Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNION
EXPLAINED
Enterprise
A new
industrial
revolution
Eur o p e m us t r egain t r us t in it s ab ili ty
t o invent , t o un d er t ake new vent ur e s,
t o inn ovat e an d t o gr ow. Fo r t his
r eas o n , Eur o p e s ho ul d p ut at t he
c ent r e o f t he s t age t he r eal ec o n o my
and ind us t r y, it s s t r engt h.
CONTENTS
Why we need industrial policy
in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Agriculture
Banking and finance
Borders and security
Budget
Climate action
Competition
Consumers The European Union explained:
Culture and audiovisual Enterprise
Customs
Digital agenda European Commission
Economic and monetary union and the euro Directorate-General for Communication
Education, training, youth and sport Citizens information
Employment and social affairs 1049 Brussels
Energy BELGIUM
Enlargement
Enterprise Manuscript completed in March 2013
Environment
Fight against fraud Cover and page 2 picture:
Food safety © Dynamic Graphics/Jupiterimages
Foreign affairs and security policy
Humanitarian aid and civil protection 16 pp. — 21 × 29.7 cm
Internal market ISBN 978-92-79-42048-1
International cooperation and development doi:10.2775/50575
Justice, fundamental rights and equality
Maritime affairs and fisheries Luxembourg: Publications Office
Migration and asylum of the European Union, 2014
Public health
Regional policy © European Union, 2014
Research and innovation Reproduction is authorised. For any use or reproduction
Taxation of individual photos, permission must be sought directly
Trade from the copyright holders.
Transport
E N T E R P R I S E
3
Europe’s recovery from the economic crisis has been Europe 2020 and industrial policy
relatively slow and fragile. From the outset, the focus
has been on improving public finances and Along with the need to create new jobs and boost our
strengthening Europe’s financial system. While these competitiveness, we face an ageing population in
issues remain important, strengthening the real Europe whilst the world population is growing,
economy — industrial companies and other increasing pressure on raw materials and energy
entrepreneurs delivering concrete goods and services supplies, and the need to counter climate change,
— is ultimately the key to economic recovery. preserve ecosystems and effect a transition to a
Moreover, with globalisation and intensifying low-carbon economy. The answer to all these challenges
competition from emerging countries, Europe’s lies in a range of new technologies, amounting to as
long-term economic prosperity will depend on the much as a new industrial revolution.
strength of our industrial base; our economy cannot be
based on services and banks alone. Achieving a new industrial revolution is a key objective
of Europe 2020, the EU’s strategy for smart,
The EU is a global leader in energy efficiency and sustainable and inclusive growth. Two of the Europe
foreign investment, but industrial performance across 2020 flagship initiatives are in the industrial sector:
EU countries is not balanced. Fortunately, EU industry is
a technology leader in many fields and has the • ‘An industrial policy for the globalisation era’: to
potential to bring the European economy back to improve the business environment, notably for small
growth. This is the goal of Europe's industrial policy. and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and to support
the development of a strong and sustainable
industrial base, able to compete globally;
Industry is the engine of growth in Europe. • ‘Innovation Union’: to improve the business
environment and access to finance for research and
innovation, so as to ensure that innovative ideas can
be turned into products and services that create
growth and jobs.
economic growth
A strong, competitive and diversified industrial In addition, the Commission handles several support
manufacturing value chain is vital for economic well- programmes for cooperative research and innovation,
being in Europe. The manufacturing industry and its which are providing clear added value to the innovation
associated business services account for more than cycle in the EU, to businesses and scientists. The
50 % of private sector employment, 75 % of exports seventh framework programme for research and
and 80 % of private research and development in the development (FP7), with a total budget of over €50
EU. Moreover, EU enterprises are increasingly integrated billion, and the competitiveness and innovation
within global value chains. Maximising the domestic framework programme (CIP) are currently being
content of exports, therefore, can be regarded as an implemented. As of 2014, Horizon 2020 will represent
important driver of industrial competitiveness. Around the follow-up programme of FP7, focusing on research
87 % of the value of EU exports is domestically and innovation.
produced, according to 2009 figures. Industrial policy
includes actions to support innovation, to foster the
internationalisation of companies and to strengthen Facilitating the internationalisation of
the single market for products and services. EU companies
CHECK OF NEW RULES PER INDUSTRY SECTOR In the EU, common standards are drawn up by the
European standardisation organisations (ESOs) and are
2 500
important for the single market. European standards
2 250
2 085 replace national and often conflicting standards which
2 000 1 876 may create technical impediments to market access.
1 750 The European Commission regularly gives mandates to
1 599
1 482 1 524 the ESOs to develop new standards.
1 500
1 250
It has frequently taken several years to develop a
1 000 European standard, however, and some standards have
712
750 626 lagged too far behind rapidly evolving technologies.
515
500 401 438 Furthermore, certain sectors have been reluctant to
250
255 258 engage in standardisation.
114
0
The Commission pushes for more international
Internet services
Pharmaceuticals
and cosmetics
Energy, minerals
and wood
Goods and
products
Chemicals
Construction
Mechanics
Telecoms
Agriculture, fishing
and foodstuffs
Health/medical
sector
Domestic and
leisure equipment
Environment
Transport
With SMEs representing 98 % of businesses and 67 % By mid-2012, more than 175 000 SMEs had benefited
of jobs, they are a key driver for economic growth, from the financial instruments of the competitiveness
innovation, employment and social integration in the EU. and innovation framework programme (CIP). In 2008–11,
The European Commission therefore promotes the European Investment Bank provided around €40
successful entrepreneurship and improves the business billion worth of loans, which benefited more than
environment for SMEs. 210 000 SMEs. As of 2014, the ‘Competitiveness of
enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises’
(COSME) programme will provide further support to
Small Business Act SMEs.
Replies in an opinion poll in the 27 EU countries to the question: Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree with the following opinion?
The Commission also created the Enterprise Europe and production of the Airbus. They play a catalytic
Network — the business and innovation support role in the emergence of new industries. The EU is
network for SMEs — in Europe and extended it to Asia, engaged in several activities to raise the standards
north Africa and the Americas. The network helps SMEs and openness of clusters, notably through the
understand EU legislation and provides support European Cluster Collaboration Platform, the
programmes and internationalisation services in 54 European Cluster Excellence Initiative and the
countries through 600 regional partners. It helps SMEs European Service Innovation Centre.
to secure financing and provides business and
technology reviews as well as IPR advisory services. • Entrepreneurship education: Entrepreneurship
education is increasingly being promoted in most
European countries. As further stimulation, the
Encouraging entrepreneurship — Europe Commission has launched the European SME Week, a
needs more entrepreneurs campaign to promote entrepreneurship across Europe
and to inform entrepreneurs about available support.
EU policy focuses on encouraging entrepreneurs. Another concrete initiative is ‘Erasmus for young
Although, at present, only 10 % of European citizens entrepreneurs’, an exchange programme that gives
are entrepreneurs, 45 % would like to be their own entrepreneurs the chance to learn from experienced
boss. To unlock this enormous potential for jobs and owners of small businesses in other EU countries.
growth the Commission has created a series of
initiatives. • More female entrepreneurs: While Europe does not
have enough entrepreneurs in general, there are even
• Clusters and business networks: Clusters are groups fewer female entrepreneurs; in 2012, only 30 % of
of specialised enterprises and other supporting actors entrepreneurs in Europe were women. To encourage
in a particular location that cooperate closely more entrepreneurship among women, the
together, such as organisations, regional initiatives Commission has set up the European Network of
and other business networks. An example is the Female Entrepreneurship Ambassadors. The 270
‘aerospace valley’ cluster based in Toulouse, France, entrepreneurs of this group serve as role models to
which is mainly known for the design, development inspire other women to become entrepreneurs.
The EU provides direct financial support to innovators Turnover of €1 324 billion and 30 million jobs depend
such as enterprises and research institutes through on continued access to raw materials. They are the
funding programmes: the competitiveness and lifeblood of European industry. In addition, they are vital
innovation framework programme (CIP), which will soon for the development of modern, environment-friendly
be replaced by the COSME programme, and the technologies such as electric cars and photovoltaic cells.
European Structural Funds operational programmes.
The European Commission pursues an approach based
Innovation requires interaction and cooperation between on three pillars: ensuring a fair and sustainable supply
multiple players: innovators, enterprises, research of raw materials from international markets; fostering
centres, innovation and development agencies, sustainable supply within the EU; and boosting resource
technology transfer offices, education and training efficiency and promoting recycling.
institutes, investors, etc. The EU fosters these
interactions within regions and cluster initiatives.
South Korea
European Union
© iStockphoto.com/Alexander Raths
Innovation: the source of growth and employment.
© iStockphoto.com/Ivan Rubanov
Access to raw materials and other rare earths is essential for
the continued success of European industry.
The world’s most ambitious chemicals The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), established in
regulations June 2007, is responsible for managing the REACH and
CLP legislation and for providing scientific advice on
The chemicals, plastics and rubber industries are among issues related to the safety and socioeconomic aspects
the largest and the most dynamic industrial sectors in of the use of chemicals.
the EU. Together they generate about 3.2 million jobs in
more than 60 000 companies and account for about The chemicals industry plays a pivotal role in providing
30 % of global chemical sales. innovative materials and technological solutions that
have an impact on Europe’s overall industrial
Since 2007, REACH legislation has dealt with the competitiveness. The EU, therefore, tries to foster the
‘registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction’ of international competitiveness of the chemicals industry
chemicals. Under REACH, manufacturers and importers and to make it more sustainable.
of chemicals must assess and manage the risks posed
by specific chemicals and provide appropriate safety
information to users.
Space: making our modern world
Its classification system identifies chemicals that are possible
dangerous for health and the environment and
determines the information on the labels of chemicals From telecommunications to television, and from
that workers and consumers use. Since 2011, new weather forecasting to global financial systems,
legislation on the classification, labelling and packaging most of the key services that we take for granted in
of chemicals (CLP) has aligned the EU classification the modern world depend on space technologies.
system with the UN globally harmonised system, Moreover, space can provide the tools to address
thereby ensuring that the same hazards are described many global challenges. Europe, therefore, needs an
and labelled in the same way all around the world. effective space policy, as well as space research and
E N T E R P R I S E
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© iStockphoto.com/Rafal Olechowski
Moreover, the global market for global navigation
satellite products and services is currently valued at
€124 billion per year and is expected to grow to €244
billion by 2020. Galileo’s overall economic impact will
be around €90 billion over the next 20 years. Several
Galileo satellites have already been launched, and the
system is expected to become fully operational in 2014.
European satellite navigation has already made Europe’s Galileo global satellite navigation system
aeroplane landing safer and helped reduce flight delays, will support a multitude of valuable applications.
diversions and cancellations. Satellite navigation
positioning has constantly improved since 2009 and
information derived from this technology can now be
received on your PC, even when you cannot receive a for earth observation data could rise to USD 3 billion
satellite signal. In 2012, an improved navigation overlay per year by 2017. GMES is expected to create benefits
service was introduced to increase satellite navigation worth up to 10 times its initial investment cost.
accuracy and support dependent applications requiring
a high degree of precision, correcting errors caused by
atmospheric disturbance factors. Security research to safeguard our
society
GMES: OBSERVING OUR PLANET FOR A The goal of security research is to make Europe more
SAFER WORLD secure and resilient for its citizens. The EU is investing
Managing natural resources and biodiversity, observing resources to better protect our infrastructures and to
the state of the oceans, monitoring the chemical strengthen our security industry.
composition of our atmosphere: to be able to make a
difference in these ways, accurate information,
delivered on a timely basis, is required. The European Cars: fostering Europe’s leadership
initiative for the Global Monitoring for Environment and
Security (GMES) provides data to help deal with issues As the world leader in car manufacturing, the European
ranging from climate change to border surveillance. automotive industry is central to the EU’s prosperity.
Thanks to its rapid monitoring and mapping capacity, The industry is a huge employer of skilled labour, a key
GMES can also support worldwide aid relief when driver of knowledge and innovation, a net exporter, a
natural disasters, industrial accidents or humanitarian major contributor to the EU’s GDP and Europe’s largest
crises occur. According to the OECD, the global market private investor in research and development.
14 T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N E X P L A I N E D
Technical harmonisation is a key factor in strengthening The European Commission’s work on motor vehicle
the competitiveness of the European automotive safety covers the safety of all road users. Recent
industry as it simplifies market access and reduces the legislation introduced standard safety features such as
cost of doing business. Within the EU, manufacturers electronic stability control systems on all motor
can obtain approval for a vehicle type in one Member vehicles, advanced emergency braking systems and
State and then market it EU-wide without further tests. lane departure warning systems on heavy-duty vehicles.
The Commission is working to achieve similar technical Cars must now be fitted with brake assist systems to
harmonisation on a global level via the United Nations help prevent collisions with pedestrians or cyclists and
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). ensure that unavoidable collisions occur at far lower
speeds. New legislation for mopeds and motorcycles
The Commission focuses on the following priorities: also proposes the standard fitting of advanced brake
systems to protect drivers.
(1) promoting investment in advanced technologies
and innovation for clean vehicles by undertaking a The Commission has proposed simpler car registration
comprehensive package of measures that tackle rules that would reduce the procedures for re-
CO2, pollutant and noise emission reduction; registering a car in another EU country to a minimum.
© iStockphoto.com/Chad Truemper
E N T E R P R I S E
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© iStockphoto.com/Maridav
16
NA-04-14-867-EN-C
T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N E X P L A I N E D
ISBN 978-92-79-42048-1
doi:10.2775/50575