Solution of IE IRODOV'S Problems in General PHYSICS \. Raj Kumar Sharma Vol. 1 B.Tech IIT(SM Dhanbad) RK PublicationsCONTENTS S.NO. Page No. PART ONE. PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS BE Kinematics 12. The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics 13 Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momentum,and Angular Momentum, 14. Universal Gravitation 15. Dynamics of a Solid Body 16. Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body 17. Hydrodynamics 18. Relativistic Mechanics PART TWO. THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 24. Equation of the Gas State, Processes 22. ‘The First Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity 23. Kinetic Theory of Gases.Boltzmann’s Law and Maxwell Distribution 24, The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy 25. Liguids. Capillary Effects 26, Phase Transformations 2, ‘Transport Phenomena 30 38 98 us 143 157 170 189 199 215 230 252 261 2mPart One “Physical Fundamentals of Mechanics 4.1 KINEMATICS, 4 Mathod::4 (Relative approach) —v & Motor Boat iat) —Vv Fired pont raft 43 $+] eam —U sa distance =2u \V = Relative speed of motor boat wrt. river which i constant Observer on raft see that speed of motor boat tt rivers constant because duty of motot boat wit. rivers constant, Hence if motor boat take 1 hrsin down stream joumey then to reach again at raft motor boat wil take 1 hrs in Upstream joumey because river is in est wrt. motorboat. Hence total time in complete journey = 2h. ‘Motion of raft U= S900 of river=speed of raft. Then 2u=6 > U=3kmihe Ans ‘Method : 2 (With frame of ground) the Motion ofr :u(1#4)=6-——) Motion ef motor at (erste vea kes Ce eae vow suttt)= from (i) one thes, hays tring cobsesu= Teal stance vvalby ports Trentino nln: 5 % % 4 ‘Time taken in second journey Is 4 s +G SZ, Ss Vo Vt 2N0(V, + Vo) Noanvoloty= Foe Mean veloety= 7 Ans Method tand=o (Graphical Approach) v Ans Method :2 (Analytical) Total displacement He) alee Time taken = Ar a Hethoeaytes] Ans Page-114 15 Bom neenroenys =Din/s= Denis Ans. (0) Velocty willbe maximum when slope of S() curve will be maximum andit is seen in straight part approximately. 16 14-04 ya t4i04 14-10 (¢) Instanteneous velocity may be equal to mean velocity when slope of ine joining final ‘and intial point will be same as slope at point fon curve. From curve t,= 165 Ans. m/s = 0.25mis= 25 om/sAns. 165 approx Vetoty of 8 wth respect to: Vea Ve-¥ Postion of 8 with respect to: Particle 8 willbe colide with Af velocty of 8 vith respect As directed toward observer A hence relative velocity should be antiparralle! torelative postion. Then Vay |Itas ‘Method -1(Coordinate approach) Infrodoy, by mistake at place of north-east, south-east is written, Suppose east direction is xaxisand north direction isy axis. Vee 15k Voug =3043 Vy. = -15c0860i +15sin 607 Vos =(-15c0s60-30)/ +15sin60} [Wyue le VC 15c0s60~30)" +(1Ssin60)" += 40m / hr 15sin60 [-15e0s60-301 1° Ans. oe Voe tang Method -2(Vector addition Method) we know Vy.5 =Vyer Veer Vira PWr-e + Vane —Mac¥5.¢ 0180-00) = 40km/ hr Page-2WwW * cos! 4.8 BoatA: 1Ssin6O 30+15c0s60 781" Ans | ‘Swimmer :4 ‘Time to reach again at same point by boat A. tang’ 2 kmh | tid ca VW VW 2.5 km/hr ‘Also given V= nWW a tected, ime to cross the iver Ist then aw ae 2 Where V = Speed of boat wat. river W= Speed of water ws. earth. 50080 Boat B: : ail Time to reach again at same point by boat B. "2d iso given V= mW From figure: sin Putin ‘Swimmer :2 Using trigonometry :x=d tané, Time to reach at destination pont: tet tll) 1,= Time to cross the river 19: (i) ‘Also tan, = trom (i) and (v) u=3kmine Ans.q 4.10 Then dit (x)= (Vp, SiN 8-V,<) Y—cos8 £8 V,,< V,« Hence this in not possible that dif wil be zero. We should have to minimize dif as because dit is function of x. x ® maximum value of ditt =O Au lve ot dit Sy dsecto-“4is)secotand=0 Vee 4 sing = Yes a4 Ve 2 6=30° ‘Angle made by boat with low velocity of water = 30° +90°= 120° ‘Ans. Method :2 (Vector addition graph method) at value between (0 180) hence we can draw a ‘semi circle of radius of lenath |, | ‘Then there are some resulants 48 shown ‘And resuitant is given by C,.C,,C,and C,, ve Cy. But for minimum dit resultant must bbe tangant at semicricle, Then Vk cos = a= 60° ‘Then @= 180° 60°= 120° Relative acceleration of particle (1) and wert. @)= 9-9-0. Relative velocty of particle (1) vr. (2) v,,=1V, +; ~2V, c0s(90-) =v, 2d=sn) Where 90-0 is anglo between two velocity does not change w.. time because relative ‘acceleration is zero. Then Distance between two particle at time tis = V,t[2(0~ sin) = 22m Ans. Method :4 Vector application) Ina! velocity in y direction of both particle are 2210. Hence vertca vetocty ofboth particles at imet wil bo same then: Vizu+ Vist Velocity of particle (1) at time t.¥, =a 2 Velocity of particle (2) at time t: ¥, Since ¥, LV, >%-¥, =0 ~t2+gh=0 t= Jonas Hencsiitia relative vlocty=(4—(-3))=7 Distance between parties V,xt=1xJ0I2=2.5m Ans. Method:2 (Graphical application) Since Y, LV; >a+p=90 Page-4@ evs eo) tan B= Putin) (S\()-: Initial retative velocity=($ ~(-3))=7 Distance betwoen particles V,xt=7xN012 Method: 1 (Vector application) Ir A ‘Since particle Aheading to partice B and B to Cand CtoA. Now position ofall particle at t= dts as figure. Av Z a ‘Again position ofall particle att = 2dtisas figure. Sm Ans. ve Ze wy Ns va ‘Again poston att = 8 et and s0 on Ab Ad ‘Since at any time all particle travel same distance then at each moment of timeall particle will be at equilateral trinle. Then by ‘symmetry you can say that all particle will be ‘met at centriod of tringle then path of each particle will | ‘Suppose at any instant of time, distance bhw Particle A and centriod P is. Led a ‘Then line joing particle A and P make 30* 3 a will always constant and equal tov cos 30° then angle with side of equilateral tringe then Page-5$= Veos 30° (lve sin because ris dicreasing function. Finally r= Owbile intial r= al JS then |e J -vesss a Nv AP 3 secan= Ane. Method : 2 (Relative approach) Let istance between And Bat ime tier then. Atany instant of time, rate of decreasement of distance biw two particle A and B will be con- stant as shown in igure. AA 2dr av 444: 3a t= Suppose at time , distance biwA and Bis ‘Then rate. decrement of ris Sav +ucoso [o-tefersenoe atte [reese Bt) sine [foxta ‘not known then to find this Integration we use rate of decrement of stance bbetwoen both in direction of x. Suppose its x then ax a vest {face [ever se ony [ono fans ol ve ve With frame of tran : ‘With frame of tain, train appearin restthen is tance between two event is equal 07, Page-6N With frame of earth : ‘When event (1) will happen. Velocity of trainis u, =u + at= wt ‘Since event (2) wll be happen after time + then. Distance travelled by headlight (A) in time z= Distance travelled by headlight (B) In time z= doe =ut,+ gat? = we(a) +d? 3) ce ‘Then distance between two events is Ans -w(3) =0.24km few Itwe want that both event willbe happen at same point then event 2 should be at position of head light B. ‘Assume velocity of reference frame isv. Distance travelled by headlight (B)in time « (uewnes pw? =r t-w(te5) 24km Sn tami Ans. 145 shat a=12ms! 27m itl (a) For observer insidelit at t= 2s. velocity of bolt =0 ‘Acceleration of bolt wrt lit= 104 1.2= 11.2 ‘Then assume t time Is taken by bolt to reach at floor. al spar Ans 7s (b) Velocity of bottwert ground at t= 2 sec. V=1.2%2=24 mis Displacerent(S) of bol in next 0.7 sec wie seus dor 8=24(07)- 3x 10(77 = 0.7m Ans Distance travelled by bolt: lM 2am] 7m _ Danas = ES -0200. Distance travelled = 20.288 +07 = 1.3m ‘ans. Page -71.16 ‘Timetoreach at minimum distance Method : 4 (Relative velocity) tate teal go foe ys0c0scM tan _ Weta Mave | WOW 2% Mate as. Vere Method : 2 (Velocity of approach) ‘At shortest cistance velocity of approach will bezero Vy, e08 0-V, sin = 0 Viens =¥, sine ~ Ve Intiangle Ae'O. tan o= tang = V2 Me ‘Second figures graph of relative velocity of GoM We wet? From igure WyteRVahVyevyt % GY GY Me SMA OME tano= yy, View Ans Lee ‘Shortest cistance between two : fe. WaF + 00 GF Putthe valuecf then Page-8147 Metod:3(Using formulas) Shortest distance between twor |i Relate velocity of wrt. 2: 72 Unitrelative velocity: Relative position oft wet. 2: Putin (1) Shortest distance between two= Vile +Vole View Ans. ‘Method : 1(Analytical Approach) sR rec t 4 lo ‘Suppose intial distance of person from point C igm and at ponit B, particle tum in his way ‘Time to reach at point D: m=ttane | fsec8 Nee ve Mio ‘Since Ts function of @ then for minimum, time or oe ° 1.18 ‘ a = Lsecto+ xtano =0 {sector Mseco sec 6 =ntano sing = > a Then distance BC = !tan 0 t Bc= Method: 2 (Refration of light method) We know that ight travel via that path in which time vill be less. medium (1) ‘The recur (2) —~—a A Using law of refration Sini_ speed in medium (1) Sind ~ Speedin medium (2) sino ¥ sino” Ya sino = a length BC =/tan 0 Ans, | 1 O 4d Wf 6| fv q ‘| a ‘Acceleration graph: Intime interval 0-1 soc....Slopeis constant hence acceleration willbe constant and to slope of curve 1m/s*, Page-9Intime interval 1-3 sec. thence acceleration willbe Om/s?. Intime interval 3-6 sec......Slope is constant hence acceleration will be constant and 10 ‘Siopeiszero ‘lope of curve -t m/s? Intime interval 7 sec onward... Slopes ‘zero hence acceleration willbe Om/s? Displacement(x) graph: Intime interval 0-1 sec... Acceleration is ‘m1s* displacement curve has concavity upward. Intime interval 1-3 sec... Acceleration is (Om? displacement curve has straightine. Intime interval 3-6 sec.....Acceleration is -1m1s* hence displacement curve has ‘concavity downward. Intime interval 7 sec onward oro hence curve be straightlne.. Distanc(S) graph: Intime interval 0-1 sec. 1m/s* distance curve has concavity upward. Intime interval 1-3 ec...... Acceleration is Om/s* distance curve has straightine. Intime interval 36 sec......Acceleraton is velocity is Acceleration is 1m]? hence distance curve has concavity Upward becuase its increasing function. Intime interval 7 sec onweard......veloityis ‘zero henoe curve be strightine. 120 (2) Mean velocity in rodov is misprint and tis Es ‘mean speed then mean speed ="~ Ans, aR (b) Mean velocity= <> Ans. © a A 5] ree kon = Weknow =cGrau0 2ax « verwen (22)=258 ‘Average acceleration 2s Itis one dimension motion because direction of position vector Fis same.as constant vector a. =at(t~at)=3t-at?a ans. (0)Atinitil position ime t= 0 Fo ‘Atfinal postion atime at(1-at)=0 et Ans. Page - 1012 . trial at retuing point veloty wile ust tozerso hat parce wilbetumtackat met 1 0= a(t-2at) >t 2a ‘Thon position Bist distance then reend-t Distance travelled in up and down journey is: Og Sa qa" 4a” 20 dae (a) Vevt-t ‘Aer puting valuesoftime x=0.24,Oand-40m ans. ® Put x-£10 Ve Nand r=§ in eqaution 20x 11,9 and 1s Ans. i) Here we see that velocity will change erection ‘when it velocity wil be zero Vev,(1-9=0 T= Sse Distance travelled in 4 sec: Since ta <: \Velocty willbe one direction and then displace ‘ment and distance will be equal ev(e-$) + Ans. : Pose Distance travelled in 9sec: © v= © ive Whent>x v= @ive Since parce changes its rection hence we wil calculate both up end dowm joumey for distance calculation Up journey distance travelled to time t =< Whentm,gsina+t., mg>m,gsina+Ki, 9 cos a a Ge > sina thease () Starts going up mgsina>m,g+km,gcosa me kcosa sina rk me me < sna-koosa (o)Atrest Friction vill be static hence ratio should be between calculated above val m a -keosa<' sing ~koosa ce fos. m, gsina=0.5 mg Block m, has tendency to move down ward Netpuling free Femg-m,gsna-Km,9cosa ‘Acceleration ct eystem = MO=Mshna-km goose T= {=n -eosa) wT Page-31165 @) Before no siding between m, and m,: From F.B.D. of System m9 Feat ‘Acceleration of both block willbe same Friction between m, and m, willbe static then —oft 7m mat m+m, Forno sling this required friction should boless than maximum value of static friction tr=m,(wJ=: at ft mam tan2a= Putvalue of k: a= 4p Put value ofa in equation (): TEI = ae atte (on™ ojein ad? cos 4S? 0.14006" 45) Ans. N4T sin p=mg.cos p N=mgcos B-TsinB (N=k (rng e0s BT'sin 8) ‘Aljust sliding condition: ‘Teos=mgsin a+ fr ‘Tos =mgsin a+ k(mg cos B-Tsin B) mg sina+kmgcosp = cos B+ksin @ For Trin y=008 B + ksin B should be maxi- mum. Maximum value of cos B+ sin B = fick? Forthisvalue = =0 -sin f+ kcosp =0 tn p=k Ane, Ans. _malsina +koosp) hee @) ‘Attime f, of breaking off the plane vertical Tan ‘component of F must be equal to weight mg. Fsina =mg agsina=m9 mg asina Motion equation of block : ‘a, Accelration of block Fcosa =ma, 4 = steosa_ dv mat mv ‘Beosa cosa 2m de_aeosat a” 2m a [eae acosa jen Page-3319 470 ae cosa ‘Anglemade by fore vector ‘onaS Motion equation of block = 3! cosa= a asf cosa Where. is acceleration of block of mass m 8 an i ee (Equation of motion blocks) mow Motion of mass 2m T-kamg= 2mw T=2mws2kmg. Motion of motor T-kmg=ma. ‘Adding both equations 2mw+2kmg-kmg=ma a=2wkg ‘Acceleration of 2m wert. Bee “Bam ~Am, awa ewidw + kg = Sw kg ‘Suppose in ime t both blocks willbe met then tat = ha 8=2 Lowenae “Fe Method : 2 (Equation on system) ‘Onsystem.tension willbe intemal foree then kamg—kmg =—2mw +ma azawe+kg ‘Acceleration of 2m wert. m Bn Ben “Be awa Swebw + kg = Sw+ kg ‘Suppose in me tboth blocks willbe met then dat pes, s- Foweraye 7 Ans. Bw Hig Method :1 (Observer inside lift) a r Foroteervrinsde clever Teta mass of tem a= TB MMe —mg—mny, ee om age (M29) my But ansinirodov is given in vector form a, = NBA) va a, (44 — mg YG ~ Wy) Page-34‘Accolaration of mw. shaft ot ground EMIT) ™ +My a ona ® (OL MADBH Amy a mye Since tensions ral force then from al frame it willbe somo Force equation on block m, T=m,g—m, Wo=m, a... Tem,g—m, wom, t= WNG+ Wo) a +m re ited W0) my +My Forced appiled by pulley on ceiling ara Am itulo+ Wo) Forced applied by pulley on celing as vector form ey mam jevig) a AME sar AN (og) AM Ga, are He) Ans. Method :2 (Observer on ground) ma , |r Force equation on block m, T=mg=m, wy K 17 Forca equation on block m, T=m,g=m, w, @) Constraint relation between accelerations Wy MEM sn From above three equations ol =m)o+ 2m, w, ail 7 +m, (mg ~m,)g+ 2m Wo m, +m But ans in irodav is given in vector form Ba = (Ms=m2)G+ 2m; Wo Prat = m+ My Acceleration of block m, w.rt.car Bay = Mo alg =my)o# 2m, wo my +g i. = (=myorws) Ta tg ‘But ans in irodovis given in vector form a= eae = = )G ~ Ho) mm, Motion of body oninctine plane Temg sina=mal2 From() andy Page -35at toe 173 ate, Equation of motion of m, mg -Ta=ma, i) From (i, (i}and (it) myn +myim,-m,).9 ae “myn, +my(em +2) 174 Method :1 (Equation on system) Friction wil act as internal force then ‘Motion equation on system. Mg=mg=Ma, +m, (i) ‘Motion equation of m fr-mg=ma, A) Relative acceleration of wrt. M a 22 ‘Since length of ro is ¢ then 4 e. c=} (sae From (),(i)}and (i) amme Mme Method :1 Equation on. Motion equationof m fr-mg=ma, . sl) Relative acceleration ofr wt. M Since length of rods € then 1 ed asaye From (), (i). and (i) i. Page -36178 176 ‘Motion equation 7m wf) a= nmgenm S...i) From a Relative acceleration of rym wrt. a, = Sha, 3, Nia tea = 202-n) oe ed 3 292—n) _ 39 2 aed nes uw Motion equation of @) T=mg= ma Moton equation afi) mg= 2 = HMA ofl From ¢)a 2an-2) ned When body (1) travel h stance then in same time body (2) vavel 2 distance inupward ‘irocton using consrane relation as accolra- tion Sting willbe stack when body) avellh sistance and strike on ground. Now veloc of body (2) just before sting lack VE 2a Rhone) ‘After that body(2) willbe 2s projectile motion in 2 andcontinue moving inairn upward direc- tion until final velocity becomes zero. ‘Suppose body 2) travel x stance in projectile mation then VED nnn) From (ijandi(v) “0 Total hight rave from ground te 2 ne Sth ne ae FB. of wedge Naina =nma, F.B.D. ofrod mg-Noosa =ma, Forconstraint relation Page-37178 ‘aysing =0,co80 From (), yan ci: wy THN = May «iy Using constraint rotation a Irene "Net acceleration of block of mass m. 4m ‘Since sytem s statlonary ntrame ot wedge mg kma +ma+kmg Page ~38att=k) . tk o 180 F.B.D. of block (2) wit frame of wed: mg |At maximum acceleration w block will have tendency to slip up the incline then fr, willbe maximum and direction on block willbe ‘down the incline. 4, KN=k [mg cos a + mw sin a}. 41) ‘Since block is uncer rest with frame of wedge, then equlibrium equation of block along icine {ft mgsin a= mw cosa From equation (1) (mg cos a+ mw sin a) +g sina= mwcosa alt+kcota) ‘cote=K ca ‘Method : 1 (Equation on system wat. ground) sy 3 FB.D. of System 2 4, acceleration of bar wrt. incline. Since no foree on system in horizontal direction thon ‘Q= ma, + m {9, ~ 2,608 @hnnena(t) F.BD. ofbarwit. wedge ma, ma Equation along incine from frame of indine im, a, c08 a+ m, GSN a= MB nner) From (1) and (2) _ Mg sina cosa _ g sina cos * z memsira Thy gnte Ane. m, Method : 2 (Equation on block w.rt. wedge) FED ofbar ‘With frame of wedge, bar has zero acceleration erpendiculartoincine then Equation aengincine Nema, sina my, 9608 enna) 78.0 ot wooo a a br, “ u Equation long x rection Nsina=m a, ‘i from (ana ti ay=8 sina 8a _ 9 sna cosa memsinna Ms ctg Ane. Page -391.82 Using constraint elation ate, seonst. area Fay) F8.D. of System a, aoceleration of block ws. incline. Since force T on system in horizontal direction then T= Ma, + m(a, 2,052)... F.B.0. of block wet. wedge wo) ma, Equation alongindine from frame of inctine ma, cos a+ mgsina = T= ma, (8) From (1)2)and(3) __masing 91" 92" 2m(t-cosa)+M (a) With constant velocity v v 8 v z Woknow average frcois equa A= a ‘Suppose partic is inially at point Athen its intial momentum is Bemi ‘Alter quarter circle it willbe t point B then its final momentum vibe 3 =m change in momentum AP=B,-P=mj-mi Time taken injourney st then (i-4 (2) With constant tangential acceleration Time takeninouneyist. us 0n/s We know average forceis equal to: Bf ae ‘Suppose particle stat from point Athen its Page- 40184 Intat momentum ts Boot After quarter crt it wl!ba at point B thon its fina momontum wil bo B= mj me) Chango ia momentim MBuB Panag Avorigoforcowilbo a SP aod =mw,j : : ee Apparent welght Is racing of normal roa. Atpoint A 70100100 = 709+ OES = 7094 xen = 709+ 140.9 = 210g= 2100N= 2.1 kN Atpoint B Ne camel Patvatofm, Vand Negi ‘Atpoint mg Nemg=mvir FIR = M9 vurwell) Putvalue of V,m, Rin Gi) N=O7KN Oo Tangent acoloraton (a) mgsino 890 eet) Facil accaeraon fa) ee rR, Tt Energy conservation @ Fal = ovat 0s dcos?o na = 914 S008 Force equation in radial direction at this instant Aas. Page-411.86 ©) Component of velocity in y direction vevsing v= \20Gos8 sing VR 2G C008 9SiN Oo onn(l) Férv,maximum vile maximum Then’ = 2g ¢c08'0 sin? 6 wil be maximum aw dp = 0= 29 d—sin* 6+2coe! asin 6) =O 2cos*O sin26 From equation(1), 12 vis 2gtx2 FOB % mg Jf Ane. T=9mg.cos=3mg | © no acceleration in y cirection then a, cos 0= a, sin 0 21g cos?0=9 sin*o tan@= 2 ‘Since ball swings in vertical position then at extreme postion Only tangential acceleration is prerent Atentreme postion a=gsing Lowest Position only racial acceleration is prevent ‘Atowest position Using energy conservation 1g [¢~ Coos] =v? 2 vi=2g¢(1-cos 8) Radial acceleration, ‘According to condition ana, gsinO = 29(1-c0s 0) sin+2cos6=2 3 cosa 5 o=5s Ans. Parc wl real sphere when rol reacion ibe er. Asn ca cavatonin real decton mgcos o= Wargame Enero Page-421.88 _mg(R- Reos 0) From equation(1) 189 v= Ps Ans. 3 Top view + ae Spring force = F= A N= normal reaction on sleeve ‘Since no acceleration in tangential direction Nsino = x4 € cos Ne 6088 nsrnell) Equationin radial direction Neos 0+ x4 sin@ = mre Neos 0+ 24 € sin O= m(¢ At) cosec 0 we From(i) 2ALOS% cos) 4 Cine ated no x80) 4x8 £dnd= m e+ af)cosec 0 w xO 0= mermaewt 2K-£ k «(0 4) Wherekis friction coefficient Suppose cyclists at radius of + ‘Then fiction provide central ores to motion con circular path. ing 2190 eee erin ial Forx will be maximum ox, ar wg[t-E]-0 eB tm From equaon (1) Vou “hal Vou $vRooR ns. “Tangential and radial both accelerations only provided by friction because friction is acting as ‘external force. Here maximum value of friction = kg Velocity of car after distance travel v2 20d a, = Radial accoleration = ==2S ‘a,= Tangential acceleration = w, Fig 2M = ‘This force's provide by fiction then 191 [aa eget Squaring both side oc) k= friction coefficient Centipital force R CCentpital force will be providedby fiction Aiming conition ™ ckmg VskRg, set) Here all value ofv even maximum value ofv should be less than KR For y maximum R willbe minimum We know speed is constant. Also we are ‘seeing that radius of curvature willbe ‘minimum at maximum point of curve because curvature is small at top. Calculation of radius of curvature Page - 44192 ‘Atminimum value of curve radius: sinX 4 F.BD. of diferentallementeflengthal ‘a= very small angle shore ATS, Mme TNs st T (am 9 Equation of mation 21 sin—N 008 0= (dm) Roe 27 a~No0s 0 (4M) RW soon) Nein 0 =(dm) g (ng rT) Putvalua ot Nin ra SO cxestam at e-tiigeao=(anhe 2Ta~ Be (R2a)g 008 = (Ra) Rw mg tmg Since there sition between pulley and string hence tension in both side of pulley will be ciffer- 9M, BenQ) Page -456) When sting stat sipping me, a= Omis and =" Putin (8) Taking nof both side 1 “Take acferentil element that substend a very Harton ee smallangle do » Foros equatoniny secon + Beton 2s (eatsin S +T3in Dean ‘dT canbe neglect wrt. Tand sin d@ = dO 8 7 18 Zara To9 = ae fa ea.lay] aw sin wt j -bw# cos wt] Faminn mv" asinwil+ boos iO) Fexi+yj=asinwtlspeosw]-) From (1) ane (2) Fa-miwe fos. where 7=xi+ yj position vectorof particle Fem Fem fey Ans, Method: 1 (impluse equation) ) We know a =Impulse intimet wba fra-[-moet ‘Momentum change in complete journey P= -mgT Voi a Method :2 (Kinematic) ab 4am Oy y ve 1, =Ve costs Ve sins] Vecosti+(Vasino-ot)) y= Voosine Page - 47‘Momentum change in complete journey 2B-met 198 oP = Ans. 197 W= tinea accotration S 5 ie ey 199 ans. v Btr-cosmtl Jon Safo-conma ick Canc ibe easing ie Peis ao Mase - Fo Te com Calculation of time for first time stop Intial and fal both velocity willbe zero Page -48t i - (1) Jou = Bfoonman vewe oO ‘ : When V=0 mis then t+ 2 Ans. Fa ® Ow ave Few sno wean tee Ans. aa we (-)sign because Calculation of distance travell before first time ax om step velotyis decreasing Intial ané final both velocty willbe zero flo VeNe 2) {Atfinal postion Putthis value in equation (2) Putt= in distance equation 0. equation (1) ae Ans. From ¢). velocity willbe maximum when when sinwt =t Vee? Be Ans. 4.400 @ lin Put v=~2 equation (2) a viv t Iv ym a (-) sion because Ym heh ue a-(u-%2 verage elas DBBCOMENE Time Page - 491.401 we J voln=t) Avene eons OE Held Bin) AMG) a2 pos, = wl Fav? F=—kv? — wherek is any constant “0? ( Calculation of constantk vse vi. ke He we CCaleulation of dstance travel ‘Suppose atte t distance travel Is x then F=mgsina~hmg cos a ig sin axmg cos 0 Wsina-axgcosa coloration of block “ 18 gna eng sti Where Weg sina 9 0086 wn @ jeios aene axa 0= (9 sino) %q~ 2oeing te-de Catetatonofmaximum ve ‘twill be maximum when aad 9 =waaccelaraion a From(t Ogun a~aKg cosa Ssnasacgroce xettona a From) fro J (sina. xgcosa)dx Mi zi ageosa| BM = g sin g| tana |-—— Fo osname) 25 Vou = (SHE « [Bsnatane Page - 504.403 me raat To = fiction coefficlent Block start sliding when Fea=kmg ‘After tis time , block start sliding then ‘Suppose acceleration of block after siding stat iewthen mw= at~kmg ‘Assuming tet, + At. w= a(, + at}-kmg=at, From (1) mwe a at we at fov-2 farce From (2) Upward journey of particle veo Both mg and air drag wil actin downward direction as below FB.D. poreww 4g mg +k? mar mah! ange dv | mg+kv? Gs "om =m dv = (ong + hv) os * mvdv + leet From()and(2) mq KE+m9_ mp m8 Bag 2K agi po. ° 4 ° Position vector of particle at time t when it rotate by O angle e080 +r sino | 7 =coso i+ sno] o=m Page- $1= Fi =F (costi+sin oj) 1.106 = Eeosei+sinei (coswyatt+£ fisinwaya FE 7 7 Tarlsinwt 1+(1-cos mel =X Vena cova jton coefficient tangential acceleration \W, = Aceelératoninx direction Ans. ‘Adzeleraton in veloaty direction ngsinacos}~ kmgoose. W.= 9 (sin .cos 6= K cos a) wy, Putvaluo of K= tana W,=gsina [1-003 4 From ()and (i): W, Velocity of parce willbe zero for successive stops V,=V, 0086 R ~W) From (v)andiv) a sa07 putvalue of t= $F int) ae s= “5 (1-008) aF swt stance _ SF mw? ‘Average speed= — Time 2x/w es= ‘Average speed = Page- 524.108 Tenoentl xeon jem 8, then F,= flemosine= fares)osing Attime of break of, normal reaction willbe zero. F.B.D. of particle from frame of hemispher Where mw,= Psuedo force because observer at sphere mvp ‘mgcos0)—m w, sin 0, 49 008 8, Rw, sin 8 Using work energy theorem equation We forces = K-K, Wat Wg = Kye K, mv, Rsin®, ¢ mg [R-R os 0)= ImVe VB =20gR sin, + 29R [1-008 0] . From) i) ) seal] R ans. Patvaiunct Vein euation (1) 2+ /5+ P cova, «21a [s(n wero n= 2 Ans. Aparlcle is said to steady it we displace particle ‘away trom crigin, paticle want o regain its pos tion and also it we displaced particle toward or- in, particle want to regain its oxginal position. ‘Then from rotating framehave same angular speed aspattcle using centitugal force. v?_K oo It we increases then fr stable equaliorium Page- $3,1410 V8 (r+ dr)" -K(reae)" <0 sine) fee) Using bionomial expression Ey At steady state ig sin = m (Rsin 0) woos 0 cos 0° 22 case (i) weg enconse pty idee an ase only ene equiteum postion vl be exist and will be steady. Caso (i) IPR! = Work done by puling fore. sma Wena Increasoin PE. Due to gravity 1431 “ arta For equitbrium: Ditereniat equation) We -2ar3 spr? er 2am? +b? =0 2ary? =br5? 2a 9-2 For stable equilibrium “ oF Differentiate equation(2) =e =ene ‘Then equibiumis sable ans, ) For attractive force(F) au Fe oper tee For maximum value of attractive force) 6ert—2br3=0 8a 2b=0 Page - 621432 Ans. (a) B= a2? BY? ores) Forcentral forced ‘ where Kis any constant Position vector of pint of ppiication of force F = -2axi-2By] = -2faxl + Byl)onnnnll) ‘Suppose position vectoris F=xi+ yi ‘This s not eaen in equation () hence itis not central force. ) Method :4 Woknow upotonta surface are perpendicularto direction of force. Flonce equipotential surface willbein perpencicu slar direction of slope on fore. From) ‘Slope of force my ox ‘Slope of equipotent surface mm, =—1 oy, a aed xy Jovy fyoy=-afxoe wattre % Tisiselipse. Ratio of semi axis Method :2 Equipotertial surface is that point at which po tential is constant then ex? + By? =O, This is eipse. Ratio of semi axis we eee LF [= constant. F =-2 (axi+pyj) Lé 1-2 (ae BY =c, otteprec og ‘Thisis surface at which magnitude of fore ts con stant which san alps. Page - 63=i Ratio of semi maser axis = Wreten = 30¢+ tana) = 4435 4 | Aw <=> Velocity at point A iat ma mg(H—h) Va = JHB Using equation of trajectory : 00:9 Putvaluesin(@) 2-98 2g From (1) Pose (2gXH—h) Si= ah (Hh) att ane Sean att ForS maximum: 4s Sao 2,47 9sina kg cosa Wet-o41=0 $s isrtardaon. H Vieut+2es na, 2 i Final speed wil be zor. ar era Putvalue ot hin 9) ¥ cate as. & ‘2igsina+kgcosa] Wyn = AW =f, xS* (Keg eos a) a _ckmvgoosa = isina-+ Keosa} Page- 641136 ; ; wz hentai be ¥,2 gh ‘Suppose when particle reaches atpointB leave ‘contact with surface “Then ath point visor Force equationin aia rection a R ‘Vg =Rasino » Energy conservation equation img sin Aa, mug —Lm vg-+maiR +Rsino BOVE pm VG +maiR+Rsind) (B+ 20R+2V8 Civenthat Reta 2g 3Vf +208 eff Ay Putthia value in equation () 1 dgh=Rgsind yeh=Re' Lieb J phat gsing 5eh=Fesin 2 sin =F sewn) |At maximum height after leave circular track. ‘motion wil be parabola and at maximum height only horizontal velocity present Vous * Vy 608 80-0) = ¥,sino From (i) and Gi) 2 fe Ans. Vrs 3 V3 1 @ Vg,shoUd be as at maximum helghttension will ‘be greater than equal tozero “Then force equation at that point B mv 7 Ve = Vee Ug ney ton Vin ~ 496 ‘energy equation between Aand C 4 aid Srnvg =LmVin-mi 2 oR We =3et Patinct) Page- 651.138 ‘Since initially tension willbe perpendicularto ve- locity, it does not work and hence speed remain cconstantin magnitude hence we have tofind to- tal distance travel by particle before itsrike again tocylinder. Atti ‘Suppose in next time at particle traveled ds ds- tance than 3 =(l -RO)d0 fe F ey-RO0 Where Gnae = 2 From (1) ‘Time to strike while speed is constant 8.4 Vo 2RVe Page - 661.139 1.140 (fa ¢ °e Total lossinP€. of sleeve Gain in lat pototl energy of chord ines bie 2mg ¢+2mgx=ke bo =2mgx-2mge= 0 x2 2M9+ fangs axfamge) 2k = MO 46 fae +-2{s-fraZ) Ans. ke When ba ising of paren nerateon toss Feegateny son rajesh sing = Kfo= 9. _ m9 Keg key Engergy equation Lossin PE. Gain in KE. ofboth block + spring energy ) 4441 1 *\ x24 Ake (cosec 8— matete-(mvt).2e Sa ona 7 Ai) From () nd i Elastic string behave as spring LLetassume elastic constant of string is k, Elongation of spring=Ax= /, 5 €c0 ~ fy ‘Spring foree = k, ax Ki (E8008 — fo) =Kylo(se00~1)...--na(I) For equation in horizontal direction on biock ‘of mass m at time of slipping KN k,axsind= Where K=coefficent of friction ax sin O° K (mg -K,ax cos 8) ke tm _ S* AxsinO +k Axcos 6 kg) (ind +k, cosd)ax a kg = (Eno rKe0s0) (feed ~~~) D.ofbar ‘Since barls moving slowly. Page - 67rg 2 morn? 1.142 a 8 1.143 Ih ot (m4 -m,)9 mem, ‘Since system stat rotating slowly A ‘Suppose acceleration centre of massis H, “ oe = £40 andconstant nen FF =0 maine Form (i) x(r-f>) = mew Las tetee | ie wie (Sas y-mw? le* lm, tm, my rm, 9 Werk done by extemal agent ™ Increse energy of block sleeve) + serng Ans. Speed of sleeve =V= 0" “Then using energy conservation equation Work one by extemal agent Sav tate = pmv? +x oP Page - 68on, Gwen atm, = Sincathereisno more particle other than m, and m, Then COM will be in est then 4.445 Distance of both particles frm ther centre of Lot cistance between COM of ring and axis of rotation is. ‘Then force equation in y direction Tos 0= mg a) Force equation in x direction T sind = mr From(t) @ ‘ccaerationof com ay = 64? Force equationin x direcsion fjeose —Wsing =m 2) Force equation in rection ‘Since motion of com ishorizantal circular ‘motion ‘Accalerationin y direction (@f,)=0 Nesea + f,sina=mg From (ani) toma[snecttone] im o) From () and (i) Forno siping N=mgeos a-mew'sine Forno sipping HN> f, wom snes titese| 3 Heaso-ni? sina)» ma sin 22a] Inirodov y= k Page - 691447 Let velocity of frame (Kis V wert. inertial ‘ame Given that Vop.as =O itis possible when velocity of coms equal to velocity frame Vem =¥ ‘Assume m, +m, +m, +m,=m Kinetic energy wrt COM= f frame Velocity of COM with frame (K) =V Wie know that total Kinetic of system = Sum of energy of sytem wrt. com KE, of COM from Kame Let velocity ofk frame is Vthen From this new frame k Velocity of m,=V,-V Velocity of m, = V3 —V Kinetic: energy of system from K' frame: Kz JOM VF +d VF alt) ok: Fork, minimum 2K <9 aa amv,-vo}o[-erm40¥4-™] ef fe COSTTTOOOOT ee fos ar Kinetic energy trom tis frame: I Put value of Vin equation (1) : e ‘We know thatkinetc energy of system in (222 Jaw {rama of COM 4 2 = Fulvi-v acs Ans. bald 4148 Page-704.150 4151 (On system force is only gravitation field. me MyM, m +m =m ‘Acceleration of COM 74M, Votoctyattimet Vveurat = Von +t Momentum attimet From (1) Pamv “) Ven +t B= B+ mgt Where By = MV, Ans. Since acceleration of COM s constant then we can use Ans. am a Since dispacement of bock mis zero until Contact with wall break , wook done by Nor ‘mal reaction of wall on m, willbe zero Hence energy willbe conserved 4 jt = tmy(oj? + 2m,V2 Aygo? = 1m (0? + 2m,v5 Burd = smo? +5mV7 mV} = x(x? 1.182 ‘Method (1) (Non inertial frame) gees SLA WVOSOTOOTOT fs] F ‘Suppose at time telongation in spring is, m | reefing Net force on m, Fe [are eo a Bocause at maximum elongation or compres sion relative velocity will bezero =0 2F_mmy fe g(r +72) Gea Moximum distance = ¢,+ —2™E Tmtmaye Pr I"m, =m, Mol eistence = ¢, Maximum dstanc Ans Page-71Motnod «2 Work FBOrofm wet rot sands et Meet Wy 0 aod r 2F ra =0. OF oo 41.153 : Method : 1 (Energy conservation) @) - Initial i fom gx (+m) te Maximum distance = + Game ) : Im, = m, Minimum’ cistance = ¢, Maximum distance = +5 Ans. Method -3 [Reduce Mass Concept] ee ee & Reduce mass of system ‘Atmaximum elongation final velocity willbe zero. Using work energy theorm = 2uF mex 2E_mimy Fou = OOF Soa gy (+2) a imum distance = ft 2 ge 2ME Maximum dtanoe = (+ GE FP =m, Minimum distance Maximum distance ans, ‘Suppose when elongation is x, lower block start moving upward then Condition toleave ground of lower block 249 Energy equation of upper block Loss in PE. of spring = GaininK.E. (AK )+ Gain in gravitational Potential energy( AU’) veo Page - 72) When orotonin sora is 2 or block leave the ground. Energy equation between inital and final position. ty 7 final NL Ty tina m vy snl) Velocity of centre of mass at this instant Veg = BYE#O. Yo am 2 n= 9 ‘Anonimum height ral vlocy of m= 0 vera zoe Ma > 20h, (2) From (1) and (2) 49 Wy ‘This clitnce is ravelledby com aterleave the ower surface, Botor [eave to lower surface Displacement of COM: anova) aan 4mg n=. Net displacement of COM tm hehehe 228 ns Method :2 (SHM APPLICATION) @) For minimum value of Af final velocity of Upper block wil be zer0 and upper block perform S.H.M. and for &, Condition o leave ground of lower block Weknow velocity equation in SHM Vea a? (A? x2) Amplitude of Hie "/ For calculation of velocity when block leave ground) veseey -2e)]1.154 Ven = BOO. Mo me =O ‘NTnaximumteight al vlotyotcom=0 vias i 02S 29h, From (1) and (2 This distanceis travelled by com afterleave the lower surface, Before leave the lower surface Displacement of COM: x Net displacement of COM ang nenjens 22 ans. Before Jump mo) fen ftv, AM Eu Buggy (1) ‘Buggy (2) ‘ater Jump ae wen ca LEZTT ast, During his exchange momentum willbe con ‘versed because theres no force in horizon tal directionon system. {Using LMC equation on sytem ofall (ate) =(MEm, = Oe( Mem) : 0 ‘When person jump perpendicular to track , velocity of buggies will not change, Veloaty of a buggy changes because per son landing on the buggy. Using LMC on person (A) and buggy (8) Butinterm of vector \, has opposite direction as V, mV For Buggy (1) Linear momentum of system (1), before jump and during jump will be conserved. (m+N)V,= m(V, +) + MV, y= (MMV =mu (eae Page - 74For Buggy (2) iach wae anaiecn ||| ueeeaeae eiaimaniee (w+ V,)+ MY, =(m+ MV, wall) liver form. “rst Putthe value of F, in(1) V5 = GaeMy(am-+M) - i” asst yew Pee Ae Eo 1.156 ee @) aoe vif 1 Rate ry Varo maureen nen a [Att=0 Hengthin ait {letus assume at ime t x pat of chain is reating at feor. Inter of vector form Each particle of chain aren free fal then veloaty of chai at thisinstant vieue2as v= (29x, a) ‘Suppose dtm, dm mass is colide wth foor. ‘Then momentum transfer in dt time : g

m vat [paint] vee [Bsms eas () vee [Mande 09 Diving (1) by (2) ‘energy of system during colision 2 Vg — ima MVE 2' Fraction of energy loss (n) Arg — Jno? [sno orceon system of (m+M) 1.163 Intial Position Final Position ‘Attime of maximum height the body M has ‘only horizontal velocity of both m and M vil bbe same “Then using LMC in horizontal direction mvs (m+M)V, Ans. Fn +ig Note. Body leave wedge in tum journey. | 1.164 @ veo ey Page - 781.165 Attia instant veloty of m and M wl be sae. Using momentum conservation my,+Mx0= (m-+M) v, nF =(m+Myy, fran “i (m+M) Work done by all forces: We =k Displacement of mis S, and that of Mis S, from a trame iS, +t, Wh G,-S) Here S,-§, is relative ceplacement of m wr Mwhich does net depend on reference frame. ‘Werk done by rction foreson whole system is independent on reference frame. ‘Ans. ‘When observer or reference frame is in 1.166 1467 Vg = 02 + 29h vo= aah When observer or mmowing with, inl veloty of bal rom hs frame -Vp pamnenyat otbion tbe vi =V3-2gh ve ie=29n Ans. Note. Here displacement h is wrt. mov ing frame. rence frame i Since there is no net force , hence momen {um of system will be conserved. Final velocity of both wall be same and equal to Vbecause collision is elastic. (m,+m), 0 =m +mVp y-mivsemae mM x (3 - 2]) + 2¢4] - 6k) Method: 4 (COM frame) Before collision oe After collision @-v {collisions perfctaly inelastic then final velocity of each particle will be same, Because velocity of both particle have oppo site direction w. rf. COM. Where K is constant. Ill momentsn of system w 1, COM ‘Since collision is perfectly inelastic then final velocity wll be same. Page- 791.188 Using momentum consevaten B=(n,emyv Hence italy energy of system w. rt, COM | completely converted into heat loss. an=bKl-Ki-Kl-p-3 Where = reducemassf sytem 2 mem akedali-¥ lees alien Nenod: 4 » ak. Ans. Ground frame) b te After collision Vv Sineeeasen pete rtestc en fa ‘velocity willbe same and equal to 7. Using momentum conservation (rm, +m),V= m0 +m vo aH=[aK]=Kr-Kil a BO A al a ym ymNy |. Az i 2a ve Ans. (a) a 7 Oonm & efor collision Vs After collfaton {LM near momentum conservation) inx ie LV, 60s 0... (i) mvcem, Q Te inéer nomenium conserraton)iny aren Soin, my, 88.0) ‘Since particle m, stars mation from restthen we can say thatnetimpuse along in drs tion of motion of m,. ‘Then resitaton eqhation () wil be writen along impulse direction line of imgtuse tx (Vqe0s8) = Ve +\4sin0 .. From (i, i) and (i) (fm) Initia kinetic energy of particle (1) y Jaz, k= deve. Final kinetic energy of partic (1) sul) yz ™ oye Before colliaion a my ov ey, After ‘colleen ‘LCM (near momentum conservation) Vee MV, +MY, Page- 80Equationcfrestitution Vez Vp=Vy From (1) and (2) Fraction of loss Initial Kinetic energy of particle (1) k= dmg Fina kinetic energy of parle (1 “fz 1 b= gman omy Loss of energy = aH =k Fraction of ose ke AH bok Me KOR aie E () ™ wy Ff Before collteion mom vee By, Atter collision LEM (linear momentum conservation) im, Vg =m, V,—M Vy wen) Equation of restitution 1KVZ=V, 4 Vy 0) 1.170 m ™ oy Refore collision Vy my y \ 30° Jao" mY, After collision LM Ginx rection 1m, V,= m, V, cos 30° +m, V, 60530" . () LMCiny direction (02 m, V, sin 30° = m,V, sin 30? (i) ‘Since m, i initially rest hence © equation should be in rection of motion of m, Vo0s 30 V,—V, £0860. (i) From (ana Men ans. we ® ® Before collisioa ateer oott leton ‘Since particle (B) start motion from rest. Hence line of impact wil be in direction of motion of B. ‘Then velocity of particle (A) porpendicularto a) tL Sey ae suppose mast alist speed of al Serre rae ental Cand Brrtoein Alsat ngroden aA Becase oppest ee ain pide Fm end Gino ac ee cet mare pos i ecolyafBand Saar ee wshave wake Caer Ooty afBarecivareion Saree er atetetAuloo maximum. Hence 6, and 8, will be zero. LMC (linear momentum conservation) in x direction 3my=mv,—mv,—mv, jz av 4,4 V5 FbrV minimum v, +v, should be minimum, Using AM2GM Mahe 77, vecausobothare postive. Equality ishold when War. (i) Using energy equation eee ees a[gomn?)-gmsegmtoged aqV2 avg + V8 + Vf enn) From (i) (i) and (i) veev [1209] os. Method: 4 (From earth frame) m m v= tomis 2) Before collision m m Oru Gr» after collision Using Lom mv=mv +m, Vet yy2V on) Using energy equation 5 ‘Take negative sign because speed willbe decrease Soe Method: 2 (COM frame) Using LOM :¥, +, = 10.0.0 Energy equation frbm com frame: Page - 82‘Ans. ans 15. 7a 100 sl ee a 6-6 Before colision sa74 Mothod 1 (Ground frame) x ‘7 @ AO i O Ld After colleion : Liner momentum of system = . -mudemvat " og oman . yen that mtm, Mos Velocity of my wet. COM: 5m “ = myi+mavzi LCM in x direction Feed om 608 30 2u=5y, 8 - 2 Lominy direction O= my, -My, sin 30° yz ey, no 3% 2v, =v, ‘Method (2) (COM Frame) @ Page - 83,41475 Momentum of particle (1) wert coms Prem =H: Va) Poon =u (vival) Were 1s recuce mass rom COM fame my mp m+ my ‘momentum of particle (2) wist.com Prem = Hla Wy) Fram Tea) mgm /VF +" Prenl=Pren|= MEE ane T+ (b) Kinetic energy of system wr. com: 1 e Kamen = 28 Fl 1mm )is, Kamen {EB ve hind m+ My Ans. Method : 4 (Vector Meethod) ©= ® Before Colision m before collision. £6; =linear momentum of block m, just after callsion. By = linear momentum of block m, just after calision. Using LMC equation : B=, +B2 -6|= Pal aol =P? +P?-2P, cos PEP? EPE2PP\ C089 null) Using energy equation 2m, ae 2) 2pp,c088 2m, My mz BRL + M4) 5g ™ This is quatric equation n p and it has real root then D>0 Page - 84[fem mv 20 my” mye mm, ym imy+mg > my my a >m, 0 fake any value. Care (ii) : When pat Sinbaar™ ‘Only when m,>m, 6 Ans. ‘Method (2) (COM Method) m m7 'm,>m, Vien < Ve or +o amy mm Tien Vien < Vine wy wy sino,.,= ™, m, me Vans Before Colision Atver collision 478 In frame of com, in case of elastic calison, ‘magnitude velocity of incividual does not ‘change only its direction is changed. Caleulatc ‘Momentum of individual particle = .v, myn ‘Where y= reduce mass = marema Before Colision 1s relative velocity in ground frame. Velocity of individual particle = Where m = massof partic. Intrame of com, 8, can take any possible value lie between (0——2n). ‘Also we know that Fe Fico + Veome Now using tringle method Care (i): HV? Vena Page - 85After Collsion LOMinx direction mv = mv, + 2(mv, 6080.) VV, + BY, 0080) ell) Enerjy equation 120! 37 rn sa( Sond 2 1420050, Forrecol in opps direction ¥,s0 nevorne v6 4a77 (0) 1-2c0s86,) _(2sito,~ (aorta) Before Collision After Collision I colisionis elastic then velocity of both motocules will be inter changed in direction of impact. ‘Also velocity of particle (1) perpendicular to directon of ne of impact will not be changed. ‘Velocity of (1) after impact only along per pendicularto line of impact v,=¥.c08 6, Velocity of (2) after impact only along line of impact v,=¥sin8, ‘Then angle between two molecules willbe always 90%, ‘Ans. ©) If colisionis inelasticthen velocity of particle (1) along line of impact wll be not zero. ‘Angle between 7 and ¥, is notequal to 90°, Means whatever angle is present but not equal to 90", ‘Ans. 1178 ‘Method : 1(Ground frame) —F Ans. ae Fine eae Page - 861479 ‘Suppose at time t, mass of rocket Mand its velocty is v and extemal force isacting on rocket as shown, Innnext sor time a, velocity of rocket is v + dv andits mass isM-dM then au —+F Laan] aS Sav Veu Ae time eetedt On System impluse equation Far FF F t= (eM (V ev) va ev +0) -MV wiv SVaMle wave dvent sant such Se aun» Ois neglected Proved Method : 2 (From reference frame) Attimet rF— Qo] v=o Aime tveloty of rocketisy and in ctime eloty of rocket nrease by dV. Now we take a reference ame of volotyv Impluse equation on rocket rm his rame ee on oor “22 At time tstedt F t= P,-P,=MdV + ud -0 Proved Ans. 1180 Force equation uae Ie om wes-uln ae mem Ans. 4481 Method (1: (Cireular motion concep!) wd my ™m Sincs massis elicting parpendicularto direc tion wth constant velocity ateach instant then there is no change in magnitude of velocity only its cirection willbe changed. Also since u is constant, F will constant in ‘magnitude, hence mation will be circular Page - 87ste = m ff HTC) Spyies Since speeds contantJengh tach Sey vier From (i) ‘Thrust force equation on van due sand out vit 9 ‘eran, on Ans. ‘Method (2): (Most General Approach) P= M8 cevennon(l) Pena ea aero ‘Attime t, mass of van is m then. rection with constant velocity at each instant then there is no change in magnitude of ve locity only its ctection wil be changed. Ans. x \Velocty change in at interval dV as shown in figure then av = JVB 4V3 -W,V,c0s(d0) av =, sin 2 E pq a y= a av =2, 2-440 ae Method: 4 (F wd 04: 4 (Foree Equation) dt dt 8 a ny 8 LY omy, art XN Sot AtimetHere relative velocity sand wert. cartis\V ov ___mF ns oy = at Gy ent ans. ae 184 ar — ma are a A= FBV cnn) 4 Attimet, mass of van willbe 8 m=emyent From (2) aaa aaa ‘Assume at time tonly x length on horizontal tube. (om, * tas F —pVv : : five bea t 1 Vat l= * omy + ng 1% soe vl inozit Ft iy +at ove ox xan a Tye ans, ive because xis decreasing. bets Ans. 2 (Ime mn on system) t Method:2 (Impluse Equation on system) ~ fave veztaney At final time t=t Impulse equation on system : (m, + ut) V-0 Ft ig tnt Page - 89Then N=2 Jab Ans. Method : 4 (Angular Impluse Method) (ey) smotygcos)t Jat emovjoose fea e = mg V, cosa, L= Smavy 1 2 ‘Athighest point using mg Vii 005 & Ans. mov, (43 2 owe ¢ 4, Nisin? acosa ae g Method : 2 (Vector Method) 2 Ans. v,sna-ot 187 op=xityi a= Npcosans[upsan-Joe Ji. VeVgcose 1+ (Vysina-ghj-—-@) We know i, =mix From (1) and (2) petmateorat Aas ‘Athighest point t= sasha @ ‘Since surface is smooth , there sno friction force. Here only normal ration will be present. Every points on xx’ axl, torque will be zero, hence angular momentum wil be ‘conserved, Page-90C =mv ecosa(-k) T =mvecosa(k) O) Teoso=mg... Tsin@ =m Rw Tsin@ =m (ésin@) we a) ‘Angular momentum about a point is ‘conserved if torque about points zero. Torque about centre point (") = Torque due to mg + Torque due toT = Torque due to mg + Torque due to T cos 8 + Torque due oT sin 0... ‘Torque due to mg =~ (Torque due to T cos 0) ‘Torque due to T sin @ =O 1=0+0+0=0 Hence angular momentum about 0’ willbe conserved. ‘Change in Angular Momentum about O: SON y intial position {7 ¥ Chem PONS Ans. ‘Where m= mass of planet M= mass of sun Where a= length of semimazor axis ‘Then distance of point Awith sun =a(t—e) Distance of point B with sun za(i+e) Using angular momentum conservation mV, a(1-e)=mV,a(1+e) vate 1-e Energy of planet 4 yz_-SMm - tmv3- B= ge alte) Using energy equation 1, GmM 4 2 ~ sae) 2 y= 1210 Put, in (i) + (seF Gm gmVi(-er alt Putin (i) Ans. ‘Sun Energy conservation at point And B on points of trajectory Apyy2 SIMs. = Amyg SMa. ge 3 ‘Angular momentum conservation about ‘sun because net torque about sun is zero mV,r sina =mVr,, Vgysina =Vr, From ())and (i) {raf-eanaFe]: Herey = G @ sin for maximum distance © sign for minimum distance Page- 102a2 ry Hero M,® mass of sun m= massot cosmicboty minum eistance Botwoon sun and lant, Y= Velocity at minim stance Ung energy conservation 1 tas yes yea Stk sowll) Using angular momentum conservation: my C= MV, VEEN gt From Gj (i) Mass of differential elementis dm. This cifferental elements ring. Then Potential energy wy = S000 sony tren oR - +f Fr? -BRrooso yk Peg ‘Take cone form at point P as shown in fgure solld angio mado by dq, and dq, on Pwillbe nth A it) 7 Whore, sar atpateof dm, and, (Savon at parte of en Grated! tt pork duo to, mass ea Croviaonal edt port Pdueto cm, mass eno ‘Not gravitational field at point P_ B=E,-E, eee a Since mass deni uniform and equal to 9 then Putin (a) 0 ‘Then dm, and dm, is point ike source then field at point Pis zero due to dm, anddm,by ‘symmetry. Net field at P due to ll mass distribution wl be zero. Page - 1034213 1214 Work performed by gravitation force We=~ (U, -Up}= Up -U, Assumption u, WE U,= Vg eccen(t) Where V,= Potential at origin US = Potential energy at origin of particle m je know Potential at contro a a) Where Vis potential ue complete slid sphere soa ZR Putin @) Ans. “ ° roma. 1.211 su ans. ans. Field is only due to mass inclosed in dotted sphere then let mass of dotted sphere is m then 5 FP unl Putin (i) ROR weno loi Al) Field graph “ rotenctan orapn Page - 1041218 1.216 &) = density of material = distance between two centre of sphere Using super positon grinipla field without cavity field due to cavity Where R, is racius of out sphere and R, radius of avity Coder? Gp °° Sar Salt, -£, 4 =-Gr3nGs in) =~ Gp Set, 4n = coe Ans. IE1 Which s uniform. Method : 1 (Force methog) M “Take a ifferential area cA at distance form contre. ‘Then force on this area F..D. of differential area +0 Here we take cylindrical element of uniform ross section dA to calcution of pressure. {dA must be uniform from cenive to surface ‘because at each point of force wil be parralle! to each other sothat there Is no need of to ‘make component of force, For calculation of pressure area willbe same. Then () a=(Sam SH anyieoe Hore dF is net force on surface at dA area Boalt ont] oe an 36M? Pe Bane gone aan" | RF Ans. Method : 2 (Pressure method) Pressure difference at r distance for thickness of ar dF = SME dey Re Page- 1051217 () Letattime t only, mis prevent at surface and inex dt time dm mass come then Gmdm u=- Se Gm ur R out RR Ans, ) Letus only rags of x of sphere is formed, at ‘time t_and in next dt time dx redius again formed. Now mass of sphere of x radius is m and that of dx is dm. Self energy of m and dm mass pianxdn| x! dx a Ba, RS S Pennant 3° 5 m Ta Sar’ 1218 Ans. Case (1) ‘Same senso of rotation LR oN natn For satelltes (A) GMem Gite eran” Relative angular velocty: ws: (-(-4)") Using bionomial expansion Fes) ‘Then time period Case) Opposite sense of rotation Page - 1061219 T Me = Ror w, = Acceleration due to gravity w= Angular velocity GM R,= Distance between sun and earth M,= Mass of sun Ans. For ; ‘change in gravity: Then his comparable to R %-9=S)— wl “ah! tr h=(J2-1)R3h =2650km Ans Page - 1071224 1222 ‘Atmaximum height fnal velocity willbe zero. Using energy conservation from Ato B 1.223 mw m= Mass of satilite GMe wer R Me = Mass of earth, we @ n= distance between satelite and earth centre Page - 1084.228 2n [oMe Rt ‘Since satelite is motionless as seen from ‘ground observer then time period of satelite must be same as earth about its own axis then 1.205" 2n ramets ig Rr RI=4210¢km, V=Rw=4.210°% 22 mist Ans. ly Where Me = Mass of earth R= Distance between earth and satelite 2s w= Angular velocity of earth axis = m=Mass of satelite. Rolative velocity (V) On particle Mm He mew, Relative angular velocity ww Relative velocity (wr) Relative acceleration (a,) Force equation from y ~ axis Mm Re Fea = Fu + Centrifugal + Coriolis = Real force.on particle ees 2a TVR Page - 109.si 2aR 9 [SMe ae Gh Bare ans. F = Gravitational force» SM Centifugal force = mv! Coro torce=2m(VW) ra 2a |» [EM won| 3B mH |» 1207 ans. 128 M, : $5 oF ee [om _ aR Wor Yor “Vin Resistanca force F = av? Case (1) YV,= Orbital velocity M_,= mass of moon mea at Page - 110ofearth, [oman Rita g ve PE wtarais oe ) Escape Velocity 1.229 4 | a Serrcretpemn re, tamanuueaa surface willbe TEM ve= sr ‘twe want to establish in R radius then Ans. 1228 1230 R—> ‘Where R= distance between moon and centre Page- 1111231 1.232 Gian _m\ Re R fj we V, = orbital velocity satelite Ebeape velociy(V) Amnyg SMa 2 Ne R no SI vay. Additional velocity need: aV=V,-¥, ave 2-0 [™ Ans. = —e) ar ___ > ‘Ascume at point P field is zero Sm__Gam x (aR=xP nR-x= xi nk ea Ans. If particle mave slowly from earth to moon then \workecone will be minimum. ‘Graph between potential and its position Inprocess = tr srs oplntorvtyto vedo In process P=2: ta mint orev omove on som oUt toving pati om (1a (2) han ee coas Sexi porbaie a0 wen son nal gration pullon parce aa ee isarfr tom eath cote Foie nat oe Re Hanes pla wena meye te ote seo becnsey, oe on don by spaceship From (0) Wet Wor = Mim Memecm Rin Feo ‘Third cosmic velocityis the velocity of particle so that it leave solar system (Sun). Energy of particle from earth observes 2M 2a “ 1 \V, = Relative velocity of particle trom earth observer. This energy shoud be more than binding energy of particle in sun gravitation. Orbital velocity of parle in sun gravitation Page - 11217 Dynamics of solid body Escape velocity: v, = JZ, 1234 Extra energy = | rv, Wal = ve AF : 1 a F, a=2mis’ m Us Fy te lo}—> F, | W-a cm |o} Ua Ans, Page- 1131235 fl -sbip(AT +B) Ri=(aB-bayi N= aB-BA soot) We know NenF Where 7, isarm length of force 2) F= (ate (aB-bA) Vata 1n,= Arm length = Perpendicular distance between origin and line of force 4.236 2 Fy = Als) Fe Satae 4) ‘Then torque of Faq, about O .@Q) Where 1; isarm length of force, N F From (1) and (2) ‘Ans. Ans. ‘mtangm of ste ofuare Fa = FFF FSF +F V2cos 45° = 2F * F,=F-FV2sm 45° =0 Foal = 2 Direction of fore is x as ans. Suppose distance of pont of application Pis t xistance from 8 “Then torque due foal force about pint P=0 Torque about P Page- 114(F cos4s*)x-(PV2)1+ ae @ (Feos4s?)x+(Feos4s")i=0 1 dm FD Ans. 1238 @) om as Moment of inertia of dx thickness ise = (dm) e= (Fe) # a2 fit Where p= density of ise = eens T Ia me t= po2afcex Es Ans. 2 » t= Foor? ee 7 © i + fe | ‘ w \ tox 7 Height of cone=h = Reot 6 = (6m),2 (6m), at= De tanto Page- 1151,25 (ém)R (dm) (x44y?) = Extdm + Dy?dm yet ter Proved Uniform Disc aR Using perpendicular axis theorm heheh, Bysymmety balck Wnere f= moment of inertia due to complete ise (without cut) |,= Moment of inertial of cutting disc Page - 116(2) Caleuaion of om m= (4eR* ap Divide (1) by (2) ™, a= 2tampt If mass of shell is M then 1.143 eeeep eee aa M cylinder [4s Method : 4 (Force equation on each) mg-T=ma———— ()) Page- 1172 (+4) Ans. 2m Method : 2(Force.on system) Torque equation about centre of eylnder on whole system ‘Work done of weight (mg) = Gain in K.E. ‘Work = mgs a =me(2a°) From (1) 1.248 In maxwell dise , bar is pull as acceleration of contre of disc is zero. Acceleration of bar = Ra. ce hen 1.245 my ‘Suppose atimot, rod make angle 8 fromits ‘iginal poston then. Torqueabout A Ficos 0 =la Page- 1181.246 in ma aN Cylinder R % t 1, % a im B Ind omg | mo ma (Equation on eaen) mg-T,=m,, 0) Tamg=mgyenti) 2 (,-T)R= a onl B= RO rel) from (9, i) sind (uv) feemete ~s T,=mg-mRa T=mg+mRa 1287 Dividing (2) by (1) Method 2: (Torque equation on system) 2 mR? MRE enarmane (os? oapt tt (rm—m)9, sa (mtme2)R mg-T,=mRa a= m,Ra. o Ti-mg=mRa TEMG + MRE nnsene2) Diviging (2) by (1) mg+mfa _mim+ 4m) Ra ma(m-4m,) Ans. Method:1 (Force Equation on each) mg-T,=ma,.. T,-km,g= may Al) Torque equation on disc mR? 2 (,-T)R= a,=Ra (wy From ()y (i) (i) and (iv): a, = 2% — km) m+ m, + 2 Displacementin timat Page ~ 1191 gm km) a m m+ m+ (m tt Workdone of friction = dang = LS emt — kom) eons amg, ~ kam J? m-+2(m, +m,) ana: Method 2: (Torque equation on system) ‘Torque equation on whole system about centre of pulley 2 mpeg RE (me—ione) = mi time Displacementin time t 1_g(m-km) 2 +S F 2 ™ im tm tt 2 Workdone of friction = am, (m, — krm,) mgs = 1 8 tml) 2 = (nome) oe (imeieecten) m+2(m,+m,) a1.248 cylinder F.B.D, of cylinder Ne kn, ; wy N kn "3 Force equation : KN, #N,=mg...() KNJ= Ny senso) Torque equation about centre of cylinder 2 KNR+KNR= Ta me ze nl) KRIN, +N, From (i) and (i) mg Nand Putin (i) = Zeal Kk) RQ+K? = MERCK) ‘akg(1+K) No. of turns @ _ wiR(+K?) “On Bkag(l+K) Page - 12021.249, Calculation of torque ‘Where df= friction force on differential element of= KLAN) weknowW =W, + at ake -w-Sk8, 4 3R wR Akg Time calculation before comes in rest Rotation angle calculation before comes inrest wd =—kw"d8 j w'?dw = -feao owen 6 “ 3k ‘Mean angular velocity 2? Ans. 0.1.25 Moment of inertia of chord Pulling force = 1=mR? “Toque about © Page - 1211.252 on 2m RUM + 2m) mR ON mg sin N a xX a, ‘Method: 1 (General Approach) Force equation along incline mgsina ~ f, = ma,,. ‘Torque equation about COM Rf HOt enema) No slipping condition a, = Ra From (1), (2) and (3) 10 fa Atslipping fr=Kmg cosa... From (4) and (5) 3) mgsina 10 ogi kmgcosa = F>mgsina Ko tne 35 (a) wn(B) 1 pre 258° si 1 ype Be sie Tere 2 sin? = Smg? sin? a 2 fa 14 Method: 2 (With the help IAR) (a) Torque equation about IAR (mgsina)R=2 mia Torque about com 2 aR% ie = mR Rf = mR a From (1) Sgsina 7R fr=2mR 0 fr=Bmgsina., Atstipping fr=Kmg cosa. From (2) and (3) kmgcosa = Pingsina Page - 1221.253 ® @ KE.= 1 pie 258 sin 10 TXTR? ‘Smg? sin? a a 14 Ans, ylinder mg > Method: 1 (General Approach) Force equation 27R =a P= Zmgit Ans. Method: 2 (With the help 1AR) ‘Torque equation of IAR which is attached with of string 3 ar% mr’ mgR = 5mR%a (b) 1.254 2g an Ans. 2g = Ra = Fon 3 Force equation on cylinder mg-2T=ma mag mg—20 = E 7-78 Ans. 6 Powor of gravitational force Perv =mgle,,() 2g 2 = 1t]==mgt me( 28 ) 3 Ans. With the help JAR F.B.D. of cylinder in frame of lt F ( ma sty) Torque about IAR =M(G+Wo)R =Smr%a a= 29+ Wo) 3R 7 2 W'=Ra=3(e+%) Interms of vector 2 wi=s(e- im) Ans. Torque about com Page - 123a, = arzsine Teme ‘Ans. F mR leyinder 01.256 wow F x smgcot nn 80 Method:1(Genoral Approach) oF Force equation along incline mg sin a afl), m9 F “Torque about CM oh of time of tipping faction wl act at maximum No sipping endton peepinie oreo equation in direction a, a) N= Femg 1) Force equation inx direction From (1) (2), (8) KN Mag vn) mar? sina fos. ‘Torque equation about COM von Tm a Method:2 (With help of IAR) eos ‘Torque about IAR point P FR-ENR=| 5k |e __) mgsina r= (1+ me)a No slipping condition mgrsina a = mersing l+mr 0, =a Page - 124Og, = 7 sel) From (1) (2). (3) 4) 2kg Bn nC) = ing. 2-3k e 0.4.257 F ‘Angular acceleration-a @ Force equation along x-axis ieee F cosa-fr=ma, 0 Torque equation equation about com a, “Fr Rir=1a=ymR? Fre Rir= La = yma? ee) From () and (i) F(Cosa-7) 7 m(y +1) >) ‘Work done by force F is equal to chang netic energy: ‘Angular velocity atime t: o=0,+ar % 7 a =0 Torque equation on sphere (A) 2 zr= a, anton R F(Cosa~ 7) oe R= 1) Page - 125‘Torque equation on sphere (B): mR? aTR= a, _mRa, ae} From (i) and (ii) ane Force equation on (8) mg2T,= ma Constaints| ‘eceleratn of point P mg 2T,= 87, wa 70 (@ 1 Wi Mg ™ Troque about point Pfor system IMaR+ mgr +R)= [GR +-(+ Me] __3mgR+MgR___ gR(M+3m) mR? T+ MR? | Sm? ++ MRT Hence acceleation of particle a,=3Ra _ 3R?g(M + 3m) 94 = OmR? +14 MR? g, = 38 +3) a Mone R @ ‘Soppose acceleration of mount is, Then Force equation on system Fe(m,+m)a,, ouek m+m, “Torque equation on sphere about it centre mR ‘Acculsration of point Kor pulling agent end ph Gm tomy 2 mom +m) Ans. Page - 1261.261 Method: 1 (Basic Approach) ‘Method: 2 (On system) 67) oF ‘Suppose acceleration of sphere is a,,, and ‘angular acceleration is cr Force equation Sp= MBq oennvell) Torque equation 2 ARR oo) Negative sign because torque Is opposite of ‘angular acceleration in diagram. fon" Ra ae ee From (1) (2) and () eerie ‘ 2 mim) om ‘Acceleration of plank waa, Reb rnannenenl 8) From (1) 2) (8) and (4) Suppose acceleration of sphere is @,,, and angular acceleration is a ‘Acceleration of plank ( = 34 — Rot force equation on system (From ground frame) Fm, 044*M, (2aq~ Ra) 0S OF ‘Torque equation on system with frame attached with centre of sphere which isnoninertial frame ma,R-FR (mae +2 la From () and (i) ‘Ans. Page - 1271.262 Method :2 (Alternate Method) @ <| Slipping 9 Torque about bottom point is zero. Hence an- gular mementom willbe conserved about bot- tom point tren C=C tmR Vy nnn na(t) From (1) At time of pure rolling mR Vo =Ro cm From (2) 7 1 =m? [Erma] = mR? + mR(RI) => mR w ) Using angular momentum conservation Litt = Laat From (i) and (ii) 1 a. 3 2. W dL nR?w, = mR? w= w= 2 2” 2 3 Torque equation about com mR? tng [7S a=70, kR We know that we, tat. -( Final angular velocity(w) mw aR® Ans. Method :1 (Alternate Method) Stipping Force equation =ma,, (2) Using kinematics equations: w=w,-at Page - 128(3) Veagt V =kgt (4) For puro rolling we know V=Rw From (3) and (4) 1.263 ‘Suppose at angle 6 ball leave the sphere then Using energy conservation equation Lossof PE.= Gain of KE Rw v2, eer +r\(l-cos8) Force equation in direction of centre of bigger sphere mV oe Qty For leave contact N= 0 then mgcos0—N = 1.264 m2 mgcos@ 0 = then is (Rr) Ye a(R+r) Put cose in (i) fro eRe) cos ‘Suppose at ime t solid cylinder make 0 angle with vertical Using work energy equation 0) =mRve FE MRVE nr Putmgcos8 value in equation () jmvg Sma? —mgR+R(N +mRw) 3 ny? 2 my? Fee mB mg ll) For stopping bouncing. minimum value of N shouldbe greater than Owen W willbe maximum .N ill be minimum, ‘Tis condtion wl be como wh Hence we have to aveid Bouncing at 9 = a thon there wil be no bouncing before 6 = a. Now for minimum V, Put =0 in equation (i) 3 z 0 = Somv 3 Lm? +m aR 4 d Page - 1291.265 Puto = a.and Rw value in (i): z FOR +FoReosa Ercosa0 Ans. va Initial Position ‘Since angular velocity (w) is continuously de- teasing then thereis chance of minimum value ‘of normal reaction at ground when particle is at maximum height or top of hoop. i “Pinal Position ‘Acceleration of centrein y direction willbe zero. Force equation In y crection on system wr. centre of hom. 2mg-+N = mRW? inal angular velocity 3 velocity of entre ‘Atleaving ground surface Using energy equation 1.286, dLinv2 + Ling oe Lar ehid olm(ary =mg(2R)+ 5 m¥ +0? + m(2V) Joiestnie (4) 2 le 1 21 1 ry =r 2+ ol tL 2m¥2 2 J me?)28. meh + (6mR)E Vp = /80R Ans. Method:1 (Most genoral Approach) m2 yng sev ‘Mass of crawler (m) = Mass of curve parm, }+mass of straight artim, ) Where (M) lass of curve part ‘Mass of straight par(Upper and lower) Mast wer tht pan= Be Kinetic energy of upper straight part Lm, K, =. ™ vy = mV? 1 AVY = mV? nn nl@) Kinetic energy of lower straight part=0 (3) Kinetic energy of curve part ‘Onboth crawler, curve becomes. circular ing Then Ky zur Linptadimn(Z) ym sne(5) K,=my? a) Page - 130rom (2). (3), (4) ‘Total kinetic energy KeK+K,+0 Kamm? From(1) Kemv? Method :2 (Assuming radius Is very small compare to length of belt) m2 er cere Kinetic energy of crawir is ony in upper part ‘and lower part has zero velocity hence kinetic ‘energy ofthis part wl be zero. Velocity of top point v2 t1)er kKemvt Ans. Note. In case 2,, ans comes because this ‘energy does not depend on radius Hence second method is not 2 We know kinetic energy s given by IM reference frame is not traslatory. And if refer- fence frame is transiatory then we know to use Kinetic energy of COM. ° 1288 © From this rotatory reference frame . centrifugal force on partici of mass (ém) is oF, = (am) Fay = L(am)qw? = w? (dm), ro Ben) m wR, vinae R= 280 patent con Ans. Page - 131en 1 py? sin20 an Cor tore Fy sn s. dF, =2dm{9 xi) B,,=25 (dm) =2( dm Method :2¢Angular Momentum Method) 7, iavelocityof COM, Ans. 01.289 Method :1 (Torque Method) Ans. ag, =wlémpsing 1270 Moment of eontriftgal force on itferentalele- 3 ‘ment wt. point © _ 2 de, = (d,)xxcos0 = dm(w'x" sin cos) mo = ds(w' x? sindc0s6) ae. ) westerns rane ig wna @ angular velocity as rod, rod appears in rest. 1m 4 Because torque ofcontifugal oro willbe ba. wi Fsinocosd | x'de ance by torque of gravitational free. ” F680. of ro Page - 132(ammpsing w* (Centrifugal force) Torque of centrtuglal force at diferential ‘elememt about 0: dr =[(dm)ssinOw |xcoso Jar=[(dmxsinow'xcos6 5 sin Be0s0 ‘Torque of mg about © 1 Tap =mgLsind ne = 8 From (I) and i) for equilorium Pm? 1 Erne sin cond =mgzsind _ Je cos = 28 ns. aazr Where = coefficient of fiction X,= Perpendicular distance between tine of mg ‘and N 1272 Force equation iny direction N=mg Since body isin otational equilibrium then then tergue about COM will be zero Kmg a 2 ka et ‘Suppose at time t cube is displaced by x dis- tance then Torque in clockwise direction about otiginis Ans. a —Noor,¢ 5) +m9 0+ 5) a a = mg (etx, + 5) +mox+ M95 = 3 7 = =ma(x+5)—=ma5 mg! —mg2+mg So 2 st) Initial angular momentum about origin in clock= wise sense 1 L=myt 03 2) Because ofthis torque and intial angular mo- ‘mentum about origins opposite crection an sularmomementum willbe decreasing continu ‘ously and final becomes zero Ans. Page - 133,1273 Enecgy conservation equation 1 Mr Mr L a a 32) Aew + sm[r +(0%)'] wl) Using angular momentum conservation Linear impluse equation J=MV,, ‘Angular impluse equation about com Emit w 2°12 6L ml” w(t) 7 e=>- 4 F,= Centripital force 4.274 @ fs o l 1 v m Before Impac IM After impact: o IM Angular momentum conservation about hinge miFrom (1) and (il) 12mv 1Gm+4m) (maa c Cea ‘Ans. (b) FBO. of rod F a re Tm Aftor Impact Dofore Impact ‘Angular momentum consorvation We can nogloct m compara to M: Using onorgy consorvation aftr collision ‘Wo can noglact m compare to M: 1 see PE ~cosce) From (i) and (i!) ee P84 cosa) weit P(-cosa) M/[2 .@ a= |= glsin’ = en V3 w: yall isin( $ i m @ 2. (b) SP (m#M)V,,-m, i s(m+M) > mv, ‘Wo can neglect m compare to M: U AP eM W mV, Putwand v, then AP aM, vin £) Blocause hingo applied force during Impact ‘Ans. Page - 1351216 © © {Observation of motion of hinge) ore done by force F = Change ink. ofeyetem (MR?) 1f MR? 2 (MR) 1 MR a ° wai(F)e a4 - From ans (a) part Alicea mM) ( 7 ae For momentom of system constant, hinge force ‘during collision will bo zero, For this purpose hinge velocity during colision willbe zero, Angular momentum conservation about hinge Ans. Me tan — 3 ) Using near momentum conservation 1 a) é Divide both equations 7 2 _ = Ans. o eal 3 Initially [ = 6 and no torque on system about my conte of disc then [willbe conseve always i E1,W, = constant a do Vat by i. z1,d0=0 1,0, +1,9, =0 F ‘Where , end 0, angular displacement of dise : and person from ground frame. Then Using angular momentum conservation per 9F 2 ne y-9)= (:t-na) EC ayimee-a=0 =_™e'___2mg" 2m 9a (1-22) ans. Bam mam Ans. Page - 1364.278 ©) ‘Suppose angular velocity of discs w then Using angular momentum conservation Rem Roe) ~ Ro maio=o( oma’) amy) Gm +2m)R ae dt am, v(t) (ram at mR?(__2m, dv) 2 \R(2m,+m,)) dt mm,R_)dV'(t) 2m,+m,) dt @ pose final angular veloc is w. Since net torque on sytem 2070 then akg angular momentum conservation about conte of cise 1 +15, =(l, +1 wa bth aie ra ) . ‘Work done by internal friction AW =AK=K,-K, 1279 ate bi ha? AW =F + oli pathy G+Ly +1) ym aa - Ox v Before colision iy @x1 hv bn Atter collision Since there is no force on system , linear ‘momentom will be conserve Using linear momentom conservation mV=nmV,,+ mv" 0) Venv, +9 Equation of restitution (0) y Using angular momentom conservation about point (A) 0+0=0+Lom + mx Vem. av, +tw-v 2 Page - 1371.280 Yow iy From (iy v(4—n) an oo 1 Geni a Forv'=0 nea Ans. Forrevorse dition ve nea Ans. (2) 90 rotation ‘Moment of inertia ef motor + patform = | ‘Angular velocity of sphere = w, ‘Moment of inertia of sper [Angular momentum about 00' xs will be con- served because torque on system about 00 is 00. Final angular velocity along 09 axis wil be same, for motar and sphere. Using angular momentum conservation about oo'axis O+TyWe =(t+ lo) [Wo 141, set) Work done by motar= change in kinetic energy order) T+ 1q)w? From (1), Putte value of w +180" rotation ‘Angular momentum conservation about 00 es. + y= W—hm, wa 2loWo I " ‘Work done by mola= change in kinetic energy Lite ting)2 aw =(4oe +g )-Zt.ug ( 2 mi) ae aw =4iw 2 aw = 2% aac! 1 0) Page - 138FD. of od ‘A fixed end provide both force and torque “Torque equation on rod about fixed point l romgh=0 a 4 = mg fr FB.Dof axis 00" Ans. @ Angular momentum w.rt. © ie =" wsind 8. 7 Ans ‘Angular momentum along axis 00" ‘Component of angular momentum wrt. point Calong axisis angular momentum along axis Ly, = Leos(90 - 0) =Lsin® = M sind Ans. ©)Here w= Angular presession velocity which is along axis. ‘Than gyroscopic torque % = WL t=wiWsind vel) eer Torque of gravity about hinge 4 matsind (8) 4 Se we kr that gyroscopic orqueis provides by gravity Mijn = wind at a lw (b) fal FBD.ofrod Fy misin @w? yr cotiugalfrce Fo= misinow" Ans. zee oe yweten mown) = wsindcoxd Moment of gyroscopic forces tsikL eo me sine os, = en’ = Dante! < em! poy fs ion @ ‘Torque of pusedo force about origin, TEMQEW) bennernncll) we From (ane (i) mig + w)l = anmRw ._@+w)l wae") ans. an Page- 1401208" vertical axis 9 equlibrium axis tang=“% 9 Fog = feg? + mw? = mg? ew? ‘Now gyroscope mation w aX Torque aout xed pint © Torauo of gyroscope seb Fl=wiwsing,... Torque of not fore emg ew Tsin8, nmi) From () and (i) w'bosind, = mfg? +w'lsin 8, wee joa, Ww 1.206" 1.287 , y yr awk Moment of inotia about own axis, 2 Rt 12, 5m Torque of gyroscope we LE rew'emniw 5 ‘Since bearing distance is [then $=#,sinor #=4,sin=e Qe T tab og, co we thag Fos Torque of gyroscope 7=oKL rw From() 2 2n\mrw +(¢, on} . “rss equa to earng torque of F 2n 2m \mrw ria { 4,22 cos (+ ron } Page - 141 4)Fo(4, Bon For F maximum 2m, . mew t 2 cos 2% =1 T _ me wrb F IT Ans. 1.288 w=2nn Angular preccession wet R Torque of gyroscope FawKL tatlw R r=ilan R ra2anl R 4.289 w=2an ‘Angular preccession fection of w is in negative y direction while rection of w is in x direction Pawel t=2anl> R Let gyroseapic force Is F y Fl=2nnl~ a Fe dant = ‘Ans. Page - 1421.7 Elastic Deformations of Solid body 120 inital ego d= “acted eeponiaiate = ee epeeentemein Shegebenarey keen one 41) When eta presse (AP) i oped en rd thon dames nena be sone ss cbve Erect aes here young modes FIA aP carats rete apa ‘From (1) AP=EosT Ans. am @) view = Is very very small ‘Suppose internal presure isPand length of cy Inder, We select adifferential element of very small angles. “Thon force duet this pressure on this element F = Parea)= PORE) ennns(1) This foros is balanced 8 asians Since is very very small sind=0 2) breaking strength isc, then r = Tar From (2) PRL ‘Ans. ‘Take a cone of vary small apex angio 0 ‘Suppose intornal prosureis P. “Then force duo to this pressure on this element area) 6 Fe Pra[rsing Since 0is very very small Page -1431.292 sind=0 Preto® . . scene) This force is balanced by tensile force T 8 Tsing =F a Since Dis vary vary smal From (1) and (2) 0 _Prr'o® —_ —— = Rod ruptures where pressure is maximum and itis a point on axis then this point is P TTofind force at point P FB.0. of haf of od 1.293 Force equation on rod _ pAb wt ce wt Siress(o,) =o =O 2 fee e 7 nett al Where a, = Braking strength of rod p= volume density of rod Ans. F.B.D of arch making 6 angle at centre $i /ery-very small dm = mass of differential element = pvolume = p(A) (9) Where A= area of cross section of wre Force equation toward centre wind =(dm)rw? Since Gis very very small sind=0 8 2S =(pAroywr 77 (Pare) = par! Page - 1441294 ‘Where R= radius of wire d= Diametor of wire Suppose mass of wir is M FB.D. of rod 2T sin B= Mg ‘Again we know stress/strain = young moldules(E) Elongation in rod i L a12{beeco-2) Al=1(sec0=1), » ‘Again wo know slrose/straln = young moldulos(E) ord ad. “eb End (ect -1) From (2) and (8) ® Ts ote 2sind 4 Using bionomial expression, 2h_ 4 Putvaluo ofan ond sing In (4) Brd?[2h_2h a fafa) uel TP |” 2g P Page - 145s Fe ATTN ‘sea of cross sectin = S ‘Young modulus. Acceleration of plank afe m Elongation willbe diferent each element then Force on across secon atxcistance from one Bx rt “0 ‘Again we know strossistrat ‘young moldules(E) g-—S_ de ES F d(ax)= ode (ax) = 75) Put value of F from (1) Re ax) =e w Bd - fu feas faan- Ze] Fl ES ax Ans. Tension Calculation ‘Area of cross section = S FB.D. of drpart rdr Elongation Calculation Stress Strain FIs alr) ~ ar mt (_F ton -BE (1-5) From (1) 4 See Jace 22 (1-5) E 2ES ‘After puting m= pSI 1 Al=L pw : a pw Ans. Page - 146AD | (Cross section = Vu.=81 We know stress/strain = young moldules(E) FIS 2) From (1) and (2) F =7,,0-20) AV = Vl - 21) 5 Inial volume V,,=S! FL av =Hq-2, Ans. Ete) 1.298 @ F.B.D. of partx 7 Bx Te pul, ee) Page - 147rs ro ne) dk here d (i elongation npr Font}eag [ep efaen malt _ mel 2SEI 25E 4, eh Hore we have to find decreasement of volume due to x direction, y direction and z direction pressure and add al three which willbe answer. For this we select same question but unde single force [re =1,+Al,=1) (2) ‘Also we know that Page- 148,(a) This only due to force from y direction Simariy Due to fore from y direction av_P WE a3 Vv tet 2H) Due to force from zirection av_P Meet 2u) Vv Et ‘Total decrement due toforcesare appied by al Girecton y (2) = Sum ofall deformaations (¥)- La- 2u) Ans. v (bo) Compresibilty av V dP * a= Applied pressure Y Yotumesirain = 72 -2u) v E Here dP =P Put values in (6) 0 3P. B= pp 0-2n). p= 20-24) iC) Compressitilty can not zoro if we applied forces {rom all crection pro 3 2a-2u)>0 50-2 > Ans. 1.300" oy) This is a cantilover and bending moment of cantliveris given by 1 M=ER (At point (xy) where radiusis R) F.B.0. of cantliver in dotted part eae ne h M mg= (-xbhO b= wiath of cantiliver Torque about point P(x, y) Page - 1494.301" 1 = Glometrical moment of inertia w.t. neurtal line ‘See FB.D. of cross section of rod se % 2 I= fytbay = = w This bending moment must be equal to torque ‘of mg for rotational equalibrium etl A) pbhgii—a)? atx=0 ER Sere Ans. @) bk oy) ) ‘No y &h Noo =81S F.B.D. of length of -x) NOX), Pier Now N(x)=Nio) atx=0 ; 9 <0 as shown in figure ox Then ¢,=0 & NOx & Nox Pt Ke 0) FB. of length (I-x) Page - 150ya fie — 2EI6Ei Fie 3) > 3H i an. 1.302" 5 Noo] 1s NigaF Bysymmety FoF, = FI. 7 18.0 of half of ength y 7 x PE B1=Fp = EC-») 5 ay F PFo_» aa"? Fe FE i pe ae EET 5 Atx=0 ‘Then F, must be equal to F, a ore. x Now or uation is08: Siar a8 ©: 1.301 dy Fle Be Sei da El 21 i aa" axs0 yeh a SeeInB 485 E20 os 261 El a, Putx=I @ FB.D.of (1-x) Page- 151(a) = Beata! 2 BF 2 POE Gye pbhe q_ yy? bar ae cau 2 & ~ PELE cae, _ pbhgl* _ pbhgl* pbhgl* - "el 24El BE 072 F.0efhal of prions F, t ‘Similar as part (a) 5 pal ance 2En Fw Because F + Femgi2 1.304" Torque about origin a a F=(dm) a ea) pnp sas = 1 pina? -2) alll Now we know ER dh Far lid From (i) and (i) Page - 152(62-0 atx=0;y=0 5C,=0 ae _ *) Ans. Here 4, = shear strain Due to force F rod is rotated by angle then 4, will be shear strain ike above figure. Then Shear stress a FE Gr Feng Ar2ar coonnnne(l) Te torque r= N then NerF N=2ngnrbr Also we know r0=la, or 7 =10, * N= rama) 1 =| (sare Ans. 6 =Torsionangle 3) Take differential ring at radius x From part (a) ar =drN =dNsr=x GN = 2anx?o% dx fan =22n Gira Page 1532am Or N 4l ie o-( 2)" amr ns. 1.306 From Qo. 1.308 fear 2008 [eae 2m Al 16 = 7mO rg N= Spar la] Hore aad) pos. 1307 From ©. No. 1.305 Ans. 1.308 (cross) train Bstrain)? Where B = Bulkmodulus ; =Compressibility From Q:1.312 Page - 1561 2 Energy desiy= 3 (train 1a 2 EneayDensiy= 375 (2x08) Blspsy ge Energy Densitys Sy 1.315 1.7 Hydrodynamics FD @ , i) By Observations Bak RoR Kev, wn, Pressure Comparision between F and P, ‘Take F.8.D. of diferential element as shown in ‘graph Ri Bo, *, SB, Since this element isin circular motion towand Centre C,(F,=F,) wil provide required centpital force toward contro . Hence F,>F, PL>P, Ans. Page - 1571316 Because F, and F, will nly arised due to pres- sure diferenc Velocity Comparision between F, and V; @) an, @ @ ower element Upper element, ‘Area of eross section (12) is mors than that of 4) Thon using continuity equation Kish We can say velocity deceases fram (8) 10(1) corfrom (410 (1) Also from section (a) RR From above pressuse comparison, wecansay that retardation fii partclesfrom (2) 0(1) vil be more thon retardation of iquld partes trom (2) t0(2). ‘Also displacements more in path (2). (1than displacement in pa (4) 10 (2) ‘Since both retardation and displacement are sore la (3) (1) than that of path (3) (2). Using kinematic we can say nh ‘Ans. Bemaullis equations at crossection S, and, 1 diye 2 Pre geVr =P +p Ve O} Using continuity equation SV, = SY, Q) Then R-R=dhog Putin @) 2(S2 dhpg=50r2| el 1.317‘Speed of iquid at point A and B will be zero. Using Besnaulis equation at crossecton (A) and @) Pyepg9Mh=Py mnt) Aso Bak (2) Because wo are moving porpendiculart air low Because ai ‘At point (1) and point (2) pressure difference is. arised due to airstrike. Using Bernaulis equation at crossecton (1) and @ From (2) and (3) 1 Prrtovl =P, +30 From (1) and (4) Ans. 1319 co P, Kerosine [seca A water’ p, hs ts @ = atmospheric pressure Bernaullis equation at point(1) and (2) 1 v2 apgh,= Per geVs + P,+ gov epgh.= Pet 70V! 40 Honce V, < a 1 BV sun 3m P,+ ph (1) Static pressure equation between (1) and at- mosphere P,=Paheg Pun) 4 + 50NF oth P,+hpgtpgh= __ Palbips +p.) these) Velocity of efflux V,= yah) ‘Time to reach at bottom is then. Page- 1591.320 RP=4(Hh—h) For Rrmax ,R should be maximum aR) oreo, H-2n=0 2 Ans. Putvalue of xin (1) RorH Ans. I’ free water surface ‘Bemaulis equation at point (1) and (2) along stream line Jay? =p, + SV? + pattytx) P+ Bove = y+ Z0¥2 spare + Love + patteo 1 Pyros fot =a 3 Saye e Seve ov" = 50M + pan, (1) ‘After that liquid wil be in free fll OP V2 -2gh oonnnnnnal2) From (1) and (2) a ) T Se esreetote ‘Bemauli equation at pins (1) 208 @) Peer spaheP, + ZONE poh ov igh =) Contueyequan at) an 2) As =AMy K@sk)3= y= Be BR ; 2er)5 Bemaul equation at points (8) and (2) 8) From (1) and (2), put values in (3) dovs =p, +tovi P+pevs =P, + 50M ~ P= Pyrat SoS Page- 160132 4.323 ss vem Now using continuity equation Because power due to atomosphere Power = P,SV, -P.sV, From continuo 8V,=s¥e Hance power of almosphere= 0 Wamoran 9 From(y W, = OKE. Calculation of change in kinetic energy 1 W,=aK=omW atl) Using volume conservation i Suppose timetisaken in ejectoutthan 594 * va(s7,) Method :1 (Most General Beauill equation) y-2 - i ) ___ ae, —— JJ Berra equation vst. itor axis Crean Pe oV ~ elt) + paz constant ans. Equation at points (1) and (2) tyt_t tov Rei} tniiw! =P,+dovj = Low? Page - 161Method : 2 (Basic Equation) we © a hs 8 Bemaulls equation at (1) and (2)justinside and just outside 1 yo pve a P, +2010} +0=P,+Sev3 +0 i) eect Ld oe (APS = (pScx) xw? Jet fo Pp,= ME le -(e-ny) Putin (1) = wh, Ans. 1.326 1.327 Jordy =-Ioo(cosois —{P of viv =-paf'*ee— [oP Vi _ pve PSE ED = paz, + p92,-P, +P, 1 +4oV3 +00, Ans. dye. P+ SVE +902, = We know force F= p Av! F,= pSVF=2psoh x= pte rah) = 2oe0 wah) ‘psa! Ans. Page - 1621328 oF oot t rare oAlg] = i . xa about is raFl-Rx0 1 sh oat ans £ % # F oeely tet dance blow ne tp FB.D.oftube Yes ioe y Then force dF = pAV? = p(bdx)agx F.B.D. of tube ; =—Ks-s Jo®~ 2900] xtc an reagan las ae Fret FHF, +R(S-5)- Fa.chiquid 8.0. of igia res : wt Ly o . (0 smh Using velume twats ouston Ung contnuty equation oR F,=F,= pave From (1) gh Using force equation on liquid PS-F-Rs Page - 163Cal 2 cation of Calculation of P Using Bernault equation at point (A) and (8) 1 ypopel ge Pripyi=Rst, ten = Reto eh Put: jue of Pana 2 vate of ans ny FS + pgh ps(S—s)2eh s Fas Pah(s sy (Basic Equation) D aw v & +x x Effective acceleration is perpendicular to free surface of quid. (Qe “ © Bernall’s equation at (1) and (3) P, +04) 4 4 0- Fptew? =P, + 2 pew) PEP. Spiwy Ans. ‘Method : 2 (Benaulll theorm from ground frame) @) er Pressure equation in horizantal direction from rotatory frame from 1 103 eenokw ep, 1 P+ Ete = a Aso ress equton vere econo See P, +pay= Py ee) From (1) and (2) aw 2g Page - 1641 Ans. P,+0+0=P,+0~ 5 oliuy &) paca Ans. ‘Bemall's equation at (1) and (3) PaP,+ pt 1 Py #0+0=P,+0~ 5 ptcuy? 4331 ans. a (Benaull theorm from rotatory ran Lada uy a 1E L E E hmmm Top view Dotted line express isobaric surface. ‘Then FD. of one of the dottd tno P a ‘Viscous force at (dx) element at lower surface: a 7 ol c= raStenecee) —s~ h Net viscous force at () eloment from beth Bernaullis equation between point (1) and (2) lower and upper surface From rior reerecsrame 1 0+0er,+ 0+ ech — Lote Fea 2e 7 ‘Torque due to this force ene d= 3dFag Power to this torque Here x= and h=y ew y= 2g -(5)° te sae © Beal's equation at (1) and (3) Page - 1651.333 Gross-soctional viow ‘Viscous force on this diferent element fig: Uuld off radius r, thicknoss dr and length | a OF = nant) Whore 2a = Curve cross-sectional araa Intaminor flow oF yt constant = ¢ Vv nent SP eC 2naifav = of £ 2yKIV=CINEFC, worn) Usingboundary condition (2) G,=2CInR, From (2) and (3) --@) =) ‘ th ey Cross-sectional vow ‘Viscous force on ths differentia element of ig- uid off radius thickness dr and length = eren( Sten ses) 20 ” ra toer aa pe rn avon (SE) ow amie Sc Of 2mnifaw c 2aqwt =~ +C, —(1) Tofind C and c, Use boundary condition 2nkO= #8 er From (2) and (8) find C, and C, and putin (1) wiei)/4_4 a {o) From part (a) Page - 1661.334 amr “RE-R) Putin (4) (20s on de _ Aa RRS oe RER Ans. @ vere menescll ‘Volume flow rate through length |, radius rand thickness dr eas ontn if] a e co- enin( 1-5) " sc onergyoF dierent elementof dike ese aK =5(am)s* p(2arl(dr))s* p2xata{ (1 B I foax = + astonf(( 1 aha’ p Cia ak =+. 2 aK = © sw(2) Ditrntte av i » fen(exntyn (2 )=snvy ans @ From option (2) 1 a= Fav, —() From posoulle ‘slaw Re) O° ax ‘Comparing (i) and (i) aR*(P,-Re) 4 2: BR Sa Page - 167Ans. vipe(2) poet) we see carefully, we get that height are aitter tent in pipe (1) and (2). While velocity of flow ar bottom of both pipes are same because cross- ‘section are hovizonial pipe is same at each point, Heights diference are due to fiction loss and bent loss in pipes sill we can say that dotted line show isobaric surface. Height above isobaric surtace provide, velocity atefiux. v,= V2q(A0) = \2a(h =A) Calculation of h Using simitartringle properties hoa h=300m hy-h= 35 em-3oom = 5 em axgxext0% = 1mis Ans. R, R 4 . k$—%, ‘We know Reynold's no for circular cross-sec- ‘Where! = length of charactrsitic and for creu- lar tube with full of water Then : Re, MDIn VR gy ey oVD,/vR, fm wee = Wek = Vat at Vv, RF puting) fe ele Re, Ans. sss Maximum value of Reynolds no for glycan forlaminor flow Va pew aD Pe Rew Reynold no. for water axvath % We know Reynolds no forturbuletfiow tha foramina ea, 2H 7m Re > avi ** avait 1.338" F.B.D. of sphere Page - 1681.339 EnV 4 ber’ mg Ps = Density of gylcerin ‘P= Density of lead Altterminal velocity F420 4 0= 6rmtV+ 5 aR? pg —mg ($5 ene Diameter = 2r= Aan eR jekpa cr fensity of olive ol. 3 Where Since radius of ball is rntV 18k p(0-P) Ans 10" mm which is 4a SaR’p.a> 3rR’eoa= 0 Net force on object in downward direction F,,=mg- 6x aw tamg-6nv md = (mg-Gxnrv) at i ae far Eezining ene fy Calculation of V,., ‘Atmaximum velosty Fg mg-6mnWV,.,=0 Vou Ye Putin 1) = igrinn Ans. Page - 16918 Relativistic Mechanics 1.340" Ans. length |, appeared from reference frame (x-y) Perimeter (P)=|, + 4% pap) ae Forv< = Afi Time to move from Ato 0: wedi ans bebe tet ‘ af M2 (aH = (4) vee lat way eat ans. 4251 wrest oy - Wye ote tcat (Sve wer, ar Page - 1751.357" Then VVoe {tis possible only it ono of the V, > ¢ or V> ¢ Which isnot possible prove that target wil be hit after shot made (a) We know invariant formula city Xa = 0th In frame K’ both evenis occure at same point ‘Then net velocity appear from k' frame Then xX; £0 Then (4-4) =) (a4) Cha = (Ch (a —,) teed qeagee Q—vr080 “e—O ‘Velocity of approach is taken from laboratory frame hence Veto of approach = V, + V,= 056 +0750 25¢ ans. ans. Relative vtoty (0) Tn frame kif both occure simulaneousty then om, Ans. i age = [— = vp VV) ay aw Mat LZ RUE HF Now apparent engi fatear Taye Page - 176a36t" Va ENE Vue = (VERVE HVE) qa. &% eS To find velocity of particle ink frame assume components of velocity in frame is Vx and Vy then using lorenz transformation. 1.362" Thon From frame once wo say that Vis valocity from k frame thon ee For propor ime at, wo have to choose another framo k" which is itached with particle. Then JH Reference frame k willbe appear to move with ‘Vsq $990d then time Interval wll bo appear to Increase trom this frame (k) then . Distance trav ink frame, at Page «177at Distance =Vuq t= Ve GTS a Vv (Fre) Distance = Taye) Ae as. y x y we k eo Geom i A ty 8 f ol_——+ a vie x Now differentiate equation: ew, —— ease LW) (Vv Henagvre) —— h ——_—Eaeae—e—eerr . (Hvewe? Here ink frame length of rd willbe contracted becouse tismoving win Vvelocty ten I=\, fire : VeloctyofrodV, =V 2 (4) vr peyfienvielf _Mat= (wiley (vic) i MW TeViVie ”trovie® v,avvinw re ‘Time ditference of measuring for Aand 8 Oy [I-VeVIe se vied-VreYi-wviey at — ‘Also we know Page - 178_tawiet Favre dt=(ex)Viet Vevie ave (Oo) AVTE (t= VE Let “eeaviel(Ky. vey a y ‘ —w muev ley i eso (Huviey 2 ve=v os. =v ® r y Earth « 7 k —y ‘Moving frame (k) is that frame in which par- ticle fs appear to instanteously rost. But its ‘acceleration of particle In this frame may or may aot zero. Now we know: w(-¥* fet (Hvviey From: 1.365 Hore Vx =V then ww(tev re) were eve) ” wew(-viety? From option (a): wvew( Vic ya avast ict Tae ay ey, wane") Page - 179m a a Ans iar 1367 aan [EOF a—o A by FromQ: 1.66 iS vet (Falta sven" y Putin (i), jp i : Page - 180p=(ten)os 2 1 Then Ve eg her Ans. 1370" ‘Assume mass of proton is m, then Pemv ss" ‘We knowNewtonium momentum P=mV—() Reletivistie momentum: Ans. sar" Classical mechanics aweK=K, =}myosre jmoore! ‘Aw = myc} ~ me? 2 ae 8'c? - 06? = ear ar ‘Ans. sar" Kinetic energy = mc? mc ‘According to question me= me? =m, m=2m, 1376 Using classical mechanics Sin? T= dmv here Ve = velocity calculated by classical me- Page- 181chanics Let us kinotc energy is T then mest wa ane (me = 1) =m! Pe Relativistic mechanics : Te met=m,ct vets Peame'T=mc! Pet Pict = T(T+ anc") a) sas. 136 From question no. 1.375 1 > Liqeane avtitane) tt na of particle colide per second is nthen mest Approximately: baal 1 a co i" = Benet fine vig te Fern ae NT(Tsame) arin Power = Energy radiate or absorb per second wor = ie onary of one partie) a Velocity of gas particle in frame of sphere Vv \% © V7, Ve 1.375 Page - 182view Mamoru ransterinone olson ge = 7m erm) ° Ivre viet Vi-vile Sine volume wil be decreased by a factor of =o But actually no. of particles of gas does not ‘change but ts occupied volume is decreased ‘and hence apparentno. of particles perunitvel- lume is increased, 4 Maw = imvire® an an = No.of paiciscoldes pe second Now GS rz)" amv a) aay ts lace ae Pressure = SE = 2m. amt : rie ae Gas Retrence rae oo 0 0 oo 0 © aw ok 8 6 oo) 0 oO Before calision oo 0 ‘ oo 0 ok ° eo” oo ‘Aer colton ‘We know 2 000 j2-v =Velocity of sphere w.t. gas frame afiercalision y, ual volocity of sphere after colsion which does not change 2ymv? wie ‘Sinco in gas frame mass of gas particle and its donsity doos not change 4378 Ans. F ‘Attime t,letus velocity of phsere is V then m lev a Page 183t t tdt fos-rej ie ar" even #-ma x eeF Feat Wglg2av =avthen reo SE zm ,_ ma a+r Fe +? OV _atactt? Vive eve) acest ma vera Maret Tere ere 7. ms _ ree Put value of dv/at fot a ne ‘Assume velocity of particle in K frame isV then Fe Ans. ‘we know 4.380 pon nN -%e)") me, ronlrer UNS] a Sed a= ang Maa, =80 le-v aaa nd at ‘Also we know from invarient theorem ‘Tee (d= (et) (€x) =constant =e ay(Y,aF (657 = (= 12) (ot? Page - 184rma =o [FW = $= constantn ary ineria rome of references Then at meV, (ds) x e-ne(2)—m pe te mev,"at a mee i) dx—vat ] wr SS RSG) Se Fe Folge) . Proved ae at=(onv/et Fs se vai } ern me (at) met geet Yer la)” ds fine eee FES) = Fe) pe EBV VF -F B-RV 6 Ans. 1.382" We know EPSRC mzct Rest mass of proton (m, = 0 Bap E=PC From K frame e=pc Peat e Form frame e'= ple ' 4 [Pe es le =e Page - 185ans. For ans. From 01.381 We know e=me(#) as P=mcS amo ~me® Py =m, & dz w ss (ii) Gi) ‘Squaring and add ((i) + (i) + (il) (ren ere)et = Ga (oe 4a +a!) mjc* 2 te? = BEA pe = (a) + pict emact EY act Y. EP -P*C? =m,c (4) a) Pc nie? at al Jem & 1386" BP-P'C? = Ans, @ Since maes of both particles are same hence magnitude of mometnum of both particles from ‘com frame willbe same. Velocity of each paticle from com frame =0- s Energy‘n com frame 2m? = 2m, +2m,c*) = C Using equation B-T+2mg" Pammyc2(T + 2mye") ~2m,0* : mi 22me'| f+ 5-1 Te-am, (eam ) ) PC=JTT+2m,c) From(t) pv 3 tow vr cE reaen Page - 1861.385" Mon 2 Ponem€ © Bown (rere 2me} +. fo(o+2m,<*))e Vea CYTO 2m) cc. Teme ee Tome oye THIm,e Ans. © ©=0- We know EPIC? Invariant = MC We assume energy does no! losses [[e4t)+me] -1(1+2m)=met mjct = c/2m,(2m,e°+T) m,-!Jimmeo7) ‘Aso we know from Q 1.364 EV pe e 1387 SO6O Inertial K Frame Use invariant equation = PIC?= Invariant (ame+T)'-0(1-+2me)=[2(me'+1)] Haro momontum of system from com = 0 Te eatimye! +dmget 13-27 m,ct AT +8Tmyct+Amget 47? +8Tm,c? = 27m," ATT + 2m,¢") 2m,c" 2T(T +2m,c) 2m, q m Guess E,te+ R+R+h=-0 ‘Take system of (m, +™m,) +B -(R Fle =(me =) ~Pet = tnvaren (mjc +8,)' -P?et =(m, +m,) ct ‘Because this Invariant is same in al frame of feference hence trom com frame of (m+ m) Iovariant = (n,m, : mje* +E} —2m,c'E, ~ Pic? =(m, +m,)'ct Page- 187jet +mje*~2m,c'E, =(m, +m,)?c* 2m,c*E, =(m{ +m!)e* -(m, +m,)'c* (= +m?)-(m, +m,) sa =| Op Suppose velocity of ejected mass is, from a frame having zero velocity then we know Change in momentum of (dm) mass ép=—(dm)V + dm Vy Page - 188PART: TWO THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 2a 2A, 22, Equation of gas state process ‘Suppose gas is at pressure P, volume V and tamproture T Then wo know RT fm = total mass of gas M= molar mass of gas Pv==RT M Here V = constant and T = constant M ‘Am =(AP)V— (P)V ep AINTP (Normal temperature and pressure) T,=0°C= 273K P's talm=P,= 1» 10°Nim? Also we know’ PM = pT Mae RT P Then initially Mm RTP Putin(1) 4m=(aPyv& im = (AP)' R a am=“2 vp Ans. Page - 18923 Total no. of mole of gasisn and due to heating ‘an mole of gas goes in ather chamber. Equation on first chamber: PV =(n—An)RTon-An = 2.) Equation on second chamber: (P, -AP)V = ankT, ano ZAPIV RT, Putalu of nandanin(): BY. BY RT, RT, By. zy Ry, Rt 24 Lot mass of H, gas is m, and that of Ho is m, Number of moles of H, n= “2 Number of moles He Also m, #42 snes (l) PV=(n,+n)Rt Vv iy ~2a-22¥) Putin (i) m=m-m, Ans. We know PM = pRT ) Where M = Molecular weight of mixture Density of mixtur Calculation of M No. of mole of N, n=mM, No. of male of CO, n= mM, ‘Where M, and M, molecular weight of N and co, ye DMERM, _ my +m, ata, mm MM; Page - 19025 26 Ans. (a) ‘Suppose molar mass of O,,N,, CO, are M,,M, and M,. Ans. (b) Total maes of mixture MEyM,+ M+ ¥M, Totalmass Molar mass of mixuture= {Siatno.of mole yM,+vM, +¥.My nM eM, Vt¥,+¥y Here (n' +4) v B.D. of piston BA, PA ting. [Not foree willbe zero in process 27 RT (n-1)_ RT(n1 via wh RT_ (y+) m+) Y Ans. Valve ‘This question is based on operation of an en- gine, In this engine, first, piston pull right side and during pulling piston, value is opened and gas Isflled in vacant space then value is closed. ‘And gas between value and piston is removed. ‘After that piston moves left then piston is again pull right way and value is opened and gas ‘comes with piston. This process continues, Page- 19128 During each expansion, our system is remain- ing gas and we can assume no. of mole just afer start pul the piston and just before end of pull then we can use PV=constant Butin each expansion, no. of mole inside charn- P= 1 VeaV First stroke let Now pressure becomes P, and volume will be v Second P,V=PAV+aV) Pv (Fever ersan Pv? (V+avy In3rd stroke Py? PS (vaavy Similaly in stroke re Po (V+avy ‘According to question 29 “ 240 Ans. ‘Suppose at ime t, pressure is P and in next dt time dP pressre is increased. But P+ dP

= const (a) We know PV? =Const —{i) ‘Ans. Inadiabatic process AW =-aU 3 vR Page - 203Horo v= 4 RE ‘| BEIM ABA 3] Ana. or We know work dono by go in adabale pro- cess aw = 2h =Ph, I-y ga ZROT RAT T 4 A ‘Ans. Ta Ton at =T(n""-4) From (1) ot, (a""-4) a Isothermal Process RT, In'9f, = VRT, In(7) — (2) ain, _R(Or*~1) ‘Bwy (=D aw, aw, fv, nat ‘aw, = OA ve 2a1 ven, Work done by gas an syst a zr0 hore tomprotio tony nrensod bocausn of work dono by extornal aon. awe au, Caleltton SAU an m BU gan 200444) SAT Gas oquation at timo t PVs _ Pile + x9) Force applied by extenal agent BYE | q FRE 235 ) % (=e Work done in displacement 2BVTS*x “TRG -¥5") Increase in internal enegy F=(R-R)S= Page - 204242 2PVATS*x Tye neey] ox = eet as (p49) (p—asjenWv= gy? = AA (ten) Patingy Ans. Gas has internal energy which is due it random ‘motion is converted ino directional kinetic en- ergy, Using Bamaul's equation for gas particle at samelovel au Jaye Po FeV Same eot Where V= Directional velocity wu energy per uritvolum Fes * intemal energy per unit velume ou. Foe lan: ‘Wolune ‘While for liquid au. @aume “° ‘Now berauil's equation botween (1) and (2) SOT oo tov? +0 ps0. ++ 0*Tolume = 2! oRT. ™ Ans éw=Pav Putin(2) : 28 ant 1 ave | Fenangf a 2 4 weal Jest, 1)=-nar sa=au+awe aT Rat spat ‘Ans. ‘Method : 2(Direct formula based) ‘We know molar heat capacity of as cae + es244 a hon T= $ event trnpv= & PV?= aR = constant ‘Compare with PV" = const x=2 Then from (1) a= ncaTs ear 2 v = no. of mole of gas oWadU R RE;nVe int eink, Where K, = constant env) = n(K,T) Vv ek ‘Ans. 248 246 PV" = constant ——(i) PV V+ Vid =nPAV = VOP Ans. There is propotionalty relation between pres- ‘sure and volume then it willbe converted in Poly- tropic pricoss then PVF= const p, Pevot = F(a)" plete) (avs)"_ Vet BB oX=B xo, We know molar heat capacity of poytropiePro cessis given by ve Page - 2062ar 248 Ans. ©) We know that work done in polytropic process aw == Bh Rar Here y =1 Ans. Method :1(Formula based) Pav Inwally x ~ 41) PVize 2) ‘Compare with potropic gas equatin PV"= const Ans. (©) We know that work done in polytropic pro cessis as BY,-BY, _vROT RUBY, Gi I-n I-n awe Bar se awe feat re) wR awe at Catcultion of aT From (2) PV" =constant RT, 13) (Vy! =const Vv T=c¥? Where e = const Inialy Ty = CV gold) ‘when volume inrease 7 times then T,=c(m¥), = From (4) and (5) T,=1'T, then AT =T,-T.=n°Ty~ From (2) ane (o-) om anesle=ie @ aU= vor Ans. Page- 207Method =1(Basic Approach) \Wie koow that work done in polytropic recess, was an = f= B var Page - 208hos. AOS =t Cleat sas method: tna put ZU, pa! awe Bh fs-(n7] sas. 2st ‘Compare with PV" = Const =i e a Hore v 21 awe R(-a) aT Ans U=av 4) We iow hat os. gn = (=a 4Q = vcaT = “[Z | gota 7 Page - 209,T= Te" oT = Tao" dV at Tae™ We know dQ=dU +aw— (2) 1) PV= RT PAV + VdP = vRoT—— (3) ‘Also we know ee wR Here T: Ev, wR Te" Now from (1) are" oT ] yRAT Va a= nCaT = nG.sT + pV — (2) RT + Sav =n Poy + SEV = nRaT From (1) SD wie - dVv= in Putin (1) ae scateacar «(oe g) PRE Pa syaPe = PoyyaPly, — at= BaveBy-v] R auscat= Sat Page- 210.255 4Q=a0,(V-V,+RT IA } C=C,+0T dQ = VCdT= vIC,+aT}dT CAT + vaTdT — (i) Aso aQ= voaT + PbV-— (i) Compare () and (i) PaV= vata ‘Also we know yRT py Patni oer, Shove varet iy jatar R Inve Stainc, ve"A=C, © Co, +pv dQ= Cat cQ=v(C, + pyar dQ =v GAT + vpvar. Also iO} " Ved TOR KOM (v-n)Te= Ke T(v-n)" =const 0) a= {oT + PAV GaT= Cat +5 av+Pav— () Aso (+3) w7-»y-Rr —w RT a Given that P=constani(lsobaric process) Ditfreniato(i: (re a,}ev-cyev-v(oezt Putingi) Guar=careSaverst CeCe gy #-¥l@) eee " From (i): Page - 213R SG, Taya an Ans. 2.80" We know aQ=cU + aw Hore cw =0 aa=0 Then av = 0 uu, 26t We Know AQ = AU+AW Calculation of aU U=ver- us vor! a= aU+aw [i 1 6,0,-1) = val gay, pecan catT= valet “| ww Gulu rv) vav, (r-1) AT* Ry(y, +¥) Page- 21423 262 Kinetic theory of gases, Boltzmann's law and maxwell's distribution We know: P= nkT Whera n= No. of gas particles! volume ae iw Putvalues ne En fDi tet en? ‘Fazs.s02" ans. Sincein tem volume no. of malecles re 1% ‘One molecues occupied volume i= 10cm? ‘This volume will be ike cube then side of cube ov 10% =(105Pbem = Yager mam” Vem = = (2) (volume tavereseinone seco with jam velocity Vx) ans. _ = (3) ove (Sp) xen) ‘olal no, of molecules approach per second, per uit area of wall Ans. Page- 223294 295° jan ‘No, of molecules per unit volume ‘Momentum transfer in one colision due to one molecule = 2mVx Frctontmaasesnanrg ancy we St ‘No. of molecules per unit volume having veloc- ity Vito Vi-+ dVx =) No. of molecules collide per second with veloc> ity Vxis an =0( 3) (vtume travel inane second) ="(%) cveaay Momentum transfer with Vx velociy per sec- ond at (vac cm v9 Net moment transfer with wal per second o#=[1(24) vaen cmv 298° 297 We know (a (sie Nae : © Bm wo) Differentiate equation (1) Yo ante de=mwdv 2a (RKT) ee Ye de Ans. Formaximum proble value of K.E. at whichno, ‘of molecules wll be maximum f= 2n(akt)%eF Ve a = 1 wo ral Ans. IE. corresponding to most probable speed (et in(22) ere, Frma 298 mn W 7 2e(xkT)%e* Ye de ——O Page - 224299° Ans. oN Where Sy = fraction of molecules which Ki netic energy lies between ¢ to €+de Now we want sum of fraction of molecules ‘whose kinetic energy € > ey Then TA far(anry™ 0% eae =e a Je ide @ Probable velocity isthat velocity at which no.of ‘molecules willbe maximum. For maximum no. of molecules F will be maxi- mum and hence oF oo ow ve f= ™ o Savi ex 5mv ~—o de=mvdv i) ON | pytg-m Ave v t 6 ronal For F(e) maximum () Ans. wae No. of molecules making solid angle da. on contre Using formula Using formula 601=sin8d0(64) No.of eolsion persecond at angle 9 on unit = Ga) JF vecsoenpsnorn Page - 2252.101% sing cosodo Similar like Q:2.100 (62) an vo0s8 ave fy Ans. T—,— a level asta =f ‘Suppose potential energy of level (I) is zero. U,=0 ann According to boltz man’s formula n= newer 2n= net n= KT U=KT in2, Since filed is uniform hence force will be uniform then ‘Work done by force =-(U,-U,) FAh=-U,--U KT ‘ah Magnitude of force 2.103" Method:1 On droplet, force is arised due to mass changed and hence = bf 2) gp = 2POP eaamg= #{2) ap= Sy FromQNo.2.102 = AT y= 08 Tau ens 6 _ (d’apyhg 6Tinn = Na 6RT Ian nd’ Ophg ans. Method:2 nym ngewe? Hence U,= mgh AU,= Amgh Here n,= m1, n= nn eer meh lnn= Ans. ny =neManr ny = meson BL Be git snaret n,n Migr Ans. where M, is mass of H, molecule M, sass of N, molecule Page - 2262.108" ny neon Here ay ny Then Be MAT =n g-mwnT We know P= nKT. density of molecules aa nee 2.107" Lome Where m, = mass of one molecule n= number of molecules per unit volume. Where N = Total number of molecules ° ee aE Tes const an ot depends. on pe of ‘molecule. rm Page-2272.108* — (par er E40) Here effective accleration will be 2pkTinn mp HD N,2pKTinn M=Nm= @-p. wi —A) 2pRTinn “Cpe w=rkMeinl +) ont 2 2110" Magnitude of acceleration = wo Xtal a) a ml = ‘Also we know ln (I +x) =x 7 oom Ans. Centrigugal force on paritgele of mass m. ml ‘Where m is mass of one molecule of CO,, F=mw 2.109% Potential energy =n el aile= y= n,m Excess force on particle is arised due to ‘change in density then F= (da)? ao Where ‘= Volume density of particle fone oer m= mass of one molecules y=, 2KT mn #-(2Jo-ppee p) oP) _ 2kTinn Potential energy wo ime Ans. m(p~po)W"(H -1°) 2pKT u- Page- 2282a @ oe tye F + Una? n= et Where n, = number of molecules / volume atcentre 2, = number of molecules / volume at distance r from centre Then aN= ofan) N= nyo" 4nd Ans. © At most probable distance, tempreture = ‘constant. then For maximum aN f= e-='/7F will be maximum then ae fg ar = © Fraction of molecules in region 1 > rtd, Ans, AN _ nye andr N aN N @ ‘Compare Ans. (a) and Ans (c) (ee) If Tempreture decreases m times ‘Then concentration increases by n*? ‘Ans. v) avene()aaoe™ aN=2nnj¢Kore Yea ans 0) For most probably value of U at constant temp. t= a %yme Yer will be maximum then Ans. Page -2292.4 The second law of thermodynamics, entropy 24113 qh Ww tT 1 q IFT, increased by AT then new efficiency EO) From (i) and (ii) Tar at Ans. 2114 : : (PV? =const 7 o 2] =e : PT" =const ane(Z) x aq # Ans. Page- 23021s Carnot Engine th h Efficiency of canot engine iL asia q Ans. 2.216 0 Let inital pressure , volume and tempreture are PayVosT Process 1-2(Isothermal A0=AU +40 Here AU =0 From (1) AQ. =AW =VRT, Suppose volume is increased by x times in each expansion Then fay % AQ. =AW =vRT Ins . This is positive value, Process 2-3(Adiabatic): 0,4 =O enee(B) Process 3-4( Isothermal): AQ, 4 = AW = VRE, IX errr) This is positive value, Page - 231Process 5-6(Isothermal): Be so..-an =o) 1Q,4-VRF; n— % il y,{ G AQ, ¢=-2VRT, nx This is negative value. Heat given to system Opn = 80.2 B04 Qn =(VRTIn2)(7, +7) Work done 2.117 AW =00., = (vRTInx)(7,+T,-2%,) Efficiency __6W _%+%-2%, "Mme +h Vv Let intial pressure, volume and tempreture are Fi Vy.Te Process 1-2(Isochoric): 40,.=vC,(%-T) This is positive value. Process 2-3(Adiabatic): 40,.=VC,(T-f) “This is negative vahie. AW=A0,.+40,4=¥C,(T,-T,+T,-f) Heat Given Process 4-1(Adiabatic): Te" =T, (nv Process 2-3(Adiabatic): Page- 2322.118 Put in (1) = rh nit Ans. P, 3 Baas VV 4 Process 1-2(Adiabatic): 40=0 Process 2-3(Isobaric): 40,4 =¥C,(4-T)=v This is positive value. Process 3-4(Adiabatic): ao=0 Process 4-1(Lsobarie): 20.=¥6,(f-T =v ZA (1-2) This is negative value. AW = 80+, Heat given to system Rr net Gh -T) yR 0p =¥ (TT am =¥ (BT) Efficiency AW TTT Teoh SQ ren nT n-T (1), 2.119 Caleulation of 73,7; Ty (nh) =1 (BR) natn? Again Ty(nb)? =17(B)” Ans. Process 1-2({sochori 40,1 =vC,(nl,-T,)= This is positive value. Process 2-3(Isobaric): 40... =vC, (nT, ~nT,)=vC,n(n=1)7, This is positive value. Process 3-4(Isochoric): 40,4 =vC,(T,-n'T,) This is negative value, Process 4-1(Isobaric): 40.4 =VC, (%-T,) This is negative value. Work done by gas AW = 80... +0,,,+40,.,+40,, Heat given to system 40=A9.,+A0,., Efficiency C, (n=), Page - 233wv Efficiency Gletncdegclt tant) esti CesiteG oir an(4) = ‘Pape 1 Relation between T,,7 ae Ee) a Bete Using adiabatic process PR ® TYE = 10" son) From (2) and (3) T=", Put in (1) 2.120 C,(nT,—Te (nT Process 1 : “This is positive value. ee Process 3-1(lsothermal): 0, =AW =vRT, w(#) ff a a 7 29.,=a0 aver?) This is negative value. This is negative value. acer Work done by gas 40,5 =¥C, (1) AW =AQ,4+Q.5 =vC, (nf,-Ty) Heat given to system =, (n-1)T, AQ=AQ,. aoe This is positive value. Page- 234Work done by gas AW =4Q,,+A0,., Heat vento system A0=40,.5 EMicieney AW 00, 1, Oe "20m Oy On Rlo| 7 Gln) rl) nel+ KIS % cau Catan of Using adiabatic process TV? = const (wry =10(K)" non(s) Also In isobaric process Ans. Process 2-3(Isothermal): %, AQ.5= aw avarso( 4) “This i positive valve. Process 3-1(lsochorle): 20,1 =¥6,(T,-B)=vC.(1-™)Te This i negative value Work done by gas AW = 80,542, Heat given to system 30-80, Efficiency Cateuaton of 7 Using adiabatic process Page-235Ans, Process 2-3(Isothermal): AQ, = AW =vRnf, u(4) a 2.122 This is positive value. Process 3-1(Isobaric) 40,1 =vC,(T.-7 This is negative value. Work done by gas AW =AQ,5+ Qu Heat given to system 4Q=A0,., Efficiency AW 1, Qn SQjrn On C, (I=), cil-m (len) amtn(2) nty-ipa( A) n=lt ion of Calculation of 7 Using isobaric process Using adiabatic process TWP = TY" “(27° =n (HY ¥, h Putin (1) aterm (y—2)Ia(n) l-n ‘+ Tn(n) n= Ans. Process 2-3(Isothermal): f sa,-a wesc) This is positive value. Process 3-1: 4Q,.=vC(T,-n) This is negative value. ‘Work done by gas AW =A0,,+0, Heat given to system 40=40, Efficiency ( Ei )o-mn Page- 2362.123 van?) ~o % ‘Using adiabatic process m™" TKY" Put in (1) qeisctsls nin(n) Ans, Process 2-3(Isobaric): 40,4 =¥C,(T,-T) This is positive value. Process 3-1(Isochoric): 4Q,.=¥¢,(Z,-T) This is negative value. Work done by gas AW =A0,, +80, Heat given to system 10-02. Efficiency aw 2 7 21+ St BQjnm Ds c,(G-%) mC Gt) Calculation of 7,7, ‘Using adiabatic process perry 1 any? TE Ans. Vv Page - 237Process 1-2(Isobaric): 40,.2=¥C,(T,-T) This is negative value. Ans. Process 2-3(Isochoric 2.124 AQ, =vC,(T,-T;) @ This is positive value. ‘Work done by gas AW =AQ,_,+A0,, Heat given to system 40=A0,, Efficiency %o me Process 1-2(Isobaric): 40,4 =¥C,(%-T) This is negative value. Calculation of 73,7, Process 2-3(Isochoric): Using adiabatic process 40,5 =vC,(%-T,) BOTY = PTE This is positive value. Process 3-1(Isothermal): RY 2)" q AQ,., = AW =vRT, In| (4) ( 1 ig This is positive value. Work done by gas AW = 40,5440... +40, Heat given to system AQ =AQ,, +49, Efficiency aw SQ. ar A RTO . 6,(h-T) n= 1+ 4 4 Gln yoann) Calculation of 7,7, Process(1-2) Page- 238Eficieney AW. 214 202+ 4Qrs Que 0, vC(T,—T) -vRTn( TVG (BF) ut values in (1) Calculation of 7,7, Isochoric process eG) ZLB n=l+7>—G A 2 oat z (2-4). RE in(n) aan n) Gn EB z (2) (Because P, =B) ee Isothermal process (1+ (7-Day e Ans. LA © a4 )=2r (3) From (2) and (3) | T=nf, ay Put values in (1) pate (2 DL9=)I0(n) Process 1-2(Isothermal): r(Q- Ans. 2.128 8Q,.. =A" = varso(f) RT,In(n) This is negative value. Process 2-3(Isobaric): 015=VC, (B-T)=¥C,(B-T) This is positive value, Process 3-1(Isochorie): 49,,.=¥C,(T,-B)=¥C, (EB) ‘This is negative value. Process 1-2(Isothermal): Work done by gas AW = 80,5 +80.. +40, 20, =40 = wersn( = =nkT,in(v) ‘Heat given to system This is negative value. 40=A0,.5 Page - 239