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Report 5 PDF
Report 5 PDF
Report 5 PDF
Department of k g r i c u l t u r o , G o o l o ~ i c a lSurvey,
'Report No. 5
Published a t
November 1941
Reports 2
Report-No. 1
FIELD PUCTICE AND EQUIPMENT USED IN SAMPLING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
Re~ort.No. 2
EQUIPMENT USED FOR SAMPLING BED-LOAD AND BED MATERIAL
Report No. 3
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF METHODS OF SAMPLING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
Report No. 4
METHODS OF ANALYZING SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Report No. 5
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SAMPLERS
SYNOPSIS
d e r , and l o s s o f s e d i m e n t i n t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e samples t o o t h e r c o n t a i n e r s .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
. INTRODUCTION
I
1 Scopeofproject ........................ 9
2 . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Purpose of e x p e ~ i m e n t a lstudy .of san.,lers
3 Methods of study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Authorityandpersonnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
5 T e s t equipment ......................... 14
6 Accessories f o r operating the c i r c u l a t i n g system ....... 18
11 .........
General procedure i n t e s t i n g sampler intakes 33
12 Outlineoftests ....................... 35
14 E r r o r s i n sediment concentration
s t w a r d sampler nozzle . . . . . . .of. samples
. . . . .c o.l l.e c.t e.d .with
.. 37
15 E f f e c t of small deviations from normal nozzle o r i e n t a t i o n Dn
e r r o r s i n sediment concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Section
21 ...................
Scope of deposition study 68
22 Testprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
23 Testresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
25 Testprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
26 Testresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
27 Natureoftests ........................ 76
28 ........
Samplers t e s t e d and t h e i r a l t e r a t i o n s f o r t e s t 76
29 Procedure of t e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
30 Filling characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
31 E f f e c t i v e n e s s of f i l l i n g r a t e adjustmonte . . . . . . . . . . . 87
32' E f f e c t of lowering and r a i s i n g t h e Colorado sampler upon i t s
f i l l i n g cbaracteriStics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
53 E f f e c t of stream v e l o c i t y on f i l l i n g r a t e s . . . . . . . . . . 92
36 Flow through h o r i z o n t a l c y l i n d e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
LIST OF 1LLUST.SATIONS
2 Sampling apraratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 S i z e gradations of t e s t m a t e r i a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 F a l l v e l o c i t i e s of t e s t m a t e r i a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7 Sediment d i s t r i b u t i o n a t sampling s t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . 29
E f f e c t of i n s i d e
.. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . ... . .
beveled nozzle mouth on e r r o r s i n sediment
concentration
7 L i s t of I l l u s t r a t i o n s
Figure
29 E f f e c t of stream v e l o c i t y on e r r o r s i n sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
with standard nozzle i n v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n .......... . 61
31 Sampler i n t a k e i n v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n ; o r i f i c e i n f l a t plate . . 62
I3 E f f e c t of stream v e l o c i t y on e r r o r s i n sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
with f l a t p l a t e i n t a k e i n v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n.......... 65
36 E f f e c t of sampling r a t e on e r r o r s i n s e d i n e n t concentration
with mushroom shaped i n t a k e i n v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n ....... 64
39 E f f e c t of stream v e l o c i t y on e r r o r s i n sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
with f l a t p l a t e i n t a k e h o r i z o n t a l and normal t o flow ..... 67
List of I l l u s t r a t i o n s 8
40 .......
United S t a t e s Geological Survey Colorado sampler 77
41 Straubsampler ........................ 78
43 Omahasampler ......................... 79
44 Rock I s l a n d sampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
51 E f f e c t of stream v e l o c i t y upon f i l l i n g r a t e s . . . . . . . . . 93
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Test data.. sediment d e p o s i t i o n i n h o r i z o n t a l c y l i n d e r ..... 70
LABO-MTORY INVESTIGATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
analogous d a t a w i l l be secured.
t h e following phases:
a. S e l e c t i o n of sampling p o i n t s s o t h a t t h e samples can
be properly c o r r e l a t e d with t h e water discharge and t h e d e t e r -
mination of t h e frequency of sampling.
10 Section 2
t i v e reports:
i n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y study.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n was devised.
analyzing samples.
a t t h e sampling p o i n t .
I I
FIG. 1
16 Section 5
i t s discharge.
The tank, connected i n d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e conduit above t h e upstream
pension.
sediment.
~perati~~
and
; . was used only when t h e suspension was pumped o u t o f t h e main
s e c t i o n f o r s t o r a g e i n t h e tank.
A p i t o t t u b e , c a l i b r a t e d i n a r o t a t i n g , c i r c u l a r trough was u s e d t o m e a s u r e
f e e t per second.
t h e d i s c h a r g e r e 8 d i r . g ~ . A comparison of t h e r a t e of flow a s i n d i c a t e d by
c a l i b r a t i o n s of t h e s e inetruments.
Section 7 19
f o r c o l l e c t i n g samples o f t h e c i r c u l a t i n g suspension c o n s i s t e d p r i n c i p a l l y
oft
d. An a i r i n j e c t i o n pump f o r r e t u r n i n g t h e water-sediment
d i s c h a r g e of t h e samplers t o t h e head t a n k when i t was n o t r e -
t a i n e d a s a sample.
section.
o r other a l t e r a t i o n s of t e s t conditions.
and chlorinated Iowa River water of the regular University of Iowa supply
was used throughout the t e s t s . During the program of t e s t i n g , thetemper-
a t u r e of the water varied from about 40° t o 80° F., but the temperature
t o 8S0 F., which range was found t o have no perceptible e f f e c t upon the
i t s a c t i o n under t h e v a r i o u s sampling c o n d i t i o n s .
of l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s . To i n s u r e t h a t t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e sediment s i z e
103
90
80
TO
5
.y 60
a
i=
a
u 40
*L
Y)
20
I0
0
01103 O.M4 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.8
M l o l s D l u s t a r in ~ l l l t n e t e ~ .
F i g . 3 - Size g r a d a t i o n s of t e s t ~ n a t e r i a l s .
F i g . 4 - F a l l v e l o c i t i e s of t e s t m a t e r i a l s .
FIGS. 3 & 4
Section 9 25
throughout t h e system.
i n d e t a i l i n Section 11.
26 Section 9
Inchos from c e n t e r
c r o s s s e c t i o n of cvnd.iit --
v e i o c i t i o s shown i n ft./seo.
-
Fie. 5 - Velocity contours s t samplinq s t a t i o n .
c e n t r a t i o n a t two sampling p o i n t s , s y m ~ n e t r i c a l l yl o c a t e d i n a h o r i z o n t a l
ment v a r i e d over tlie depth of the conduit a s expected, that is, concen-
t r a t i o n s increased toward t h e bottom. I t v a r i e d symmetrically a c r o s s t,he
i n previous t e s t s .
50 Section 9
-- ...- -
and of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e scdincnt.
-
a. Normal sampling r a t e -- i n t a k e v e l o c i t y
equal t o strean v e l o c i t y .
c . Controlling t h e sampling r a t e s o t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y i n
t h e nGuth of t h e sampler would be e q u a l t o t h e undisturbed ve-
l o c i t y i n t h e stream a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 85, ara no change i n
v e l o c i t y o r d i r e c t i o n would r e s u l t a s t h e sample ..as c o l l e c t e d .
L-.Jz !. ".--
S e c t onaj.
'
+I
.-.:I,<
I-BI , , -
s i d e view
4
End view
Based on t h e s e f : ~ ? : i h ~ e n t aassumptions
l and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e pro-
c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e t e s t sam?ler.
c.
- Deviations i n s i z e and shape of t h e nozzle.
degree of accuracy.
36 Section 1 3
siphoning o f f the water and drying the sediment. This method was used
q u a n t i t y of sediment i n t h e samples.
The mean sampling rate f o r each sample was computed from the t o t a l
to the normal or stream velocity. The area of the nozzle mouth was that
defined by the sharp edge.
d i f f e r e n t s i z e s were i d e n t i c a l i n concentration.
These r e s u l t s from the collection of samples i d e n t i c a l i n sediment
concentration w i t h nozzles of d i f f e r e n t mouth a r e a s s e r w t o v e r i f y the
accuracy of the standard sampling conditions.
Tests were made with sam?ler nozzles modified i n various ways from
~ o s i t i o n ,consisted of:
nozzles which were modified only a t the mouth. The nozzle with rounded
t h e slow r a t e .
i t s a c t i o n so t h a t , a t t h e normal r a t e , i n s t e a d of c o l l e c t i n g a n excess
dimensionless c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e s e f a c t o r s , conclusions a s t o t h e e f f e c t i v e
positions, namely:
pling rates.
Results of these tests are shown i n Fig. 26. The curve from the
h i g h l y a c c u r a t e sampling i s d e s i r e d .
take place.
separately.
sampler.
a s follows:
t i v e and of a p p r e c i a b l e magnitude.
mouth s i z e .
d e f i n e d by t h e d a t a .
s t a t e m e n t of r e s u l t s i s presented.
a r e d u c t i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y components i n t h e filament e n t e r i n g
of t h e h o r i z o n t a l tube; t h e r e f o r e , some of t h e l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s i n s u s p e n -
t h e sample may r e s u l t .
The flow was then stopped, t h e c y l i n d e r capped and removed and i t s sample
Data from the three quantitative tests made with the horizontal
c y l i n d e r s a r e t a b u l a t e d below:
TABLE I
within t h e tube. The sediment used was a l s o much coarser than that
common samplers.
tested.
with each of f o u r s i z e s of sediment, 0.01 mm., 0.06 mm., 0.15 mm., and
1::
--
'tioc!r I s l a n d Vicksburg Omaha . ,
Sediment lOGO 20CO 500 1000 500 1000
- . ... ..m. ;.p.m. ..p.m. D.P.~. ..p.m. P.P.~.
r e s u l t i n g e r r o r s was obtained.
a.
- F i l l i n g c h a r ~ c t e r i s t i c si n s t i l l water.
e.
.- E f f e c t of stream v e l o c i t y on f i l l i n g r a t e s .
c l o s e the sampler a t any desired depth o r time and the samplers were
S e c t i o n 29 81
sccihed i n d i v i d c a l l y f o r t h e t h r e e b a s i c c o n d i t i o n s considered.
a. F i l l i n e charnctg~:riics i n s t i l l water--The t e s t s i n
s t i l l water were r a d e i n an abandoned q u a r r y where d e p t h s
g r e a t e r than SO f t . were a v a i l a b l e . An i c e cover f a c i l i t a t e d
t h e work. The samplers were ~l:::pended by a c a b l e from a winch
which r e s t e d upon t h e i c e ant: p:r,xitted l c rering and r a i s i n g
t h e samplers a s d e s i r e d through h o l e s o r s l o t s c u t i n t h e i c e .
b. V e r t i c a l t r a n c s - - E f f e c t of v e r t i c a l motion of t h e
colorado sampler upon i t s f i l l i n g r a t e was determined f o r a
l i m i t e d range of c o n d i t i o n s . As with the f i l l i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
i n s t i l l water, t h e f i l i i r g r a t e s were n e c e s s a r i l y determined
i n d i r e c t l y from a time-volume r e l a t i o n s h i p e s t a b l i s h e d by a
nimber of i n d i v i d u a l observations. Each observation, with
sampler descending, c o n s i s t e d of lowering t h e open sampler a t a
uniform r a t e , 1 o r 2 ft.:'sec. used i n t h e s e t e s t s from t h e
s u r f a c e t o a s o l e c t e d depth where t h e sampler was closed. By
s e c u r i n g a number of samples a t d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s , corresponding
t o t h e v a r i o u s timss allowed f o r f i l l i n g , t h e f i l l i n g r a t e was
determined.
c. F'lowin~water--The test.s t o d e t e r n i n e t h e e f f e c t of
stream velocity upon t h e sampler f i i l i n g r a t e s were made i n a
l a r e e flume 1 0 f t . w i d e and. 114 f t . long, which was equipped
84 S e c t i o n 30
T'ne i n i t i a l i n r u s h r e p r e s e n t s t h e volume d e c r e a s e of t h e a i r w i t h i n
f u l l h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t t h e sampling poin
t, and, consequentZy, t h e
t a i n e r type.
s e r i o u s e r r o r s i n t h e sample c o l l e c t z e d .
a . The e x c e s s i v e sampling r a t e d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l i n r u s h
p e r i o d may r e s u l t i n a s e g r e g a t i o n of' t h e sediment from t h e
w a t e r and a sample t o o low i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Dependent upon
p a r t i c l e s i z e , t h i s phenomena may be s e r i o u s a s determinedin
t h e s t u d y of e n t r a n c e c o n d i t i o n s presented i n Chapter 111.
b . With t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p o r t i o n of
t h e sample c o n t a i n e r t o be f i l l e d i n l e s s t h a n 1 s e c . t h e
sample secured i s n o t a t r u e t i n e - i n t e g r a t e d sample and may n o t
r e p r e s e n t a n average value of sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t h e
sampling p o i n t . O r , when used f o r t h e d e p t h - i n t e g r a t i o n method
where t h e sampler i s t o c o l l e c t a szmple only w h i l e being r a i s e d ,
t o o l a r g e a p o r t i o n of t h e sample w i l l be c o l l e c t e d n e a r t h e
bottom. I n t h i s c a s e , t h e i n c r e a s e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e s u l t i n g
t e n d s t o o f f s e t t h e d e c r e a s e a s d e s c r i b e d under above.
ditions.
tration.
t h e v a l v e t o t h e h a l f closed p o s i t i o n .
Volume of 9amnlo in a c ,
about 20 p e r c e n t .
e f f e c t of t h e stream v e l o c i t y upon t h e f i l l i n g r a t e .
Section 33 93
94 S e c t i o n 34
-b . F i l l i n g due t o i n i t i a l pi-essure d i f f e r e n t i a l , r e s u l t i n g
in :
i non-representative f i l l i n g r a t c .
-d . Inctantanoous s < m . ? l i n ~a c t i o n a s r c l a t o d t o f l u c t u a -
t i o n s of sediment concentration i n t h e stream a t t h e s m p l i n g
point.
-
o . I n a b i l i t y t o c o l l e c t a ocaple c l o s c t o t h c bcd r e s u l t -
i n & i n an inadequate sample of t h e l a r g e r m a t e r i a l bcing trano-
ported.
-
f , Nixing of sample with w t e r - s e d i m e n t above tine sampling
p o i n t r e s u l t i n g i n an u n r o p r c s e n t a t i v e sample.
presented by this r e p o r t .
sequent s e c t i o n s .
f e a t u r e a s a r e various o t h c r minor f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e a d a p t a b i l i t y of
s a n t a t i v e p a r t i c l e size-discharge r c l a t i o n s h i ~i s t o be s e w e d , is dis-
s i g n i f i c a n t l y with t h e f a c t o r s l i s t e d below:
t i o n s a r e a p p l i c a b i e a l s o t o t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s h o r i z o n t a l samplers. The
conception of t h e phenomena of s t r e a m l i n e d e f l e c t i o n and d i s t u r b a n c e i s
samplersof t h e h o r i z o n t a l t r a p t y p e , due t o t h e r e d u c t i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l
portance of t h e s e e r r o r s .
s i d e r a b l e magnitude.
e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e r a t e s , t h e procedure i s q u e s t i o n a b l e from t h e
This .test was not comprehensive and the results a r e not necessarily
i i l t e g r a t i o n metinod.