Miva | & Present time General truths ‘The fefthand side ofthe bram controls the righthand side of Ue bad. Current habits {don't aivays go to lectures that are early in the morning! Permanent stuatons and states ‘Angie teaches French at a local adult education centre. Teling jokes and otherinformal stories So, a man goes to see His psychiatrist Live sports commentary ‘Adarns passes to Kareshi. I's 3 goat Newspaper headlines HAWKING WINS NOBEL PRIZE Reviews and surnmaries The tim ends vith us oat knowing whether they have been successful or not Instructions and directions You turn ieft atthe end of the road and the scfool is up ahead. Proverbs and sayings Too many cooks spoil the breth “The future tor fixed events) Term ends on 215¢ December. (See Unit 5 for more ifermation) “The future in time clauses) Ibe so relieved when | finish this crossword (See Unit 5 for more information) Gee eed | To emphasise contrast ‘dam doesn't know much about psychiatry but he does know quite alot about psychology ‘Toemphasise stong feeling _ {do like playing word garnas! ‘Words and phrases often used with the present simple alway’ / usually / generally / often / sometimes / rarely / seldom / never / whenever / nonadays/ these days / from time to time / every naw and then / most/much ofthe tine /t's/That's the last time ae Kc ag Actions happering now ‘The boys are doing thei homework rghit now ] ‘Actions happening around now What book are you doing in Entsh at the moment? Temporary situations and seis factions. | We aren't having any exams whe the lecturers are ston strike. Changing and developing situations ore and mace people are recognising the advantages of being able to speak | | 3 freien language. Annoying or amusing habits | Dan's aways coming up with te craziest ideas! tusuaty wth vay) | Background information in jokes and other Arman goes to see his psychiatrist: He's carrying a bog ful of honey informal sovies | “The future tio arrangements) When are you taking your crn test? The future inte clauses) Iiprobaby be abt scared when im waiting outside forthe exam to start, | | (See Unit 5 for more information) | (ee Unt 5 for more information) | Words and phrases often used with the present continuous | now / right now / for now / currently / atthe moment / forthe time being / at present / today / tis week/ete / | Ws/That's the last timePresent perfect simple ‘Situations and states that started in. | ve been a member of MENSA for over five years. ‘he past and ae tue | Aso of actions contig upto naw | Sne's done a A, an MA anda PhD sofa. Comletes actions ata te nthe past | Have you ever read any tooks by Edad De Bore? whic snot important or eleva? Completed actions where the important ‘She's been awarded @ scholarship to study at Harvard, ‘thing is the present result Actions competed recently (ve ust receiv my exam rests The fren me causes) Tel me when youve finished te reper. (ste Unt for mae efermation “Words and phrases often used with the present perfect simple since / for / Its the frsi/second/ete time /before’/ already / yet / ever /just / sill /recently/ up to now (up) unt now/ so far © ME vs BB Grammar, Ss ‘In American English, te past simple is often used instead of the present perfect simple US: Did you find the answer yet? UK: Have you found the answer yt? | US:/ ready found the answer. UK; Ive aready found the answer. |» Inintormal American Engish, gotten ts sometimes used as a past partciole instead of got when it means ‘obtain, “vecome’ or ‘move’ US: haven't gotten the boaks yet = I haveit baught the books yet) UK: [haven't got the books yet. ‘Actions and stations continung up to We've all been wondering whal to get Tony for ts birthday and we ust ‘the present for ust before the present) can't decide. “The future (inte clauses) | won't fake my ehiving test unti ve been having lessons for atleast two months, {sea Unt 5 for more information) We usual use the present perfect simple to specify a particular number of tes Ahings. Te wntten wo essays tis week. We suaty we te presantpartct cortruous to emphasise the ration of n acx/stuaton ¢ Tve worked here fr five years. to emphasis) v te been working here for fve years. (emhasises the duration) ‘Words and phrases often used with the present perfect continuous since / or /wst/ al day/woek/ete Stative and non-stative uses of verbs When certain verbs are used to describe states, they are generally used in simple tenses rather than continuous tenses. Communicator agree, deny, disagree Thinking believe, consider, doubt, expect, imagine, know, mean, realise, suppase, suspect, think, understand Existence be, exist Emotions adore, appeal, appreciate, desire, despise, detest, cisike, ey, fear, feel forgive hat, like, love, ‘mind, need, pity, refer satis. trust. want wish Perception ‘appear, hear, look, notice, recognise, resemble, see, seem, smell, sound, taste Possession and belong, cancer; consist, cantan, cst, depen, edua, fi, have, include, involv, ach, measure, owe, relationships between | onn, possess, su, weigh deserve, mater _ E _ Many of the verbs above can also be used in continuous tenses when they describe actions rather than states. These ‘ets incide: appeal, be, consider, deperd, eel, have, elude, look, mean, mind, see, sel, taste think, weigh i 7 | think i's important to know how to use 2 compute. (state: think = beieve} 7 fim thinking about going ona computer course, (action: tink = consider)Cite @ Future time: Often the same future event can be descried in diferent ways: 7 The shop closes at 3 pm tomorron ¥ The shop is closing at 3 pm tomorrow. ¥ The shop will close at 31m tomorrow 7 The shop is going to close at 3 om tomorrow, ‘Which way you choose ta describe something depends on a number of things: + Funetion (For example do you want to express a request @ promise or an offer?) * Hom you see the future event/situation: (For exemple, if you see a future event as a fixed event that cannot be changed, the present simple may be appropriate) * Level of formality (itis usually mre formal than be Koing to) In the tables below are the main uses of vil, be going fo, et for the future Predictions {tlookes a i Jake will lose his job. | Future tacts The factory will open in Jy | Decisions made at the moment of speaking | | know! Il ask for a pay rise tomorrow. Offers 1 help you withthe advertising campaign Praises "promise you you won't fase your job Requests | wan you give a presentation on the sales figures? Refusal (won't) | No, i won't give a presentation onthe sales figures. E+ Forofters and suggestions in the question form, wth land we, we se shall ot wl 1 Shall |help you with the advertsing campaign? (offer) 2 Shave dacus se nore anges ‘+ For requests, we can also use would, could or can. Would and could ere more polite than wil and can. -/ Would/Could/Can you ive a presentation on the sales figures? ‘+ For refusals, we can also use couidn't or can't. Couldnt is more polite than won't and cant. 7 No, | couldn't/can’t give a presentation on the sales figures. Bs vs SE Grammar _— — - InBitish English, shale sometimes used wt and we in place of wil 2 I shall be in uch again soon J Til bo ave again Soon Pos Predictions based on present evidence | Look af that wal looks as it's gong to a down intentions {im going to get my cere, ten get a weld jo. Cnr. Arangements Tim meeting Fiona on Fay o scons the adverting campaign Inentors 1m asking fora pay tomato: Both be going to and present continuous can be used for intentions. However, present continous i mot usualy used for inentons nthe stant hte. I eee et a ned eee ve 2 working tors hope matinabonabome a7 = 38Future time Unit § fe Fined future events The shop eloses at 3 pm next Saturday. {eg timetables and schedules) fees ‘Completed stations before a certain time | It looks as if Jake will have lost his ob by the end ofthe week Contruing situations up to a certain time | This tme next manth, Il have worked at he company for exactly 25 years, Continuing situations uo toa certain trme | This time next month, PM have been working at the company for exacty {emphasises duration) 25 years: Gas ud Situations in progress ata certain time | This ime pext week Il be travelling round Russia on business. in the future | Situations which wil happen in the furore | The company Chaitperson will be arriving on Thursday. in the normal course of events, Habits or repeated actions at a point | think that, in the future, more and more people will be commuting to work inthe future |_ by plane, qi ‘iter any fire words and phrases, such as when, whie, once, as Soon as, etc, we do not use wil or be going to. We use present simple give you @ pay rise when you start working harden present continuous ¥ fl give you a pay rise once you're bringing in three new customers a week. present parect simple ll give you a pay rise as Soon as you've proved you're a hard worker present perfect continuous ! wont give you 2 pay rise unti you've been working tere tor three years. | Other ways to express the future | ways to express the future be Gust! about to for the very near-future | I'm just about to ask for my pay rise be (ust! onthe poit/verge of ‘forthe very near future | "m just on the point/verge of asking for my pay ise. be due to for formal arrangements | 'm due to meet my boss at eleven o'clock be to-do for obligations | You‘re to.get those reports written before Faiay! for formal announcements | The factary isto open inhi other modals toexpress certainty, Future in the past ‘When we look back at what was the future once, we usually make the future verb forms past. Will becomes would, is going to | become was going to, ec. Tenses sich as present simple also change, by gong back one tense. vil > would Then think the factory will open in September Now: | thought the factory would open in September. present simple —e pastsimple | Then: rnin. rush because the tren leaves at 4. Now: was in a rush because the trai lft at 4 ae