Motion in One Dimension 19 SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS 5 A motorist drives north for 35.0 minutes at 85.0km/h and then stops for 15.0 minutes. He then continues north, traveling 130 km in 2.00 h. (a) What is his total digplacement? (b) What is his average velocity? Solution (a) We choose northward to be the positive direction of motion. While the motorist has constant velocity, 0 = +85.0 km/h, the average velocity is v,, = and the displacement that occurs is km ih Ax, = 5.0 — .0 mi =+49.6km = (At) (+950 i iesomin( 3 The displacement during the 15.0 min rest stop is Ax,=0, and the displacement during the final 2.00 h is Ax,=+130km. Thus, the total displacement for the trip is Atigyg = AX, + AX, + Ax, = 49.6 km +0+130 km = 180 km ‘oa ‘The duration of the trip is 200-2898 My = ty + Aty + At, = (35.0 min +15.0 minl( a min Thus, the average velocity for the trip is Ag _ +180 km _ 1 63.4 km/h 2.83h Oy = A20 CHAPTER2 11. A person takes a trip, driving with a constant speed of 89.5 kny/h except for a 22.0-min rest stop. I the person’s average speed is 77.8 kmh , how much time is spent on the trip and how far does the person travel? Solution If f; is the time the time the motorist travels at a constant speed of % = 89.5 km/h, the average speed is v,, =0, and the displacement during this phase of the trip is ify = (89.5 koh) ty The displacement during the 22.0-min rest stop is zero, so the total displacement for the trip is Ax, AX gag = AX, +0 = (89-5 km/h), 1h ‘The total time for the trip ist Mya =4 + (22.0 min)} = #,+0.367h Thus, if the average speed for the trip is v,, =77.8 km/h, Asay =PnyMluay becomes (89.5 ktn/h)t, = (778 km/h) (b, +0:367 h) Solving for f, yields f, =2.44 1, 50 Muy = 244 h+0.367 h=2.80h 6 The total displacement for the trip is then 77.8 km/h) (2.80 h) = 218 km 6 AX pat = ay Abr‘Motion in One Dimension 21 17. Find the instantaneous velocities of the tennis player x (m) of Figure P2,7 at (a) 0.50 s, (b) 2.0 s, () 3.0, and (d) 4.5 s. Solution From Section 2.3 of the textbook, “The slope of the line tangent to the position-time curve at any point, P, is defined to be the instantaneous velocity at that time.” Figure P2.7 Thus, we need to determine the slope of the tangent lines to the position-time curve shown in Figure P2.7 at each of the requested times. These slopes may be calculated as follows: os—%ony _ 4.0 m-0.0 m D5 5 = = = 4.0 @ "TF os-008 10s me Sas. 7%, _-2.0m-4.0m _-6.0m SS =-4.0 m/s 2.58-10s 15s 15s Uo Xo %a54 _-2.0m—(2.0m) _0.0m 99 wg P02 08-2.5s 15s 158 = 20M yo m/s 10s22 CHAPTER2 21. A certain car is capable of accelerating at a rate of +0.60 m/s? . How long does it take for this car to go from a speed of 55 mi/h toa speed of 60 mi/h? Solution ‘The average acceleration over a time interval of duration At is defined as av eae a, Thus, the time required to achieve a change in velocity Av, with an average acceleration ,, is ww since the car maintains a constant acceleration during the time interval of interest, the average acceleration is the same as the constant instantaneous acceleration (that is, = +0.60 m/s”). Ay = ‘The required time is then: _ (60: mi/h 55 mi/h) 0.60 m/s* =3.78 ( Somift.) 1609 m/mi 0.60 m/s? )\ 3600 s/hESS Motion in One Dimension 29, A Cessna aircraft has a lift-off speed of 120 km/h. (a) What minimum constant “acceleration does the aircraft require if it is to be airborne after a takeoff run of 240 m? (b) How long does it take the aircraft to become airborne? Solution “Assume the aircraft starts from rest (vp =0) as it accelerates down the runway. (a) _ Since the acceleration is uniform, we may use v? =v} +2a(Ax) during the take- offrun to find 2(Ax) 2(240 m) cx [070 m0 0am mi) ami T km/h ‘The time required for the aircraft to reach lift-off speed is given by v= 0) +at as (120 km, >) 0278 m/s) i445 2.32 m/s! (1 km/h —_—24° CHAPTER2 35. A train is traveling down a straight track at 20 m/s when the engineer applies the brakes, resulting in an acceleration of -1.0 m/s? as long as the train is in motion. How far does the train move during a 40-s time interval starting at the instant the brakes are applied? Solution It is tempting to try solving this problem by applying the uniformly accelerated motion equation Ax = vgt +fat to the full 40 s time interval. This gives Ax =(20 mjs)(40 s+ 1.0 m/s*)(40 s)*=0 which is an obviously incorrect result. The source of our error may be found by using 0=v, +at to find the time required for the train to come to rest. This yields 0 0-20 mys 0 m/s Therefore, we see that the train will not have a constant acceleration for the full 40-s time interval, so application of uniformly accelerated motion equations to that time interval is invalid. However, the train does have a constant acceleration during the 20-s interval required for it to come to a stop. Application of Ax=v,t+4af* to this interval gives the distance traveled while stopping as Ax=(20 m/s)(20 s)45(41 0 m/s?)(20 s)* = 200 m39. Motion in One Dimension 25 A hockey player is standing on his skates on a frozen pond when an opposing player, moving with a uniform speed of 12 m/s, skates by with the puck. After 305, the first player makes up his mind to chase his opponent. If he accelerates uniformly at 4.0 m/s?, (a) how long does it take him to catch his opponent, and (b) how far has he traveled in that time? (Assume the player with the puck remains in motion at constant speed.) Solution (a) (b) Choose x=0 at the initial location of the player, and £=0 to be the instant when the player starts to chase his opponent. At this time, the opponent is 36 min front of the player. At time >0, the displacements of the players from the origin are i 2 1 22 X pyer = (a)piner * (Pope #3 Arne =040+5(40 m/s*)# Q) and, Spent =X (Poet Bp!? =36m-+(12 m/s)+0—@) When the players are side-by-side, Xing = Xypnet 3) Substituting Equations (1) and (2) into Equation (3) gives $(40 m/s*)¢? =(12 m/s)t+36m or #*-(6.0.s)f-18 s* =0. This quadratic equation has solutions of =-2.2s and t=+8.2s. Since the time must be greater than zero, we must choose the positive solution as the time required for the player to overtake his opponent. t= 82s ° From Equation 1, the displacement the player undergoes while chasing his ‘opponent is (4.0 m/s*)(8.2 5)’ =1.3x10? m °26 CHAPTER? 47. A small mailbag is released from a helicopter that is descending steadily at 1.50 m/s. After 2.00 s, (a) what is the speed of the mailbag, and (b) how far is it below the helicopter? (c) What are your answers to parts (a) and (b) if the helicopter is rising steadily at 1.50 m/s? ‘Solution (a) __Ifwe choose +y to point upwards, and down as the negative direction, the initial velocity of the mailbag is 0) =0, =-1.50 m/s ‘As soon as the bag is released, it becomes a freely falling body with acceleration a=—g= 9.80 m/s?. The velocity of the bag 2.00 s after it was released is: Doug = Vo + aE = 1.50 m/s +(-9.80 m/s* )(2.00 s)=-21.1 m/s The speed (magnitude of velocity) is: speed =|o,.,|= 21-1 mys (b) After 2.005, the bag and the helicopter each have a displacement from the release point of: Asay = ot + Fat? = (1.50 mr/s)(2.00 s)+4(-9:80 m/s*)(2.00 s)" =-22.6 m NY ‘The difference between them, Ay = AYag ~ Ay, =[-22.6 m-(-3.00 m)|=-19.6m j= (-1.50 m/s)(2.00 s)=~3.00 m so the bag is 19.6 m below the helicopter 2.00 s after it was released. (0) Ifthe helicopter and bag were moving upward at the instant of release, then %=0, =+1.50 m/s Using this value for a, in parts (a) and (b), and speed ‘The net displacement of the helicopter and the bag are AYing Ay, = 43.00 m, with a distance between the two of Ay=AYaag~ AY = 19.6 m Thus, the bag is again 19.6 m below the helicopter 2.00 s after its release. ————$$$__—_—_51. to his fratemity brother, who is in a window 4.00 m above. The brother’s outstretched hand catches the keys 1.50 s later. (a) With what initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of the keys just before they were caught? Solution Taking upward as the positive vertical direction, the keys have a constant acceleration of a=-9.80 m/s? and undergo an upward di Motion in One Dimension 27 A student throws a set of keys vertically upward lacement of Ay=+4.00m during the 1.50-s time interval. (a) Thus, Ay=o,¢+ at gives the velocity at the beginning of this interval as. Ay—Jat? 4.00 m~4(-9.80 m/s*)(1.50 s)* ¢ 150s % =10.0 m/s upward The velocity of the keys 1.50 s later (that is, just before they are caught) is V=U) +at=+10.0 m/s+(-9.80 m/s*)(1.50 s) =—4.68 m/s, =+10.0 m/s or v= 4.68 m/s downward o28 CHAPTER? 57. A ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial speed of 25 m/s; at the same instant, another ball is dropped from a building 15 m high. After how long will the balls be at the same height? Solution Choose upward as the positive vertical direction. Then, after the balls are released, they are both freely falling objects with acceleration a=-g. During the time interval from the moment the two balls are released until the instant they are at the same height /t above the ground, the ball thrown upward undergoes a displacement Ay, = y—yo=+h—-0. Thus, Ay =o,t+4af? gives h=(+25 m/s)t-4.gt* @ For this same time interval, the displacement of the dropped ball is Ay, =Y~Yo =h-15m and Ay=v9t+4at? becomes h-15m=(0)t+4(-g)f? or h=15m-4gt* @) Substituting from Equation 1 for h in Equation 2 yields (25m/s)t= Pye = 15 m= Pye or te peur n 060s °Motion in One Dimension 29 62, A mountain climber stands at the top of a 50.0-m cliff that overhangs a calm pool of water. She throws two stones vertically downward 1.00 s apart and observes that they cause a single splash. The first stone had an initial velocity of -2.00 m/s. (a) How long after release of the first stone did the two stones hit the water? (©) What initial velocity must the second stone have had, given that they hit the water simultaneously? (©) What was the velocity of each stone at the instant it hit the water? Solution Both stones are freely falling objects, with acceleration a=—g = -9.80 m/s*,, from the instant they leave the thrower’s hand until the instant they hit the water. Also, the displacement of each stone during the downward trip is Ay =-50.0m. (2) Using v* =v} + 2a(Ay), the velocity of the first stone when it reaches the water is found to be (v5); + 2a(ay) =—y|(-2.00 m/s)" +2(-9.80 m/s*) ("50.0 m) = -31.4 m/s The time of flight of this stone is given by v=) +at as 2 ~(vy), _ 31.4 mys-(-2.00 my) () Since they strike the water simultaneously, the time of flight of the second stone (released 1.00 s after the first stone) is b 1.00 s = 3.00 s-1.00 s=2.00s Thus, Ay = vot +}.at? gives the initial velocity of the second stone as _ Ay—4at? _ 50.0 m-3(-9.80 m/s*) (2.00 s)* = =-15.2 (), Sane mys (c) From part (a), the final velocity of the first stone is v, =-31.4 m/s Also, v, =(v)), tal, =-15.2 m/s +(~9.80 m/s?) (2.00 s) = -34.8 m/s30 67. wishes to drop vertically onto a horse galloping under the tree. The constant speed of the horse is 10.0 m/s, and the man is initially 3.00 m above the level of the saddle. (a) What must be the horizontal distance between the saddle and the limb when the man makes his move? (b) How long is he in the air? CHAPTER 2 A stunt man sitting on a tree limb Solution The most convenient way to solve this problem is to first solve part (b) and use that answer in the solution of part (a) as shown below, (b) (@) The stunt man starts from rest (v)=0) and is a freely falling body (a=-g=-9.80 m/s*) until he reaches the saddle. The time to make the 3.00-m vertical drop may be found from Ay=v,t+4at®. This gives -3.00 m=0+4(-9.80 nv/s*)? or t Because the horse moves with constant velocity, the horizontal distance it travels during the 0.782 s the stunt man is falling ( and therefore the horizontal distance that should exist between him and the saddle when he makes his move) is given by: X= Usenet =(10.0 m/s) (0.782 s) =7.82 m °