Muc luc 1 M6 PAU 11 Ly do chon dé tai 1.2. Muc tiéu nghién ert 1.8 Nhiém vu nghién ert: 1.4 Déi tuong nghién ext: 1.5 Phuong phép nghién eitu: 1.6 Gidi han dé tai nghien ecu: 1.7 Cfu trie eda khéa lan NOI DUNG 2.1. Giéi thiéu téng quan vé ngén ngit lip trinh Mathematica, 2.1.1 Gidi thiéu so bd vé ngén nit lap trinh Mathematica, 2.1.2 Giao dién tuong tac ctia Mathematica 2.1.3 Cf&ec tinh n&ng ciia Mathematica. 2.2 Ve dé thi hai chiéu tinh va déng. 2.2.1 Ci phap. 2.2.2 C&e tuy chon eta dé thi hai chiéu. 2.2.3. Dé thi hai chiéu nang cao, 2.2.4 Dé thi dit ligu hai chiéu 2.2.5. Da thi hai chiéu dong. 2.3 Vé dé thi ba chidu tinh va dong. 2.3.1. Dé thi mat ba chiéu. 2.3.2 Dé thi tham sé ba chiéu 2.3.3 Dé thi dit liu ba chién. . 2.3.4 Dé thi ba chitu dng, . 24 Ung dung vé dé thj vao gidng day va nghién ett vat Iy. 24.1 Bai toan giao thoa séng e¢ hoc 24.2 Bai toan chnyén dong ciia vat ném xién. 243 Ung dung nghién ertu vat ly. 3 KET LUAN Boom Soouseean 20 22 22 22 25 27 27 28 28 29 30 38Phan 1 MO DAU 1.1 Ly do chon dé tai: Thé kj XX véi nhiéu t mé. Mé dau 1a sit ra dai ciia thuyét tutang Abi ct anh tun rye 18, manh, Iy hoc da 6 mét bude phat t Einstein, thuyét htgng tit cia Planck, ly thnyét trudng Itgng tit... Dé nghie (tu, khdo sat ede qué trink vat ly, xit IY ede bai toan vat If ddi héi phai tinh todn cée phép toan rét phite tap, t6n nhién thoi gian vA cong site. Vi vay, vide dita may tinh vao dé nghién ertu cée qué trinh tinh toan trong vat If, sit dung ie cOng cu tinh toan sé gidip cho vide xit LY c&e bai Loan vat If dutde nhanh chéng va thudn én, tich Mathematica néi lén véi wu diém vurgt kha ning xit a trd thanh mot céng cu dé lute cho cc nha khoa hoc, céc k¥ sw, cfc chuy@n gia sinh hoc, Ai chinh, Voi sit phat trién nhanb phién bin N nhiing thao tac don gidn, khdng pl cho phép vé tit ci cée dang dé thi 6 Dé lam diéu nay, ngén ngit lap trinh gid di ve giao di ‘han thién, vé kha nang dé thi siéu vist v 6 ligu nbanh gido vién, cée nhi hematica 5.0 di bé sung cho ngudi sit dung i lap trinh ning né nhut trade. Trong dé Mathematica 6 cia mot him 36 véi efi trie Ten dan gin hit nhit d8 thi hai chia, d@ thi ba chidu, d8 thi dung vign, d& thi théng ke Déi véi giéo vien phé thong trung hoc, sit dung phan mém Mathematica dé vé d8 thi sé IA mot hi tre déc luc cho gido vién trong viée soan gido an Ién lép, bai gidng dién tit, ra Vily do trén téi chon dé tai "St dung phan mém Mathematica dé vé dé thi" lam dé tai khoa luan t6t nghidp. d@ thi tréc nghiém... Nén tim hiéu vé dé thi bang Mathematica la didu rat edn thié 1.2. Muc tiéu nghién citu: Nghién ctu khai Je va sit dung phn mém Mathematica vao vige vé dé thi hai chiéu va ba chién tink, déng va (ing dung.KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 3 1.3 Nhiém vu nghién citu: ~ Tap trung tit lign, nghién eitu ly thuyét = Nghién eftu sit dung et php cfu triie cau lénh ctia Mathematica. - Khai thae cae tinh ning vé d@ thi hai, ba chiéu trén Mathematica - Ung dung: vé d8 thi mot s6 bai ton vat If, khito sét mot s6 qué trink vat If 1.4 Déi tong nghién citu: Ngn ngit lap trinh Mathematica véi tinh nding vé dé thi. 1.5 Phuong phaép nghién cttu: ~ Phuong phap nghién citu ly thuyét: Doc va tim hiéu ng6n ngit lap trinh Mathematica. Nghién ctfu cae buée lap trinh trén Mathematica véi tinh ning vé dé thi, = Thute hign cae chuong trinh vé cg bin ciia Mathematica véi cée d8 thi mé ta cée quy Inat vat Iy eu thé 1.6 Gidi han dé tai nghién ctu: Trong thdi gian va kha nang cho phép t6i chi matica véi tinh ning vé dé thi hai chiéu va ba chiéu tinh, dong va (mg dung cita ching, nghién ctx ngén ngit lap trinh Mathe- 1.7 C§u trac cia khéa luan: Khod luan gém 6 ba phan: phan mé dau, phan néi dung va phan két Ivan. Phan. mé dau trinh bay Iy do chon d@ tai, muc tién nghi nghién evtu, phitong phap nghién ctu va gidi han nghién edu ciia dé tai. Phan ni dung (c6 ba chutong): Chutong 1 gidi thiéu téng quan vé ngén ngit lap trinh Mathematica; Chuong 2 thue bign vé dé thi hai chiéu tinh va dong véi vide thay déi cde tuy chon; Chuang 3 thute hién vé dé thi ba chiéu tinh va déng véi viée thay déi cde tuy chon; Chuong 4 img dung vé 8 thi vao mot s6 bai to&n vat If, khéo s&t mot s6 qué trinh vat If. Phan két luan: Trinh bay cée két qué thu duge tit vide nghién eitu ve dé thi trén Mathematica. a, nhiém vu nghién cttu, déi tungPhan 2 NOI DUNG 2.1 Gidi thiéu téng quan vé ngén ngif lap trinh Mathematica. 2.1.1 Gidi thiu so bé vé ngon ngit lap trinh Mathematica. Mathematica IA ngon ngit tich hyp day dii nhAt eée tinh toan ky thuat. LA dang ngon ngit dita trén nguyén ly xit ly ce dit ligu tuong trung ‘Thé hé ngOn ngit gidi tich dau tién d6 1A Macsyma, Reduce... ra dai tit nhitng nim 60 ctia thé ky XX. Cée ngén ngit nay chi yéu ding cho eée bai ton vat Iy nang lueng cao. Nhue diém cita ching la chit yéu duse dinh hudng chay trén cée may tinh Ién. Thé he tiép theo Ia céc ngén ngit Maple, Mathlab, Mathematica... Cée ngon ngit nay 6 1tu diém 1a chay nhanh hon va chip nhan b6 nbé nhé hon, chay hoan hao trén may tinh cé nhan. Trong cdc ngén ngit tinh tofn loai nay, néi bat lén ngOn ngit Mathematica véi it diém vat tr6i vé giao dién than thién, vé kha nang 46 thi siéu viet va xit ly dit lién khong tha kém cde ng6n ngit tinh tosn khée Nhd kha ning mé hinh hoa va mo phéng eéc hé lén, ké cd ede hé dong mA Mathematica khong chi dutge ting dung trong linh vue vat If, k¥ thuat va toan ma edn due mé rong ting dung trong ede Iink vite nit sin hoe, e&e khoa hoc xA hdi, ké c& trong Iinh vue tai chinh phite tap. Phien ban dau tien cita Mathematica due phat hanh vao nim 1988. Phién ban 6.0 1 phién ban méi nhat hién nay. 2.1.2 Giao dign tudng tac ciia Mathematica. Mathematica dita ra mét giao dién rét than thién véi ngudi sit dung duge dat ten 1 ban ghi (notebook - thudng duce goi tét 1a nb). Cée ban ghi la dang cita sé biéu dién mot luiot sit dung Mathematica bao gém day dii cée ghi chép ed v8 chutong trinh ngudn, cd vé két qua thwe hién trén cing mot ban ghi va duse ghi lai dudi dang file riéng cia Mathematica ©6 dudi la *.nb. Cac ban ghi duge t6 chite thanh cac 6 (cells) mét cach cé trat ty va thit bac. Ta c6 thé nhém mét nhém 6 lai sao cho chi thay 6 dau ctia nhém 6 dé (véi sé nhém léng tuy ¥)KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 5 Mathematica con dua ra mét giao dign phu la cae bang Iénh (Palettes) va cae nitt enh (Button). Neudi sit dung chi cin nhip chudt r&t don gidn va c6 thé tuy bién theo ¥ minh. 2.1.3. Céc tinh ning cia Mathematica. a, Kha nang tinh toan bang sé. Mathematica cho phép tinh mot céch true tiép gidng nhut ding mét calculator véi d6 chinh xée bat ky mot biéu thite phite tap nao bing céch viét biéu thite can tinh va bam t6 hop phim Shift + Enter. Thi du ta c6 thé tinh biéu thite san day mot cach nhanh chéng: 0 426825223812027400796974891518773782342988745354489429495479078935 1129295496 197390190721393407570972968128 15466676129830954465240517595242384015591919845376 100! 9832621544394415268169923885626670049071596826438162146859296389521759999322 1991560804 1 4639761565 1828625369792082722375825 1 185210916864000000000000000000000000 b. Kha nang tinh toan véi bién tuong trung. Mathematica cho phép gidi céc phutong trinh hay tinh toén cée biéu thite ma nghiém: hay ede két qué dude biéu dién bing ede bién tudng trung, ‘Thi du tinh tich phan bat dinh theo bién chit x: S Vivat ade VOTRE | EF) jaXlog ve + aT) c. Kha ning dé hoa hai chiéu va ba chiéu. Mathematica cho phép vé tat c& céc dang d& thi c6 thé c6 cit mot ham s6 véi edu trie lenh don gidn nhat nhut dé thi hai chiéu, d& thi ba chiéu, dd thi duong vién, 4 thi mat dé. Thi du lénh sau day cho phép vé dé thi hai chiéu etia ham s6 sin.r-+sin 2x trong khoing (0, 30) (hinh 1.1) Plot{Sin|:c] + Sin|2e], {-c, 0, 30}] inh 11 Lénh sau day cho phép ta vé dd thi ba chiéu cia ham Sin(cy) Plot3D|Sin|ry), {c,0,4}, {y,0,4}, PlotPoints + 30]; (hin 1.2)KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj HankThio 6 Mathematica khéng chi cho ta kha nfing vé dé thi hai chiéu, ba chiéu theo mae dinh, ma ngudi ding c6 thé sit dung ede tuy chon dé thay déi trinh dién etta d thi theo cée muc dich cia mink, Ching han nhw dé khio sit dé thi cia ham sé trong mét khoing nao dé ta cé6 thé chi cin vé d6 thi trong mét khoding tny chon do ngudi sit dung dita ra, Hose c6 thé ve déng thai nhiéu 48 thi trén cing mot hé truc toa d6, lua chon mau sie, nét ve dam nhat... eta timg 48 thi khée nhau, Hinh (1.3) sau day Ia mot vi du Plol{Sin{x"|, {,0,3}, AxesOrigin > {-0.2,0}, AxesStyle > {RGBColor|1, 0,0], Absolute hickness|2]}, DefaultColor + RGBColor|0,0, 1), AxesLabel — {"Truc x", "Truc y"}, Ticks — {{0, 1,2,3}, {-0.5,0,0.5, 1)}, GridLines + Automatic, PlotRange + {—0.5,1}, ImageSize — {400, 400 « 0.62} Default Font — {VnTime, 14}, FormatT ype + Traditional Form, PlotLabel + "D6 thi y=Sin(x?)"|; They Di thiyesae y Y as tex Hinh 1.3 d. Kha nang tinh ton cia Mathematica. Mathematica cé kha nfing chap nban cae dit liu lén bat ky va xit ly né trong théi gian vai gidy.KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 7 Thi du tao ra mbt ma tran 100 x 100 gm cae phin tit la cae s6 nguyén bat ky (dau "" @ san cu lénh dé khéng in ra ma tran m vi kich thude ctia né qua én) m = Table|Random|], {100}, {100}] Site manh tinh toan cia Mathematica la. 6 ch6 n6 cho gid tri riéng iia ma tran m nay va biéu thi trén d8 thi véi thei gian chia tdi 1 giay (hinh1.4) List Plot| Abs| Bigenvalues|m]]}; Minh 1.4 ‘ac 86 liu c6 kich thude lén bat ky. Mathematica cho phép xit lf Thi du Mathematica cho két qua chink xéc sau khong day 1 giay cho phép tinh giai thita ciia 100: 100! 933262154439441526816992388562667004907 1596826438 162 146859296389521 75999932 2991560894146397615651828625369792082722375825 1185210916864000000000000000000000 000 Mathematica cdn cho phép tinh toan cée phép tinh dai sé véi do chinh xéc bit ky do ngudi sit dung dat ra hay c6 thé thy hién cdc tinh toén dai sé ma con ngudi khé c6 thé thuc hién duce bing tay. Thi du phép tinh s6 Pi voi d6 chinh xée dén 200 chit sé: N{IL, 200] 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197 169399375 1058209749445923078 164062 86208998628034825342117067982148086513282;3066470938446095505822317253594081 28481 1174502841027019385211055596446229489549303820 Khai trién biéu thite toan hoc 2%" + y% Factor|e® + y| {(e + y)(a? — cy + y?)(a® — Sy8 + y®)(e? — ay + aby — jt —cby® + arty — Sy batt ary? = p29) (020 ay — eT yS Nyy pM yO Sy pMyh —p20y20_ gOyld Ty 4 nyt — ety p8y27 4 yt 4 y20) (280 4 hy — My AyD AYE 940 By! 98 ~My — 2%y8t 4 p57 4 y%0)) Déng thoi Mathematica cho phép sit dung cée thuat toan cho trude dé dan gidn hoa bidu thite (déu "%" la dé chi tham chiéu dén két qua vita dita ra 6 dong lénh trutée). 6 0480 Py 3 4 Py By A?KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 8 Simpli ful%| oh py? e, Cac thuat toan trong Mathematica. ~ Khi chay, Mathematica tu chon cée thnat toin thich hgp (trong cae thuat. toan sin 6) cho méi tinh toan gin ding bing s6. ‘Thi du nhit lénh FindRoot (tim nghiém phuong trink), NIntegrate (tinh tich phan bing s6), NSolve (gidi phutong trink bing s6): FindRoot|Cos|x] == x + togls), {«,1}] {we — 0.840619} NIntegrate|Loglx + Sin'e\), {,0,2}] 0.555889 ‘Solvelec’ — 6x3 + 8e +1 == 0,21] {{c + 2.05411}, {© + 1.2915}, {© > —0.126515}, {1 + 1.55053}, {x > 1.9216}} Hinh 1.5 ~ Mathematica la mot cng cu dé dang dé xit ly ede ma tran. C6 thé tao ra mot bang hai chiéu, biéu dién né duéi dang ma tran, thue hién cdc phép todn v6i n6. - Mathematica e6 thé dé dang gidi cde phutong trink vi phan bang cA Idi gidi dai sé chinh xéc va c& Idi gidi gin ding cho két qué 1 mot ham noi suy, déng thoi bién dién d8 thi cite 18: gia NDSolve|{x"|t] + x(t] == Sin|t),x'0] == x'(0] {{e + InterpolatingFunction|{{0.,50.}}, <>]}} Lai gidi bing ham noi suy nay duge biéu dién bling 48 thi (binh 1.5) (8 day kg tu "/." biéu thi cho phép thay x bing nghiém 6 eau lénh trude (%)) ParametricPlot|Evaluate|{\t), «'(t\} /.%|, {4,0, 50} f. Mathematica 1A mét cuén bach khoa toan thi vé ton. ~ Mathematica cé chita sin hau hét c&e ham dae bist 4 cée dang thnan tuf toan hoe 4 cée dang ting dung cita né. Thi du ham Legendre: LegendreQ3, 2] 4-82 _ 1e(3 — 51) Log 2, {45 0, 50)]KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 9 - Mathematica cho phép tinh ton mét cach chinh x4e mét s6 Intong lén 4c tich phan ké cd tich phan dae bist. J VtArctan|e|de h(-8¥8-2V2ArcTan[l—-v2 Va) VE ~ x] ~ VBbogll + V2v% + «)) - Mathematica cing cho phép tinh toan chinh xac céc téng va tich vo han. SL Le Past 2VFArcTan{1+V2yz}+407 ArcTan|x|—v2Log|—1 HarmonicNumber|n, 6] g. C&c hién ting hinh anh trong Mathematica. Mathematica ¢6 thé tao ra cde dé thi tham s6 hoe cho thay sit van d@ng ciia qué trink bling cach cho chay mét day cde a8 thi tinh. Thi du dé van déng hoat hoa mét day 48 thi (hink 1.6) Table Plot3D|Sin 2x)Sin|2y\Cos t}, {,0,11), {y, 0, IL}, PlotRange + {~1,1}, BoxRatios — {1,1,1},Ticks + None, DisplayFunction — Indentity], {t,0,11, 2) Show GraphicsArray|{%}, Frame — Truel); Vyeqehe Hinh 1.6 Vé dé thi hai chiéu tinh va dong. 2.2.1 Cu phap. Lénh Plot /f,{, tins tmaz}]; vé 46 thi hai chiéu ct ia ham f(x) voi x chay ttt tain én maz (hinh 2.1). Lénh Plot[{f:, fo...}, (2, mins fmaz}]; vé déng thai dd thi ciia cde ham {f;, fo...} véi x chay tit thin d8n imax (da "2" dutge thém vao 8 cuéi méi cu lénh vé d8 thi dé kheng tucng Graphies) (hinh 2.2). hign ra cfu thong bao veKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Th Hank Théo 10 Plot{Tan{ee/2), {c, ~211, 211}; Hinh 2.1 Plot|{Sin|z], Sin|2x], Sin|Sx|}, (2,0, 211}); Hinh 2.2 Theo cach nay, ting véi méi tri s6 ctia x tinh truc tiép dude tri s6 cita ham f (bing cde ‘thnat todn tinh bing s6 etia Mathematica), ta ¢6 twong ting méi cAp diém trén dé thi Mét trinh tw khée 1a tinh ra mot ham s6 (c6 thé chi la gin ding) 6 biéu thite gidi tich theo cée bién chit (goi Ia ham hién) rdi méi thay gid tri 7 vao dé tinh gid tri cho f(z). Trinh tit nay thiting dirge ding cho eéc ham noi suy, [a cée ham khong e6 biéu thite dang giai tich. Né duge thé hién bing cae lenh: Plot[Evaluate[f],{, tminy tmaz}] VA Plot|Bvaluate[T ablel{ f,, fo.-.}]], {, Lmins Tmaz}] (hink 2.3). Plot|Evaluate|Table| Bessel J|n, «), {r,4}|), (2,0, 10}] Hinh 2.3 Mét lénh theo loai nay nita thing due ding cho vé dé thi nghiém eée phuong trinh vi phan gidi gin diing (gidi bling s6): Plot|y|r]/.nghiém, (2, min, tmae}] 2.2.2 Cac tuy chon cia dé thi hai chiéu. a, Cac tuy chon mic dinh ciia dé thi hai chiéu.KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj HankThéo 11 Mot lénh vé dé thi ctia Mathematica ¢6 rat. nhiéu céc tuy chon bé sung va ta cé thé thay thé gid tri mac dinh. Dé ligt ké cée tuy chon va céc gid tri mac dinh gan sin ta ding lenh Options[Plot]. Dang téng quat cia né la: Options[déi turgng] cho danh séch céc tu chon va mae dink cita déi tugng; hoe Options[déi twong,tuy chon] cho danh sich dat cita tuy chon trong déi tuong, Ngoai ra c6 thé ding cdc lénh: FullOptions[d6i twgng,tuy chon] cho m6 t& ty my nhat céch sip dat tuy chon; SetOptions[déi twong,options — value] dat lai gié tri mac dinh cia Iva chon options thanh gia tri value (hinh 2.4) Option’ Plot)(*m6 14 danh sich c&e tuy chon cia lenh Plot*) {AspectRatio > aabaae. AxesOrigin + Automatic, AcesStyle + Automatic, Background Automatic, ColorOutput + Automatic, Compiled — True, De faultColer + Automatic, DefaultPont :— $DefaultF ont, DisplayF unction + $Display Function, Epilog — {}, FormatT ype :+ $FormatT ype, Frame > False, FrameLabel + None, FrameStyle + Automatic, FrameTicks + Automatic , Ares + Automatic, Axes Label + None, GridLines + None, ImageSize -» Automatic, MaxBend > 10., PlotDivision > 30., PlotLabel + None, PlotPoints —» 25, PlotRange + Automatic, PlotRegion —+ Automatic, PlotStyle + Automatic, Prolog + {}, RotateLabel + True, TextStyle > $TextStyle, Ticks + Automatic} g = Plot|Sin\x], (1,0, 211}; Minh 2.4 Options'g, PlotRange| {PlotRange— > Automatic} FuliOptions|g, PlotRang: {{-0.15708, 6.44026}, {—1.05, 1.05}} b. Cc tuy chon quan trong. Mathematica cho ta nhiéu tuy chon, duéi day ching toi xin giéi thigu mot sé t quan trong va cach dat cée tuy chon cita eéc lénh vé dé thi bai chiéu. = Axes: li mét tu chon ciia him vé 48 thi bao gm c6 hay khéng cdc truc toa 46. bao gém Che gid tri cita tuy chon niKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Théo 12 Axos True: Hidn thi cae true toa 6 Axes False: Khéng hién thi cae truc toa 46. Axes — {False, Truc}: Hién thi mét true toa 48, true cdn lai kh6ng hién thi, Gia tri mac dinh eta tuy chon 1a Automatic (Kem hinh 2.5). Show|Graphics|Circle|{0,0}, 1], Aspect Ratio Automatic, Ares > Automatic]); aa | Hinh 2.5 - AxesLabel: Tuy chon dat nhiin cho eée true toa dé, Cée gia tri cfta tu chon nay bao gdm: AxesLabel + Nono: Khong dit nhan cho d8 thi AxesLabel + label: Dat nhan label cho true y déi tang dé thi hai chiéu. AxesLabel + {"nhan x","nban y"}: Dat nhan cho eée truc toa do Nhan ciia cée truc toa dé sé duuge dnh 6 cuéi ede true. Gid tri mac dink cia tuy chon la None (Xem hinh 2.6) Plot{Sin{xc/2], {,0, 211}, AresLabel > {Truc x", "Truc y"}]s Hinh 2.6 ~ AxesOrigin: Lita chon trong dé thi hai chiéu dé dat diém edt hai true toa 40. Cée gid tri etia tuy chon ndy bao gdm: AxesOrigin + {x, y}: Dat diém cat hai truc toa do 1a diém c6 toa dé {x,y} Gia tri mae dinh ciia tuy chon 1a diém {0,0} Déi véi dé thi duong vién va dé thi mat do, dat AxcsOrigin > Automatic thi diém edt celia cde truc toa dd dude dat & ngoai ving dé thi. Thi du dé khao sét tinh déi xing cia ham Sin/c] ta e6 thé thay déi diém cit hai trac toa dé dé thay 16 diéu 46 (hinh 2.7);KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Théo 13 Plot{Sin{:c], (,0, 211}, AcesOrigin + {11, OF]; Hinh 2.7 ~ Frame: La tny chon ctia dé thi hai chién, gm 6 hay khéng c6 khnng vién quanh 48 thi. Cée gid tri tia tuy chon gdm: Frame — True: C6 hién thi khung vién. Frame — None: Khéng hién thi khung vién. Gia tri mac dinh etia tay chon 1a None. Hinh 2.8 Thi du trong lénk vé dd thi ham Sin[r4], dé d6i chiéu cée gia tri evte dai ta e6 thé sit dung khung vién dé thay 16 (hinh 2.8): Plot{Sin{2"|, {¢,0,3}, Frame —> True}; - GridLines: Day 1a tuy chon ctia dé thi hai chiéu bao gdm ¢6 hay khong vé eée during Iuéi cho méi ché dénh dau trén true toa dé cita dé thi. Cée gid tri etia tuy chon bao gdm Minh 2.9KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Théo 14 GridLines > None: Khong hién thi eae duréng lui. GridLines > Automatic: Hiéu thi eée during luéi theo mae dinh. Gia tri mac dinh cita tuy chon nay la None. Thi du dé khao sat chi tiét c&e khoding dé thi ciia ham s6 Sin x2] ta vé thém cée ducing lui (hinh 2.9) Plot|Sin{x*), {x,0,3}, GridLines + Automatic - FrameLabel: Day [a tuy chon cia dé thi hai chién bao gém c6 hay khong ¢6 nhan khung. Dat cde gid tri etia tu’ chon: FrameLabel + None: Khong e6 nhan khung, nhan 4}: C6 dat nhan va nhan dude dat xung FrameLabel — {nhan I,nhan 2,nhan quanh 4 canh theo chiéu kim déng hé tit duéi. Gié tri mac dinb cita tuy chon 1& None (inh 2.10). Plot{Sin{x), (,0, 211}, Frame + True, FrameLabel — {Duéi, Tréi, Tren, Phai), RotateLabel + False} Hinh 2.10 (G day c6 bé sung tuy chon RotateLabel + False dé khdng xoay nhan theo chigu cita kbnng) ~ PlotLabel: Day la tu chon cita lénh ve 48 thi véi vige dat nhan cho dd thi. Dat c&e gid tri tuy chon: sinje)? Teese Hinh 2.11KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Théo 15 PlotLabel —» None: Khéng ¢6 nhan ctia dé thi PlotLabel — StyleForm|"nhan" dang text,FontFamily —> "font",FontSize — nj: Dat nhan cho dé thi la nhan véi kiéu dang tert, font chit la font, c@ chit n. Plot{(Sin?(@))/(2 + Cos*(@)), {@, 0, IT}, PlotLabel —» StyleForm| " (Sin®(@))/(2 + 3*(8)) " , FontSize — 12); (hinh 2.11) - Ticks: Tuy chon danh dan cae diém trén cae truc toa dé. Cae gid tri cita tuy chon: Ticks — None: Khong danh dau trén cae tr Ticks + Automatic: Tu dong dénh déu trén eéc true Ticks — {{xtieks, ...},{yticks, ...}}: Tuy chon dénh déu trén cée true khée nhau (hink 2.12) Plot{Sin|sc], (,0, 21}, Ticks — {{0, 11/2, 11, (311)/2, 211}, Automatic}; ¢ Hinh 2.12 ~ Plot Range: Tuy chon ciia lénh vé dé thi cho khoding toa do hién thi. Cée gié tri ctia tu chon: Plot Range — All: Hién thi toan bo. Plot Range + Automatic: Tw dong hién thi d8 thi Plot Range — {¥min; Yaz}: Hién thi dé thi trong khodng toa 6 ti ymin 4m Ynae Plot Range — {{2tyins Cmaz}s {mins Ynaz}}: Tay chon khoang dé thi hién thi v6i x chay tit tin den maz, Y Chay tit Yin CED Yas Gié tri mae dink cita tuy chon 18 All Hinb 2.13KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 16 ‘Thi du khi khao sit ham s6 Sin(x2) trong mot khodng toa do x — {0,2}, y —> {0,1.2} (hinh 2.13) Plot{Sin{x*), {,0,4}, PlotRange — {{0,2}, {0,1.2})Js - PlotStyle: Tuy chon kiéu vé cia dé thi bao gém cée ham Graylevel[i] cho &6 xm i cia dd thi, 0 Gray Level(0.5]) Hinh 2.15 = PlotPoints: Tuy chon cho s6 diém 16i thiéu dé ly n cia tuy chon 1a 25 (hinh 2.16a). Thi du xét dé thi sau. fu cho dé thi. Gié tri mae dinkKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thao 17 Plot{Cos|204] + Cos/244], {,11, 311}; Hinh 2.16a Trén d8 thi ta théy, doan dau tién ciia dé thi khéng duce chinh xée do s6 diém lay min dé vé dé thi khéng di, Ta 06 thé khite phue diéu nay véi tuy chon PlotPoints la 70 (hinh 2.166) Plot [204] 1 Cos/24t], {¢, 11, 311}, PlotPoints —» 70} j Mall en Hinh 2.16b Trén day 1a nhitng tuy chon quan trong cita céc lénh vé dé thi hai chiéu, ngoai ra cdn 6 ede tuy chon khée nhut Aspecratio: Tuy chon cho ty 1é chiéu cao/chiéu rong. Gié tri m&e dinh cia né la 1/GoldenRatio_ 2/(1 + v5). TextStyle: Kiéu miu cho toxt trong dé thi gdm eée dang nhut: title, subtile, section, toxt..., mae dinh IA text thuding. Dat kidu text bang lénh: TextStyle + dang text DisplayFunction: Tuy chon vé céch thé hién dé thi, Indentity la khong hién thi 43 ‘hi ra. Prolog hose Epilog: Vé thém vao 48 thi mot déi tuong dé thi don gidn truée (hote sau) dé thi chinh véi mue dich dénh diu ho&e so sinh, Dé c6 thé la Box(], Rectange|], Circlel]... gid tri mac dinh etia né 1a None. Céc tuy chon eta céc lénh ve dé thi ¢6 rat nbiéu nhung gid tri cita cae tuy chon nay chi thnat tofn da tich hop sin, None_khéng ta, True_thue gidi han trong mét sé it: Automatic _cé sit dung ca bao gém tuy chon nay, AIl_bao gém tat cd False_khong thite hién tuy ¢ @n mie dinh da dat,KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Th Hank Thio 18 2.2.3 Dé thi hai chi nang cao. Mathematica khong chi hé tro vé timg d8 thi cia méi ham s6 véi nbimg tuy chon nhit trén, ma né con hé tro thém nhiéu chite ning khae trong hién img hinh anh, Ta cé thé ve nhiéu 48 thi cing mét lic, bé tri lai dé phuc vu cho cae muc dich khae, hose cing c6 thé tim nghiém cia mét phuong trink tit dé thi ma néu gidi truc tiép bing thuat ton thi sé gap nhiéu khé khan a. Vé lai cac thi, vé chén cac thi. Ta 6 thé vé lai mét hay nhiéu dé thi ma da thuc hién truée dé ma chita dutge hién thi ra hose bé sung cée tuy chon, Dé vé lai cée dd thi ta ding lénh: Show[{4:, g2,..} , tuy chon] Vi du (hinh 2.17) Plot{Cos|20t] + Cos|24t], {t,11, 811}, PlotPoints + 70, DisplayFunction + Identity]; Show|%, Background + GrayLevel|0.8}} Hin 2.17 Tuy chon DisplayFunction — Identity sé khong hién thi dé thi ra man hinh. pl = Plot{eSin||, {«, 10, 10), PlotStyle + {Thickness|0.003]}, DisplayFunction — Identity]; p2 = Plot{rCos\e}, {2, -10, 10}, PlotStyle — {Thickness{0.007)} DisplayFunction + Identity]; Showlpl, p2, Frame > True, DisplayF unction > $Display Function); ; ipo : Hinh 2.18KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 19 Ta cing ¢6 thé vé cae dé thi thanh mét day bang cae lénh: Show|GraphicsArray[{9:, 92,..-}]]: hién thi day d@ thi (gs, 92,...} thank mot hang lien tue. Show|GraphiesArray[{{g1},{g2}sHI]: hién thi d 48 thi {g1,92,.} thank mot ct. Show[GraphicsArray[{{g1, 92}, ...}-..}J]: hién thi day dé thi {{g:, 92, ...}...} thanh mét bang chit nhat cée dé thj véi tup chon GraphicsSpacing —> {h,v} cho khoing céch git cée dd thi: h_ khoiing doc, v_ khoding ngang. pl = Plol[Sin|r), {,,0, 211}, Display Function + Identity]; p2 = Plot[Sin|2r], {0,211}, DisplayFunction + Identity] Show|Graphics Array {pl, p2)]]; y q u.5 a.5) 12 3\4 5 1 4 -0.5] 0.5 ou -1 Hinh 2.19 b. Dé thi theo tham sé. Khi xét phuong trinh chuyén dong cia mét chat diém chuyén dong trong khong gian #= F(t). Day chinh la phuong trinh quy dao cla ch&t diém theo tham sé t. Dé thi cia quy go 1a mot d8 thi theo tham s6. Lénh vé dé thi theo tham sé ParametricPlot|{f-, fy}, {t,tmin; fmaz}] ve d6 thi cho béi cée toa do { f(t), fy(t)} ParametricPlot|{{ fc, fy}, (a2, dy}..-}, {t, tmin; fmar}] ve ddng thi mot vai dé thi tren hg true toa do Minh 2.20 Thi du tia dién tit trong may dao dong ky gdm hai eudn [di tia theo bai phuongKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thao 20 vudng gée véi nhan c6 dign tru@ng thay déi theo quy nat: © = A,Cos(ugt | ys) vay = AyCos(wyt + yy). Téng hap ciia hai dao déng vuéng géc nay cho ta mot dung cong theo ‘tham s6 t goi Ia cée dutong Lissajous, Dudi day la d8 thi ciia dao déng téng hop khi xét trong mot tring hep cu thé (hinh 2.20) ParametricPlot|{Cos|t], Cos(3t ~ 4}, {t,0, 211}, AzesLabel > {°x(A)”,”y(A)"}, Frame — True, Aspect Ratio > Automatic, FrameLabel > {"Ag = Ayiws = Wy/3; ee = 0; py = Tap," }, Default Font > {°Vn Time”, 14}]; 2.2.4 Dé thi dit lidu hai chiéu. Dé thi dif lign bidu dién che dit ligu dang bing cho béi Table[] hoke Array(]..., hose ce c&p toa do dutge dita vao true tiép tit thue nghiém. Dé thi dit lien gdm ede lenb: ListPlot|{y:, yo, ...}] vé mot day cée gid tri y véi x lan hrot la 0, 1, 2,... , n. ListPlot[{{2r1, y:}, (2, 2}, -}] vé day ede diém toa 46 {.ci, vi} Ngoa’i cae tuy PlotJoined: C6 néi cae ai chon cho céc Iénh 48 thi, 48 thi dit ligu cdn duge bé sung cae tuy chon: am lai hay khong, gi tri mic dinh cia tuy chon la False, PlotStyle: Cho cfu tric cita didm dit ligu hoae dueng néi cée diém duge vé ra, Vi du PointSize[i} cho diém trdn ¢6 ban kinh i Thi du ta vé dé thi dit liu cia bang sau data = Table(Sin{r] + Random|Real, {~0.1,0.1}], {2 0, 211, 0.1} ListPlot|data, PlotStyle + PointSize[0.012]|; (hinh 2.21a) ListPlot|data, Plot Joined True]; (hinh 2.21b) Minh 2.21b Ta c6 thé tuy chon edch hién thi diém dit ligu trén dé thi bing lénh Graphics[dé hoa,KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj HankThio 21 tuy chon]. Lénh nay hién thi déi tugng dé hoa don gidn véi tuy chon, Déi tugng nay duge én thi trén dé thi bing lénh Show/] Mot s6 déi tung dé hoa don gidn nhu: Cirele[{x, y}.x] dong tron tam {x,y ban kinh r; Disk[{x, y}, r] duéng trdn c6 t6 den, tam {x, y), ban kinh x; Line[{ (x, y}... }] dutng thang véi cae thing gidng (bi d&p): Offset[dx, dy]; Point[{x, y}] diém; Rectange[{2min, Yin}; {20mazs Ymaz}] hinh chit nhat; Polygon[{ {:x1, 4:},... }] hinh da gide; ‘Textlexpr,{x, y}] oan vin ban expr Thi du Show|Graphics|Table|Line|{{, x2), Of fset{{0, 6), {x, x2}]}], (x, 10}], Frame > Truc) (hinh 2.228) Hinh 2.222, Show|Graphics|Table|Circle|{c, 27}, Of fset/{4, 4}]], {, 10}], Frame + True]]; (hin 2.22) «| ° A ° ° 7 ° a ° ° pie ceone Hinh 2.22 Dé biéu dién cée dit liéu thue nghiém véi cde tuy chon phong pha, cé mét chuong trinh danb riéng, mot chuong trinh con: Graphics‘MultipleListPlot‘. Cfu tric lenb etia né nhit sau (sau khi da goi package nay ra dé sit dung): MultipleListPlot list, listz,... , tuy chon]; vé ding théi dé thi dit ligu cho béi céc day toa dé lists, lists Voi céu tric lénh nay ¢6 cée tu¥ chon: PlotJoined: Cé (hay khong) duttng lién két cde diém dit ligu. Mae dinh la False. PlotStyle: Dinh dang (Style) cho dugg lien két bao gdm cée hamKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Th Hank Thio 22 2.2.5 Dé thi hai chi dong. Mathematica cho phép thu hién ede hién img boat hoa trén man hinh bing céch cho chay mot day ede déi tueng dé thi ké tiép nhau. Dé cé hién ting hoat hoa déng ta phai thu hién céc thao tac sau: ~ Truée hét ta phai 6 dit ligu cho viée trinh dién "doan phim hoat hoa" bing céch vé mot day lién tiép cdc déi tuong 46 thi nay trén man hinh, - Khi da cé mét day lién tiép c4e déi tong dé thi ta chi can click dap chudt vao mat d6i twang IA c6 thé thay dutge hién ting hoat hoa. C6 thé tuy chon céch trink dién hoat hoa bang cach sit dung cée tuy chon thé hién & thanh cong cu bén dudi bao gém: Backward trinh dién nguge trink ty thi gian, Cyclic ‘trinh difn theo vong lip, Forward trink din theo trinh tu thai gian, Pause dimg trink dién, Slower am cham qué trinh dién hoat, Faster lam nhanh qué trinh dién boat Xt thf du sau: Table Plot|{el- 971 4 1 5el-Gi8"l, 15el-i97 4 3, eb 10H 4 5, Le, 3,3} PlotStyle + {{Thickness|0.008]}, {Thickness|0.005]}, {Thickness 0.005)}} PlotRange — {0,6.25}, Ares > False, Frame > True, FrameTicks —» None, PlotPoints 40], {t, -2,3.5, 1}] A A__]|_4*L_ Hinh 2.23 2.3 Vé dé thi ba chiéu tinh va dong. 2.3.1 Dé thi mat ba chiéu. a. Cit phap. Dé thi mat ba ehiéu duge vé bing lenh: Plot3D[f(x,y),{20, mins Cmax), {Ys Yin: Yonaz}] ho&e Plot3D[{f,s},{2, tmin; tmaz}, {¥;Ymnin; Ymax}] VE dd thi mat f véi dé béng s thay dai thoo chiéu cao; Plot3D[{f,Hues}},{2,-tmin: maz}: {Us Yniny Ymaz}] Ve 48 thi mat c6 Anh sie thay di theo 46 cao. Plot3D|{Sin|ry], Huel.3]}, {0.0.3}, {y,0,3}, AresLabel~ > {"x","y’,"2"},KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 23 Plot Label + StyleForm|" f= Sin(:cy)”, Section, Font Family + VnTime, FontSize + 14]] Hinh 3.1 b. Cae tuy chon ciia dé thi mat ba chiéu, DS thi mat ba chidu cing c6 nhitmg tuy chon nhur trong dé thi hai chiéu nhit Axes- Label: dit nhan cho cée true toa dd, PlotPoints: sé diém téi thiéu lay mau cho dé thi, Ticks: diém dénh dan tren 48 thi, Ta cé thé ligt ké cdc tuy chon va céc gia tri mac dinh gén sn cho céc tuy chon d6 bang lenh: Options[Plot3D] hofe c6 thé tim hiéu chi tiét gia tri ciia tu chon eiia déi trang dd thi bing lénh Options[déi tuong,tuy chon] hay ty mi hon bing lénh FullOptions(déi tugng,tuy chon] Options| Plot3D] {AmbientLight > GrayLevell0], AspectRatio—> Automatic, Ares > True, AwesEdge — Automatic, AvesLabel + None, AesStyle — Automatic, Background + Automatic, Bored > True, Bot Ratios > {1,1,0.4}, BorStyle + Automatic, ClipFill + Automatic, Color Function > Automatic, Color FunctionScaling > True, ColorOulpul + Automatic, Compiled > True, DefaultColor + Automatic, Default Font: $Defaull Font, DisplayFunction :— $Display Function, Epilog > {}, FaceGrids + None, FormatType : $FormatT ype, HiddenSur face + True, ImageSize > Automatic, Lighting + True, LightSources + {{{1.,0.,1.}, REBColor|1,0,0)}, {{1.,1., 1}, RGBColor|0, 1,0}}, {{0.,1.,1.}, REBColor|0, 0, 1]}}, Mesh > True, MeshStyle + Automatic, Plot3Matrix — Automatic, PlotLabel + None, PlotPoints + 25, PlotRange —> Automatic, PlotRegion —> Automatic, Prolog — {}, Shading ~+ True, SphericalRegion — False, TextStyle + $TextStyle, Ticks + Automatic, ViewCenter + Automatic, ViewPoint — {1.3, -2.4,2.}, ViewVertical + {0.,0.,1.}} 9 = Plot3D|Sin{x] + Cosly], {2 0,10}, {y,0, 10}, AxesLabel > {"dai", "rong", "cao"}, De fault Font — {°VnTime”, 14},KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 24 Mesh — False] Options'g, Axes Label] {AxcesLabel + {dai, rong, cao}} FullOptions|g, PlotRange] {{0.,10.}, {0., 10.}, {—2.07857, 2.09747}} Cée tuy chon so véi 4 thi hai chiéu thi dé thi ba chidu 6 bé sung: ~ Boxed: Tuy chon cita dé thi ba chiéu gbm eé hay khong ve hop ba chiéu. Cée gid tri cita tuy chon nay bao gém: True_ c6 vé hop ba chidu, False_ khong vé hop ba ehiéu. Gié tri mac dink cia tuy chon 1a True. Plot3D|Sin|ey), {x,0,11}, {y,0,11}, Bored + False}: Minh 3.3 - FaceGrids: Tuy chon ciia dé thi ba chiéu gm c6 (hay khong) vé cée dutng luéi tren bé mat. Dat céc gid tri cia tuy chon: FaceGrids = All: Vé duéng luéi trén FacoGrids None: Khéng vé dudng Ini FaceGrids + {{dirs, diry, dirs}, ..}: Tay chon vé dudng ludi tre dir; nhan mét trong ba gia tri 0, -1, hoe +1. Gié tri mac dinh ciia tuy chon la None, Thi du Plot3D|Sin|x] + Cosly], {,0,10}, {y,0, 10}, AvesLabel —+ {*dai*,"rong*,"cao"}, DefaultFont > {°VnTime” , 14}, Mesh > False, 4 cde huéng, timg mat. Trong déKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 25 FaceGrids + {{0,0,-1},{+1,0,0}, {0,0,+1}}] Hinh 3.4 ~ Lighting: La tuy chon cia dé thi ba chiéu cho mau cho dé thi. Céc gia tri cia tuy chon bao gém: Lighting + True: C6 t6 man cho dé thi. Lighting + False: Bé t6 man cho dé thi, chi c6 46 xam. id tri m&e dinh clia tuy chon Ia True. ~ ViewPoint: Tuy chon ctia dé thi ba chiéu cho ta tuy chon va diém ma tit dé ta thay 8 thi, Gié tri mae dinh eta tuy chon lA {1.3,-2.4,2}. Ta c6 thé dat lai gid tri etia tu chon bing cach: ViewPoint — {x,y,z} ‘Thi du: nhin tir mat: {0,-2,0}, nhin tit pha truée va trén xuéng: {0.-2,2}, nhin thing tir tron xuéng: {0,0,2}, C6 thé chon diém nhin tit thuée lénh Input\\SD View Point Selector. Thi du ta cé thé thay déi diém nhin dé thi ham Sin|x y] nhw sau: Plot3D|Sin|ry], {,0,3}, {y,0,3}, ViewPoint — {—4.159, 2.732, 2.247}]; 2.3.2 Dé thi tham sé ba chiéu Dé thi tham sé ba chiéu dite cho béi ede lénh sau ~ ParametricPlot3D[{ fe, fy, fe}, {ts tmin;maz}]: Vé dé thi tham sé mét dudng ba chiduKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 26 Thi du dung Lissajous ba chiéw PorametricPlot3D|{Cos St), Sin|3t, Sin|é)}, {#,0, 211): Minh 3.6 = ParametricPlot3D[ {fos fys fe} {ls fins mas} {ttn tas} VE dB thi tham sb mot mat ba chiéu. ParametricPlot3D|{Sin|t),Cos\t),u}, {t,0, 211}, {u,0,4)]KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 27 ~ ParametricPlot3D[{{ fe, fy, fe}, {92 99: 9ehs--}]: Ve dong théi mét vai dé thi trén cing mét hinh, ParametricPlot3D\ { {Sin|t], Cos\t),t/3}, {Cos|5t), Sin|3t], Sin|t}}}, (t,0, 10), ViewPoint — {1.484, —2.740, 1.319}]; (hinh 3.8) 2.3.3. Dé thi div ligu ba chiéu. Dé ve d8 thi dit ligu ba chiéu ta c6 ee lénh: ListPlot3D [array]: Cho a8 thi dit ligu etia mang array. ListPlot3D|array,s]: Cho dé thi dit ligu efia mang array 06 6 bong s Thi du bé mat g 6 nhiéu loan: ListPlot3D|Table|Sin|ry| + Random| Real, {~0.15,0.15}), {, 0, (311)/2, 11/15}, {u,0, (311)/2, 11/15}]); 2.3.4 Dé thj ba chiéu dong. Dé ve dd thi ba chiéu dong thi 6 mot chuong trinh con khée (trong nhém chuong trinh con vé dé thi) Graphics‘ Animation‘ cho phép thu hién eée khudn hinh "hoat hoa’ Céeb lenh cite n6 nbc sau: Minh 3.10 Animate|plot,{4, tia: fnazs dt}]: Ve dd thi ham plot va thute hign Indn trinh ehién c&e Khnon hinhKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Théo 28 Lénh nay 06 cae tuy chon: Frames s6 khuén hinh dude vé, gié tri mac dinh la 24; Closed gif tri mc dinh 1a False, ShowAnimation|{g:, 92, ..}]: Trinh chiéu céc khuén hinh "hoat hoa! day {g;}. Trong nhom nay c6 nhiéu dang lénh nhw SpinShow(graphics] gm cae tuy chon nhut: Frames sé khuén hinh duge vé, mie dinh la 24; SpinOrigin xac dinh diém nhin, gia tri mac dinh la {0,0,1.5}; SpinRange g6c quay dd thi, gia tri mac dink Ia {0,360}, Thi du sau vé dé thi tham sé g véi diém nhin mae dinh san dé quay toan bé true toa 46 tic 0 a6 dén 180 a6 Tay 10 khudn hink << Graphics‘ Animation‘ ricPlol3D|{, Cos|t] Sin[e], Sin|t]Sin{ee]}, {(, I, 1}, {1,0, 211), Axes + False, Bored + False]; SpinShow|g, Frames > 10,SpinRange = {0°, 180°}]; (hinh 3.10) Paramel 2.4 Ung dung vé dé thi vao giang day va nghién cttu vat ly. Mathematica 1a ngén ngit lp trinh gidi tich khong chi duge biét dén nbw la mot ngon agit c6 kha ning tinh toan rt manh mé va giao dién than thién ma cdn duge biét dén nhe pham vi (mg dung phong phi cita n6. Mathematica cho phép ta cé thé tinh tofn, mé phéng cée bai ton trong tat ca cée linh vite khoa hoc ké cd trong inh vue tai chinh. Véi kha ning 8 thi sidn vigt, vide img dung phan mém Mathematica vao giang day va nghién eitu vat ly la rat cin thiét, Sau day ta sé xét mot s6 img dung ciia Mathematica trong link vue nay. 2.4.1 Bai toan giao thoa séng cd hoc. Bai toan: Cho hai séng eo hoc c6 cée phutong trinh séng tuong img. Hay vé cdc séng nay va séng tdng hop cita ching trén efing mot gidn d8. Bai giai: Ta xét cde ng thinh phan 1a cée xung séng Gauss chay doc theo mot soi day tit hai dau lai. Dé gii bai toan nay ta ding ng6n ngit lap trinh Mathematica dé vé hai séng thanh phan va s6ng téng hop trén cing mot dé thi (séng téng hop sé e6 nét_vé dam hon). Chutong trinh vé trén Mathematica: Hinh 4.1 Table’ Plot|{ Exp|—16(e ~ 1)2] + 1.5Exp|—(x + t)'), 152exp|—(e + t)"] +3,KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Th Hank Thio 29 Exp|-16(« — 1)? +5}, (1, -3,3}, PlotStyle + {{Thickness|0.008]} {Thickness|0.005]}, {Thickness|0.005]}, Plot Range — {0,6.25} Awes + False, Prame + True, FrameTicks > PlotPoints + 40), {t, -2,3.5, 1}}; (hinh 4.1) Vone, 2.4.2 Bai todn chuyén dong cita vat ném xién. Bai toan Mot vat c6 khéi lang m ditge ném di véi tée 46 vo hop véi phutong nim ngang mot 260 Oo. Hitu ting can ctia khong khf ¢6 thé duce mé ta bing le cin Fp, Late nay ty Ié voi inh phitong tée a6, dude biéu dién bing biéu thite Fp Trong biéu thie trén v va 7 la tée do va van tbe —mkuit vat, hing s6 cin k= 5.2 x 10 8m? Hay vé dé thi mé ta chuyén dong cila vat trong trudng hop vy = 45, % = 60 (cée dé thi phai mé t& dude quy dao ctia vat khi khong e6 Iue can etia khong khi), BAi gidi: Phuong trinh chuyén déng cita vat due biéu dién duéi dang céc phuong trinh vi phan = [EY (BD (# ~y ae) * ae) ae was | (ee @y\ (dy -/ (3) * (2) (4 trong dé x, y la cae toa dé tuong tng trén cdc truc, g la gia téc trong truéng. Khi khéng tinh dén site can cita khéng khi, quy dao cita vat duge xac dinh bing ham: sau: ay ae v0 trong dé vi tri ban dau duge chon Ia gée toa d6 va cae thanh phin van téc ban din dive xée dinh. eq = v9c08M% yo = tosiny ‘Tam xa duge xéc dinh: 2uzorya g R Chung trinh trén Mathematica:KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 30 Clear'vo,9,k, A, 00, vyo, R, B,tmac, to, p,n,£,y); p= Plot|(vyo/uco)e — 1/2q/ (v0), (1,0, R}, Plot Range — {0, B}, Display Function + Identity; n= NDSolve|{x"[t) == ky (2" tl)” + (vA), v"d == —by Cee)? + (le) vid - 9, (0) == 0, y[0| == 0,2'(0] == vxo, y'(0] vo}, {,u}, {t,0, top]: lt} = eld)/.n(u): ylt_] = vid/-n(ia)} tmax = t/.FindRoot(y|t] == 0, {t, to} Do|Show|p, Graphics|{ Absolute Point Size(7], Point|{.r|(tmax/16)i), y|(tmae/16)i|}|}), ParametricPlot|{ x(t], y{t}}, {t,0, (tmaz/16)i + 0.0001}, PlotStyle + Dashing {0.02, 0.02}], DisplayFunction ~> Identity], PlotRange — {{—0.01, R}, {—0.01, 1.02B}}, Aires + True, Axes Label > {° x(t)" ,"y(t)"}, Aspect Ratio > Automatic, Display Function — $Display Function], {i,0, 16}]; vied zit) zs 9078 «M00 28 150 175 Hinh 4.2 2.4.3 Ung dung nghién citu vat ly. a. Trong bai toan khao sat cfu tric ving nang Iuong cita Silic trong vat lf chit rin. Negitdi ta thy ring ving hed tri ciia Silie e6 eae ving con chéng lén nhan. Néu xét theo haiKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi HankThio 31 phutong (111) va (100] cé ba nhanh véi mat ding nang cé dang (khi da léy trung binh theo 60): E(k) = E(0) — AEs — trong dé A = 4.1; B = 1.6; C = 3.3; m= 9.1 10 ™ kg. Ta vé duge cfu trie vimg ning lung cita Silic theo chuong trinh trén Mathematica: Clear'A, B,C, h,m, £0, 11, £1, £2, 3, A=41; B=16; h= 1.0610 * no 8; 3.3; AB, = 0.035 « 1.6 « 107% BO=24+10-; El= (g0 = (2)/(QQm) (A— VBA CrP) (a08%)*) /10-; B2= (20 = (2)/(Qm) (A+ VBPO crys) (10%4)*) 10; 3 (z0 ABs - 1 /(2m)A(10°R)*) flo-??; Plot|{B1, £2, 83}, {k, —15, 15}, PlotStyle + {RGBColor\0,0, 1], RGBColor| 1,0, 0), GrayLevel|0.2}}] b Minh 4.3 Tit dé thi ta rat ra due nhan xét nhanh 1 va nhénh 2 6 eve dai tring nhau va nim 6 tam ving Brillouin, cye dai nhénh thi 3 cing 6 1am ving Brillouin nhung ha thép xuéng mot khoang APs = 0.035 ev do tuang téc Spin - quy dao.[2]KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 32 b. Truyén séng trong linh kién ban dn, Song 4nh sang lan truyén trong linh kién dn s6ng quang véi c&e mode quang hoc khée nhan, Mode quang hoe la céch thie phan bé theo khong gian cia nang lugng quang trong mét hay nhiéu toa dé Xét trong trung hgp séng dién ngang (TE) la séng bin phing truyén theo truc z ta ©6 thé gia thiét E, va B, bing khong. Mat khée F, khong phu thude vao y va z vi theo céc true dé cdc lép vat ligu Ia vo han nén khong e6 sit phan xa, khong tao ra song dring, Thanh phan E, phu thuée vao x: de® Ose [Cos(h) — (g/h) Sin(hx)] -dg sx <0 e! |(Cos(hdg) + (q/h)Sin(hdg)| e%™**49 00 < x < —dg Trong dé p, h, q duge xée dink. a= VFowP h= Pn? — BF p= VF Néu chon bude s6ng dg = Ay = 8.10 7 (m) thi ta cé su phu thude nang long quang B, vo x trong efe mode khée nhan nhit sau = Trung hop 1: 3 < n,k ta chon 3 = 0,6.107 ‘Thiét ké chutong trinh trén Mathematica: Clear\h, p,q,k,dg,n1,n2, n3, 8, £1, £2, E3, P1, P2, P3} dg = 81077; n2 = 3.6; n3 = 3.59 k= (2M) /dg; 3 = 0.6107; p= JP Taek; h= Para os|10~T ge] Cos|10-7her} E3 = Cos|hdg|Cos|p(10-%x + da) P1 = Plot{E1, {x,0, 10}, Display Function — Identity); Plot{E2, {c, —d9/10-?,0}, Display F unction — Identity} P3 = Plot|B3, {,-15, -dg/10-7}, Display Function + Identity] Show {P1, P2, P3}, AresLabel + {° * B"}, DisplayF unction — $Display Function];KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Théo 33 Ta thu duge 48 thi swt phu thude By vao x (mode a) (hinh 4.4): : 1 -1! lo 10 * = Truong hop 2: mk <8 $DisplayFunction| Ta thu due dé thi sit phn thude Ey vao x (mode b) (hinh 4.5). ~ Trung hop 3: ngk < 3 < ngk ta chon 3 = 2,9.107 Thidt két chutong trinh trén Mathematica: Clear h, p,q, k, dg,n1,n2,n3, 3, E1, £2, E3, P1, P2, P3); dg = 8107; n2= 3.6; 03 = (211) /dg; o= 2.9107 p= Vanek ha (Pa VP ae enor E2 = Cos{10~*ha] — (q/h)Sin/10-*hz]; E3 = (Cos|hdg| + (q/h)Sin|hdg])e0"#*49), P1 = Plot[ El, {x,0,1}, DisplayFunction + Identity] Plot{£2, {x.,—dg/10 7,0}, DisplayFunction + Identity] P3 = Plot|E3, {c, -100, —dg/10 7}, Display Function + Identity: Show |{P1, P2, P3}, AcesLabel — {°”,” E"}, DisplayPunction — $DisplayFunction|; 59; Ta thu duge d& thi sit phu thude By vao x (mode c) (hinh 4.6) £ Hinh 4.6 ~ Trutng hop 4: ngk < 3 ta chon 3 = 2,95.107 ‘Thiét két chutong trinh trén Mathematica: Clear h, p,q, , dg, m1, n2,n3, 8, B1, B2, £3, P1, P2, P3); dg = 810KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 35 3.6; 3.59; (2ll) fg; 6 = 2.95107 he (Cos{hdg| + (q/h)Sin|hdg|)eP9 "+40; Plol{ EI, {,0, 1}, Display Function + Identity; P2 = Plot|E2, {, dg/10-7,0}, Display Function + Identity] P3 = Plot|E3, {,-12, -dg}, DisplayFunction + Identity] Show{P1, P2, P3}, AcesLabel + {°",” E"}, Display Function + $Display Function| Ta thn duge dé thi sit phn thude By vao x (mode d) “i040 ess Winh 4.7 Tit dé thi, ngudi ta rit ra duge mot s6 két ludn quan trong lm tin d cho vige khio sit qué trinh truyén tin higu quang nhue ~ Mode (d) trong tring hop 4 khong ¢6 § nghia vat ly. ~ Mode (e) trong triténg hap 3 la séng duge din truyén, 1a séng ngang cia dién trutng bac 0 va bac 1 ~ Mode (b) trong triting hop 2 giam theo exp khi ra ngoai nhimng tén tai theo ham sin trong dé. Né khéng cé loi trong vide truyén tin nhung rat lgi trong vide ding dé tiép néi. ~ Mode (a) trong tring hop Ikhéng dan truyén dude trong linh kién séng. Nhu vay chi 6 nhiing gid tri # nim trong khong kng <3 < kny méi ting véi cée mode 6 thé din truyén due trong linh kién dn séng, 1] c. Khao sat cfc him phite tap khong thé mé ta dudi dang ede bién thite gidi tich tudngKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Théo 36 mink. Déi véi cae ham loai nay, ta khé e6 thé nban dién dutge swe phu thude cia him vko mot bién nao dé. Lite nay, vie vé dé thi biéu dién sit phu thude ctia ham s6 vao mot bién sé 1a giai phép t6i wu gidp ta thay duce méi quan hé nay. Vi du trong bai toan khao sat 40 nén bit Q,, theo thai gian khi ban dau exciton 6 trang thai két hep phi tuyén lé, photon 6 trang thai két hop keri > Qe = Ra —95,) xr{(r2 + sink®(s,)) Lank(r) +0, 5sinh(2s,)cos [20, + Xz + 2(k — 1)Im — 2g] —ricos (20, + 262 + 2k — 1)0m — 29]} Ta khdo sat sit phu thude cia him Q,,, vio bién r (hinh 4.8): dd true giao bae cao Hillery cia biexciton oe -n.0s soa Minh 4.8 Chuong trinh trén Mathematica: Clear'rar,r, sx, 8x, By, p, k, Om, xe =1; G =r((re® | Sinh|sx}*)Tanh{r] | 0.5Sinh/2se]Cos|20x | xx + 2(k —1)Om — 2p] — re®Cos\20y | 200 | 2(k — 1)@m ~ 2y}): Qyic = [2k2rm2-9G) J MLaguerrel.|k, S = Collect|Qyi,r; Print|StringForm|’rx = sx = °,0.4,0.5, 1, 11/2, 0,2]; Feg|q] = Plot|N(S), {r,0,4}, AzesLabel > {°r {{Thickness (0.01), Gray Level|0.2]}}] rm? — rm] Wp = Om = Or = Oy = xe = x7= 1° Qok” js PlotStyle >KULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thj Hank Thio 37 Nhut vay tit a8 thi ta c6 thé thay r6 duge sir phu thude cia Q,,g vao r. Ta cling 06 thé sit dung chutong trinh nay dé Khao sat sw phu thude cia Q,,x vao c&e dai luong Khae nhu rx, sx... bing m@t s6 thao tae thay adi bién.Phan 3 KET LUAN Qua thai gian hoc tap, tim tdi, nghién citu, t6i di hodn thinh khao luan t6t nghiép theo dling muc tién da dé ra, Qua qué trink thie hién dé tai khod Ivan t6t nghiép 44 ginp 101 06 ditge mot sé két qua. sau. - Hinh thanh cho bin than mét sé ky nang vé dé thi hai chiéu, ba chiéu, tinh, dong bang phan mém Mathematica. Ndm vitng cae ct phap dé ¢6 thé vé dé thi theo # minh. - Da cé thé van dung cée ky ning dé dé vé duge cée dé thi trong mét s6 bai toan trong vat ly, die biét lA ctc ham khéng thé mé ta rd rang méi lién hé gitta cae dai Luong vat ly bing cée biéu thie gidi tfeh don gidn. Kha ning ding dung vige vé dé thi vao qué trinh glang day cling nhut nghién eitu vat ly a rt lén. Tuy nhién dé dat duge bidu qua cao thi edn phai tim biéu sau hon khong chi kha ning vé dé thi ciia Mathematica m& cdn cin nghién eifu cée kha ning khde nhwt tinh toan véi bién bling chit, bién bing s6, hoe cao hon 12 lap trinh trén Mathematica. Do gidi han vé kha nang va théi gian khong cho phép, ti chi dig lai 6 vie cetu kha nZing 48 hoa cita Mathematica, Néu c6 théi gian va dii diéu kién ching t 1 hon vé ngén ngit lap trinh giai tich nay. nghién rat muén duge tim hiéuKULTN: Sit dung phi mém Mathematica dé vé d® thi Pham Thi Hank Thio 39 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1]. Phiing H8, Gido trinh wat ly dign ti, Nha xudt ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat Ha Noi, 2001 [2]. Phing H8, Phan Quéc Pho, Giéo trinh vat ly bin dén, Nha xudt bin Khoa hoe va Ky thnat, Ha Noi, 2001 [3]. Ne ciic qué trink wat Ij trong dién dong bec hoe hong ti, Luan vin thac si khoa hoc, Hué, 2003. [4]. Va Ngoc Tude, Nain ngit lap trinh Mathematica 3.0, Nha xut bin Khoa hoe va Ky thnat, 1a Noi, 2001 yyén Ngoe Diing, Sti dung ngén ngit lap trink Mathematica dé tinh toin te dong