International Criminal Law

Volume I

Edited by

William A. Schabas
Professor of In ternational Law, Middlesex University, London
Emeritus Professor of Human Rights Law
National University of Ireland Galway
Chairman, Irish Centre for Human Rights

INTERNATIONAL LAW

An Elgar Research Collection

Cheltenham, UK •
Northampton, MA, USA
Contents

Acknowledgements ix
Introduction William A. Schabas xiii

PART I ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL

CRIMINAL LAW
1. Christopher Keith Hall (1998), 'The First Proposal for a Permanent
International Criminal Court', International Review of the Red
Cross, 322, 57-74, reset 3
2. M. Cherif Bassioimi (1997), 'From Versailles to Rwanda in

Seventy-Five Years: The Need to Establish a Permanent

International Criminal Court', Harvard Human Rights Journal, 10,
11-62 16
3. Arieh J. Kochavi (1994), 'The British
Foreign Office versus the
United Nations War Crimes Commission during the Second World
War', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 8(1), Spring, 28-49 68
4. Hans Kelsen (1947), 'Will the Judgment in the Nuremberg Trial
Constitute a Precedent in International Law?', International Law
Quarterly, 1 (2), Summer, 153-71 90
5. William A. Schabas (2008), 'Origins of the Genocide Convention:
From Nuremberg to Paris', Case Western Reserve of International
Law, 40, 35-55 109
6. L.C. Green (1960), 'The Eichmann Case', Modern Law Review, 23
(5), September, 507-15 130
7. Matthew Lippman (1982), 'The Trial of Adolf Eichmann and the
Protection of Universal Human Rights under International Law',
Houston Journal of International Law, 5 (1), Autumn, 1-34 139
8. M. Cherif Bassiouni (2003), 'The History of the Draft Code of
Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind', Israel Law
Review, 27, 247'-67 173
9. James Crawford (1995), 'The ILC Adopts a Statute for an

International Criminal Court', American Journal of International

Law, 89 (2), April, 404-16 194
10. Larry D. Johnson (2004), 'Ten Years Later: Reflections on the

Drafting', Journal of International Criminal Justice ,2 (2), 368-79 207

11. David J. Scheffer (2004), 'Three Memories from the Year of Origin,
1993', Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2 (2), 353-60 219
12. M. Cherif Bassiouni (1999), 'Negotiating the Treaty of Rome on the
Establishment of an International Criminal Court', Cornell
International Law Journal, 32 (3), 443-69 227
 13. Philippe Kirsch, Q.C. and Valerie Oosterveld (2001), 'Negotiating
Multilateral Diplomacy
an Institution for the Twenty-First Century:

and the International Criminal Court', McGill Law Journal, 46 (4),

August, 1141-60
14. Leila Nadya Sadat (2003),' Summer in Rome, Spring in The Hague,
Winter in Washington? U.S. Policy Towards the International
Criminal Court', Wisconsin International Law Journal, 21 (3),
557-97

PART II INTERNATIONAL CRIMES

15. Raphael Lemkin (1947),' Genocide as a Crime under International
Law', American Journal of International Law, 41 (1), January,
145-51 317

16. Alexander K.A. Greenawalt (1999), 'Rethinking Genocidal Intent:

The Case for a Knowledge-Based Interpretation', Columbia Law
Review, 99 (8), December, 2259-94 324

17. Claus Kre8 (2006), 'The Crime of Genocide under International

Law', International Criminal Law Review, 6,461-502 360
18. Egon Schwelb (1946),' Crimes Against Humanity', British
Yearbook of International Law, 23,178-226 402
19. Darryl Robinson (1999), 'Defining "Crimes Against Humanity" at
the Rome Conference', American Journal of International Law, 93
(1), January, 43-57 451
20. Noah Weisbord (2008), 'Prosecuting Aggression', Harvard
International Law Journal, 49 (1), Winter, 161-220 466
21. David Scheffer (2006),1 Genocide and Atrocity Crimes', Genocide
Studies and Prevention, 1 (3), December, 229-50 526
22. Kelly D. Askin (2003), 'Prosecuting Wartime Rape and Other
Gender-Related Crimes under International Law: Extraordinary
Advances, Enduring Obstacles', Berkeley Journal of International
Law, 21 (2), 288-349 548
23. Anthony Cullen (2008), 'The Definition of Non-International
Armed Conflict in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court: An Analysis of the Threshold of Application Contained in
Article 8(2)(f)', Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 12 (3),
419-45 610

PART III THE PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL

CRIMINAL LAW
24. Theodor Meron (1995), 'International Criminalization of Internal
Atrocities', American Journal of International Law, 89 (3), July
554-77 639
25. Jose E. Alvarez (1999), 'Crimes of States/Crimes of Hate: Lessons
from Rwanda', Yale Journal of International
Law, 24,365-483 663
26. Mark I. Osiel (2000), 'Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for
Mass Atrocity', Rights Quarterly, 22 (1), February, 118-47
Human 781
27. Mark A. Drumbl (2000), 'Punishment, Postgenocitfe: From Guilt to
Shame to Civix in Rwanda', New York University Law Review, 75
'

(5>, November, 1221-326 811

2H. Puyam Akhavan (2001), 'Beyond Impunity: Can International

Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?', American Journal of
International Law, 95 (1), January, 7-31 917

2l>. David P. Forsythe (2002), 'The United States and International

Criminal Justice', Human Rights Quarterly, 24 (4), November,
t>74...i>i 942

30. T/vetan Tudorov (2009), 'Memory as Remedy for Evil', Journal of

International Criminal Justice, 7(3), 447-62 960
International Criminal Law
Volume II

Edited by

William A. Schabas
Professor of International Law, Middlesex University, London
Emeritus Professor of Human Rights Law
National University of Ireland Galway
Chairman, Irish Centre for Human Rights

INTERNATIONAL LAW

An Elgar Research Collection

Cheltenham, UK •
Northampton, MA, USA
Contents

Acknowledgements vii
An introduction to all three volumes by the editor appears in Volume I

PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES, PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE

1. Beth van Schaack (2008), 'Crimen Sine Lege: Judicial Lawmaking
at the Intersection of Law and Morals', Georgetown Law Journal,

97,119-92 3
2. Roger S. Clark (2002), 'The Mental Element in International
Criminal Law: The Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court and the Elements of Offences', Criminal Law Forum, 12 (3),
291-334 77
3. Mohamed Elew a B adar (2006),' Drawing the B oundaries of Mens
Rea in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for
the Former Yugoslavia', International Criminal Law Review, 6 (3),
313-48 121
4. Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez (2006), 'Guilty
Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility,
and the Development of International Criminal Law', California
Law Review, 93 (1), January, 75-169 157
5. Dapo Akande (2004), 'International Law Immunities and the
International Criminal Court', American Journal of International
Law, 98 (3), July, 407-33 252
6. Charles Garraway (1999), 'Superior Orders and the International
Criminal Court: Justice Delivered or Justice Denied', International
Review of the Red Cross, 81 (836), December, 785-94 279
7. Theodor Meron (2004),' Procedural Evolution in the ICTY',
Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2 (2), 520-25 289
8. Gideon Boas (2001), 'Creating Laws of Evidence for International
Criminal Law: The ICTY and the Principle of Flexibility', Criminal
Law Forum., 12 (1), 41-90 295
9. Megan Fairlie Marriage
(2004), 'The of Common and Continental
Law at the ICTY and its Progeny, Due Process Deficit',
International Criminal Law Review, 4,243-319 345
10. Mirjan Damaska (2001), 'The Shadow Side of Command

Responsibility', American Journal of Comparative Law, 49 (3),

Summer, 455-96 422

11. Alexander Zahar (2001), 'Command Responsibility of Civilian

Superiors for Genocide', Leiden Journal of International Law, 14,
591-616 464
 12. Wibke Kristin Timmermann (2006), 'Incitement in International
Criminal Law', International Review of the Red Cross, 88 (864),
December, 823-52
13. Nancy Amoury Combs (2002), 'Copping a Plea to Genocide: The
PleaBargaining of International Crimes', University of
Pennsylvania Law Review, 151 (1), November, 1-157

PART II RULE OF LAW, AMNESTY AND ALTERNATIVES TO

PROSECUTION
14. Diane F. Orentlicher (1991), 'Settling Accounts: The Duty to
Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime', Yale Law
Journal, 100 (8), June, 2537-615
15. Louise Mallinder (2010), 'Beyond the Courts? The Complex

Relationship of Trials and Amnesties', 1-23, reset

16. Jeremy Sarkin (2001), 'The Tension Between Justice and
Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process
and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide',
Journal of African Law, 45 (2), 143-72
17. William A. Schabas (2003), 'The Relationship Between Truth
Commissions and International Courts: The Case of Sierra Leone',
Human Rights Quarterly, 25 (4), November, 1035-66
18. Anja Seibert-Fohr (2003), 'The Relevance of the Rome Statute of
the International Criminal Court for Amnesties and Truth

Commissions', Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 7,

553-90
International Criminal Law
Volume III

Edited by

William A. Schabas
Professor of International Law, Middlesex University, London
Emeritus Professor of Human Rights Law
National University of Ireland Galway
Chairman, Irish Centre for Human Rights

INTERNATIONAL LAW

An Elgar Research Collection

Cheltenham, UK •
Northampton, MA, USA
Contents

Acknowledgements ix
An introduction to all three volumes by the editor appears in Volume I

PART I THE AD HOC AND 'HYBRID' TRIBUNALS, AND NATIONAL

SYSTEMS
1. M. Cherif Bassiouni (1994), 'The Commission of Experts
Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780:

Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the

Former Yugoslavia', Criminal Law Forum, 5 (2-3), 279-340 3
2. Patricia M. Wald (2001), 'The International Criminal Tribunal for
the Former Yugoslavia Comes of Age: Some Observations on Day-

To-Day Dilemmas of an International Court', Washington

University Journal of Law and Policy, 5, 87-118 65
3. Daryl A. Mundis (2005), 'The Judicial Effects of the "Completion
Strategies" on the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals',
American Journal of International Law, 99 (1), January, 142-58 97
4. David Wippman (2006), 'The Costs of International Justice',
American Journal of International Law, 100 (4), October, 861-81 114
5. Mirko Klarin (2004), 'The Tribunal's Four Battles', Journal of
International Criminal Justice, 2 (2), 546-57 135
6. William A. Schabas (2009), 'Anti-Complementarity: Referral to
National Jurisdictions by the UN International Criminal Tribunal
for Rwanda', Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 13,
29-60 147
7. Laura A. Dickinson (2003), 'The Promise of Hybrid Courts',
American Journal of International Law, 97 (2), Apri 1, 295-310 179
8. Mark S. Ellis (2004), 'Coming to Terms with its Past Serbia's
-

New Court for the Prosecution of War Crimes', Berkeley Journal of

International Law, 2, 165-94 195
9. Leila Sadat Wexler (1994), 'The Interpretation of the Nuremberg
Principles by the French Court of Cassation: From Touvier to
Barbie and Back Again', Columbia Journal of Transnational Law,
32,289-380 225

PART II THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

10. Olympia Bekou and Robert Cryer (2007), 'The International
Criminal Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Close Encounter?',
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 56, January, 49-68 319
 The
11. William W. Burke-White (2008), 'Proactive Complementarity:
International Criminal Court and National Courts in the Rome
System of International Justice', Harvard International Law
33!
Journal, 49 (1), Winter, 53-108
12. Andrew T. Cayley (2008), Seeking
'The Prosecutor's Strategy in

the Arrest of Sudanese President A] Bashir Charges of

on

Genocide', Journal of International Criminal Justice, 6 (5), 829-40

39:

13. Allison Marston Danner (2003), 'Enhancing the Legitimacy and

Accountability of Prosecutorial Discretion at the International
Criminal Court', American Journal of International Law, 97,
510-52 40'

14. M. deGuzman (2009), 'Gravity and the Legitimacy of the

Margaret
International Criminal Court', Fordham International Law Journal,
45'
32,1400-465
15. Mohamed El Zeidy (2002), 'The United States Dropped the Atomic
Bomb of Article 16 of the ICC Statute:Security Council Power of
Deferrals and Resolution 1422', Vanderbilt Journal of
Transnational Law, 35 (5), November, 1503-44 51

16. Silvia A. Fernandez de Gurmendi and Hakan Friman (2000), 'The

Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal
Court', Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3,289-336 55

17. Valerie Oosterveld, Mike Perry and John McManus (2002), 'The
Cooperation of States with the International Criminal Court',
Fordham International Law Journal, 25, 767-839 60

18. Sienho Yee (1996), 'A Proposal to Reformulate Article 23 of the

ILC Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court', Hastings
International and Comparative Law Review ,19,529-37 67

19. David J. Scheffer (2001), 'A Negotiator's Perspective on the

International Criminal Court', Military Law Review, 167, March,
1-19 68
20. William A. Schabas (2000), 'Life, Death and the Crime of Crimes:

Supreme Penalties and the ICC Statute', Punishment and Society, 2 '

(3), 263-85 7C
21. Ray Muiphy (2006), 'Gravity Issues and the International Criminal
Court', Criminal Law Forum, 17 (3-4), 281-315 1:
22. Rod Rastan (2008), 'What is a "Case" for the Purpose of the Rome

Statute?', Criminal Law Forum, 19 (3-4), 435-48 7(

23. Nicolaos Strapatsas (2002), 'Universal Jurisdiction and the
International Criminal Court', Manitoba Law Journal, 29 (1), 1 -31 7"
24. Carsten Stahn (2005), 'Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative
Forms of Justice: Some Interpretative Guidelines for the
International Criminal Court', Journal of International Criminal
Justice, 3 (3), 695-720 «;
25. Carsten Statin, Mohamed M. El Zeidy and Hector Olasolo (2005),
'The International Criminal Court's Ad Hoc Jurisdiction Revisited',
American Journal of International Law, 99 (2), April, 421-31 836

26. M. Cherif Bassiouni (2010), 'Perspectives on International Criminal

Justice', Virginia Journal of International Law, 50,269-323 847