‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﺭﺣﻤﺔ ﷲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪﻛﻢ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫‪:Ionization of drugs‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ‪ https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ( ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻨﺘﻴﻦ )ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ( ﻓﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ )ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ pKa‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪primary amines > secondary amines > tertiary amines > =N−‬‬
‫‪aliphatic amines> aromatic amines‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟـ ‪ sulfonamide‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪1‬‬ ‫‪Name of the compound‬‬

‫)‪2‬‬ ‫‪Chemical structure of the compound‬‬
‫)‪3‬‬ ‫)‪Locating all the ionizable groups in the compound (marking them‬‬
‫)‪4‬‬ ‫‪Determining the type of each ionizable group as HA or BH+ type of acids, or B or A-‬‬
‫‪type of bases.‬‬
‫‪5) Finding the pKa values and assigning these values for the ionizable groups (a maximum‬‬
‫‪of two ionizable groups is enough in case of availability of more than two groups).‬‬
‫‪6) Calculating the percent of ionization (%) for the ionizable groups at gastric pH=3.‬‬
‫‪7) Making a suggestion as to whether the compound would be absorbed in the stomach by‬‬
‫‪chosing one of the following:‬‬
‫‪Highly absorbed, Partially absorbed, Not absorbed at all‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻨﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬