Te eed After completing this chapter you should be able to: Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the squat “> pages 19-24 Read and use f(x) notation when working with functio “> pages 25-27 the graph and find the turning, point of a quadratic function “+ pages 27-30 ind and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expressio > pages 30-32 Curae eka Solve the following equations: a 3x+6= bb S(x + 3) = 6(2x- 1) ¢ 4x°= 100 d( & International GCSE Mathematics Factorise the following expressions: a x24 8x 415 b x243x-10 © 3x? ay dx? 400 «Section 1.3 Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crc the axes a p=3x-6 b y=10-2x © x42y=18 dy=x ‘+ International GCSE Mathematics olve the following inequaliti x+8<11 b2x-5=13 w=) d 4-x< 11 ‘ International GCSE Mathemati: . Quadratic functions are used to mod. projectile motion. Whenever an object thrown or launched, its path will approximately follow the shape of a parabola.EOE es CHAPTER 2 @ Solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form a ax? + bx += 0, where a, b and care real constants, and « # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. ® To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: The solutions to an + Write the equation in the form ax? + br+e=0 ‘equation are sometimes called + Factorise the left-hand side the roots of the equation, + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x OR 2) LEED crea. rine Solve the following equations: a P= 2x-15 b xP =9x © 6+ 13x-5=0 0d xt—Sy + 18=243x 2x-15=0 (e+ 3r-5)=0 Then either x +3 or x-5aO05x55 So x= -3 and x= 5 are the two solutions of the equation, ‘adsamaansiai b x x®— 9x xv - 9) Then either x exed The solutions are x =O and x = © Gx? 4 18r-5=0 Gx - Wer +5)=0 Then either 3x -1=O = x=$-——___| or 2x4+5=04x The sobstions are x= and x= 3 dx Sy 418=2 43x 8x +16 (x= Alix = 4) Then eitherx-4=0%=4 or x-4209454 axed Factorise the quadratic. © Section 1.3 Ifthe product of the factors is zero, one of the factors must be zero. CEEEED tre symbol > means implies that This statement says fx +3 =0, then x= “_ Aquadratic equation with two distinet factors hhas two distinct solutions. The signs af the solutions are ‘opposite to the signs of the constant terms in each factor. Be careful not to divide both sides by x, since x | may have the value O. Instead, rearrange into the formax? + bx-+6=0. — Factorise. L Factorise, Solutions to quadratic equations do not have to be integers. The quadratic equation (x + g)(rx +s) = Owill pavessulonsx=—Zand x= LL Rearrange into the form ax? + bx +¢=0. — Factorise. CED when a quadratic equation has exactly one root itis called a repeated root. You can also say that the equation has two equal roots.PT aly CVU} In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising, Gm) Solve the following equations: a (2x-37P=25 b ( The symbol + lets you write two ‘statements in one line of working, You say ‘plus or minus. a (ax- 37 = 25 2x-3=45 x-3=n7 347 The solutions are x= 3 + V7 and -7 EE rwoiusome 1 Solve the following equations using factorisation: aee3ve220 bb xt4Sv44=0 e+ Ix410=0 d e-x-6=0 e @-8r41520 f P-9v420=0 — g P-Sx-6=0 hxt-4r-12=0 2 Solve the following equations using factorisation: a va4y © 3x?= 6x e WW Ix43=0 g 6x? -Sx-6=0 h 4x? - 16x + 15=0 3 Solve the following equations: a 3x24 Sy b Qx-3P=9 © (x= 7°=36 d 28 © 3x7 f (x-3P 513 g Gr-IP=11 h Sx? 10x? =-7 4.0402 i 6x?-7= 11x J 4x? + 17x = 6x — 29? © 4 This shape has an area of 44m*, | Divide the shape into two sections: Find the value of «x t ie bm t ©® 5 Solve the equation 5x +3 =V3x+7.Uae Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. 1 The solutions of the equation You need to rearrange the equation ax? + bx + ¢ =O are given by the formula: into the form ax? + hx + ¢ = 0 before reading off ba \Foaac the coefficients. 2a CEES nc? + hx+c=0, the constants a,b and care called coefficients. Solve 3x? - 7. by using the quadratic Formula. a=3,b=—Tandc==1 ej ; “Put brackets around any negative values. 4x 3x CA) SH? ’ Or x = 2.47 (3 5.) of x = -0.135 @ 5f) EXE rence I Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. ive your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. 3x-2=0 ee 246x46=0 — d x2-Sx-2=0 g 4x? Ir=2 h LL? 42e-7=0 a @e3rt1=0 bx e 3x74 10x-2=0 0 f 4x? 4x 2 Solve the fallo Give your answers to three si ig equations using the quadratic formula. ficant figures, a v+4dv+2=0 bP -8r4+1=0 e P4+1lx-9=0 d x -7x-17=0 e@ Sx? 49x — f 2x?-3x-18= g 3x2 4+8 = lox hh 2x? + PL = Sx? - 18 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures a x48x412 boxt+9x-11=0 e2-9x-1=0 dd 2x2 45x42=0 GED seu can use ary method a a 7 you are confident with to solve € (2x+82=100 — f 6x°+6= 12x ee g 2x?-11= hx Bx-15 FA)Pm Ua Pd CET} ©® 4 This trapezium has an area of 50m’. Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(v5 = 1) m. ees dm Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —o+im— Challenge EEBD Write the equation in the form ‘ax? + bx + ¢= O before using the quadratic Given that is positive, solve the equation Fobmula be acto dent aaa. xt ¥427 195 @© Completing the square It is frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: — (ead) (bP = ee bre (x44) (8) You can draw a diagram of this process when xand bate positive: 5 = The original rectangle has been rearranged into the |<.» shape of a square with a smaller square missing. The two areas shaded blue are the same. xt by = Ezine CREED A quadratic expression in the form z pix+q)? + rwhere p,q and real constants is Complete the square forthe expressions peso ree par area constants a xt+8x b x?-3x © 2xt= 12 Begin by halving the coefficient of x. Using the rule given above, b = a x2 + B= (xt AP 4? (e+ 4-16 39 b x? - 3x 3 z — b ay be careftirbis a action Here (2) Here the coefficient of x? 2, so first take out a ee ee factor of. The other factorisin the form (x? + Bx) = 2x - 3P - 39 suru onUsine rlleteainclatatmectiate = 2x - 3P - 9) = 2x - 3)? - 18 Expand the outer bracket by multiplying 2 by 9 to get your answer in this form.Tut HAPTER 2 Write 3x? + Gx + 1 in the form pox + g)? +1, where p, q and rare integers to be found. Bx? 46x41 (x? + 2x) +1 Bix + P= P41 xe - 341 (w+ N= 2 So p=3,q=1 and Ges EEE wreneneranion 1 Complete the square for these expressions: bxt-6x © x2- 16x ate dy 2. Complete the square for these expressions: a 22+ 16x b 3x?— 24x © Sx? +20 3. Write each of these expr are constants to be foun a t+8xe1 jon: @©4 @©5 constants to be determined, GEO ©) ED wos Pe cre divide every term by 3 without changing its value. Instead, you need to take a factor of 3 out of 3x? + 6x. You could also use the rule given above to complete the square for this expression, but itis safer to learn the method shown here, GD so question 34, write the expression as 4x2 ~ 16+ 10 then 2 ; Water @ P—14x ake a factor of -4 out of the first two terms to get —4(x? + 4x) + 10. a 2x2-5x © Bx- 22 BMA HAD the form p(x +g)? +r, where p, q and r b Sxt= 15x43 © Sat42v-1 d 10-16x—4x? @ 2x 8n7 +10 Given that x? + 3x +6 = (x + a)? + b, find the values of the constants a and b. (2 marks) Write 2 + 0.8 — 0.04," in the form 4 = Bix + C?, where A, Band Care (GB marks) Solve the equation x2 + 8x + 10 = 0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form. 48x +1020 x? 48x =-10 (+ 4p = 4? = 10 (x 44)? = 10 416, ——_______ (x + 4) xe the solutions are x24 +6 and x Check coefficient of x? = 1 Subtract 10 to get the LHS in the form x? + bx. Complete the square for x? + 8x. Add 42 to both sides. Take the square root of both sides. Subtract 4 from both sides. Leave your answer in surd form. 23Pe) als ed CT Naty Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x +7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. ted This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get.x? on its own. The right-hand side is 0 so It is unchanged, L Complete the square for x? 4x. >> Add 22 to both sides, ? =F L Take the square root of both So the roots are ‘— Add 2 to both sides. solutions to quadratic equations quickly. ofan Em 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form, a P+6x+1=0 bxt+12r43=0 © x2 44x-2=0 de 10r=5 2. Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, a 2x? + 6x 0 b Sx?4+8y-2=0 ce 4x?-x-8=0 d 15-6x-2=0 © 3 8 - l4y4 = (4 pl +g, where p and gare constants. a Find the values of p and q. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation x? = 14x + | = 0 can be written in the form r + sy3, where r and s are constants to be found. (2 marks) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to Get the equation x? + 2hx + ¢ = 0 are given by the formula Palio tet Serie Hepeee yell would ~bt vie. i bt vb?=e. (marks) ifthe coefficients were numbers. Cir a Show that the solutions to the equation ax? + 2bx + ¢=Oare given by x=-4 f a7 GD start by dividing the whole a ‘equation by a. b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + hx + ¢= 0 can be written as CEWD vou can use this method to NBR hae prove the quadratic formula, a + Section 2.1TOUT} Coase) €) Functions ‘A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs toa single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. ™ The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain. is called the range, The set of possible outputs of a functi This diagram shows how the function f(x) = x? maps five values in its domain to values in its range. = The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. The funetfons f and gare given by f(x) = 2x - 10 CED the input ofa function, and sik) x! =8;2— Rs x, can be any real number, then the a Find the values of (5) and g(10). domain can be written as x € R. b Find the value of for which f(x) = 29. ‘The symbol € means is a member of’ and the symbol Ri represents the a i5) = 25) - 10 = 10-10=0 set of real numbers. 100-9 gio) = Wor - 9 1 b fla) = ats) To find f(5), substitute x = § into the function fl). ax-10=x°-9 ie ciel Set f(x) equal to g(x) and solve for x. =F =0 ae x= 1s a repeated root. ‘The function fis defined as f(x) = a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? +g b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form. © Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of x for which it occurs, +6x-5,VER. Complete the square for x? + 6x. and then simplify the expression. To find the root(s) ofa function, set it equal to zero. “L__ You can solve this equation directly, Remember to ‘write # when you take square roots of both sides. f(x) has two roots: -3 + WA and ~3 ~ Vid. ESP| aly COUT} © (w+ 3" 0 squared value must be greater than or equal to 0. So the minimum value of f(x) is =14.— This occurs when (x + 3 = O, nee (r+ 3)? = 050 (x + 3)F- 14> 14 50 when x Find the roots of the function f(x) = x + 7x8 - 8,7 ER. x6 + 7x2 -B=0 f(x) can be written as a function of a function. ‘The only powers of x in f(x) are 6, 3 and 0 s0 you GPP + 7132) - B = 0-4, can write it as a quadratic function of x?. (= net+8)=20-—__ | 30 x8 = 1 or x3 kL. ‘Treat x? as a single variable and factorise. 2 Solve the quadratic equation to find two values Ties tombs FO are Tianel 2 for-x, then find the corresponding values of x Alternatively, let w = x You can simplify this working with a substitution. fo) = x + 7, = OF +70) - 8 nit Te E> Replace x* with u then solve the quadratic equation in w. =u Mw +8) So when f(x) = O,u= Toru Wustax8=1oxe4 oe fi i. MESUESLY The solutions to the quadratic Wus-O6 > 85-6 x= -2 ‘equation will be values of w. Convert back to The roots of f(x) are 1 and 2. values of x using your substitution. REE 22) TED wren 1 Using the functions f(x) = Sx + 3, g(x) = 2? ~ 2 and h(x) = vx +1, find the values of: a fy » 8) © his) dfs) e 22) 4 f h-1) 2 M4) +22) K+) +HO) i af ® 2 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = x? - 2x, xE R. Gon Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. TEEEE Reta set the resulting expression equal to 8. 3. Find all the roots of the following functions: a fix) = 10 = 15x b g(x) =x + N(x 2) © he) a jy = 144-8 e k(xpea(et +7) f me) 246-40 x3 + 5x? = 24x,UADRATICS Pear 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) Find the two values of » for which p(x) 3x and g(x) = 2x-6,.xER. ao. 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2x° + 30x and g(x) = 177, x ER. Find the three values of «x for which fx © 6 The function f is defined as fx a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? + g, where p and q are constants to be found, (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the minimum value of f(x). (1 mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a MX) = +948 D g(x) = x4 12? + 32 EDD the function in © h(x) = 27x + 26x4 (x) = 32x! 3305 + 1 part b has four roots. © k(x)=x-Wx +10 £ m(x) = 2x} + 2x4 12 c fined as f(x) = 3 — 28) +27, vER. 8 The function fis defined asf (3) +27, x Sa a Write f(x) in the form (3* — a)(3*—b), where a and b are real constants. (2 marks) Consider f(x) asa_ function ofa function. b Hence find the two roots of fx). (2 marks) BD auadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ the graph of y = f(x) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. ‘The coefficient of x? determines the overall shape of the graph. When a is positive, the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative, the parabola will have this shape: (\, @ The graph crosses the y-axis when x =0. » The y-coordinate is equal to « ) @ The graph crosses the x-axis when y= 0. The x-coordinates are roots of the function f(x). © Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum. Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning O| @ * point and line of symmetry are half-way 2 : between the two roots. ® You can find the coordinates of the turning point cet arRETS of a quadratic graph by completing the square. Fla) = a(x +p)? +g, the graph of y= f(x) has a turning point at (-p, q). a translation of the graph of 2 im > Section aeby(2),—-+actonsaPea OTe Sketch the graph of y x +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. As a= 1 is positive, the graph has a\/ Use the coefficient of x? to determine the laps cali int A general shape of the graph. When x =0, y= 4, 50 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 4) When y= 0, x@-5x+4=0 (r= Me 4)=0 1 or x= 4, 80 the graph crosses the x-axis at (1, 0) and (4, O). Completing the square: — x= Sy44s(v- 9) - S44 This example factorises, but you may need to use the quadratic formula or complete the square, Complete the square to find the coordinates of the turning point. = (x-3)° So the minimum point has coordinates @-9). If you use symmetry to find the Alternatively, the minimum occurs when -x-coordinate of the minimum point, you need to x is hall-way between t and 4, substitute this value into the equation to find the wa y-coordinate of the minimum point soxatttn3 y=@)-5x@)+4=-$ 0 the minimum hee coordinates (8 The sketch of the graph Is: You could use a graphic calculator or substitute some values to check your sketch, When x=5,p=5?-5x544=4. CD iach ine rake ED = (x + p+ q changes as the values of p and q change using technology.VADRATICS Sketch the graph of y= equation of its line of symmetry. pea = 8 nngativg, tho-graph haw af stage aii en Hal When x =O, y = -3, 80 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, ~3) When y = 0, 2x8 + 4x3 Using the quadratic formula, There are no real solutions, so the graph does not cross the x-axis. Completing the square: ext + ay -3 2x? — 2x) - 3 2x = = 9-3 = 2-1 42-3 atx — 1? = So the maximum point has coordinates a. The line of symmetry is vertical and goes through the maximum point. It has the equation x= 1 Coad x — 2x? ~ 3. Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the It’s easier to see that a < it you write the equation inthe form y = ~2x? + 4x ~3 You would need to square root a negative number to evaluate this expression. Therefore this equation has no real solutions, ‘The coefficient of x* is ~2, so take outa factor of ~2 REUIID A sketch graph does not need to be plotted exactly or drawn to scale, However you should: ‘© draw a smooth curve by hand © identify any relevant key points {such as intercepts and turning points) © label your axes, Ps)ala CVU GEES) BID ws 1 Sketch the graphs of the following equations, For cach graph, show the coorclinates of the point(s) where the graph crosses the coordinate axes, and write down the coordinates of the turning point tation of the line of symmetry. a yext- 6x48 eye + 6x7 244x410 g y= 2x24 7x-15 i ys4-Tr-2e jy 05x27 + 0.204002 242-15 € 43x42 6? = 19+ 10 ©® 2 These sketches are graphs of quadratic functions of the form ax* + bx + ¢ Pind the values of a, b and ¢ for each function b , een ‘Check your answers by substituting values, into the function. in part e the graph passes through (0, ~18), so hi) should be ~18, 3. The graph of y = ax? + by + ¢ has a minimum at (5, -3) and passes through (4, 0), Find the values of a, band c. (3 marks) @ The discriminant IF you square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that if y is negative, yy cannot be a real number. Look at the quadratic formula: If the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be a real number and there are no real solutions. If the value under the square root is equal to 0, both solutions will be the same. ch 3 yb? = bu 2a ™ For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the expression b? ~ 4ac is called the discriminant. ‘The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + IF — dae > 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + IF? — 4ae=0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + IF ~ 4ac <0 then f(x) has no real roots.EO Tey CHAPTER 2 You can use the discriminant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of y= f(x), where f(x) = ax? + bx +e. a>0 4 o| * 01 t be hac > 0 -bac=0 be hac <0 Two distinct real roots One repeated root No real roots 01 * 0] * a O. #-Ax1xk>O _ For any value of k less than 4, the equation will 16-4k>0 have two distinct real solutions. 16 > 4k 5 So k <4. the discriminant changes with & using. technology.Em ale OTUs} GEE) IED rerenerarion 1 a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions: fo) =22 +8043 (x) =2n2 3x44 h(x) = =x? 4 Tx = Wy jx) =~ 8x4 16 Vv k(x) = 2x — 3x24 b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs, UA WY, 2. Find the values of k for which x? + 6x + k= 0 has two real solutions, (2 marks) 3 Find the value of # for which 2x? - 3x + 1 = 0 has exactly one solution, (2 marks) G®) 4 Given that the function f(x) = 8x +s has equal roots, find the value of the positive constants. (2 marks) 5 Find the range of values of k for which 3x2— 4x + k = 0 has no real solutions. (marks) o The function g(x) =x? + 3px + (14p ~ 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. a Find the value of p, (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x2 + 3px + (14p — (2 marks) h(x) = 2? + (+ 4) +k, where & is a real constant. es a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) — Ifa question part says ‘hence or b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct _ otherwise’ it is usually easier to use your real roots for all values of k. (Bimarks) answer to the previous question part. Challenge Prove that, if the values of a and c are given and non-zero, it is always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ has distinct real roots. 2 bb Is it always possible to choose a value of h so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer.UADRATICS CHAPTER 2 COTE 2) REIEED cxccurverncnon ©o 1 Solve the following equations without a calculator, Leave your answers in surd form where necessary, a P4+3y42=0 b 3x4 13x-10=0 © Sx? = 10x = 4x43 d (Qx-5P= 2. Sketch graphs of the following equations: a ystsSeed © y=6~ 10x 4x2 ay 3 fix) =a2 + 3x Sand glx) = 4x +k, where & is a constant a Given that £(3) = g(3), find the value of k. GB marks) b Find the values of x for which f(x) = g(x). (3 marks) 4 Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: b 2P-St+1= d Gv-1P=3-7 5 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x +g)? + r, where p, q and r are constants to bbe found: a xt+12x-9 b 5x2 - 40x + 13 © 8x- 2x7 d 3x°- (x4 1? 6 Find the value k for which the equation 5x2 — 2x + k= 0 has exaetly one solution. (2 marks) 7 Given that for all values of x: 3x + 14 Ss porta? +r a find the values of p, g and r (3 marks) b Hence solve the equation 3x? + 12x +5 =0. (2 marks) 8 The function f is defined as f(x) = 2° - 20(2') + 64, ve R. a Write f(x) in the form (2° ~ a)(2*—b), where a and b are real constants (marks) b_ Hence find the two roots of fx). (2 marks) 9 Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2( + I(x = 4) ~ (x ~ 10. Use algebra to solve (x — Ix + 2) = 18. 33Erm Ua ‘QUADRATICS 11 A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool # seconds after launch can be modelled by the following function: h() = 51-107 + 10,7 = 0 a How high is the springboard above the water? (1 mark) b Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. (B marks) € Rearrange h(s) into the form A ~ B(r~ C)? and give the values of the constants 4, Band C (3 marks) @_ Using your answer to part e, or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. (2 marks) 12 For this question, f(x) = 4kx? + (4k + 2)x + 1, where k is a real constant, a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of k (3 marks) b By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove that f(x) has two distinct real roots for all non-zero values of k. (2 marks) ‘¢ Explain why f(x) cannot have two distinct real roots when k = 0. (1 mark) 13 Find all of the roots of the function r(x) The ratio of the lengths a:b in this line is the same as the ratio of the lengths bc. S— 17x44 16, (S marks) ee Show that this ratio is? +9 1 b Show also that the infinite square root Va vie ied WasTU uliy Naar Pte it To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +¢=0 + Factorise the left-hand side + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of The solutions of the equation ax? + by + ¢ = 0 where a # O are given by the formula: oe sb? = 4ac Pace bye _ (by 2 pee (eer oben (xo8)-(8) Ba(tet)'s (2-2) at tbxre=a(x+2) +(c-% The set of possible inputs of a function is called the domain. The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. The roots of a function are the values of 2: for which f(x) = 0. You can find the coordinates of a turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. IF f(x) = alx + p)® + g, the graph of y = f(x) has a tuming point at (-p,q). For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, the expression b? — 4ac is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + IF 6? ~4ac > 0 then the quadratic function has two distinct real roots. «+ Fb — 4ae = 0 then the quadratic function has one repeated real root. «+ IF? ~4ae <0 then the quadratic function has no real roots, ES3 EQUATIONS PY ey Pee After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve linear simultaneous equations using elimination or substitution > pages 37-38 © Solve simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic ~ pages 39-40 Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphically > pages 40-43, Salve linear inequalities + pages 4-46 Solve quadratic inequalities + pages 44-49 Interpret inequalities graphically “+ pages 49-51 Represent linear and quadratic inequalities graphically pages 51-53 Dae kes A= {factors of 12} B= (factors of 20) Write down the numbers in each of these sets a AnB b (AUBy + International GCSE Mathematics Simplify these expressions. 145 + 332 a5 bees € section 1.5 Match the equations to the correct graph. Label the points of intersection with the axes and the coordinates of the turning point. a y=9-x b y=(r-2r+4 € ya(e- Der) ae ol see Food scientists use regions on graphs to optimise athletes’ nutritional intake and ensure they satisfy the minimum dietary requirements for calories and vitamins.UO UDA UTS Na) @ Linear simultaneous equations Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time, ‘The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x= 5,» x+3y=11 0 (\)*——- 54 3@) = 5 + 6-11 4x—5y=10 (2) ——— 4(5)-5@)=20-10= 10 » Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. ee) — Solve the simultaneous equations a 2x+3y ay First look for a way to eliminate x or y. rere a 7 Muttety equation @ by to get3yinench equation, 3x-y=23 (2) 9x - 3y = 69 @- ____ Number this new equation (3). Then add equations (1) and (3), since the 3y terms have different signs and y will be eliminated. |. Substitute x= 7 into equation (1) to find y. = your solution by substituting into equation (2).3(7) ~(-2) = 21+ 2= 23 ¥ Note that you could also multiply equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 2to get 6x-in both equations. You could then subtract to eliminate x. The 9 Bene |__ Multiply equation (1) by 3 and multiply equation (2) Gxt2p=25 by 2 to get 12 in each equation ax t5y=12 12x + 4y (@) eat Subtract, since the 12x terms have the same sign (both positive). Ax -10=4~ —___—— — Substitute y =2 into equation (1) to find x. Aya t4 The solution is x= 34, y= 2. 37Eat MUSOU TALL} Solve the simultaneous equations: Rearrange an equation, In this case equation (1), togeteither.x=...ory=... here y=...) @) Substitute this into the other equation (here into J eduation (2m place of. — Solve for x. Substitute x = 33 into equation (1) to find the eee F value of y Remember to check your solution in equation (2) 4-35) + 2(-8) = -14- 16 =-30¥ The solution is x = ~3 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by eliminatio b I+ 3y=16 2x + 9y = 29 € 3x-2y=-6 ox-+3y=2 2 Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: ax43y © ax- 4x 7) lox + 3y -1 3 Solve these simultaneous: sapiens GED Fist rearrange ci-pesco | po © 3y=5(x-2) both equations into 3 the same form, Sit y)=6e41) — 2wa3yed=0 Bax-D+y44=0 eg ax sy 4 aetky =~ 2 oes are simultaneous equations where & is a constant, ‘kis a constant, soit has the a Show that x (3 marks) same value in both equations b Given that y = }, determine the value of k. (mark) S2x-p dx tsp +q=0 are simultaneous equations where p and q are constants. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x = g, y = Find the value of p and the value of 4 marks)MONEY UML URLs} Na) @® Quadratic simultaneous equations You must be able to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and one is quadratic. To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation. = Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x = 4, y=~3 and x= 5.5, y=~1.5: x-ys7 () (2) atv and eT ve aps ex Solve the simultaneous equations: x4 2p=3 ~ ~ L__ (3)° + (63) +2(4) =9- 12+ 8=5¥ and (15 + 5.515) +2655) = 225-825 411=5 The quadratic equation can contain terms involving y? and xy. Rearrange linear equation (1) to get x=... or [oven (here x=.) Substitute ths into quadratic equation (2) there in place of x). ‘— (3~2y)?means (3-2))(3-2)) «Section a.2 2y? + 3p41 2y+0y+ <0 Solve for y using factorisation ee oe Find the corresponding x-values by substituting Sox=4orx the p-values into linear equation (1), x =3 ~2y. lutions are x= 4, p= and x= 5, y= | There are two solution pairs for x and y. XL 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: axty=ll b xt xp =30 d 3a+b=8 Bae + 2 = 28 nultaneous equations: 7 bxty=9 e 3xy +2) ESCty OU EE NL VALS} 3. Solve the simultancous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: 2x +3y b 2etaye 1s CEE Use brackets when you are B+ = T8 substituting an expression into an equation. (6 marks) 5 a By climinating y from the equations ya2-4y 3x2 tay +110 show that x2 = 2x11 =0. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations ye2-4y 3x2 tap 11 =0 giving your answers in the form a by3, where a and b are integers. (S marks) ©® 6 One pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations Saar 2 te If (1, p) is a solution, then x= eaxy= satisfies both equations. is (1, p) where k and p are constants. a Find the values of k and p. b Find the second px Challenge y =P 1 of solutions for the simultaneous equations. weyeed Given that the simultaneous equations have exactly one pair of solutions, show that 222 ©) Simultaneous equations on graphs You can represent the solutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point on a line or curve satisfies the equation of that line or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equations simultaneously. ® Solutions to a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. GET.) BED errno a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: b_ Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations,UMS UPN} EDD Fina the point oF intersection graphically using technology. The point of intersection is the solution to the simultaneous equations vy ax+3y=8 By-y=23 This solution matches the algebraic solution to & The solution is (7, ~2) or x = 7, y = -2.-—— the simultaneous equations. a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: Qwy=3 pext—3ve b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultancous equations. There are two solutions. Each solution will have an x-value and a y-value. ‘Check your solutions by substituting into both equations, 2-1) +6) =-2+5=3V and 5=(-1F-3¢1) +1=14341=54 202) + (-1) vand (P-3@)41=4-641=-14 MED stecicsivnrma seine & The solutions are (4, 5) orx = 1, y= using technology to find the two and (2, -1) or x = 2, points of intersection. ‘The graph of a linear equation and the graph of a quadratic equation can either: * intersect twice * intersect once * not intersect After substituting, you can use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic equation to determine the number of points of intersection, aCO ata OUD EY NUNN Vay = For a pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form aethxse + B= hac>0 + B-hac=0 + B-4ac<0 two real solutions one real solution no real solutions wr VA UN The line with equation y = 2x + 1 meets the curve with equation kx? + 2y + (k= 2) ‘one point. Given that k is a positive constant b for this value of K, find the coordinates of ‘affects the line and the curve the point of intersection. using technology. Oat exactly a yeaxet Substitute y= 2x +1 into equation (2) and kx? + 2y + (k= 2)=0 @ simplify the quadratic equation, The resulting fo? + 22x44 k-2)20 quadratic equation isin the form ax? + bx-+e=0 Peta de oaks Fo with a= k,b=4and ¢ kx? + 4x4 k=O En You are told that the line meets the curve at exactly one point, so use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic. There will be exactly one solution, so b= 4a #-Axkx k=O 1e-4 R420 (&- 2y{k + 2)= 0 Factorise the quadratic to find the values of k: k= 2ork=-2 __F— The solution is k= +2, as kis a positive constant. Sok b 2x2 4x42 ] Substitute & = +2 into the quadratic equation x4 2x4150 [oO ket ae be (r+ Ne +d "the x-coordinate, x Substitute x = 1 into linear equation (1) to find oet)ni the »-coordinate. Foint of intersection is (1, -l). Check your answer by substituting into equation (2): 4 2xt+2y=0 20? + 2-1) =2-2=0VST Sa Se Tai ay Daa ELIE) wrevenvn 1 In each case: i draw the graphs for each pair of equations on the same axes ii find the coordinates of the point of intersection. 3y 3 © ps3xe2 Bxtytl 2 a Use graph paper to accurately draw the graphs of 2y=2x-+ Il and y= 2x? —3x~5 on the same axes, b Use your graphs to find the coordinates of the points of intersection € Verify your solutions by substitution, 3 a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation x? + y= 9 and the line with equation 2x + y = 6. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection, ¢ Verify your solutions by substitution. 4 a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation our neetiseoheseeath y=(x~2)? and the line with equation y = 3x ~2. rerebaa Bednar b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection ind the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = x ~4 intersects the curve ith equation y? = 2x? — 17. 6 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = 3x — 1 intersects the curve with equation y? = xy + 15. @® 7 Determine the number of points of intersection for these pai a ys6x2+3x-7 b y=4x?= 18x +40 ey ys2x+8 y= 10x-9 Tx+y4+3=0 of simultaneous equations, ©) 8 Given the simultaneous equations 2x-y=l x? + 4ky + 5k =0 where kis a non-zero constant a show that x? + 8k +k =0. (2 marks) ven that x? + 8kx + k= 0 has equal roots b find the value of k (G marks) ¢ for this value of &, find the solution of the simultaneous equations. (marks)Ce ata PUD EY NUN StU Vey (3.4) Linear inequalities You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to those for solving linear equations. = The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. Een 7) PROBLEM SOLVING Find the set of values of x for which: a Sxt9>x420 b 12-3x<27 — QEEEED vou can write the solution to this © 3(v—5)>5—2Ax-8) inequality using set notation as (v:.x = 2.75) This means the set of all values.» for which «is greater than of equal to 2.75, a Sx+9=x420 Ax +9 = 20 4x=t r Rearrange to get x >... £=275——___— b 12-3x.< 27 Subtract 12 from both sides. _3y ¢ 15 ——_ Dlnide both sides by -3. (You therefore need to ; turn round the inequality sign) In set notation (x:x > 5). © Biv-5) > 5 = 2[x-8) By-15 >5-2r416 Ly Bx>5 +16 +15 Multiply out (note: ~2 x ~B = +16) i LL Rearrange to getx>. sasnsosieenes Inset notation (xix > 7.2). You may sometimes need to find the set of CHEE inset rotation values for which two inequalities are true Rondon x <6 ewniten Gi eae, together, Number lines can be useful to find arsenate Bes Da ee the solution, x Lor x>3iswritten (xix S =I} U (xix > 3} For example, in the number line below the solution set is. > —2 and x = 4. 5 4 2 0 2 4 6 © is used for < and > and means oe = the end value is nor included. is used for < and = and means the end value is included |___ these are the only real values that satisfy both equalities simultaneously, so the solution is -2. 3. i" Peer scree ere a Here there is no overlap and the two inequalities have —— o> to be written separately as x= —1 or x >3.MSR Nl Va S39 CHAPTER 3 Find the set of values of x for whieh: a 3y-S1-wor IS ~3x>5 42x a Bx-5exe8 Sy>x-8 2x-5<8 xo-8 e ee Draw a number line to illustrate the two ax<18 x>-2 inequalities. 65 The two sets of values overlap (intersect) where ~2 2x 10> 5x x<2 42 0 @ 4 6 6 Draw @ number line. Note that there is no overlap between the two sets of values. AV In set notation this can be written as The solution is x > 3 or x <2+-—— (ix 2}U tess 3p 2 1 Find the set of values of x for whieh: a w-3<5 b Sv+4=39 © 6x-3> 2x47 d 5x4+6<-12-x € 5-324 f 21-2v>843x g l4x<2543x hodx-7<7-7x i 5-05x> j Sx44> 12-26CMe ta Ky OTM POMS UVa sy 2. Find the set of values of x for which: a Av-3|>0 b 8(l-x)>x-1 © xt S8-x 4 2v=3)-(+1<0 ee 1+ 12-2) < 100-4) f 2-5) = 34%) g 12y-3e-3)<45 h x-2542x <1 i x(x > 42 4x(x+ 3) j xG-x)e34x-8 k 3y + 2x(x—3) = 25 +2) 1 xQx “es 3 Use set notation to describe the set of values of + for which: a 3Q=2)> x—4and 4x4 12> 20417 b 2x-S fe 2y=3>2and Hx+2)< 124% 15 =x <2(11 —a) and 5(3x~ 1) > 12-419 ¢ 3x +8 20and 2Gx~7) = x46 f Sx43<9 or 52x41) >27 g 4x +7) <20 or 23x 5) > 25 Ax (e:3x+5>2) F+1=3} Ca frill <2x- 1) Given that AM (BU C) = bv:p 1, find the values of p,q and r BD auaaratic inequalities = To solve a quadratic inequality: + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values «Sketch the graph of the quadratic function ‘* Use your sketch to find the required set of values. The sketch shows the graph of f(a) = x°—4x~ 5 = e+ )Q-5) y The solutions to the quadratic inequality a¢—4y~5> Dare the x-values when the curve is above the x-axis (the darker part of the curve). This is when x <~1 or > 5.ln set notation, the solution is feiwe-IJU (vex > 5} The olution ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality are ol mele. ae x45 <0 are the x-values when Lsinecpitiouiaid “1 A the curve is below the x-axis (the atten sales, lighter part of the curve)-This is when x>-Land.x<5or-1h a Find the set of values of x for which 12 +4x > x2, b Hence find the set of values for which 12 + 4x > x? and Sx~3> 2. a 124+ 4x>x8 O> x? = 4y-12 w-4x-12<0 Ax-12=0 (x 2)r- = 0 xe-2orx=6 ax—12 Sketch y x? 4x-12 <0 Solution: -2. x* gives -2 2 qives x > 1 asl This question is easier if you represent the 4 02 4 6 6 information in more than one way. Use a sketch Oo 2 2,520 QUTEIED couse ether postive ocnegative, so you can't multiply both sides of this inequality. by.x. Instead, multiply both sides by x2, Because x® is never negative, and x #030 x? #0, the inequality sign stays the same. Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values. x= Ocanstill be a critical value even though 1-0. But It would not be part of the solution set, even if the inequality was = rather than > Sketch y = x(6 ~ 2x). You are interested in the values of x where the graph is above the x-axis, The solution is 0 < x < 3. Inset notation this can be written as (x:0 0 e x-3x-10>0 d 4+ 7x41220 f 10+x g 4x? 8x43 i e-9<0 j 6x? +11x-10>0 k e-S5r>0 12x? + 3x 2. Find the set of values of x for which: a x2<10-3x bil1 @ x(x 4 1) <3)UY ULM YUL Coa) 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a PT 10Oand 10-2v<5 = 3x-10and 3x4 17>2 f y2-2y-30 © 4 Given that x # 0, find the set of values of «for which: 4 1 b5>5 ce yt3>2 rs +453 e sot x 5 a Find the range of values of k for which the — QPP) the quadratic equation ax? + bx +e=0 equation x2 — kx + (k +3) =O has no real roots. ~ hag real roots if bé —4ac = 0. «Section 2.5 b Find the range of values of p for which the roots of the equation px? + px — 2 = 0 are real, © 6 Find the set of values of x for which x? ~ Sx 14> 0, (marks) © 7 Find the set of values of x for which a 23x-1)<4-3y (2 marks) b 2x?-Sy-3<0 (4 marks) © both 23x~ 1) <4=3y and 2x?= 5x -3 <0. (2 marks) oa 8 Given that x #3, find the set of values for whieh > <2 MELT Multiply both sides ofthe (6 marks) Inequality by (e—3¥. ®) 9 The equation kx? = 2k + 3 = 0, where k is a constant, has no real roots. Prove that k satisfies the inequality 0. (4 marks) @® Inequalities on graphs You may be asked to interpret graphically the sol of functions that are related to them. s to inequalities by considering the graphs = The values of x for which the curve y= Fx) < BO). = The values of x for which the curve x fo) > et). (x) is above the curve (x) satisfy the inequality 49ala OTE eL OU VL} FQ) is above g(x) when «<2 and when x> 5. These values of « satisfy F(x) > g(x). FQ) is below g(x) when 2 x2 a x? = 124 4x Equate to find the points of intersection, x? = 4x-12=0 then rearrange to solve the quadratic equation. See Factorise to find the .x-coordinates at the points x= Gand x of intersection, Substitute into when x=6,y=36 P, (6, 36) when ¥=-2y=4 P,(-2, 4) This is the range of values of x for which the le 4Bectigos wham te-anaph et graph of y= 12 + 4x is above the graph of y=x%, above the graph of Le ie. between the two points of intersection. ~2x—p.Coase) USE DONUT Uap 2. For each pair of functions: i. Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) on the same axes. ii Find the coordinates of any points of intersection. Write down the solutions to the inequality f(x) = g(x). a fix) bf ge) 209) d fix) e f(x) 89 ©® 3 Find the set of values of x for which the curve with equation y = f(x) is below the line with equation y = g(x). a f(x) = 3-2-1 Db f(x) =2x?- 4x +1 © f(x) = Sx-2x7-4 glxyax45 x)= By-2 g(x) =-2x-1 2 2 d y=x40 xe f f= Spee 2) =8 B(x) The sketch shows the graphs of f(x) =3?-4x-12 gO) =6+5x-x8 a Find the coordinates of the points of intersection bb Find the set of values of x for which flx) < g(x). Give your answer in set notation, @® Regions You can use shading on graphs to identify regions that satisfy linear and quadratic inequalities. = y-< f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid below the curve » = f(x). = y> f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = f(x). All the shaded points inthis region satisfy the inequality y> f( All the unshaded points in this region satisfy the inequality y < f(a)ee aie) UCD SAN Vay = If y> fla) or p< fla) then the curve y= fla) is not included in the region and is represented by a dotted line. = If y= f(x) or y = f(s) then the curve y = fia) is included in the region and is represented by a solid tine. CRO 13) ELD wrewrneranon (On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: Ax <5,y = 3x4 2and.x>0 Draw dotted lines for Shade the required region, Test a point in the region. Try (1,2) Forx=1:10V Fory=2:2=-2and2=3+2V Draw solid lines for y= 4, y= 3x42. On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: dytx0-0-40CNS See iT sy ied = 1 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yox-2y-2 3 On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yxt-2and y= 9- 5 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yo(x-3Rytx> Sandy x + 13. 2 marks) b Solve the inequality x? ~ 5x ~ 14 > 0. (marks) © 9 Find the set of values of x for which (x = Ie = 4) < 2 = 4). (6 marks) © 10 a Use algebra to solve (x ~ 1)(x + 2)= 18. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which (x ~ I)(x + 2)> 18, Give your answer in set notation, (2 marks) 11 Find the set of values of x for which: a 6x-7<2v+3 (2 marks) b 2-1 +5<0 (4 marks) © 5<%8 (4 marks) d_ both 6x - 7 < 2x +3 and 2x? - 11x +5 <0. (2 marks) © 12 Find the set of values of x that satisty & (S marks) © 13 Find the values of i for which kx? + 8x + 5 = 0 has real roots, (3 marks) 14. The equation 2x? + 4kx — Ske = 0, where k is a constant, has no real roots. Prove that k satisfies the inequality -3 g(x). (1 mark) © 16 Find the set of values of » for which the curve with equation y= 2x2 + 32 = 15 is below the line with equation y= 8 + 2x. (S marks) © 17 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: y>xttdy—I2and p< 4-27 (S marks) 18 a Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities pax <6y<2x 49 y>3andx>0 (6 marks) b Work out the area of the shaded region. (marks) Cars 1. Find the possible values of & for the quadratic equation 2kx? + Six + 5k-3=0 to have real roots. 2. A straight line has equation y = 2x -K and a parabola has equation y= 3x2 + 2kx + Swhere kis a constant. Find the range of values of & for which the line and the parabola do not intersect.En acir) RMU Ey Ulan = Mus) Pea 1_Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. 2. Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. 3. The solutions of a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. 4 Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form ax? + b+ c= 0: + be 4ae>0 two real solutions + be-4ac=0 one real solution + bP-4ac<0 — noreal solutions 5 The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. 6 To solve a quadratic inequality + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic Function + Use your sketch to find the required set of values. 7 The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is below the curve y = g(x) satisfy the inequality f(a) < gh. The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is above the curve y= g(x) satisfy the inequality fx) > Bla). 8 y< f(x) represents the points on the coordinate grid below the curve y = f(x). ‘y > f(s) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = f(x). 9 If y> f(x) or y < f(x) then the curve y = f(x) is not included in the region and is represented by a dotted line. Ify = f(x) or y = f(a) then the curve y = f(x) is included in the region and is represented by a solid line,