R.C.

C
IMPORTANT INDIAN STANDARD CODE PROVISIONS (IS 456)
(For objectives)


Ø Workability is the property that determine the ease with which the concrete can
be placed, mixed, compacted and finished. Workability is directly proportional to
the size of the aggregate.
Ø A compacting factor of 0.70 to 0.75 shows very low workability, between 0.80
to 0.85 shows medium workability and greater then 0.85 shows high
workability.
Ø In the sampling of concrete the minimum number of sample required to calculate
the standard deviation is 30.
Ø Creep and shrinkage are time dependent deformation which are compressive in
nature, the creep reduces the effective modulus of elasticity. The rate of creep
decreases with age.
Ø The size of cube required for test of concrete is 150mm.
Ø The initial setting time of the test block made of cement and water should not be
less then 30 minutes.
Ø The strength of concrete increases with age.
Ø The elastic modulus is basically the initial tangent modulus which is given by:
E=5000√fck
Ø The actual value of young’s modulus differ by a value of +/-20%
Ø The approximate value of total shrinkage is considered around 0.0003
Ø The nominal design of concrete is done for the concrete mix of M20 or lower
grade of concrete.
Ø When concrete is to be used in sea water then the minimum grade will be M20
for plain concrete and M30 for reinforced concrete. Plastering should be avoided
in such cases.
Ø Air entrance reduces the strength of concrete which can be later increased by
suitable methods.
Ø The minimum period of curing of concrete is seven days which can go up to 14
days when admixtures are used. Curing maintains the strength of concrete.
Ø For deep beams the ratio of effective span with the total depth is less than 2 for
simply supported beams and less than 2.5 for continuous beam. The deep beams
are designed for both sheer and flexure.
Ø For simply supported deep beams the lever arm is Z=0.2(l+2D) when 1<l/D<2,
Z=0.6l when l/D<1
Ø For continuous deep beam Z=0.2(l+1.5D) when 1<l/D<2, Z=0.5l when l/D<1
where l is the effective span.
Ø The minimum thickness for a wall is 100mm, the minimum ratio of the vertical
steel with the gross area is 0.12% for deformed bars and 0.15% for other bars.
The minimum ratio of horizontal steel with the gross area is 0.20% for deformed
bars and 0.25% for other bars.
Ø In case of footings the thickness at the edge shell not be less than 150mm for
footings on soil and it should not be less than 300mm above the top of pile.

Ø The critical bending moment will be calculated at the face of the column/ wall for
the footings supporting a concrete column or wall and between the centerline
and the edge of the wall for footings under masonry wall.
Ø The crack width is 0.3mm where the cracking is not harmful, 0.2mm where the
cracking is harmful and in general 0.1mm.
Ø Helical reinforcement is more ductile so it is used in earthquake resisting
structures.
Ø If L is less than three times the dimension than it is pedestal, if it is greater than
three times the dimension than it is a strut.
Ø The shear reinforcement has following functions:
1. Avoid sudden failure
2. Improve ductility
3. Prevent the formation of inclined tracks
4. Improve the dowel action of the bar
5. Avoid shrinkage cracks

Ø The Increase in carbon content increases the brittleness which increases the
ultimate strength.
Ø If a sample of cube consist of 3 number of specimen and these specimens are
tested for 28 days strength than the individual variation in strength should not
be more than + or – 15%
Ø The maximum possible value of compacting factor for fresh concrete
=1,compacting factor is basically the ratio of the weight of partial compacted
concrete with the weight of fully compacted concrete.
Ø The air entering agent introduces air in the form of bubbles that occupied 5% of
the volume of concrete distributed uniformly throughout the cement paste.
Ø The check for maximum shear stress is performed for the beam to take care of
the crushing if concrete by diagonal compression.
Ø To have maximum positive bending moment in a span of continuous beam the
general rule is to load the span under consideration and alternative spans on
each side of the above span.
Ø To obtain maximum negative moment at the support, load adjacent spans of the
support and than the alternative span on each side.
Ø The flexure strength determined from any group of four consecutive test results
exceeds the specified characteristic strength by at least 0.3 N/mm2
Ø Load tests should be carried out as soon as possible after expiry of 28 days from the
time of placing of concrete.
Ø The structure should be subjected to a load equal to full dead load of the structure plus
1.25 times the imposed load for a period of 24 h and then the imposed load shall be
removed.
Ø The deflection due to imposed load only shall be recorded. If within 24 h of removal
of the imposed load the structure does not recover at least 75 percent of the deflection
under superimposed load, the test may be repeated after a lapse of 72 h. If the
recovery is less than 80 percent, the structure shall be deemed to be unacceptable.
Ø Arrangements of imposed load:
A) Consideration may be limited to combinations of:
1) Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on two adjacent spans;
and
2) Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on alternate spans.

B) When design imposed load does not exceed three-fourths of the design dead load,
the load arrangement may be design dead load and design imposed load on all the
spans.
Ø The final deflection due to all loads includingthe effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkageand measured from the as-cast level of the, supports of floors, roofs and all
other horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/250.

Ø The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring
after erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed
span/350 or 20 mm whichever is less.
Ø The vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that
the span to depth ratios are not greater than the values obtained as below:
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m:
Cantilever -7, Simply supported -20, Continuous 26
Ø For spans above 10 m, the values may be multiplied by 10/span in meters, except for
cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.

Ø For two-way slabs of short spans (up to 3.5 m) with mild steel reinforcement, the
span to overall depth ratios given below may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical
deflection limits for loading class up to 3 kN/m’. Simply supported slabs -35,
Continuous slabs -40, For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415. The values
given above should be multiplied by 0.8.

Ø Negative moment reinforcement:

At least one-third of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment at the
support shall extend beyond the point of inflection for a distance not less than the
effective depth of the member of 12Φ or one-sixteenth of the clear span whichever is
greater.

Ø Positive moment reinforcement:

1) At least one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one-
fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along
the same face of the member into the support, to a length equal to Ld/3.
2) When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load resisting system, the
positive reinforcement required to be extended into the support as described,shall be
anchored to develop its design stress in tension at the face of the support.
3) At simple supports and at points of inflection, positive moment tension
reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that Ld computed for fy does not
exceed.
Ø The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall usually
be not-less than the greatest of the following:
1) The diameter of the bar if the diameters are equal,
2) The diameter of the larger bar if the diameters are un equal, and
3) 5 mm more than the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.

Ø Longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any case not be less
than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of columns of minimum
dimension of 200 mm or under, whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a
nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.
Ø For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.