POR LE. What Is Biological Psychology? Biological psychology, or biopsychology, is « field in which the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical prac earchers in this tield study the biotovical ba: jotions and behaviors, jonship between psy ody and mind connection and how it seacts to tain behaviors or illnesses. When you study diopsychology, you examine memory. perception, cognition and behavioral disorders Human behavior Human behavior refers to the cange of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual's entire lifetime. It includes the way they act based on different factors such as genetics, social norms, core faith, and attitude. Your attitude highly reflects the behavior you will portray in specific situations. Thus, human behavior is grestly influgticed by the attitudes we use on a daily basis. Human behavior, the potential and expressed capacity for physical, mental, and social activity during the phases of human life2 4 ED cnptienacncine 5 os serene 3 Social cognition 8 7 see; bamaragyesin nee e Quanta certificate = > media and violence Pavencor aoe 5 reliashps By ot Ga eel 4 terwewing 8 Soft in osychni treating mental, a . > gsmeeeci | eounseling enon, amd a ailcasbon bert the ‘ f : = psychology and law al Sum uate common disorders that might be treated inciude leaming _ disabilities, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Clinical _ psychologist work with patients or clients but also consult with organizations working with mental problems in the community. They help those people who are affected or disturbed mentally and environmentally. Clinical psychologist provide consultations in many other fields as forensic psychology, law, military, and education institutes. Some disorders are neurological in nature and they can only be managed but not treated. So a management plan will be devised for them. Biopsychologists study many of the same things that other psychologists do, but they are interested in looking at how biological forces shape human behaviors. Some topics that a psychologist might explore using this perspective include: = Analyzing how trauma to the brain influences behaviors + Investigating how degenerative brain diseases impact how people act. = Exploring how genetic factors influence such things as aggression. * Studying how genetics and brain damage are linked to mental disorders. * Assessing the differences and similarities in twins to determine which characteristics are tied to genetics and which are linked to environmental influences.Clinical factors that explain human behavior = Human behavior is the response of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli It refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race, Perception Attitude Nature Personality Thinking Habit Perception The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the environment. ‘There are five senses 1, Smell 2. Touch 3. Hear 4, Taste 5. vision Perception is a process by which people regard, analyze, retrieve and react to any kind of information from the environment. For example, some people feel happy about earning money while others feel happy about spending money factors affes g perception ‘The factors which affect the perception are shown in the figure:Process of Perception Reception: In this process, a person receives the information through stimuli. Selection: This is governed by two types of factors: External factors; These are size, intensity, proximity, motion and novelty. Internal factors: These are attitude, motives, experiences, interests and expectations, Organization: It is the process by which we sort stimuli into a meaningful pattem. It involves the following: Grouping: Assembling of stimuli on the grounds of similarity. Proximity: This is the closeness of stimuli to one another that affects perception. Closure: It is the ability to organize stimuli so that together they form a whole pattern. Attitude: In psychology, attitude is a psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres in, or characterizes a person. They are complex and are an acquired state through experiences. One's attitude reflects how one thinks, feels, and behaves in a given situation, ... Our attitude towards people, places, things, or situations determines the choices that we make. Attitude is composed of three components, which include cognitive component, affective/emotional component, and behavioral component. Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference. - Winston Churchill Just because they disagree Attitude can be defined as our response to people, doesn't mean they're wrong places, things, or events in life. It can be referred to as (six. EN Cuine a person's viewpoint, mindset, beliefs, etc. Our a 1X ah cl ae | attitude towards people, places, things, or situations arias NG determines the choices that we make. Attitude is composed of three components, which include ay sen ‘ah _- | cognitive component, affective/emotional component, and behavioral component. Basically, the cognitive component is based on the information or knowledge, ‘whereas affective component is based on the feelings. The behavioral component reflects how the attitude affects the way we act or behave. For instance, in case of a person who is scared of an injection or a needle, the cognitive component might be the fact that an injection would hurt. On the other hand, the affective component would be the feeling that he/she is scared of injection. The behavioral component would be that the person would completely avoid getting an injection orscream at the sight of one, So, an attitude is essentially like an evaluative statement that is either positive or negative depending on the degree of like or dislike for the matter in question. ‘Types of attitude: Positive attitude: Individuals who have a positive attitude will pay attention to the good, rather than bad in people, situations, events, etc. They will not consider a mistake ot failure as a hurdle, but as an opportunity, They learn from mistakes, and move forward in life negative attitude: People with a negative attitude ignore the good, and pay attention to the bad in people, situations, events, etc. Also, they are likely to complain about changes, rather than adapting to the changing environment. Also, they might blame their failure on others. Nature: Nature is the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something. Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits. .. Social norms also impact behavior. Due to the inherently conformist nature of human society in general, humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors in society, which conditions the way people behave. Human nature is a bundle of characteristics, including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting, which humans are said to have naturally. The term is often regarded as capturing what itis to be human, or the essence of humanity. The term is controversial because it is disputed whether or not such an essence exists. Personality: Personality is the combination of behavior, emotion, motivation, and thought patterns that define an individual. Personality psychology attempts to study similarities and differences in these pattems among different people and groups. Personality is the combination of behavior, emotion, motivation, and thought patterns that define an individual. Personality psychology attempts to study similarities and differences in these patterns among different people and groups. The study of personality began with Hippocrates’ theory of humorism, which argued that personality traits are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids of the body. Modem personality psychology is heavily influenced by these carly philosophical roots and attempts to identify which components—such as free will, heredity, or universality—are most influential in shaping human personality. ‘There are many approaches to the modem psychological study of personality, including the psychodynamic, neo-Freudian, learning, humanistic, biological, trait, and cultural perspectives.Thinking: Thinking involves the deeply cereberal manipulation of information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thinking is a higher cognitive function and the analysis of thinking processes is part of cognitive psychology, Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of think: desires, gage in problem solving produces thoughts, plans, ends a Habit: Habit, in psychology, any regularly repeated behavior that requires little or no thought and is leamed rather than innate, A habit—which can be part of any activity, ranging from eating and sleeping to thinking and reacting—is developed through reinforcement and repetition. Habit: An action you do and in response to your Habit is often treated as a construct of marginal interest in the literature on attitude-behavior relations. We argue that this is undeserved, particularly given the current interest in principles of automaticity in social psychology. Basic features of habits, such as goal-directed automaticity, their dependency on situational constancy, and functionality, as well as the measurement of habit strength, are discussed. Research is reviewed that contrasted habit with deliberate action, as approached from the theory of planned behavior, spontaneous vs. deliberate attitude-behavior processes, implementation intention theory, and decision-making models. Habits thus appear as boundary conditions of the validity of models of planned behavior and rational decision-making, A habit seems to be accompanied by an enduring cognitive orientation, which we refer to as “habitual mind-set” that makes an individual less attentive to new information and courses of action, and thus contributes to the maintenance of habitual behaviorBiological psychology: Biological psychology, or biopsychology, is a field in which the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical practice. Researchers in this field study the biological basis of thoughts, emotions and behaviors. There are some factors of biological psychology. Emotion Leaming Memory Cognition Beye Emotions: In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. ... According to author David G, Meyers, human emotion involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience." Emotion is a mental state associated with the nervous system brought on by chemical changes variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure. Emotion is a complex psychophysiological experience that we experience as a result of our interactions with our environment. There are positive emotions and negative emotions, and these emotions can be related to an object, an event, social emotions, self-appraisal emotions, etc. Behavior learning is the theory that behavior can be changed or learned through reinforcement, either positive or negative, by the introduction of a stimulus. Some emotions are innate. For example: love, care, joy, surprise, anger and fear. These are known as primary emotions. Secondary emotions are those that we lea through our experience. For example: pride, rage, shame, neglect, sympathy and horror. For example, you are sitting in a dark room all by yourself and all of a sudden you hear breathing sound behind you. Your heart rate increases and you begin to tremble. Upon noticing these physical reactions, you realize that they come from the fact that you are all alone in a dark room. You think that you may be in danger, and you feel the emotion of fear. Learning: Leaning is the process of acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences, The ability to lear is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants. Learning, the alteration ofbehavior as a result of individual experience. When an organism can perceive and change its behavior, it is said to learn, The word learning is used routinely in discussions about teaching in higher education, so it's important to clarify what we are referring to when we talk about learning. Educational researchers agree that learning is much deeper than memorization and information recall. Deep and long- lasting learning involves understanding, relating ideas and making connections between prior and new knowledge, independent and critical thinking and ability to transfer knowledge to new and different contexts. Memory: Memory is the ability to take in information, store it, and recall it at a later time. In psychology, memory is broken into three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval, Stages of memory: The three stages of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Problems can occur at any stage of the process. Memory is a system or process that stores what we learn for future use, Our memory has three basic functions: encoding, storing, and retrieving information, ... Finally, retrieval is the act of getting memories out of storage and back into conscious awareness. This is done through recall, recognition, Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; sometimes it is called working memory. and relearning, Short-term memory storage lasts about 20 seconds Long-term memory (LTM) is the continuous storage of information, Unlike short-term memory, the storage capacity of LTM has no limits. It encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago to all of the things that you can remember that happened days, weeks, and years ago. Cognition: Cognition is “the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses” If one were to major in cognitive psychology that person would study attention span, memory, and reasoning, along with other actions of the brain that are considered a complex mental process. Examples of Cognitive Psychology: ... Learning is an example of cognition. Example:In education, teachers must be fully aware of a child's cognitive development at different ages. A 6 year-old does not quite have the ability to apply certain math functions to the real-world yet but a 9-year old might.JNTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Definition of psychology: Psychology is a scientific study of human behavior and mental proc concerned with how people perceive the world d them. Psychologists study oveit observable behavior, as well as covert behavior. Overt se which is vistble to other in other word scen behavior, like.... Talk, walk, dress, eat and 50 on. In short these are the action wwe see and observe in individual and groups. Cover behavior those which is not obvious to the Feeling such as anger, jealousy. people around us. Simply they are unseen behavior ik kindness, pity, happiness, and sad. Psychologist works in a variety of settings...‘ . 1. Clinical psychology The primary focus of elinical psychologists is the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders, Clinical psychologist helps people to solve their sever mental disorders They are treated by some therapeutic strategies used like behavior and cognitive therapy Peychologist has specialization in therapy and psychiatrist has additional MBBS degree for the relevant field. S: essions are condycted for treatment to 40-50 minutes. 2. Cognitive psychology . It is the study of mental processes such as “attention, language use, memory. perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking. Much of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines of psychological study, including edueational psychology, social psychology. personality psychology, abnormal psychology. developmental psychology. and economics. The main focus of coynitive psychologists is on the mental processes that affect behavior. Those processes include. but are not limited to, the following: The two main types of memory are short: term memory and long-term memory: however. short-term memory hus become betterunderstood to be working memory. Cognitive psychologists often study memory in terms of working memory. Memory Fhe gy ios econ 0 tien Siouahl hee Det natty msi: TF more clearly defined as the ability to remember information in the face of distraction The famously known js a combination of both memories capicity of memory of 7 plus or minus in working memory and long term memory |A large part of memory is forgetting. and there is a large debate among psychologists of decay theory versus interference theory Long-term memory - Modem conceptions of memory are usually about long-term memory and break it down into three main sub-classes. These three classes aze somewhat hierarchical in atte, in IAMS of the level of conscious thought related to their use." Procedural memory is memory for the performance of particular tyPes of action. It is often activated on a subconscious level, or at most requires a minimal amount of conscious effort. Procedural memory includes stimulus-response-type information. which is activated through association with particular tasks, routines. ele. person is using procedural knowledge when “they seemingly “automatically” respond in 2 particular manner to a particular situation or process, An example is driving a car. Semantic memory is the encyclopedic knowledge that a person possesses: Knowledge like what the Eiffel Tower looks like, or the name of a friend from sixth grade, represent semantic memory. Access of semiintic memory ranges from slightly-to extremely effortful, depending on a camber.of variables including but not limited to regency of encoding ofthe information. number of as soiationg it has to other information, frequeney of acness, and Jevels of meaning (how deeply it was processed when it was encoded) Episodi¢ memory is the memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated. It contains all memories that are temporal in nature, such as when one ast brushed one’s.teeth or where one was when one heard about 2 major news event. Episodic memory typically requiresthe deepest level of conscious thought, as it often pulls together semantic memory and temporal information to formulate the entire memory. 3. Counseling Psychology; DEFINATION: if fons oa now. neopte fonction bolls pean andi Gielt selatarebin 41) Hees I ave at different ‘addresses the emotional. social work and physical health’ coneems people may t stages in their ives. The term “counseling” has many confusing meaning there are many "the wide applications to it as well. To go by the dictionary meaning, the term counseling means provision of professional assistance and guidance in resolving personal or psychological problems. The problems addressed by counselin psychology are addressed from developmental environmental and cultural perspectives. They include “School and career adjustment concerns. 4 Relationship difficulties including marital and family difficulties + Organizational problems. “ Mental disorders. Some common types of councellors are:- a) Mental health counseling b) Substance abuse counseling. c) Marriage and family counseling. 4) Educational counseling. ¢) Career counseling. t) Bereavement counseling. Mental Health Counseling: : ne Menta health counselors are available 1o people in need of emotional support. They help : their clients learn how to make healthy decisions about themselves, their relationships and their futures Substance abuse counseling: Substance abuse counselors support people with drug and alcohol addictions, eati and patient problem solvers. Marriage and Family Counseting. Marri relationships. Marriage therapist offer guidance to couples and families who are dealing disorders and other behavioral issues, They are compassionate counseling helps people work on their with issues that ef heirimental health and the well being of the whole familySome students fave additional challenges at home, with friends sr in their studies. Schoo! psychologists Gan help them to navigate their formative years Educational Counseling with confidence. : ies die anne Career Counseling: Some students confuse about their future plains and their careers. They even do not know what they actually want, Career counselor help You figure out who you are and what you want out of your education, your career, and your life 4. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY: Criminal psychology is also referred as criminol ical psychology. the study of tho jntentions and reactions of criminals and all that partakes in criminal behavior The study deeply into what makes someone commit a crime, fut also the reactions after the crime, on the run,or in the court. Criminal psychologist often called up as witness 19 court cases to help the jury understand the mind of criminal. Psychiatrists and psychologists are licensed professionals that can assess both mental and physical states, Profiles look for patterns in behavior to typify the individual(s) behind a crime. A group effort altempts to answer the most common psychological questions: If there is a risk of abxual predator re-otTending if put back in society; if an offender is competent to stand trial: We ea or crieners yas Hone. or ¢nsane atthe) Hmeon the oflenss) Ths esi of competency to stand trial is a question of an offends cffender’s ability to understand the charges against them, the possible outcomes of being current state of mind. This assesses the convicted or acquitted of these charges and their ability to assist their attorney with their defense “The question of sanity/insanity or criminal responsibility is an assessment of the offenders’ state of mind at the time of the crime. This refers to their ability to understand right from wrong and what is against the law, ‘The insanity defense is rarely used, as it is very difficult to prove. Clinical: in this situation, the psychologist is involved in assessment of individual in order to provide a clinical judgment, The psychologist ean use assessment tools, interview oF psychometric tool in order to aid in his/hér assessment. These assessments can help police or other competitive organs determine how to process ¢ individual in question. For example. help lindin out whether he/she is capable to stand trial or whether the individual has mental illness which means, that he/she is unable to understand the proceedings.Experimental: Ta this case, the task of psychologist is to perform a research in order to inform a case This ean involve executing experimental tess for the purposes of illustrating @ point or providing further information to courts. This may involve false memory, eyewitness credibility experiments and such. For example, this way questions similar to “how likely would a witness see 28 object in 100 meters?” will be answered. Actuarial: ‘This role involves usage of statistics in order, to inform a case. For ample, a psychologist may sting. Therefore, the courts may ask how likely 2 be asked to provide probability of an event occ person will reoffend ifa sentence is declined. Advisory: Here, a psychologist may advise police about how to proceed with the investigation For example, which isthe best way to interview the individual, how best cross-examine & vulnerable or another expert witness, how an offender will ct after committing the offence. 5, DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY rhe branch of psychology that describes, explains, predicts, and sometimes alms {0 modify age related behavior from conception to death, Developmental psycholog study, physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, especially in children. 6. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Definition -ducational Psychol ‘on of psychological theory, research and techniques to is the appl support children, young people, their families and schools to promote the emotional and social wellbeing. of young people 13(cee ede s Pra oye elas Gen stern Buti eee really.is? Explanation Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. itis informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. It is slso informed by netrossiene® Educational “psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design. educational technology, curriculum development organizational learning, special education, classroom management, and student motivation Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the leaming sciences In universities, departments of educational psychology ase usually housed within faculties of education, possibly ageounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introduetory psychology textbooks:‘The field of educational psychology involves the study of memory, conceptual processes and individual aifféeices (via cognitive psychology) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans, Educational psychology has been built upon theories of operant conditioning, functionalism, structuralism, constructivism, humanistic psychology. Gest psychology, and information processing. : Educational psychology has seen rapid growth and development as a profession (9 the last twenty years, School psychology began with the eoneept of intelligenes TES provisions for special education students, who could not follow the reSuiSe classroom curriculum in the early part of the 20th century. However, "school psychology” itself has built a fairly new profession based upon the practices and’ theories of several psychologists among many different fields, Educational psychologists are working side by side with psychiatrists, social workers. teachers, speech and language therapists, and. counselors in attempt to understand the questions being raised when combining behavioral, cognitive, and social psychology in the classroom settings, 7. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY interaction with the society. Man always séeks Social psychology is a study of a person’ company. He always likes to be with the other people, He mixes with different individuals and influences them with bis own nalure, outlook, views and opinions and is himself influenced by their ideas and behavior. Every man tries for social approval. He behaves in such a way that the others may respect his individuality and considers him as someone who counts Social approval can be, his attitude rowards social groups, his fights with his enemy ete, are the subject malis! of social psychology: Importance: F Leaming more about social psychology can enrich our understanding of ourselves and of the world around us, By leaming more about how people view others, how they behave in groups™ and how attitudes are formed, you can gain a greater appreciation for how social relationships influence individual functioning. [ts understanding can help one from shifting normality to abnormality level, when facing severe problems such as family disturbance:Advantages Disadvantages | aoa T a [eee | 4 Real life situations are usually | Bthics is a huge issue - as you have to ) attempted. « | put people in real life emergencies to see | Ussetul in explaining situational | their true reactions. effects and offers solutions to 4 Another issue is that of generalisability \ problems in the real world. | We are not able to the test the whole population 4 Samples are usually very small due to | high costs and control, i | i | | \ 8. Industrial Psychology: . Industrial psycholouy is that branch of applied psychology that is concemed with efficient management of an industrial labor force and especially with problems encountered by workers in a mechanized environment. The time was gone when the workers treated as machine and employers always think about the hight + production at any cost or without taking consideration sf workers, Now, management better knows ifthe workers feel ense/comfortable then they give their maximum contribution, There are some other factors then wages which directly affect the performance of individuals. 1f employers provide adequate working . conditions. proper distribution of work. attractive compensation. effective leader ete. then definitely organization achieves its success. COPES OF IN DUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Following are the content areas of Industrial Psychology Scientific Selection of Workers + Proper Division of Work + Minimizing the Wastage of Human ElTorts tb+ Promoting Labor Welfare + Enhancement of Human Relations + Developing Industrial Relations + Inerease Production + Accident Prevention 1s and Salary Administration + Promotional Schemes Scientific Selection of Workers: Industrial psychology offers a whole arrangement of tests such as systematic depth interviews and psychological tests of intelligence, aptitude, skills, abilities and interests the personnel characteristic etc, By these tests candidates are measured and properly selected and placed on the job. Proper Division ‘of Work: a ~ One of the scopes of industrial psychology is the, work should be properly divided according to the abilities, skills and aptitude of the workers so they may feel comfortable and satisfied. It may also lead higher production. Minimizing the Wastage of Human Efforts: Industrial psychology tries to minimize the wastage of human power. It studies psychological factors causing fatigue or accident and give feasible suggestions to prevent them. The techniques of motivation and morale are used! for this purpose: Promoting Labor Welfar It promotes the welfare of the labor by introducing adequate working environment through which job satisfaction; work efficiency inereases and also state the provisions of high incentives. Enhancement of Human Relation: Human relations are the relation among individuals in an organization and the group behavior that emerge fiom their relations, Most of problems arise in the industries are connected to humanrelation. If workers feel ease with the surrounding, then automatically they get motivated and productivity will be higher. Industrial psychology has made significant contribution in framing the techniques of leadership, worker participation, communication ete. Developing Industrial Relations: Industrial psy ch other in thei thoughts, thinkir measures may be adopted in solving the promotions, grievances ete, This helps in de martagement Increase Productio chology studies the attitude of the employer and employees. Individuals differ from 4 other parameters. Therefore. havior a ferent nroblem relating to each individual like transfers. loping industrial relationship among workers’ and It helps in attaining the major objective of the organization that to get the best output from the existing resources, The production is automatically increased if proper selection Is made, the work will be properly distributed, accident prevention and safety measures suggested. This will improve and promote individual as well a Accident Prevent The psychological studies show that 98% o| industrial relations. f the accidents in industry are preventable, It means personal or psychological factors play an important role in any programmed of accident prevention, Monotony and fatigue studies by made the contribution of signals to the devel human factor in industry Wages and Salary Administration: lp in minimizing the accidents. Psychologists have opment of safety programme and the preservation of “The wage rates in the industry should be fixed on some suitable and stientific Formula The basis for rational wage and salary structure: which evaluate the Werth -of the job and yehologists have developed the techniques of job evaluation, merit-raling and job analysis-as, Job evaluation and merit-rating are the techniques of the man respectively. Meriteratings technique evaluates the men while the job analysis determines the job description and worth of the job: Promotional Schemes: Why should a man be promoted or transfer situations should be hased on abilities. useful red or demoted or discharged? These employment Iness and seniority