair of the body. (e) Egestion: When a considerable amount of undigested food gets collected inside Amoeba, its cell membrane ruptures and throws out the undigested food 15. Give the role of liver in the human beings. . Liver is the largest gland in human beings. Its main functions are as follows: (® Itsecretes bile juice which makes the medium of the food alkaline and also emulsifies fat. (ii) It stores the excess of glucose in the form of glycogen. (iii) Old worn-out RBCs are broken down in liver cells. Their haemoglobin is changed into bile pigments, (gv) The ammonia is produced as a result of metabolism of amino acids, It is highly toxic, The ammonia combines with CO, and is converted into urea (less toxic).80 Xam idea Science-K: Term-4 (v) It stores vitamins, iron and copper. (oi) It produces fibrinogen and helps in blood-clotting. (oii) Ie produees heparin which does not allow the clotting of blood inside the blood vessels. (viii) It regulates the volume of blood to some extent. (ix) RBCs are produced at the foetus stage by the liver. Q. 16. Distinguish between breathing and respiration. Ans. e 1. The process of obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide is called breathing. 1. The process of releas from food is called res 2. Itisa physical process. 2 8. It takes place in the lungs as well as in mitochondria. 3, Intakes place in the lungs. 4, Ttutilises energy from the food. 4. Itreleases energy from the oxi of simple food. Q.17. (i) Deseribe aerobic respiration. (ii) Deseribe the process of anaerobic respiration. ‘Ans. (i) The respiration which needs oxygen or occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration. During this type of respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water with the release of considerable amount of energy. The energy is stored in the form of ATP. It consists of two steps: (a) Glycolysis: The conversion of glucose into pyruvate (or pyruvic acid) is called glycolysis. It occurs in the cytoplasm @) Kreb’s Cycle: It is the process of converting pyruvate into CO, and HO along with the release of considerable amount of energy. It occurs in the mitochondria. One molecule of glucose liberates 38 ATP of | energy during aerobic respiration. ruvicacid —2E" 4 6COy + GH» + 38 ATP 2 ‘Poruvane) Abs cycle oars = Energy ote) “Nav entdatonata} Glucose ae wiss—» Pyruvic acid Over _, 6CO, + 6HJO + 38 ATP — (Fmoleentey Occur in the “7 (ii) The respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. During this respiration glucose is broken dows into ethyl alcohol and CO,with the release of very small amount of energy. In anaerobic respiration, one molecule of oxygen produces only ‘ATP of energy. This type of respiration occurs in microscopic organisms like yeast, etc. Pyruvic acid —laibesbienee ofoauen 5 9¢ (Pyruvate) eu «2 molecules) oH,OH + 2CQ, + 2ATP alcohol Energylife Processes 8. In human beings, the energy is obtained by aerobic respiration but sometimes anaerobic respiration occurs in muscles during. vigorous exercise when oxygen gets consumed faster than its supply by the blood. During the anaerobic respiration in the muscles the glucose is converted into lactic acid with the release of 2ATP of energy human beings: Anaerobic respiration In the absenee of oxygen Glucose —Steolsis atid (imolecute) Cin eytoptasm)— (ryruvarey Tccirs in bern meses) Lactic acid + 2A TP @ molecules) Energy 18. Describe the respiration process in human beings. Ans. Human respiratory system: The human respiratory system begins from nose cavities called nostrils. The air from cavity enters into the pharynx and then into the trachea (or wind pipe). The trachea runs down the neck and divides into two tubes called bronchi. Each bronchi is connected to a Tung. In the lungs divides into a large number of thin tubes called bronchioles. The In is im the alveoli each bronc bronchioles have a tiny air sac at their ends called alve where exchange of gases takes place. Mechanism of breathing: (i) When we breathe in air, the diaphragm contracts which results in the increase in volume of chest cavity. Due to this expansion of chest cavity, the air pressure in the lungs decreases. Thus, air from outside rushes into the lungs through nostrils, trachea and bronchi. Therefore, air sacs of lungs get filled with air when we breathe in, The exchange of gases between alveoli and blood takes place by the process of Bony palate N Nasal oe (Nasal cai Nostris Mouth cavit Epigtotts (Buccal cavity Pharynx Glotiis Trachea % (Wind ipipe), (voice Box) Bronchus ‘Lung mechs onaga race cavl veo s ne (airsacs) heer eT musciey Human respiratory system (i) Now, the air present in air sacs of the lungs is rich in COy. When we breathe out air, the diaphragm relaxes which results in the decrease in volume of chest cavity. This contraction pushes the air from the lungs into the trachea, nostrils and then out of the body into air.a $2 Yam idea Science-X: Term Breathing in air is called inhalation and breathing out air is exhalation. Mechanism of gaseous exchange during respiration: carried by blood to all the parts of the body. As the blood passes thr: the tissues of the body, the oxygen from the blood diffuses i whereas the COs which is produced during respiration diffuses into blood and is carried to the lungs. Q. 19. Describe the process of digestion of food in human beings. Ans. [CBSE (AI) Mouth Salivary gland esophagus (food pips) ‘Stomach Pancreas Large sm Rectum. Human digestive system wn of human beings are: The various processes involved in the dige: (i) Ingestion: Through the help of mouth human beings ingest food. Gi) Digestion: The teeth helps in physical digestion of food. In mouth 4 are salivary glands, which secretes saliva, in which salivary am enzyme is present which digest the starch present in food into mall Sugar, ée, the digestion of carbohydrate starts from mouth itself: M opens into a small fannel-shaped area called pharynx which leads long tibe called oesophagus, whose wall is highly muscular. When slightly digested food enters into oesophagus the contraction expansion movement of its wall, takes place, which is known as peri movement. This movement helps the food to move towards the sto. Usually, in ocsophagus there is no digestion of food. From oesophagus the food enters inte the stomach. In the stomach there: secretion of gastric juices which is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, pe} (protein digesting enzyme) and mucus. Now, the partially digested enters from stomach into the small intestine’s wider part which is kni fs duodenum and the remaining part of the small intestine is termedLife Processes = 83 ileum. The duodenum, receives secretions of two glands, i¢., liver and pancreas, Liver secretes bile pigments and pancreas secretes pancreatic Juice which digestes the proteins, carbohydrates and emulsified fats. Here the digestive enzymes are amylase, maltose and invertase for digesting the carbohydrates, trypsin for proteins and lipase for fats. Thus, food is completely digested in ileum part of small intestine, (iii) Absorption: Now, the food enters from duodenum into ileum part of small intestine where millions of finger-like projections known as villi are present which absorb the food (iv) Assimilation: The blood carries the digested and dissolved food to all parts of the body, where it is assimilated into the cells which is used for obtaining energy as well as for growth and repair of the body (®) Egestion: The undigested food enters into the large intestine’s wi ler part, where water is absorbed from the undigested food and the food becomes solid. Now, this solid undigested food enters the last part of large intestine known as reetum through w! body, jich it moves out from the 20. Describe the structure of human kidney. Ans. Kidneys are bean-shaped and located at the back of abdomen, one on either side of backbone. lis inner concave surface has a depression called hilum through which renal artery enters and renal vein leaves the kidney. Kidney has two regions: outer cortex and inner medulla. Each kidney has a large number of filtering units called nephrons, Cortex: Rahal belie ‘Renal artery Medulla Renal vein Ureter Fibrous capsule Longitudinal section of kidney. 21. Differentiate between blood and lymph. Ans. Blood Lymph 1, Red in colour. 2. Red blood corpuscles ave present. 3. Lymphocytes are present. 4. Nutritive substances are more. 5. Oxygen is more. 6, Metabolic wastes and CO, are in normal amount. Soluble proteins insoluble proteins, ne are more than 1. Golourless 2. Red blood corpuscles are absent. 3. Lymphocytes are present more in number than the blood. Nutritive substances are amount. Oxygen is relatively less, Both are more than in the blood. 4 less in 6 7. Insoluble proteins are more than soluble ones.a 84 amidea Science-X: Term-1 Q, 22. De! ‘holozoic nutritio: these two types of nutrition. Ans, Nutrition: The pr food materials necessary tissues is called nutri Nutrients: from its surroundings on constituents, Q.23. . The T 1. In this type of munition solid and complex organic food is. directly taken into the body. Holozoic nutrition 2. This type of nutrition takes place in steps hamely ingestion, digestion. Absorption, assimilation and egestion. 5. Example; Amoeba, different vertebrates, ‘Describe internal structure of a humam heart, two auricles or atria are thin-walled and are separated from = PY each other by a thin septum, atrium, venous blood right receives (deoxygenated having very lite 2) from the entire body through a superior and inferior vena cava. The left smaller atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins. “The two auricles (atria) are se guarded by membranous valves, Ventricle is called right atrio-ventricular val left atrium from lefi ventricle ating three flaps. The valve sep: atrio-ventricular valve or mi ‘attached with Fine cords These valves only allow opposite direction. fine the terms, ‘nutrition’ and ‘nutrients’ and ‘saprophytic nutrition’. ocess by whieh the living organi for their survival, grow! “Those substances which supply nour and use it asan energy soures parated from the ventricles by two apertures The valve separating right atrium from right | valve, formed with the papillary mus blood flow from auricles List two between Give two examples of each of isms receive and utilise the h and repair of worn-out shment to living organisms cot for biosynthesis of body Saprophytic sutrition 1. In saprophytic nutrition, ‘organism obtainy nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter “The food is digested outside the body of the organism and then abse 2. Saprophytic nutrition takes place DN absorption of break-cown products 3. Example: Bacteria, fungi, nhis yeast Bicuspid valve (ritral) ‘Chordae tendinae Right Lott ventricle ventricle Internal structure of human heart Ive or tricuspid valve made up of called left 1 of two flaps. These valves are’ jes of the ventricular wall. nto ventricles and not intLife Processes 85 Both the ventricles are separated from each other by a thick inter-ventricular septum. The wall of left ventricle is much thicker than that of right ventricle. ‘The left ventricle pushes blood into aorta which supplies blood to enti body, The opening of aorta is also guarded by a valve formed of 3 semilunar flaps. The right ventricle pumps venous blood into lungs by a pulmonary aorta. Its opening is also guarded by a valve, having 3 semilunar flaps. These valves allow the flow of blood from ventricles inte the aorta and not back. Heart is cally contract the heart without formed of cardiac muscle fibres, which rhyth feeling fatigue. ( - Thinking Skills) If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer. Release of CO, and intake of O, gives evidence that either photosynthesis is not taking place or its rate is too low. Normally during day time, the rate of photosynthesis is much more than the rate of respiration. Se, CO, produced during respiration is used up for photosynthesis hence CO, is not released. ‘The leaves of a plant first prepare food A by photosynthesis then food A gets converted into food B. What are A and B? Food A — glucose, Food B - starch Why do fishes die when taken out of water? Fishes respire with the help of gills. Gills are richly supplied with blood capillaries and can readily absorb oxygen dissolved in water. Since fishes cannot absorb gaseous oxygen they die soon after they are taken out of water. What would happen if green plants disappeared from the Earth? Green plants are the sources of energy for all organisms. If all green plants disappear from the Earth, all the herbivores will die due to starvation and so will the carnivores. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores? Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. Hence, herbivores eating grass need a longer small intestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose. Carnivorous animals cannot digest cellulose, hence they have a shorter intestine. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms? Aquatic organisms like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in dissolved state through their gills. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms,= 86 _Xamidea Science-X: Term Q. 7 Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries? ‘Ans. Arteries carry blood from the heart to various organs of the @.8. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xy! ‘Ans. Cells of root are in close contact with soil and so actively take up ions: ion concentration increases inside the root and hence osmotic increases the movement of water from the soil into the root which continuously. @ 9. Why is more concentrated yellowish urine excreted in ‘Ans. In summers consumption of water is increased and inspite of ‘excretory amount of urine is less. Because most of the water is excret the form of sweat which is evaporated soon due to high enviror temperature, It keeps our body cool and hence concentrated yell urine is excreted. Q..10. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseli block the stomata. Will this plant remain healthy for long? three reasons for your answer. Ans, _If-waxy coating is made on the surface'of leaf, loss of water in the f water vapour does not take place. Even the gaseous exchange will not place, So, photosynthesis will either be reduced or will not take pl ‘The plant will not remain healthy for long because: (@) Exchange of gases will not take place. (®) Photosynthesis will either be reduced or will not take place due to co, {@ Transpiration will not take place, se there will be mo mecha cooling in hot weather.= hour Maximum marks: 25 Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract? 1 What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction? 1 Why does the lack ofoxygen in muscles often lead to cramps among cricketers? 1 What process in plants is known as transpiration? 1 What is the main toxic waste kidney filters from the blood? 1 How do guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores? 2 Mention the components of the transport system in highly organised plants. State the functions of these components 2 What there is the function of the trachea? Why do its walls not collapse even when less air im it? 2 What will happen if diaphragm ofa person gets rupturedin an accident? Name the following: 3 (a) The process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy. (6) Organism that can prepare their own food (c) The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs. (@) Cells that surround a stomatal pore: (¢) Organisms that cannot prepare their own food. () An enzyme secreted from gastric glands in stomach that acts on proteins. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? 3 What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products? 3 Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans? 3Chapte! 5 Control and Coordination Basic Concepts — A Flow Chart Control and ‘Coordination in Humans Sensory Carries impulse from Teuron brain and spinel cord Human Nervous Basic _——— Types ce to effector organs System Neuron un sprciicedeystemor Ul Sructiral and incon = Spee carroling unt connecting receptors “Hiotor™ Transmits imputses tom cts of dy ‘ond otocor pans neuron sensory organs to CNS a a —_——_ ‘Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous ‘System (CNS) ‘System (PNS) “Teansmits ifipulses frorn Sensory organs to CNS Human’ Spinal Cranial ‘Spinal brain ‘cord nerves nerves, «+ Stars from medulla = Nenes associated + Nerves connected Repiore ‘oblongata and ands atthe with Brain ‘wih spinal cord of brain fret kimbar vortobra = Carries both sensory + Have both sensory «Gives of 31 pais of spinal and motor nerves _ and motor neurons nore. = T2pairs present + 31 pairs present in = Controls reflex activites in snimals: humans and transmits impulses to fad fromthe brain Midbrain Hindbrain + es below crabra haaphare behind citar Tobe Sloncophton and above nd P «Boose va end acon rote. and pace eee Frepate mpuces for ranaser movements + Rote loctry teaponses gone Hse) Forebrain Pons ram Cerebellum Be + Formed of grey matter covering Lye « Lies below cerebrum atthe * Joins various * Lies infront a hemiaphere surace + Conrots muscular movernents, back parsolbran spinal cord Conrle muscular moere"™ Creed two hemipheres va each ober + Console ‘merprots sensory impulses Hiniains body equlibrim, + Regulate heartbeat Sages muscle coordination and respiration vomiting and muse tone atv of Fee tract Ta PR Lies between upper ‘cerebrum end Eplthalamu Fypothelames FRRETgtran Feels sensation of heat, _Thermoreguiaory cone reglaing water balance, ‘cold, pain, etc rmotabotsm, feetings of pleasure, anger, fear,Control and Coordination == 89. Human Endocrine ‘System System that regilates sci of Cas wth te lp of mone Endocrine Glands Exocrine A) (or ductiess glands) Glands : Hormones are secreted = Secrotons arf clscharged -* Visceral motor (involuntary) Girectly into blood via: into the body or * Conciteirpuleas fom to CNS to cardiac Caplan: caves wa uedies smooth muscles and stand + Eg sabacas ane i elvery ans buccal cavity, gasttic glands in stormach wall, etc “Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division ‘Moilises body systems + Gonserves energy ssetvily (Aight orfight") + Promates "houtekeeping” functions during rest Pituita Thyroid Parathyroid “Thymus a ‘Adrenal “Gonads gland” gland gland gland Rea ‘sland “+Prosenl just «Altached’o «Embedded in. Liss in lowor * Presenton the Le ust balow belowthe "the wind pipe thyroid glands paftofinéek upper side of the stomach. brain inneck “Hormones: andupper each Kidney itis bath a sknown as the “Hormones; parathyroid. _ partof chest Caled the ‘glands exocrine and master gland’ thyroxine homone —* Hormones; ofemergency’ endocrine gland (Controis (PTH) thymus “Hormones: |" Harmones: ‘metabotsm —mainiaing hormones. #rensinand inguin 1 ‘ote of fat fropeclevels develop oilinnis tdecreases protein and afiens in mune 1 ‘catbohydrates), blood system t ‘ealetonin I (Balances: t affect of PTH) Santkeonana, Stucoselevel) | 4 Lie i the abdomen: oniy in femaies Hormones: estrogen (stimulate puberty changes, functionally of reproductive ‘organ and difforentiaion of ovum). progesterone (fixes fostus to placenta, Suspends ovulation during pragnancy and promotes development of mammary lands) and relaxin (relaxes pelvic igement and cervix during bith)‘Control and Coordination in Plants 1 a ae Tropic movernents movements Movements by internat Paratonié curvature ssimulus coming from ‘movements sue to turgor ‘ane director ony ‘changes inthe cells ——_ —,. ‘Geotropism ‘Selsmonastic (Response to Reeponte of gravity) plants to touch ‘or vibration ‘Phatetropism ——— if 2 ‘yetinastie Tight) iumal (chalige in day and night) movements of saves and flowers: ‘af some spaeies which take, up ‘hydrotropiem steeping positon at night (Response 12 jes water) Photonastic: ——— ‘Movement induced {= Release of apical dominance ‘Ghemotropism ‘by the change in the light intensity (Response to ‘chericals) — —— “Thermonastic Thigmotropism Movement due (Response to 'e change in touch) temperature ‘All tropisms are: growth movements but all nastic movements are not growth movements QUESTIONS (1 me Q. 1. Give an example ofa plant hormone that promotes growth. [NCERT, CBSE (Al) 21 ‘Ans. Auxin is the plant hormone that helps in cell elongation and growth. Q.2. Mention the receptors for light and sound in animals. ‘Ans. Sense organs are called receptors, The receptor of light in animals is photoreceptor. The receptor of sound in animals is called phonorece pie Q.3. Which signals will get disrupted in case ofa spinal cordinjury? [Mt ‘Ans, In case of a spinal cord injury, reflex actions and involumtary actions will disruptedControl and Coordination 9. 4, Which hormone regulates the concentration of sugar in the blood? Insulin secreted by Islets of Langerhans of pancreas. . Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body? [NCERT| Cerebellum part of hindbrain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body. . Define ‘reflex action.” [CBSE Delhi 2009} Reflex action isa rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain. . Name few involuntary actions controlled by the hindbrain. Involuntary actions controlled by hindbrain are vomiting, salivation and blood pressure. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)? INCERT] We have olfactory receptors in our nose. These receptors detect the smell of agarbaiti. This information in the form of nerve impulse is transmitted to olfactory lobes of forebrain. The message is interpreted there. What is an axon? Iisa large, single, unbranched nerve fibre arising from the cyton. It carries impulses from cyton located in CNS to effectors. What are plant hormones? INCERT, CBSE (AD) 2008C) In plamts, certain chemical substances are necessary for proper growth and development. ‘These chemical substances are called plant hormones or phytohormones. Why are roots called positively geotropic? This is because the roots always grow towards the gravity of the Earth. What is the number of cranial nerves and spinal nerves in human beings? ‘There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and $1 pairs of spinal nerves. Name the largest cell present in the human body. [CBSE Delhi 2008] Neuron, |. Which part of central nervous system controls reflexes? Spinal cord Name the part of neuron (a) where information is acquired, (6) through which information travels as an electrical impulse. [CBSE (AD 2008] (a) Dendrite, (b) Axon Why is the use of iodised salt advised tous? Todine is a constituent of thyroxin. Iodised salt provides sufficient iodine for thyroxin formation otherwise the deficiency of thyroxin develops a disorder called goitre, () When iodine intake is low, release of thyroxin from thyroid gland will be less by which protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolisms will be affected (ii) Aperson might suffer from goitre in case of iodine deficiency in the body.92 Xam idea Science-X: Term | Q. 17. Which hormone controls the metabolism of calcium and phospl human beings? ‘Ans, Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) Q. 18. Name the hormone, the secretion of which is responsible for d changes in appearance in girls and boys when they approach 10-12 years [GBSE Delhi 2 age. ‘Aas. Oestrogen from the ovaries and testosterone from tesie%: Q.19. Nano to issues that provide control and coordination in multiee tatay i [CBSE Delhi 2 ‘Ans. The two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular anti are nervous tissue and muscular tissue. Q.20. Which hormone helps in lowering the level of blood glucose in human beings ‘Ans. Insulin, Q. 21. What do you understand by the sleep movement of plant organs? ‘ans. Sleep movement in plants ¢g.,in flowers is to protect the reproductive or} from the cold, Hence, sepals and petals of saffron flower close at sunset and. up in the morning. Q. 22. In the figure below (i), (i) and ( a plant shoots are negati ely geotropic so they rate and wi ), which appears more accu s more appropriate because Ans. Figure (i) & nce, grow upwards and Toots are Pos geotropic he downwards. Q. 23. State the main function of abscisic acid i plants. ‘Ans. Abscisic acid slows plant grow hand inhibits division of cells. (23 Q.1. What is the role of the brain in reflex action? [NGI ‘Ans, The reflexes which involve only the spinal cord are called spinal reflexes. spinal reflexes are produced in the spinal cord but the message of reflex a exen also goes on to reach the brain where the thy aking process OCCUFS. va rcx ares involve the brain, rather than the spinal cord only. They are © cerebral reflexes. Closing of eyes when exposed to flash of light and salivatl ct the sight of tempting food are the examples of cerebral reflexes. Q. 2. What are the advantages of the fact that most reflex actions are spinal cord? Ans. The advantages are: (® This enables the body to give protecting the body. quick responses to harmful stimullControl and Coordination 93 (ii) Ie minimises overloading of br: (ii) In many animals, reflex arcs have evolved as efficient ways of functioning in the absence of true thought processes. Q.3. Define a synapse. Ans. Synapse is a very fine gap between telodendria of axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron. ‘These two structures do not unite with each other but remain separated by a fine gap. Q.4. Whatis the difference between a reflex action and walking? [NCERT] ‘Ans. Reflex action 1, Reflex action is the immediate response of the spinal cord to a sudden impulse. 2. Itis conducted by the spinal cord. Walking 1. Walking isa voluntary action which is controlled. It is controlled by hindbrain (by cerebellum). 8. Te occurs in a fraction of seconds. Q.5. What happens at the synapse between two neurons? [NCERT] Ans, The neurons lie end to end in a chain to transmit the impulses in/an animal hody. The neurons are not connected, There occurs a very minute gap between terminal portion of axon of one neuron and dendron of the other neuron, This gap is called synapse. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap (synapse), and start a similar electrical impuls ¢ of the next neuron. Synapses actually act like one way valves. This is because the chemical substance is present at only one side of the gap. In this way synapse ensures that nerve impulse travels only in one direction. Q.6. What is turgor movement? Ans. Turgor movement is due to the difference of turgidity of the cells in the lower half and upper half of pulvinus (petiole of leaf). When leaf of touch-me-not (Mimosa pucdica) is touched, the electrical-chemical signals from leaflets to pulvinus (petiole) of leaf. Cells in the lower half of pulvinus lose water and hecome flaccid, while cells in the upper half of pulvinus become turgid due to accumulation of more water. Hence, leaf droops down for a short time. Q.7. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril arounda support? [NCERT] Ans, The movement of tendril around the support is caused by the auxin hormone. Less auxin occurs on the side of contact as compared to the free side. Auxin promotes the growth on the free side, As a result of growth on the free side, the tendril coils around the support. Q.8. How does chemical coordination take place in animals? [NCERT] Ans. In animals, chemical coordination is achieved through the agency of hormones which function as chemical messengers or informational molecules. Hormones are secreted in a very small amount by specialised tissues in the body called. endocrine glands. These glands are ductless and pour their secretions directly into blood, Blood transports them to the target tissues/organs. Hormones coordinate the activities of living organisms and also their growth. For example, pancreas secretes two hormones—insulin and glucagon. 3._ It takes longer time. dendQ. 9. How do animal muscles move? ‘Ans. The nerve fibres at the end of a neuron are attached to muscles. This area is called neuro- muscular junction. When nerve impulses are conducted to this area, the special prot present. in the muscle cells change their shape and arrangement i cell in response to nervous Q. 10. Ans, Qu Q. 13. Ans. ‘Yam idea Science: Term — Ss the ‘Neuromuscular junction electrical impulses. New arrangement of these proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form th bringing about movement of muscles. Mention the functions of forebrain. The forebrain performs the following functions: {i) Inis responsible for intelligence, memory, consciousness, willpower voluntary actions, (ii) It has the centres for visual reception, hearing reception, touch, smell temperature reception. Answer the followin (® Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed is puberty? (ii) Dwarfism results due to deficiency of which hormone? (ii) Blood sugar level rises due to deficiency of which hormone? (iv) Todine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone? (i) Oestrogen (@) Growth hormone (iif) Insulin Gv) Thyroxin How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood? [CER Adrenaline hormone is secreted in small amounts all the time but in lam amounts when a person is frightened. Adrenaline secreted in large amt prepares our body for action. It increases the rate of heartbeat and breath raises blood pressure and allows more glucose to go into the blood to give lot of energy quickly to fight or runaway from the frightening situal ‘Adrenaline is termed as ‘glands of emergency’. Why do tendrils coil around hard rough objects? “The growth movement of tendril in response to unilateral stimulus of touch called thigmotropism. Tendrils of douki, tori, karela, and sweet pea plants eo around hard objects when they come in their contact. It occurs due to unequal growth oftwosides ofa tendril, The growth of the surface which comes in cont of the support is retarded, while it remains normal or increased on the of side, due to which tendril coils around the support.Control and Coordination = 95 14. Why are some diabetes patients treated by giving insulin injections? [NCERT] The insulin hormone controls the metabolism of sugar. When pancreas does not produce and secrete sufficient amount of insulin into blood, then the sugar level in the blood rises. Therefore, the patient excretes sugar (glucose) in urine, feels excessive thirst and also does excessive urination. The people having severe diabetes are treated by giving injections of insulin. Why is pancreas called a ‘dual function’ gland? Write the names of its hormones. Panereas is an exocrine gland as well as an endocrine gland. Exocrine part of the gland secretes digestive enzymes and endocrine part (Langerhan’s cells) produce hormones. r Hormones secreted by pancreas are insulin and glucagon. ‘Name the hormones responsible for regulation of {CBSE Delhi 2007) (@) metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (ii) balance of calcium and phosphate. (éii) blood pressure. (é) water and electrolyte balance. (i) Thyroxine (ii) Parathormone (ie) Adrenaline fiv) Vasopressin How does chemical coordination oceur in plants? INCERT] In plants, chemical coordination occurs with the help of plant hormones (phytohormones). Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment. They are synthesised at places away from where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action, for example, auxin. Another example of plant hormones are gibberellins which help in growth of the stem, cytokinins promote cell division, abscisic acid is a plant hormone which inhibits growth and its effects include wilting of leaves. ‘What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism? (NCERT, CBSE Delhi 2008C) The body of a multicellular organism consists of a number of components and subcomponents and each is specialised to perform a particular function. Therefore, it is necessary that various organs of the body of an organism work together in a proper manner to carry out various functions and respond to stimuli, In human beings, nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate. Why Mimosa pudica (touch-me-not) leaves droop down when touched? It is duc to turgor pressure difference between the upper and lower halves of the base of petiole (pulvinus). Lower half cells lose water and upper half cells of pulvinus become turgid due to transfer of water from lower cells. Thus, the entire leaf droops down when touched How is the movement of leaves of a sensitive plant different from the movement ofa shoot towards light? INCERT] Movement in the leaves of sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) occurs due to turgor changes in the cells which causes drooping of leaves/leaflets, While movement of a shoot towards light is a phototropic movement that is caused due to differential growth that occurs due to more concentration of auxins in one side.a 19% © Xamvidea Scienoe-K: Term —t Q. 21. How is reflex are formed? ‘Ans. A message cord. It sends response through motor ner This pathway is the reflex arc. Sensory newe, Receptors Reflex Arc oe Effectors ‘Motor nerve Q. 22. What is feedback mechanism? ‘kn, ‘The timing and the amount of hormones released by vartous glands nism which is inbuilt in our body f the sugar level in the blood rises too high, it controlled by the feedback mech: For examph cells of pancreas which respond by produc blood, And as the blood sugar falls to a certain level, the secretion of insulin! reduced automatically, Q. 23. Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanism for control mation in animals. stimulus from receptor is relayed by sensory nerve to the spinal to effectors for necessary action. detected by ng and secreting more insulin i (NCE Nervous control it 1. Information is passed as electrochemical conduc on. 2. Information travels rapidly; in milliseconds. 3. Response is immediate. 3. 4__Ins effects are shortlived. Information is sent as a che substance through the blood strea Information travels slowly Response is usually slow. 4. Iseffects ave generally more prolony Hormonal control Q.24. Whatis the difference between the manner in which movement takes place sensitive plantand the mayement in our legs? NG Ans. | Mavement in sensitive plant Movement in legs a 1, Wk cedure in response to ait external] 1 Tt occurs iy response 16 stimulus like touch and shock 2. Plant cells change shape by changing | 2. the amount of water (turgor changes). No nervesare involved, 4. Ibis controlled by plant horm Q.25. Why are the electrical-chemical signals not an efficient means of comm! in plants? ‘Ans. Unlike anin impulses and circulatory where there is a nervous syste system for conduction of hormones, there specialised tissues in plants. So, the electrical-chemical signals are fective means of communication in plants. requirement and is determined by Movement in our legs is vol action which is controlled cerebellum part of hindbrain. carry the Lot legs, Nerves mesa controlled by n part of Ie is nerves, for conduction ofControl and Coordination = 97 +26. Define ‘nerve impulse’, Which structure in a neuron helps to conduct anerve impulse (® towards the cell body? (ii) away from the cell body? ‘The information passing through neurons is in the form of chemical and electrical signals called nerve impulse. (®) Towards the cell body: Dendrites. (ii) Away from the cell body: Axon 27. Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination in human beings. Justify the statement. Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination in human beings. Let us take an example, in the case of any emergency, stimulus is being perceived by CNS (nervous system), The stimulus is analysed and the response is sent to the effectors, Simultaneously, sympathetic nerves stimulate adrenal gland to release adrenaline which regulates blood pressure, increases heartbeat, constricts blood vessels and dilates. pupil, etc. So, both nervous and endocrine systems interact and overcome the crisis together. Ifa ripened fruit is kept in a basket of raw fruits, then what will happen? What causes it? ‘The ripened fruit will release ethylene (hormone) which causes ripening of other raw fruits kept in a basket. Label the parts (i), (ii), (jii) and (iv) and show the direction of flow of electrical signals in the figure. (ii) @ Sensory neuron Git) Spinal cord (CNS) (ut) Motor neuron. (iv) Effector—muscle in arm Flow of electrical signals: Receptors in hand => Sensory neurons => Spinal cord (CNS) = Motor neurons = Effector — muscles in arm. What is cerebrospinal fluid? What is its function? ‘Cerebrospinal fluid is the fluid found in the cavities of brain, central canal of spinal cord and in between arachnoid and pia mater. Function: It prevents the brain from mechanical shocks.“$8 Xam idea Science-K: Term —1 Q. 31. How are the brain and spinal cord protected? (@® Brain: It is protecte Ans. Q.32. Name do in the animals: Ans. Q.2. ‘Ans. (i) Cranial nerves arise in pairs from the various parts ofbrain and are (ii) Spinal cor d by the bony box-cranium also called skull. ‘Also the membranes that surround the brain (meninges) are fi cerebrospinal fluid that act as shock absorbers protecting the brai ‘The vertebral column, commonly called backbone, P' the spinal cord. those parts of the flower which serve the same: function as the foll (i) Testis (ii) Ovary (ii) Eggs (i) Sperms Incase of animal _In case of flower ‘Testis Anther/stamen/androecium Ovary ‘Ovary Eggs Ovules Sperms Pollen grains LUT Q. 1. Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements in plants. Ans. 6 [CBSE (Al) 1. Tt is dearly observed. in symmetrical organs such as lea petals of flowers. 2. The movements occur duc to of light and temperature. 1. Hvean be easily observed in stems and] roots. 2, It is due to unilateral stinsulns which causes unequal growth on the two sides of a stem, root and tendril. 3. Movement is related to stimulus, Le., plant organs either move towards} source of stimulus or away from it] Stimuli which causes movements in| plants are gravity, light, touch, water} and chemical substances. 4. Example: Bending of root towards {gravity and shoot towards light. (#) What are cranial and spinal nerves? Describe a spinal nerve i) Draw a diagram of the human brain and label the following (a) Cerebrum (6) Meninges (¢) Medulla oblongata (d) Cerel 3. Opening and closing of flo evening primrose and tobacco: night and day respectively. to unequal growth. A. Example: Leaves of “tot plant bend and droop on to in number. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord in $1 pairs. Spinal nerve arises in the form of dorsal root and ventral root vnite in the neural canal to form a single branch. It comes Vertebral column through intervertebral canal and then div dorsal, ventral and visceral branches.Control and Coordination (i) ‘Structure of human brain 3. Describe the central nervous system in human beings. ‘The central nervous system in human beings consists of brain and spinal cord. (i) Brain: Brain is the highest coordinating centre in the body. It is covered by meninges, which is made up of three layers. Itis protected by cranium. Brain is broadly divided into: (a) Forebrain: The forebrain includes cerebrum and olfactory lobes. Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres. Sensory and motor receptors are present in the brain. ‘There are various regions for reception of vision (occipital lobe), reception of sound (temporal lobe), touch, smell, temperature (parietal lobe) and muscular activities (frontal lobe). Olfactory lobes are one in pair and receives olfactory nerves. (6) Midbrain: It is the small portion of the brain that connects cerebrum with the other parts of the brain and spinal cord. (c) Hindbrain: It consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata. Cerebellum is responsible for coordination and adjustment of movement and posture. Pons regulate respiration. Medulla oblongata regulates swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting Spinal cord: Medulla oblongata extends downwards, enclosed in vertebral column to form a cylindrical structure known as spinal cord. It is also covered by meninges. It is the reflex centre of the body 4. Give the various functions performed by the plant hormones. ‘The various functions performed by the plant hormones are: {@ Auxins promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation. They also promote growth, (ii) Gibberellins promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation in the presence of auxin. It also help in ica the dormancy in seeds and buds. It promote the growth (Gd) Gyioidins preencte clk didn aint hulp ta ealaogthe dormancy of seeds and buds. It delay the ageing in leaves. It promotes the opening of stomata and also fruit growth.— 100 Xam idea Seience-K: Term I (iv) Abscisic acid promotes the dormancy in seeds and buds. It promotes closing of stomata and falling of leaves. Inhibits growth, reverses growth promoting effects of auxins and gibberellins. Its ¢ffeets im wilting of leaves. (©) Ethylene promotes the falling of leaves, ripening of fruits and hel breaking bud dormaney only induce flowering. Q..5. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each [Ne Ans. Involuntary actions ‘Reflex actions 1. They involve autonomic nervous| 1, They involve all parts of vol system. nervous system. 2. They usually internal stir ur in response to 3. They are connected with functioning of internal body parts. 4. These are regulated by medulla (hindbrain). cord. 5. The speed of response is slower than] 5. The speed of response is very yeflex action. Example: Beating of heart muscle. 2. They operate against harmful which are generally external and: cause injury. 3. They are connected with emery 4, ‘These are generally controlled by Example: Removal of hand with when someone touches a hot accidently. Q. 6. What is reflex action? Explain with the help of examples. ‘Ans, Aveflex action is defined as a spontaneous, automatic and mechanical r to a stimuli without the will of an individual. In such actions there involvement of the brain. All reflex actions are conveyed through the cord by a path called reflex arc. ‘The reflex action travels in the following sequence: Het plate (stimulus) —> 7s —> Sensory neurons (Like muscles) Spinal cor Motor neurons, ‘The reflex arc constitutes the following components: (i) A receptor to perceive the stimulus, (ii) A sensory or afferent nerve which carries the message from the to the spinal cord. (ii) The neurons of spinal cord transmit the impulse from afferent to efferent neurons. (i) The motor or efferent nerve carries messages from spinal cord muscles (effectors) that show the response.Control and Coordination 101 Some examples of reflex actions are: (é) Blinking of eyes when a foreign particle gets in them (#) Sneezing ifan unwanted particle enters the nose (i) Watering of mouth at the sight or smell of good food. (¢v) Withdrawal of foot while walking if a nail comes in the way and pricks the foot. {v) Immediate withdrawal of hand of a person if some hot thing touches it. 7. Draw the structure ofa neuron and explain its function. INCERT] Neuron or nerve cell is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system that is specialised to receive, conduct and transmit nerve impulses, Aneuron (nerve cell) has three components: (i) Cell body (cyton), (é) Dendrites, (iii) Axon Nissi’s granules Cytoplasm ‘Anneuron (nerve cell) Funetions: The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a neuron sets off a chemical reaction which creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cyton along the axon of its end, Atthe end of axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemi which cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse ina dendrite of the next neuron, In this way nerve impulses travel in the body, from one neuron to another till it reaches the brain or the target organ. Thus, a nervous tissue is made up of an organised network of nerve cells or neurons which are specialised in conducting information via electrical impulse from one part of the body to another. 8. How does phototropism occur in plants? INCERT, CBSE (AD) 2008) The directional movement of a plant part/plant in response to light is called phototropism. The shoot responds by bending towards light while roots tespond by bending away from the light. We know that the plant stem responds to light and bends towards it due to the action of auxin hormone: ‘This happens as follows: (@® When sunlight comes from above, then the auxin hormone present at the tip of the stem spreads uniformly down the stem. Due to the equal presence of auxin, both the sides of the stem grow straight and with same rapidity. This is because auxin hermone prefers to stay in shade, i., moves away from the light.102 Xamidea Science-X: Term—I Gi) Thus, more auxin hormone is presentin the left side of stem as compat to the right. The left side of stem, grows faster than its right side therefore, the stem bends towards the right side (direction of igh}. q ht Lory! Light a This side tem bends Auxin ‘More auxin ‘ester er dist calecng 2 ‘uniformly 3 (away from) This side on” rows slowly ‘Experiment to show the effect of auxin on the growth ofa plantin response to light (Photatrapism) “The effect ofauxin on the growth of a root is exactly opposite to that on a “Aunain hormone increases the rate of growth in stem but it decreases the rat ‘away from light will have all the at growth in a root. The side of root side of root which is away from light concentrated in it. Due to this, the s grow slower than the other side and make the root bends away from light. Q. 9. With the help of an activity demonstrate gcotropism in plants. ‘Ans. 1, Soak some seeds of gram or moong in water for one day. 9. Pierce slightly big holes (2 mm diameter) at the bottom of the cup. Fil it. with 1cm thick layer of garden soil 8 4. Sprinkle soaked seeds (moong/gram) over the soil. Water the seeds, 5. Put the cup on 2 pieces of wooden or stone Root Dae slabs so that there is a little gap between the top of the table and bottom of the cup 6. Cover the lower partof the set-up with black paper: 7. Water the seeds regularly with little water. 8. You will observe that the Toots come out from the holes and grow towards the Earth showing positive geotropism. Qi. Why do stem and root move (grow) gravity of the Earth respectively? Ans.Control and Coordination 103 2. What is association neuron? ns. It is found in the cortex part of spinal cord in between the sensory neuron and motor neuron. It forms synapse with the axon of sensory neuron and dendrites of motor neuron. 3. Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron but not the reverse? When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end of a neuron, it releases a chemical substance. This chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end of next neuron where it generates an electrical impulse or signal. Hence. the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal at the axonal end, Since these chemicals are absent at the dendrite end of the neuron the electrical signal, cannot be converted into chemical signal. 4. Sameer was studying in his room. Suddenly he smells something burning and sees smoke in the room. He rushes out of the room immediately. Was Sameer’s action voluntary or involuntary? Why? Sameer's action was voluntary because rushing out of the room was under his conscious control. The smoke and smell were perceived by the receptors in the sense organs and signals are sent to the brain. The brain, then sent signals to the effector organs, i.e., the muscles, to move out of the room. SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST State the main function of abscisicacid in plants. Name the plant hormone responsible for the promotion of cell division and a hormone responsible for elongation of cells. 1 Name the hormone secreted by one endocrine gland during emergency. Name the gland which secretes this hormone. 1 Which part of the brain controls posture and balance of the body? 1 What is the direction of impulse in a neuron? 1 State the role of the brain in reflex action. 2 If iodine is insufficient in one's diet, what might be the deficiency disease and its symptoms? 2 How does our body maintain blood sugar level? What happens at the synapse between two neurons? How does feedback mechanism regulate the hormone secretion? Explain how the human body responds when adrenaline is secreted into blood. 3 (2) Name the hormone which is injected to a diabetic patient. wn (0) If the cerebellum is not functioning properly, what are the activities of our body affected? $ (a) What are the components of reflex arc? (6) How do muscle cells move? 3Chapte 6 Electricity Basic Goncepts — A Flow Chart Electric Current (/) «© Rata of flow of eloctie Net charge (@) Tie ( ’ Measured by ammeter I= oa Potential Wen difference (V) jvetsc! © Work done tofmove aunt amvesesy, Charge om aha ponte ober. roe ak ne Wc Charge @) ‘9 Measured by yolmeter. ie es Resistance een met oh (0) oom Rati of pberalsiterence baansvei! ns across a Spnducty to current z law rar apron Pa tmas1030 anttan atwren V sone fami oni dress pa ee Factors affecting fis resistance serge tn Teter caatn eb) enon tact iotpomreieen Resistors: in series Vart¥at ts RE Rit Rat RyElectricity 105 Electric Unit power(e) ieee wa) Rate atwhich lectic 4 we qJet ‘energy is dissipated = ‘oreonsumedin an | R= 10° lotrc clcul, PaviePR=Vim Electric circuit Continous and dlsed path for an smciccurert According to Joue’s r fav of heating gedron Her 9 Wek Hat Heal protueee, mere Practical applications: of heating effect © To produce hight (mlectric bulb) nde —o8 1 Electr tise tht protects oe ciects and applanean. ' Votage remains constant sin leccal heating aplnces atc vaes. {oearero oes oo ese) Slehthth Commercial unit of electric anorgy is kilowatt hour (kWh), commaniy ‘known as “u 11kWh = 3.6 » 108 J106 Xam idea Science-X: Term-| Q.1. Define the unit of electric current. INCE! ‘Ans. The SI unit of electric currentis ampere (A). When 1 coulomb of electric chat flows through any cross-section of a conductor in 1 second, the electric cu flowing through itis said to be L ampere. 1 coulomb (C) 1 re (A) = ampere (Y="T Second (8) ‘Ans, A cell or a battery. Q. 3. Let the resistance of an electrical component remain constant while potential difference across the two ends of this component decrease to half its former value, What change will occur in the current flowing through it? {NCI ue R Since the resistance remains constant, so the current is directly proportio potential difference. If the potential difference is halved, the current also halved. o Q.4. The voltage-current (V-1) graph ofa metallic conductor ‘ at two different temperature T, and T; is shown in t figure. Atwhich temperature is the resistance higher? Ans. At Ty. ‘Ans. We know that, 1 Q.5. What determines the rateat which energy is delivered by acurrent? [N Ans. Electric power Q.6. How isa,voltmeter connected in the circuit to measure the potential di between two points? I ‘Ans. A voltmeter is always connected parallel in the circuit to measure the difference between two points Q.7. Why is resistance less when resistors are joined in parallel? ‘Ans. We know that Re 4 In parallel combination of resistors, the effective area of cross-section conductor increases, so the resistance decreases. Q.8. Why is resistance more in series combination? ‘Ans. We know R scl. In series combination of resistors, the effective le cross-section of the conductor increases, so the resistance increases.Electricity 107 9. What are the special features of a heating wire? ‘Ans. It must have high specific resistance and high melting point. 10. What is the resistance of an ideal ammeter? Zero. EL. What is the resistance of an ideal voltmeter? Infinite. 12. Which one has more resistance 100 watt bulb or 60 watt bulb both operating at 220 V? The resistance of 60 watt bulb is greater than the resistance of 100 wat bulb. 15. Write the expression for the heat energy produced in a wire of resistance R and carrying current . Heat produced, = 1? Ri, where 1’ stands for time, for which current / is passed through the conductor. 4. Name the physical quantity whose unit is J/C. Electric potential, 415. What is the resistance of an air gap? [tis very large, almost infinite. ‘16. What is the commercial unit of electric energy? Aas. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh). ‘17. What happens to the resistance of a wire if it is made thinner? ‘The resistance of wire increases. 18. In series combination which remains constant—current or voltage? Current. 19. eke substance is used for making resistance coil of electric heater and why? Nichrome, due to its high resistivity. 20. Which physical quantity remains constant when resistances are connected in parallel? Potential difference (voltage) remains constant. 21. How is the ammeter connected in the circuit? An ammeter is connected in series in the circuit. 22. Why is an ammeter connected series in an electric circuit? It is connected in series so that whole of electric current, which it has to measure, passes through it. 23. Name two devices in which electricity is converted into heat. Electric heater and electric iron. 24. Name the alloy which is used for making the filament of bulbs. “Aas. Tungsten. 25. Name the instrument used for measuring potential difference. Voltmeter is used for measuring potential difference.