Vaccine

Vaccine
• 1st developed by Edward Jenner
• Named In his honour; ‘vacca’ = cow in Latin.
• A vaccine works by training the immune system
to recognize and combat pathogens, either viruses or bacteria.
• To do this, certain molecules from the pathogen must be
introduced into the body to trigger an immune response.
• These molecules are called antigens, and they are present on
all viruses and bacteria.
• It is preventive in nature because it exposes our body to a mock
drill of fighting the pathogen.
Exercise:
Q1. Who discovered the concept of vaccination and how?
Q2. is vaccine preventive or curative in nature. Comment on thus
statement giving suitable reasons.
Q3. Prepare a brochure/immunisation leaflet showing a list of all
vaccinations you got as a child. Be creative! The brochure is an
assessment.
vaccine
 Jenner -Father of immunology

• The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first
successful vaccine to be developed.

• While still a medical student, Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had
contracted a disease called cowpox, which caused blistering on cow’s
udders, did not catch smallpox.

• Unlike smallpox, which caused severe skin eruptions and dangerous fevers
Father
in humans, cowpox led to few ill of Immunology.
symptoms in these women.

history
Sources
• In 1796, he carried out his now consulted
famous for this timeline
experiment on eight-year-old James
Phipps.
• Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule and inserted it into an
incision on the boy's arm.

• Jenner subsequently proved that having been inoculated with cowpox

Phipps was immune to smallpox.
 Steps:
How a vaccine works…
• A weak or killed (whole or part) disease
causing pathogen is inserted in a healthy
body

• They body counters it as a foreign entity

and immune system gets triggered.

vaccine
• It prepares and releases antibodies
( Y shaped protein).

• These circulate in the system and fight off

this invader.

• Memory cells keep a record of the this

attack to prepare itself for a future
encounter to the same pathogen.
Sir Alexander Fleming, best known for his discovery of the antibiotic penicillin.

Fleming noticed that a culture plate of bacteria he had been working on had become
contaminated by a fungus.

A mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum (now classified as P. chrysogenum),

had inhibited the growth of the bacteria.

Antibody:
Discovery
He at first called the substance “mould juice” and then “penicillin,” after the mold that
produced it.

Fleming, working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and purify penicillin.

Penicillin eventually came into use during World War II as the result of the work of a
team of scientists led by Howard Florey at the University of Oxford
All about vaccines…

https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/biological-weapons-bioterrorism-

vaccine
and-vaccines

Serendipity is Sir Fleming’s road to glory

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Fleming
Microorganism :

Our Foe
Pathogen: Disease Causing microbes
• Greek word “pathos”- disease and “gen” - to produce
• Its an infectious agent or a biological agent that causes
disease or illness to its host.
• All pathogen needs to thrive and survive in a host.
• Once the pathogen sets itself up in a host’s body, it manages to
avoid the body’s immune responses.
• It uses the body’s resources to replicate before exiting and
spreading to a new host.
Types of pathogen:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Worms