coer (eee rr) @ 7 SO Oe Atte AMP 5102 METAL STAIRS TaN Lent FIFTH EDITION AM nd ONC aces re Lc NSAI De LUE Cesar OT Cea SON ge Og htThis manual was developed by representative members of the Architectural Metal Products Division (AMP) of the National Association of Architectural Metal Manutac- turers (NAAMM) to provide their opinion and guidance (on the design and specification of fixed metal stairs, This manual contains advisory information only and is, published as a public service by NAAMM and its AMP Division. NAAMM AND ITS AMP DIVISION DISCLAIMS, ALL LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR THE USE, APPLICA TION OR ADAPTATION OF MATERIAL PUBLISHED IN THIS MANUAL. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-80128 Copyright © 1959, 1971, 1974, 1982, 1992 National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers. ‘All Rights ReservedMETAL STAIRS MANUAL FIFTH EDITION Published and distributed by the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL METAL MANUFACTURERS (600 SOUTH FEDERAL STREET... 0.0.20. .cccessesseneerecveveseeree CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605,CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION........-. 0+ section 4 Inreduetion Advantages of Metal Stairs Classtication of Stairs Design Factors Affecting Stair Costs INSTALLATIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF STAIRS MEETING NAAMM MINIMUM STANDARDS.........-.+-05 Section 2 Photographs and Details: Straight, Circular, Spiral, Winder, Alternating Tread Stairs and ship's Ladders INSTALLATIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF CUSTOM DESIGNED STAIRS....... Section 3 Photographs and Details: Straight, Curved and Circular Stairs CONSTRUCTION DETAILS ...........5 section 4 ‘Stair Dimensions Stringers, Treads and Risers, Nosings, Platforms Softis, Newels and Railings, Handrails Hanciall Bracks, Fastenings and Terminals STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DATA..... Section 5 Design Examples: Stair Framing and Railings Engineering Data: LoadDeflection Tables for Stringers, Risers, Teads and Platforms Properties of Stair Railing Sections RECOMMENDED VOLUNTARY STANDARDS AND GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS .... .. Section 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS .. Section 7FOREWORD The fist adition of the NAAMM Metal Stairs Manual was pub- lished in 1959 and proved tobe one of the most widely used ofall NAAMM publications. The second edition, published in 1971, contained much more data than the first edition, while the 1974 edition had oniy a few minor revisions. The 1982 fourth edition underwent extensive revisions. The sec: tion on representative installations was divided into two sections: (one of which illustrated staits meeting NAMM minimum stan dards; while the other illustrated custom designed stairs with special aesthetic effects. Also added was a new section contain ing recommended voluntary minimum standards for fixed metal slalts and guide specications for the architect. This 1992 edition of the NAAMM Metal Stairs Manual, like its predecessors, should be extremely helpful to architects, fengineers and manufacturers, New design examples include an aluminum stairway and a ship's ladder. Photographs of several outstanding architectural designs have been added, and the sec: tion on construction datalls has been updated and expanded. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The committee responsible for the preparation ofthis revision of, the NAMM Metal Stairs Manual thanks all members of the Association who have assisted with this work, NAMM recognizes the American Institute of Steel Construction for the use of the table of steel channel properties and the ‘Aluminum Association forthe use ofthe table of aluminum chan rel properties, ‘The editor of the filth edition was Jack Rash, @ past president of NAAMM, who retired as Technical Director in 1991. All members of the Association appreciate his input to this docu: ment as well as his years of service to NAMM.SECTION 4 GENERAL INFORMATION CONTENTS Introduction ..............05 2 Advantages of Metal Stairs ceeeeee 43 Classification of Stairs ..........eeeeeeeeeeeee ord Design Factors Affecting Stair Costs... 0. ceeeeeeeeee eBINTRODUCTION Since prehistoric times, the stairway has provided the only means of moving, under one’s own power, from one level to another in a bullding, within optimal limits of space, effort and safety. Even in buildings having elevators or ramps, stairs, too, are provided as a safeguard to the occupants in times of emergency. They are an essential building element, taken for granted in any multi-storied building. But stairs don’t just happen; to best serve their purpose they must be correctly designed and properly built. For centuries stairs have been made of stone masonry and wood. Metal stairs, by comparison, are a relatively new development. We're not sure when they first appeared, but quite likely the metal first used was wrought iron. By the time cast iron came into use for building facades, in the 1830's, its use for stair construction had probably also been explored, and perhaps was already well developed. Cast iron stairs became increasingly commonplace with various improvements and added embellishments from time to time, during the next hundred years, in many public and com- mercial buildings. With their paneled newels and their moulded and ornamented stringers, these heavy cast iron stairs are still in use in many of our older structures. As late as the early 1930's they were still being specified by the Treasury Depart. ment in its new post office buildings, and during those depression years, as many will recall, government building constituted a large share of ‘our construction activity. Many of today's metal stair manufacturers began their operations during this cast iron era, But gradually this heavy cast iron, with its inflexibilities and its high production labor costs, gave way to much lighter, more effi- cient and less expensive steel as a more-logical material for stair construction, and by the 1920's many stairs were being built of steel During the past 70 years the techniques of stee! stair construction have, in turn, undergone many changes, steadily improving and taking full advan- tage of technical developments as they have oc- curred. Rolled sections are now made of stronger steel; Improved sheet material and modern form: ing methods have increased the use of cold formed ‘section; and welding has replaced bolted connec- tions in many cases. With the availability of suitable copper alloys and the growing use of aluminum and stainless steel in building construc- tion, the use of non-ferrous metals has greatly in- creased the scope and the design potentials of metal stair construction. As everyone knows, there are many kinds of stairs, serving a wide range of purposes. They may be 42 purely functional or utilitarian, built at minimal cost, or they may be highly decorative architec: tural features, using the most expensive materials. Most stairs, of course, are of a quality that lies somewhere between these two extremes. But the design potentials of metal stair construction are limited only by the architect’s ingenuity. It is the purpose of this Manual to provide archi- tects with comprehensive up-to-date information on the design and construction of metal stairs of all types. Section 2 Illustrates with photographs and principal details, installations representative of metal stairs which meet NAAMM minimum stan- dards. Section 3 illustrates with photographs and principal details installations representative of metal stairs custom designed to achieve esthetic effects as well as to serve the functional needs of the building. Section 4 provides information on construction details and contains details of all parts of typical construction. Section § provides examples illustrating the structural design of stairs and railings as well as engineering data on stair components. Section 6 presents recom- mended voluntary minimum standards for fixed metal stairs and guide specifications for the ar- chitect. Section 7 is a glossary in which will be found the definitions of terms commonly used in stair work ‘The stair designs shown, as well as their accompa- ying details, are intended only as suggestions — examples of what may be done with metal stair construction. Generally speaking, the architect should be concerned, in his drawings, with con ‘ceptual and structural designs and the provision of sufficient details to clearly explain the materials to be used and the esthetic effect desired. If he pro- vides complete details of all structural parts and their connections, such details must meet not only the load requirements but also their dimensional requirements and tolerances as specified in the governing codes and as may be specified for spe- cial conditions which may exist for certain installa- tions. Special conditions may include government Fequirements for occupational safety or for phy- sically handicapped persons. Detailing is often left to the fabricator, and will be shown on the shop drawings which he submits for the architect's ap- proval. Although metal stairs of all types are essentially custom designed, each stair manufac- turer has his own preferred and proven methods of fabricating typical repetitive parts, especially on the more common types of stair. What may be the best detail or connection method in the opinion of ‘one manufacturer is not necessarily consistent with the practices of another. And when the architect is contemplating the use of special design fea- tures, he should contact one or more fabricators early in the design stage to avail himself of any suggestions which may result In better or more economical design. However, the architect or engi- ADVANTAGES OF METAL STAIRS In designing most types of buildings, the architect has a choice of several materials for use in stair construction. Except in wood frame structures, he frequently chooses metal, because metal stairs offer certain advantages over those built with ‘other materials. Among the more important of these advantages are the following: Design Versatility Metal is one of the most versatile building materials. It can be formed in many different ways, accepts an infinite variety of finishes, can provide almost any esthetic effect desired, and is compat ble in appearance with all other architectural materials. Metal is appropriate for stairs of all kinds, from the purely functional service types to the most elaborate architectural types. It serves equally well fora simple straight-run stairor forthe most complex and graceful curved stair. Whatever the architect's design calls for, it can be faithfully reproduced in metal, with a virtually unlimited latitude In the design of all major elements. High Strength-to-Mass and Strength-to-Welght Ratios Although the density of metal is higher than that of other stair materials, its strength is greater by a much larger ratio. Hence the sectional areas of metal stair members are much smaller than those needed if other materials are used. This high strength-to-mass ratio of metal is a valuable asset in situations where headroom or floor space is lim- ited, because the structural members are of mini- imal size. In high-rise buildings especially, the sav- ing of weight provided by metal stairs because of the high strength-to-weight ratio may also be an Important consideration inasmuch as it reduces the amount of foundation work and framing required. neer responsible for the design must verify that details, connections, materials, etc., proposed by the manufacturer are structurally adequate and meet all of the requirements of the specifications, Accurate Dimensional and Quality Control ‘The safety of the user Is always of paramount con: cern in any type of stair, and to a large degree safe- ty depends upon the uniformity of riser and tread dimensions and the construction of railings. Metal stairs are shop fabricated under careful supervi- sion, using the most modern tools and equipment. Their dimensions are carefully controlled, in ac: cordance with the architect's design, and are held within close tolerances to provide true and uniform lines and faithful reproduction of design. This deg- ree of accuracy cannot be economically achieved by the field construction methods used in building stairs of other materials. Integral Ralling Construction One of the most important attributes of metal stair construction is the dependable stability of its rail- ings. With other types of stair construction, field measurements are usually required, separate rail- ing shop drawings must be made, and after fabri- cation the railing is delivered and installed as a separate entity. In the meantime temporary rail- ings are often required. This is not the case with metal stairs. Railings are accurately fitted to metal stairs in the shop and, whenever feasible, are firm- ly secured in place and the stair is delivered as a complete unit. The more elaborate types of railing are also shop fitted, but may be shipped separately to be installed in the field as an integral part of the stair. Thus metal stairs offer the advantage of unified construction under a single responsibility, as opposed to the more complex and costly pro- cess of dealing with, and correlating the work of several different trades. 43Early Availability Because metal stairs are completely fabricated offsite, their manufacture is independent of con- struction progress at a building site. They are ready for installation whenever they are needed and building construction permits, and may be in- stalled complete with railings as required. After installation the stair may be used immediately by ‘workmen, eliminating the cost and safety hazards of temporary ladders, stairs and railings. Ad tional safety is realized because the toe plate forms a curbing at all open ends and open back edges of treads and prevents small tools and mi cellaneous items from rolling off and causing possible injury to workmen below. Metal stairs of the types commonly used in multi- storied buildings may also be pre-assembled in the shop and delivered to the building site as prefabri cated units. Such units may then be installed and ready for use even before the surrounding building frame is erected, providing even greater econom- les of time and cost. Rapid Installation Regardless of what type ametal stair may be, itsin: stallation usually requires much less time than that required for stairs of other materials. Under normal circumstances installation is simply a pi cess of assembling prefitted parts wholly fabr cated in the shop, and a minimum of field labor is required. Economy Atrue comparison of costs must take into account not only the price of the product in question, but also all of the costs affected by, or resulting from, the use of this product. Not only are metal stairs, Per se, highly competitive in cost with stairs of other materials, but their use results in contingent economies which are often substantial. Metal stairs, though custom built, are usually con- structed of sections that are readily available from stock or local warehouse. In most cases a mum of detailing by the architect is required. This results in a saving of time and cost to both ar- chitect and client. Because of the early availability and rapid installation of metal stairs, the cost of temporary stairs and railings in the building during construction is eliminated. And the time required for supervising, correlating and expediting the stair construction work is reduced by having the stair and railing both installed under a single responsibility. Salvage Value In some situations the salvage value of stairs may be a consideration. Metal stairs of the more com- mon types can be dismantled, moved to another lo- cation and re-installed when building alterations are required. And finally, when they have served their purpose, and the building is demolished, metal stairs have scrap value.With its 1971 Edition of the Metal Stairs Manual, NAAMM published for the first time a system of classifying stairs. It was believed that a logical classification system would reduce the confusion which existed in the terms used to refer to the different types of stairs and would be helpful to architects, engineers, manufacturers and all con- cemed. In the intervening years this has proven to be the case. It was published again, unchanged, in the 1982 (Fourth) Edition of the Manual. The NAAMM system has been accepted by the stair industry. Under the NAAMM system, metal stairs are classified according to both Type and Class. The ‘Type designation identifies the physical configura- tion or geometry of the stair, while the Class designation refers to its construction character- istics — the degree of refinement of fabrication and finish — and to the general nature of its usage. Obviously, the Type designations are applicable to stairs made by any material, but the various Classes, as here described, apply more particu. larly to metal stairs. Types of Stairs ‘The four types of stairs classified in the system described in the two previous editions of the NAAMM Metal Stairs Manual are Straight Stairs, Circular Stairs, Curved Stairs and Spiral Stairs. Description of two other types of stairs, Winder Stairs and Alternating Tread Stairs, have been added to this fifth edition of the Manual. One type of ladder, namely Ship's Ladder has also been added. The representative installations shown in Sections 2 and 3 of the Manual illustrate these items. This listing of types is not necessarily all- inclusive but it represents the great majority of stairs. It is not uncommon to find two or more types, represented in the same stair, and in rare cases there may be found a stair which properly falls in none of these type categories. ‘The Workmen's Compensation Bureau has made the following recommendations for pitch oframps, stairs and ladders: Ramps: Pitch ranges from 0° to 20° Preferred maximum pitch: Pitch ranges from 20° to 60 Preferred maximum pitch: 35°. Ladders: Pitch ranges from 50° to 90°, Preferred maximum pitch: 75 iS". Stairs: CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS Pitches close to the maximum angles should be avoided wherever possible as they are uncomfort- able and could be unsafe. Straight Stairs are by far the most common type, representing the bulk of the stair market. Though the term ‘‘straight” is self-expla- natory, for purposes of classification a straight stair iS defined as one in which the stringers are straight members. Straight stairs, unlike stairs of the other three types, may be arranged in several different ways: a) Straight run: either a single flight extending between floors, as shown in“ at the right, or a series of two or more flights in the same line, with intermediate oe platforms between 8 rose SECTION them,asshowninB. b) Parallel: successive flights which parallel each other and are sepa- rated only by one or more intermediate platforms, as shown inc”. ©) Angled: successive flights placed at an angle of other than 180° to each other (often 90°), with an intermediate platform between them as shown in “D" or “E". The type shown in “D” at the right is often referred to as a “trussed” stair. 15d) Scissor: a pair of straight run flights paralleling each other in plan and running in opposite directions on opposite sides of a dividin wall, as shown in “F" Circular Stairs are stairs which, in plan view, have an open circular form, with a single center of curvature. They may or may not have in- termediate platforms between floors. Curved Stairs are stairs which, in plan view, have two or more centers of curvature, being oval, elliptical or some other compound curved form. They also may or may not have one or more intermediate platforms between floors. Spiral Stairs are stairs with a closed circular form, having uniform sector shaped treads and a supporting center column. Winder Stairs in plan view are parallel or angled. However, unlike straight stairs, no platforms are used where the 180° angle occurs for the successive flights of parallel stairs, nor are platforms used for successive flights placed at angles other than 180° (often 90°). Instead, the stairs continue to rise through the angled areas. with sector shaped treads having the same riser heights as the straight part of the stair. Alternating Tread Stairs are an exception to the upper pitch limitation tor stairs. In this type of stair the treads are alternately mounted on the left and right side of a center stringer. Because of this tread construction and the use of handrails on each side, these stairs per- safe descent facing outward from the stair Generally, pitch angles used in these stairs will range from 56° to 68°. Ship’s Ladders generally have pitch angles rang- ing from 59° to 75°. They require flat treads and handrails on at least one side, de- pending on stair width. 16 Pre-assembled and Pre-erected Stairs are stairs whose compo: nents are assembled in the plant to make up units of varying sizes and degrees of complexity. These may be platform units, flight units, combination platform and flight units, or larger units compris ing the complete tloor-to-tioor story-height stair. Pre-assembled stairs may be of the architectural class, but pre-assembly methods are commonly applied to stairs of the commercial and service classes because of the repetitive use of identical units. Pre-assembled units for multi-storied bulld- ings may be designed to be self-supporting so that they may be pre-erected on the building site. Such units can be stacked one upon the other and field: connected to form stair towers. Stairtowers can be erected and ready to use prior to erection of the surrounding building structure. The use of pre- assembled units and pre-erected stair systems usually effects considerable savings and expe- dites the construction of buildings. Classes of Stair ‘The Class designation of stairs, is a key to the type of construction, the quality of materials, details and finish and, in most cases, the relative cost. As stairs of all classes are built to meet the same stan- dards of performance in respect to load carrying ‘capacity and safety, these class distinctions do not represent differences in functional value, but in character and appearance. It is important to recognize that where function is the prime con- ern, and esthetics are of minor importance, sig- nificant economies can be achieved by specifying one of the less expensive classes. Detailed infor- mation on this matter of potential economies in design is provided in the fourth part of this section of the Manual. The following descriptions indicate the general construction characteristics of each class, but it should be recognized that because each manufac- turer has his own preferred methods of fabrication, the details of construction vary somewhat through- out the industry. The four classes of stairs, listed in the order of increasing cost (as a general rule), are described as follows: Industrial Class: Stairs of this class are purely functional in character and con- sequently they are generally the most economical. They are designed for either interior or exterior use. in industrial buildings such as factories and ware-houses, or as fire escapes or emergency exitways. They do not include stairs which are integral parts of industrial equipment. Industrial class stairs are similar in nature to any light steel construction. Hex head bolts are used for most connections, and welds, where used, are not ground. Stringers may be either flat plate or open channels; treads and platforms are usually made of grating or formed of floor plate, and risers are usuaily open, though in some cases filled pan type treads and steel risers may be used. Railings are usually of either pipe, tubing, or steel bar construction. ‘When used for exterior fire escapes the details of construction are similar, except that treads and platforms are of open design, usually grating or Perforated floor plate. Also, the dimensions, meth- ‘ods of support and other details are usually dic- tated by governing code regulations, Service Class: This class of stairs serves chiefly functional purposes, but is not unattractive in appearance. Service stairs are usually located in enclosed stairwells and provide a secondary or emergency means of travel be- tween floors. In multi-storied buildings they are commonly used as egress stairs. They may serve employees, tenants, or the public, and are general- ly used where economy is a consideration. Stringers of service stairs are generally the same types as those used on stairs of the industrial class. Treads may be one of several standard types, either filled or formed of floor or tread plate, and risers are either exposed steel or open con: struction. Railings are typically of pipe construc- tion or a simple bar type with tubular newels, and soffits are usually left exposed. Connections on the under side of the stairs are made with hex head bolts, and only those welds in the travel area are smooth Commercial Class: Stairs of this class are usually for public use and are of more attractive design than those of the service class. They may be placed in open locations or may be located in closed stairwells, in public, institution- al or commercial buildings. Stringers for this class of stairs are usually ex- posed open channel or plate sections. Treads may be any of a number of standard types, and risers are usually exposed steel. Railings vary from orna- mental bar or tube construction with metal hand- rails to simple pipe construction, and soffits may or may not be covered. Exposed bolted connec: tions in areas where appearance Is critical are made with countersunk flat or oval head bolts; ‘otherwise hex head bolts are used. Welds in con- spicuous locations are smooth, and all joints are closely fitted. Architectural Class: This classification applies to any of the more elaborate, and usually more expensive stairs; those which are designed to be architectural features in a building. They may be wholly custom designed or may repre- sent a combination of standard parts with special- ly designed elements such as stringers, railings, treads or platforms. Usually this class of stair has comparatively low pitch, with relatively low risers and correspondingly wider treads. Architectural metal stairs may be located either in the open or in enclosed stairwells in public, institutional, com: mercial or monumental bulldings. ‘The materials, fabrication details and finishes used in architectural class stairs vary widely, as dictated by the architect's design and specifica- tions. As a general rule, construction joints are made as inconspicuous as possible, exposed welds are smooth and soffits are covered with some surfacing material. Stringers may be special sections exposed, or may be structural members enclosed in other materials. Railings are of an ornamental type and, like the treads and risers, may be of any construction desired, General Requirements, All Classes of Stairs All fixed metal stairs, regardless of class, are of fire resistant construction and are designed and constructed to carry a minimum live load of 100 pounds per square foot of projected plan areaoran alternative concentrated load of 300 pounds ap- plied at the center of any tread span. Railings and handrails are designed and constructed to with: stand a minimum force of 200 pounds applied verti- cally downward and horizontally in aperpendicular direction at any point on the top rail. Complete sug: gested requirements for all classes of stairs can be found in the Recommended Voluntary Minimum Standards for Fixed Metal Stairs in Section 6 of the Manual. 19Use of the Classification System When using the system, both the Type and Class of stair should be stated. A stair design may readily be identified as, for example, a “straight parallel stair, commercial class”, a “curved stair, architec- tural class”, or a “spiral stair, service class”. It should be recognized that some types of stair are necessarily made in only one or two classes of construction. Generally, the classes normally applicable to each type are as follows: Straight stairs — all classes Circular stairs — usually architectural class but may be commercial, service or industrial class Curved stairs — architectural class only (always: specially designed) —usually service or industrial class, but may be commercial or architectural class. Winder stairs — all classes Alternating tread stairs — industrial class Ship's ladder — industrial class Pre-assembled and pre-erected stairs — all classes Spiral stairs DESIGN FACTORS AFFECTING STAIR COSTS This Manual is intended not only to stimulate the designer's imagination but also to encourage the appropriate and efficient use of materials and labor in stair construction. The interests of all concerned are best served when the stair is so de- signed and specified as to properly fulfill its ‘tended purpose, yet provide maximum value re: ceived per dollar of cost. The following sugges. tions are offered as ways of avoiding unnecessary costs without sacrificing essential values. They deserve careful consideration, especially in the design of commercial and service class stairs in multi-storied buildings 4, Stair Flight Construction Especially on flights of relatively short run or nar- row width, the load carried by the stringers should bbe checked to see that stringers are not oversized. On many stairs a 10” channel weighing 6.5 Ib./ft maybe adequate, inplace of one weighing8.4Ib./ft. 1-8 The use of plate stringers may sometimes effect savings, but in evaluating this possibility, the method of providing rail connections must be con- sidered. Open channel stringers are generally cheaper than boxed stringers, and, for obvious reasons, straight stringers cost much less than curved stringers. ‘The welding of treads and risers directly to string- ers (unit construction) will eliminate the need for carrier angles or bars and will sometimes reduce costs, but such construction should be used only when practically feasible. As welds are made on the upper side of a pan type tread, they are covered by the tread fill. The use of floor plate or tread plate for treads and risers usually results in maximum economy, as the need for tread fill is eliminated. 2. Plattorm Construction The provision of a base or curb around platforms by exposing the upper part of the stringers above the platform floor increases costs. A structuralframe with platform pan construction and fill on top of it is less expensive and often provides a satisfactory construction. Still further economy can be achieved by the use of a floor or tread plate platform, rather than pan construction and fill, where this type of construction is acceptable. 3. Rallings An economical type of rail for a stair is a steel pipe or tube rail connected at the ends by standard ter- ‘al castings to a square or rectangular tube newel. This construction provides rigid support at both ends of a flight, yet permits minor installa- tion adjustments, where necessary, at floors and platforms. ‘The use of square or rectangular tube for the rail: ing, in place of pipe, provides an alternative at slightly higher cost. ‘The use of continuous rails without interruption by Newel posts or other obstructions, along the flight of the stairs and at floors and platforms between flights, as presently required by codes for most types of construction, increases the cost. Howev- er, it does improve’ the safety of stairs and facilitates their use by persons with certain phy- sical handicaps. Often, on relatively short flights, the need for intermediate posts on pipe rails can be eliminated by substituting a larger size pipe. This also re- duces cost. 4, Connections and Finishing Work The use of hex head bolts in place of flat or oval head bolts eliminates the necessity of counter- sinking and speeds stair assembly. Where appeal ance is not critical, welding neatly done but not ground smooth, provides maximum rigidity at min- imum cost. The use of flat or oval head bolts, the grinding of welds and the complete removal of all sharp edges and burrs only on the travel surface and wherever they may be a hazard to stair users. will result in some savings. 5. Expediting Installation Metal stairs can usually be installed earlier in a steel framed structure than in one having a con- crete frame. Because the erection tolerances in the steel framing around the stairwell are minimal, the stairs can be detailed, shop drawings can be Prepared and approved and the stairs can be fabri cated before the building frame is erected. In con- ventional practice the metal stairs can then be in- stalled as soon as the frame is in place. Or, if some of the larger pre-assembled units are used, the stairs may be Installed in place, completely self- supporting, before erection of the building frame. Inany case, delays to subsequent construction are eliminated’ and overall construction costs are minimized. If the building has a concrete frame, the stair fabricator can supply the contractor with the necessary detail drawings showing critical dimen- sions to be maintained, and if maintenance of these dimensions is guaranteed, he can proceed with fabrication so that the stairs can be installed as soon as forms are removed and the stairwell is. cleared. Because of the probability of greater dimensional variations in a concrete frame than in a steel frame, consideration should be given to using tube newel railing construction which per- mits installation adjustments, When stairs cannot be installed until walls are in place, the contractor should locate and set all anchors and anchor bolts, provide recesses and pockets in floors and walls, and fill in such Fecesses and pockets after the stairs are installed, all in accordance with the approved shop draw: ings. Of course it’s his responsibility, too, to see that stairwells are cleared of all debris and inter- ference before the installation begins. When considered individually, these potential ways of reducing stair costs may not seem very significant, and the savings on a small job may not be very large. But collectively, and especially when applied to installations in multi-storied buildings, they can result in substantial economies 194-40SECTION 2 INSTALLATIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF STAIRS MEETING NAAMM MINIMUM STANDARDS Photographs and principal details of a number of stairs, typical of those made by NAAMM member companies, are presented in this section of the Manual, Examples of all of the common types and classes of stairs are included. These types of stairs are readily available. They are fabricated from standard components and materials and installed in accordance with the practices developed by the metal stair industry over many years These stairs meet minimum standards recommended by NAAMM, However, because the design of stairs is controlled by building codes, the designer is advised that, should designs similar to any of those illustrated be considered for use, certain modifications may be necessary to conform to governing code requirements, NOTE: In each case the descriptions given apply only to the stair shown, CONTENTS Straight Stair: Parallel, Wire Mesh Panels 22 Parallel, Industrial. . 23 Parallel ......... cece 2,25 Straight Run, Industrial... eee 2S Angled. : 27 Scissor ..... 2228 Parallel, Splitianding, Pre-assembled ... .2.9 Parallel, Pre-erected, Stacked 240 Circular Stair: industrial . 28 Spiral stair: 244, 242, 243 Winder Stair: «243 Alternating Tread Stair: 244 Ship's Ladder: . F = 245 24STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL, WIRE MESH RAILING PANELS DESCRIPTION Stringers — Steel channels. ‘Treads and Risers — Sheet and steel. Railing — Stee! pipe mounted on stringers with framed ‘woven wire panel attached by welding at all posts and rails. Finish — Painted. 22STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL, INDUSTRIAL SI aS SECTION THROUGH STAIR DESCRIPTION ‘Stringers — Structural steo! channels, ‘Treads — Steel pans, concrete fille. Platforms — Steei sheet deck, concrete filled. Ralling — Stee! pipe, welded to posts, Finish — Steel painted, 23STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL SECTION THROUGH STAIR ough Well 4 f qa (LU [Plttorm| Treads [tation PLAN AA Rough Weil DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural stee! channels. ‘Treads — Formed steel sheet, concrete filled Risers — Formed steel sheet, exposed. Platforms — Steel sheet deck, concrete filled; flight headers and platform headers struc- tural channels; both suspended on hanger rods. Railing — Stee! pipe, welded. Finish — Steal painted,STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL STON THROUGHSAR ough Wel yy 1 Tor H doum tT ite Platform Treads Rough Well A PLANS E DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural stee! channels. Treads — Steel floor plate, Risers — Steel sheet Platforms — Steel floor plate; flight headers structural steel channels; intermediate, supports steel bars at mid-point, steel bars at plate edge. Supported by hanger rods, Newels — Square steel tubing, welded to face stringers at platforms, Railing — Stee! pipe welded to newels. Wall Handrail — Stee! pipe, malleable Iron brackets. Finish — Steel painted, NOTE: Check governing code for rail spacing requirements.STRAIGHT STAIR, STRAIGHT RUN, AND A CIRCULAR STAIR, INDUSTRIAL DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural aluminum channels. Treads — Aluminum bar grating”; abrasive nosing. Railing — Aluminum pipe, bolted to stringer. Finish — Aluminum anodized. DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural stee! channels. Treads — Floor plate formed with nosing and back edge stiffener. Railing — Stee! pipe, welded, connected to ‘stringer by Usbolts Finish — Steel painted, SECTION AT START SECTION ATLANDING 26STRAIGHT STAIR, ANGLED PLANS. DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural stes! channels welded or bolted to newels. Treads — Formed steel sheet, concrete filed, Risers — Stool sheet exposed. Platform — Steel sheel with ribs, con- Crete filled. Structural steel channel flight headers continuously welded to face stringers and bolted to wall stringers. Newels — Square steel tubing, capped ‘both ends. Ralling — Steel pipe handrail. Square steel bar balusters welded to top and bottom steel channels, or parallel stoel pipes welded to nowels, Wall Handrail — Stee! pipe on malleable Iron brackets, Finish — Steel painted, NOTE: For steel bar baluster guardrails side-mounted handrails are recommended, 29STRAIGHT STAIR, SCISSOR ‘WALL HANDRAIL ‘OPTIONAL — USEF REQUIRED iN Ze ZA) SECTION THROUGH STAIR PLAN BS DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural stee! channels. Treads — Steel sheet. Concrete filled. Risers — Steel sheet exposed, L Wall Handrail — Stee! pipe on brackets, both sides of each flight, Finish — Stee! painted. PLAN AA 28STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL, SPLIT-LANDING, PRE-ASSEMBLED DESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural steel channels. Ind Risers — Formed stee! sheet. concrete filled. Risers exposed, May be open risers with floor plate or grating. Landing — Steel sheet pans with welded angle stiffeners. Pans concrete filled Newels —Square steo! tubing. Railing — Squaro steel tubing. May be con. tinuous around newel. aSTRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL, PRE-ERECTED, STACKED DESCRIPTION Stair Stringers — (A) Structural steel channels. Treads and Risers — (8) Formed steel sheet, conerete filled. Headers — (C) Structural steel channels. E <_- . Platform Support — (0) Structural steel I-beamn. Newel — (E) Square steel tubing. Metal Deck — (F) Ribbed steel sheet. ‘Temporary Bracing — (G) Steel angles. ‘Temporary Bracing — (H) Steel pipe. Ralling — ()) Balusters welded to flat bar, top hanger rods ‘and bottom. Steel pipe railings. Finish — Steel painted, a 240 concrete Lj ALTERNATE METHODS OF SUPPORTCONSTRUCTION: Material may be steel, stainless steel, cast iron or aluminum. Treads are supported in cantilever fashion by the column, each consecutive tread being rotated at a predetermined ‘angle. The platform attaches to the column and Is fastened to the floor structure to hold the column secure. The spiral railing is supported by balusters attached to the other ends of the treads. TREAD DESIGNS: Fabricators provide several standard typos land designs of treads and platforms. These include open riser, Closed riser and cantilever types, with surface of checkered plate, abrasive plate, steel grating or plain surface to receive ‘wood, resilient flooring, carpet or other covering. Pan type treads to recelve concrete or terrazzo fill are also available. STAIR HEIGHT: Spiral stairs are adaptable to any height, the height being equal to the distance from finished floor to fin- Ished floor. HEADROOM: NAAMM recommends 78" minimum. However, building codes generally dictate headroom requirements, ‘some codes requiring 80" minimum clearance, Minimum riser dimensions given are based on this requirement. CAUTION: Depth of landing must be considered to determine the minimum headroom dimension, WELLOPENING. r YMIN.| _STAIRDIAMETER 17MIN See notes blow ll 90° RESIDENTIAL | ae-ornens Center column — | a ‘ther square, founded or fontwel! ‘pening STAIR HEIGHT (FIN. FLOOR TO FIN, FLOOR) TYPICAL ELEVATION — RIGHT HAND OPEN RISER STAIR NOTES: Governing codes should be consulted by the archi tect to soe that stairs conform to requirements. Consult’ manufacturers’ catalog for details, and specifications. SPIRAL STAIRS RESIDENTIAL TYPE — INDOORS: SPIRAL STAIRS aro usod either indoors or outdoors, conserve valuable floor or ground space and pro: vide the most vertical ascent of any stair. They are of rugged self-supporting construction, graceful in design and architecturally attractive in appearance. RESIDENTIAL TYPE — OUTDOORS. 24SPIRAL STAIRS 212 INDUSTRIAL TYPE ‘STAIR DIAMETER: Spiral stairs are availbale in various diameters from 36" to 80", nor- mally in 6" increments. A 4'0" diameter Is considered minimum for general access: purposes; a 50" diameter provides a comfortable general purpose stair. Larger diameters are used chiefly for architectural effect. NOTE that the diameter of the fin- Ished well opening should be at least 2” greater than the stair diameter, to provide hhand clearance. EXIT AT LOWER FLOOR EXT AT |—-Lower FLOOR Minimum clearance between ‘well opening and hendrallis 1° — Walt opening may be celther square or circular, — “LS a PLAN ATTOP FLOOR. PLAN ATTOP FLOOR Left Hand, 90°, Full Cie Right Hand, 22%4°, %4 Circle HAND oF stains: Rist HEIGHTS FOR VARIOUS TREAD ANOLES Left-hand stairs — User ascends in [Trea] win neiant [means PER | TREADS PEA clockwise recion, wi handel | mae | Sensite [PGR [Ware anistet =e] Fighthand stars — user ascends | | 3 Inountriockwisedrecton, wth | 2512 i handrail at his right. Mininom belt a ar beadroon using =a (CHART FOR SELECTION OF NUMBER AND HEIGHT OF RISERS rile |__ ‘er “ HEIGHT | 70. aT 3 4 5 6 wv | [te [ss a | |e | L ‘SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRED FOR PRICING AND MANUFACTURE. 4, Stair diameter and height from each finished floor to finished floor level. 2. Type of stalr and tread surface or tread design. 3, Simple sketch showing all starting and landing positions, adjacent walls or parti- tions, if any, and size of well opening. ‘Type of metal. ‘pe of platform and well railing required. Detail of any special design or requirement._ WINDER STAIR AND SPIRAL Stale isos (8) risers inthis area STAIR COMPARISON 4 A \ \ ff . 4 l FSA LX ON s \ I X= Winder stair walk pattern we {Phythm broken) Note diminished width of reads in walk area | A stairs called a winder stair when the direction of a Handrail (nner side of star straight flight of stairs is changed by substituting fixed WINDER STAIR treads fora landing. The line of travel is close to the rail and the turn is made at the narrow width of the treads, breaking the walk pattern. Spiral stair wal pattern (Arytnm constant) Note equal width of treads in walk area, Handrail (outer) side of stair SPIRAL STAIR Ina spiral stair the line of travel is at the outer or widest part of the tread, The walk patter is also toward the spiral all. At no time is the line of travel near the center Pole or the inside of the tread. the hand is always on the rail whether ascending or descending, 243ALTERNATING TREAD STAIR DESCRIPTION Steel Stairs 56° or 68° angle. Available in carbon steel or stainless stool Construction — All welded with bolt-on handrails, Finish — Stainless steel, natural. Carbon steel, primer or optional safety yellow paint, also available with hot dipped galvanized coating Aluminum Stales 68° angle. Construction — All welded, Finish — Natural 214 56° STEEL HEIGHT SIDE VIEW FUN (68° ALUMINUM HEIGHT PLAN VIEWDESCRIPTION Stringers — Structural channels, aluminum or steel. ‘Treads — Rectangular bar grating. Aluminum grating bolted to ‘aluminum stringer. Stee! grating bolted or welded to stee! stringer. Corrugated or abrasive nosing for aluminum grating. Checkered plate or abrasive nosing for steel, Risers — Open. Railing — Pipe. Posts welded toralling. Aluminum posts bolted to ‘aluminum stringer. Steel posts bolted or welded to steel stringer. Fasteners — Stainless steel for aluminum, Steel for stee! Finish — Aluminum, mill finish or anodized. Stee! galvanized andlor painted, Tread ELEVATION, SHIP'S LADDER = 3 ELEVATIONSECTION 3 INSTALLATIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF CUSTOM DESIGNED STAIRS Section 2 presents the more standardized type of metal stair con: struction. This section presents stairs which were custom designed to achieve aesthetic effects as well as serve functional needs of the building. Photographs and details shown in this section of the Manual are mostly of stairs made by NAAMM members. As In the case of Section 2, the designer is advised that, should designs similar to any of those illustrated in this section be consid: ered for use, certain modifications may be necessary to conform to governing code requirements. NOTE: In each case the descriptions given apply only to the stair shown, CONTENTS Straight Stair: Three Flights Parallel, Glass Balusters Parallel! Angled... : Angled, Glass Balusters «B40, 344, 342, 344, 3946 7 Circular Stair Curved Stair: Angled . .STRAIGHT STAIR, EXPANDED METAL RAILING PANELS DESCRIPTION Stringers — Steel Ibeams. Steel pans, reinforced, filled with con- - Open risers, — Steel pipe with brass tubing top rail ‘and handrail. Infill framed expanded alumi- hum, attached to steel posts and rails. Finish — Painted steel. Natural brass. ELEVAION Stringer connection to existing stee!STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL, GLASS RAILING r5 — Steel channels covered with formed stainless steel. ind Risers — Z profile sheet steel formed to provide inte- ‘gral pan type tread and riser units. Supported on bent bar shelf and backup welded to stringers. Filled with concrete and cov- ered with carpeting. Landing — stiffened sheet steel pans, reinforced concrete filled, supported by structural channels. Railing — Tempered glass panels supported in aluminum shoe moldings on resilient plastic setting blocks, two per panel, located at quarter points. Shoe moldings fastened to top of stringers with cap screws. Stainless steol circular cap railing. Finish — All stainless steo! #4 bright polish finish. REAR ELEVATION ‘SIDE ELEVATION 3-3STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL 3-4STRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLELSTRAIGHT STAIR, PARALLEL 36 eeE DESCRIPTION Stringers — Box construction, two structural steel channels boxed by steel plate. ‘Treads — Formed steel plate, concrete filled. Landing — Formed stee! plate, reinforced, concrete: ‘Supported by box stringers, bearing in masonry. Ralling — Square stee! bars welded to treads and top channel, and connected to rectangular steel tubing. Finish — Stee! painted. led,STRAIGHT STAIR, ANGLED Concrete PLAN VIEW DESCRIPTION Stringers — Steel tube. Treads — Formed steel plate, concrete filled; vinyl surtace. Platforms — Formed steel plate, concrete filled; vinyl sur- face. Steel tube supports, bearing on masonry of sup Ported by steel hanger rods, Railing — Balusters steel bars, wolded to treads and plat- forms; top channel capped by handrail. Finish — Steel painted.STRAIGHT STAIR, ANGLED PLAN ‘Top Rails, Base Rails and Posts — Extruded aluminum, welded connections. Infill Panels — %" tempered glass supported between top and base rails. Stringers — Steel box beam covered with sheet rock. Stairs — Poured-in-place concrete, ‘Aluminum Finish — Paint.STRAIGHT STAIR, ANGLED ELEVATION -RAILING CONNECTION TO WALL DETAILCIRCULAR STAIR Stinger — Welded stee! pate TTeads — Formed steo pate. Tapered center beams welded aie to tread plate and anchor plates. Anchor plates bolted to Stinger Piywond filers in ends of treads. Oak end tim attached. Teads carpeted 3 Railing — Round stool bar balusters welded to treads and attached to wood handrall at top. Finish — Stee! painted —FCIRCULAR STAIR Pea rl ne MAIN FLOOR PLAN BALCONY PLAN DESCRIPTION Stringers — Stee! plate. Treads and Risers — Steel sheet sub-troads and risers supporting wood treads and risers. Covered with carpeting, Railing — Malleable iron ornamental balusters fastened to stringers through stringer cap. Stee! handrail mounted on steel channel. Finish — Metal painted. Plaster soffits and fascia,CIRCULAR STAIRCIRCULAR STAIR 8 | 444 = 3 + 4 INSIDE STRINGER ‘OUTSIDE STRINGER 5 sftCIRCULAR STAIR DESCRIPTION ‘Stringers — Structural steel channels. ‘Treads and Risers — Formed steel shoot welded to stringer covered with marble. Railing — Stee! bar balusters. Bronze tube handrails. Wall Handrail — Bronze cap on sculpture painted A36 steel. Baluster — Sculpture painted A36 steel. 3-14CIRCULAR STAIR ttf 1 APCIRCULAR STAIR DESCRIPTION Stringers — Welded steel plate box stringers. Treads — Formed stee! plate, field welded to angles on stringers, concrete filled and covered with tle. \ 3 Railing — Square stee! bar balusters welded to stringor- ‘ers. Stoel tubing handrail Finish — Stee! painted, 3-16CURVED STAIR, ANGLED SECTION ° ° | 4 1 STRINGER INTERSECTION Stringers — Structural stee! channel and plate welded together after bending to form box section. Treads and Risers — Reinforced precast terrazo with two setting plates per tread. Riser plates continu- ously welded to stringers. Setting plates in tread field welded to riser plates. Railing — Aluminum balusters attached to post anchors ‘east In treads. Aluminum handrails Finish — Steel painted, Aluminum anodized,SECTION 4 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS ‘The drawings contained in this section illustrate the most common- ly used and recommended details of metal stair construction Because of the unlimited design variations possible, particularly in the architectural class, this is necessarily only a representative col- lection of such details. The intent is to illustrate a variety of good construction practices, Not a catalog of available designs. As some of the items shown may ot be available from all stair manufacturers, it is recommended that before finalizing the specifications a NAAMM member compa: ny be consulted CONTENTS Stair Dimensions ....... 42and 43 Stringer Sections Tread Sections Tread and Riser Supports Abrasive Nosings and Treads . Platform Construction 48444 Platform intermediate Supports ...... se eeee eee AD Stair Soffits .... . ceeeee 443 Newels, Railing Posts, Flanges, and Rallings AA3—447 Glass Railing Components ............ 448.and 449 Handrail Sections ceceeeees 4-20and 4.24 Wall Handrail Brackets... 422 Wall Handrail Bracket Fastenings— General Information . . .4.23, Wall Handrail Terminals ..., 428 a4STAIR WIDTH DIMENSIONS \Wiath of star I usualy measured from Inside face of Dalvetera or newel fo fin. ished wal. However, governing codes ited for ponte of mea: ‘A noming! ietaiaion cto _ ince of M" Should be alowed Betoun esgo of stinger and al REFER TO GOVERNING CODES TO ESTABLISH DIMENSIONS 314" maximum projection into required gress wich I more than 394" egress tiotn should be Inoreased bythe excess St projection over sa Minimum 114" nand clearance be Fale, and between handral and ‘ther obstructions STAIRWELL WIDTH — DISTANCE BETWEEN WALLS Minimum code requirements are usually measured from fin shed wall to finished wall. When establishing rough stair well dimensions, allowance should be made for thicknesses of any finish materials to be applied to the rough walls. All manctaing_ dimensions {2 meet minum require: ‘monte of governing codes. Length determined by" ead fun and umber of reeds requites by cog Platform width not ss than wicth of Salt uaually measured fom Insige {ace of balusters or nowa! Yo Hlshad wall. However, governing cod: ‘Shovia be" consulted Yor points of A nominal, intaiation cost lance of should be allowed Betwoon edge of stinger and ‘va ‘recommended minimum 194" 'STAIRWELL WIDTH — DISTANCE BETWEEN WALLS 42STAIR LENGTH DIMENSIONS REFER TO GOVERNING CODES TO ESTABLISH DIMENSIONS Height of riser and tread run vary according to governing codes. A tread of 10" and a tise of 7" to 7%4" are considered average. Stait treads for more comfortable runs are often 10¥s" to 11" with risers less than 7” Treads and risers should be 80 proportioned that the sum of two risers and one tread run ig not lese than 24” or more than 28°. In establishing stairwoll dimensions, tread run is always face to face of riset Platform wish not less than wisth of sta, Usually measures from Inala face of balusters br newel fo finshed wall However governing odes should be eoneuted for ports of mas ‘Lena determined by ‘eoad' un and. numbot ot weads ruled. ‘A nominal instalation clearance of 4" ‘ould Bo allowed betwoon edge of ‘stinger and wal, Riser tine to rough beam, o-/ | ommended minimum Tim STAIRWELL LENGTH — DISTANCE BETWEEN BEAM AND WALL _| | ‘minimum requirements, Minimum code requirements are usually measured from finished wall to finished wall. When establishing rough stair well dimensions, allowance should be made for thicknoss of any finish materia to be applied to the rough walls. Fier tine to rough beam, In some localities an interest pla ‘Length determined ty trad | form's required by code when the eight | Length determined by reas fun and number of treads re | Detween landings excecds the maximum | run end numberof Woads re autre permitted ma singe snintertopted rn ules, Varies ks STAIRWELL LENGTH — DISTANCE BETWEEN BEAMS 43STRINGER SECTIONS peo Frat ‘Stool pate stringers, carer angles lor plate roads, pipe fling on sido. of face singer. ‘Aluminum read plate may be Used whon spec fed, Wall not plastered. Por pate ata, oer to Page Pet Standard stoe! channel stringers, grsting tread bolted or walded to stinger pipe rallng bolted ‘ot welded fo top lange a ace stinger Wal ot lastered. For grating tread sections, vate 10 Page ts. Fia.s Center stringers are usually required Yor wide sais in oxcoss of 6:0" In vin. They may be constructac ofa trotutal beam or channel, with Brack for sup porting toads and rises. Rete to page 41 for centr 44 Stee pate stringers, cartier angles, steel sub: tread and ise, conerae led tesa Pipe raling fon side of face stinger, wal nct plastered, Optional Closure Pioce / ~ Ge FIG. 4 Stee! junior channel stringer, eae bare, tee! fsubtread and roe Concrete tile read. Raling {stoned fo web a face stinger which fs braced to subttess, Optional etose pleco Tastone to top flange of wall stringer inthe fd. Wal not Plastored ‘CONSTRUCTION NOTE: nore masonry walls are finished with glaze trick, te, marble or tthe facing material, he stalr shoul be eractedbetere tha inane ‘tal mafia! fs instil to part proper Tt etwoun It and the Wall singer Alternatively the wall stinger may be stout fem Wall to provi l turing supporting rackets orextnaion of wall stings Into the wal Sis! pate stair stringers shouldbe of sufcint width o receive he fend of read andr'aot ann thicknosces ae termined bythe oad nd tha design. Stee) MC siingors ae roied In 10" and T2” depth For average instalation 10" channels are recommended. 2° char ‘ale are ubed whore required by he design and the load ox ype stringers may be constructed with rectangular tube steo For load abies of soo! tinge aztion afer to Pages 11 ana 12 For detlis of mata star soffits refer to Pages 412 and 43, For eoctons of weads and risers, ofr to pages 45 through 47.TREAD SECTIONS Fie. FG. FiG.6 ‘Stoo! subtvead ana ier with Stee! subtead and riser with ‘Steel chansol aubtread con formed nosing at 5 degrees, fiser sloped to. rect formed rte tea, ‘nth or without sanitary cov. hosing. Concrete filed ead Concrete ied teas win ealion te covering, FIs. 10 Fig.11 Fie.9 Stoel subtroas without riser, Eonerae filed and onforce, 7 Fig. 12 Stoo lor plate or aluminum tread pate formed reas mith Sheet ‘tool or slominum rae ptonal CONSTRUCTION NOTES: subtread and sae formed ecoive prfabricated read uch a8 preeet oneal, FIG. 19 Stoo or aluminum grating with nosing. End plates wolsed to (rating ana bolted to stringen ‘Stee Hoo pate or aluminum ‘woad plate Tormed Woad and "ee Fie. Extrude aluminum trea, Sections shown on this page Indicate the many different types of treads used for service type stairs, including pan type sub-tread and riser construction Treads can be supported by direct bolting or welding to stringers, or bolting or welding to support members. The tread width should always be greater than the tread run Rofer to National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers’ Metal Bar Grating Manual and to manufacturers’ current literature for more detailed information Refer to Page 47 for details of safety nosings.TREAD AND RISER SUPPORTS FiG.15 CCarior bar welded to sting Carter bar welded to sting ror fread and ser pan fr tor toad and riser pas ‘support suppor. Fig. 16 Fig. Angle welded to stringer for pan snd ier suo, Fi. Fie. 19 FIG. 20 ‘Stee! gub-toad anaicer welded Angle wolded 10 stringer for End plates welded to grating directly to stingers. Concrete inte teas support ‘weads and boted to stingor. ‘CONSTRUCTION NOTES: The tread and riser pan can be either welded or bolted to the supporting member. This is usually governed by the preference of the fabricator or the erector. ‘Treads made from grating or other pre-fabricated materials are usually furnished with end plates or angles standard with the manufacturer. These can be either welded or bolted to the stringers. ‘The concealed direct welding of the pan tread to the stringer as shown in Figure: 18 results in a clean soffit appearance. This method is most efficiently used in “unit” of “pre-assembled” stairs where a complete stair flight is welded together in the fabricator’s shop and delivered to the site in one piece.ABRASIVE NOSINGS AND TREADS ast erase rosng wih shor Ip pected. Stendara ariling with ‘wing ‘apenas belt and nue 6 sie a8 Fie. 24 Barrie eo design to moot stansards forthe plyscaly hancloapped Alum hom bate with epoxy containing. 30 faatve top. Integr anchors for frosh Fie. 27 (ast abrasive toad, ‘migum: Nosing and oe pate can be dill f attaching flat plate risers. Supported by carir angie. Fia.22 Fis. 23 Extrsed aluminum base wih epoxy Extruded aluminum with abrasive ribs top, containing abrasive. Avalaso 10 Speci dosign or pan tao with ales. Itopral anerots for ash eon sloped risers riled to specication or rte. Also avaliable dried to speci. fuerishod with trap anchors or wing Catlons witht the anchors snetore. / ==} Led =p a FIG. 25 Cast abrasive couble Cast abrasive structural nosed tend a tread, avtlate in on 9 iron or aluminum and aluminum: integral east ena sible Suppor by eam lugs or boting sree to singers, batted 0 Woad and other boteg or CONSTRUCTION NOTES: With reference to Figures 21, 22, 23 and 24 extreme care should be used to be sure the fill is fluid enough to flow completely around these anchors to insure a ‘good bond of the anchors, but not so wet that shrinkage will occur. Consult nosing manufacturers’ current data for limitations of length, width, thickness and other features such as colors, anchors, variations in design, etc. ‘The inside comer of cast nosings must be clean and square to fit a formed nos- ing properly. Cast abrasive treads, Figures 25, 26 and 27 and also cast abrasive platforms are cast from patterns that are standard with each manufacturer. Consult manufac: turers’ current literature and engineering data for limitations of loading, length, width, thickness and other features, 47PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION PIQUE SN iidldt, STAIR PLATFORM Wills SHORT NEWEL POSTS ‘AND MINIMUM WELL face sings supprtd on chanel hese: ‘Steel sheet subplationm suppor CConerate i, 3° minimum without reinforcing, Exosed conetrtion underseath 7. TH Zi Fie. 20, STAIR PLATFORM WIT NEWEL POSTS ’AND OPEN WELL Faco stingers supported ny nawel posts on channel header hie! 16.20 > Sg YH TWO PLATFORMS AND SERREING RK RRS RES Face stingers supported by newel posts ry wal ‘Steel sheet subplatforms supported on steal sections “ll 3 minimum without renforeing ‘and chanel Meader inline to form steve: poor Exposed construction underneath 7a ‘STAR PLATFORM SUPPORTED BY HANGERS (A1GHT) (OR BY STRUCTURAL ANGLE SECURED TO Wall (et Stingers supported on chennoi naadax 48 STAIR PLATFORM! WITH SECTONAL SUBPLATEORM Face stringers supported by newel posts on channel header ‘Wall strngors sat out fom walle, ends supported by masonry ‘val Stoo sheet subplatform in onereta fi 3” minimum Exposed constrution undomgat. 2 ISSS FIG. 33 ‘STAI PLATFORM SUPPORTED BY STRUTS Stringers supported on channe! header ‘Shoo soa, ib deck subpllform supporied on channel ‘soolons. CGhanae! sections anchored to struts Concrete fil ‘Exposed constriction underneathPLATFORM CONSTRUCTION Data for neat soos are shown on this and ne eee apace Paton conection etheds shown are type for many sees cane Peace te ayo a pee ome ee Ta etme an Suppers fr sa plore aro vualy conceal inte Poorer areca = ee eee ae sash wna cnr a Slain ar yay bt apa fh xa lator, Seung sathebety irae uccsusoead man mtn sat ame eet re eee et ela er J er FIG. 34 teinforcing steel should be calculated for unusually large ean sure Reinforcing to or usu a? a oer shown have proven adequate as to uvans maprden sree tors ee eo Fee te ag pepo sian ep na ee fae S SM SS S % Yq Qe ie 77 Stesl channel header voted Platorm wall stringer, Angle subplatform support Wall stvingor extondes fr welded to wall stinger plaster wal Bolted or welded to stanger masonry wal. Star load ot Maybe angie, channol beam ype of wall may require or tee, Suppor size. fora requirements, joted bearing place. 5 ‘Spur short onal 1 oceie n of stingor bolted or hanna neacer ‘Steel channet header bolted of woided Yo wall strngee Fiserup trom platform. 49PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION ‘See Pages 4-8 49 for key plans showing locations of sections: 10 Section though platform ‘Steol_ channel eader XP altes 01 welded 0 wall Stinger and extended ‘above. subplatiorm per sitting larger header W ‘Ghannol platform supe 7 Seales to stings. Sky Ze port angle bolted or welder Stringars at, platform landing bolted oF welded fo newel, 15 16 Slee! channel header bolted or Plate walatngerst han supgot wold to wall stringer Top of out tom wall Sub Scrodow heerana ota’ or feeder sed bore sebplatform. paton” wit angle Angle supporting puto porting supperting brackatssub-plate Turned “up. % fF down tuned up. eisedto stinger Operate. Sibpiatonn ani brackets turned up. from platform 4-10See Pages 488 for kay plans showing location of sctions A i zai 19 20 ‘channel lator sup beam platform support pod connected to ting ‘mounted on wall angio. fr and mounted on wal 24 PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION SS CChannei_ support con- Hbeam platform support, fected to anger ang Susponded by hanger Suspended by manger Channel plattorm Supports. connected £ S eon Stringers bolted or welded Stingers connected to to channel header ewe 27 {tom platform, pation 28 Channel passes through Channel passes. through Strngar cutout to mount on Stinger cutout to mount on Boar wallor be suspondoa bearing wall or bo euspendod anger rod. fiver own by hanger fod. River up fom [erases = or Channel stringer anPLATFORM INTERMEDIATE SUPPORTS TYPES PROVIDING INTERRUPTED SOFFIT SURFACES FIG. 25, FIG. 96 TYPES PROVIDING SMOOTH SOFFIT SURFACES Fis. 39 Ia. «0 FIG. 41 ‘Gypsum our o pasta sti,STAIR SOFFITS, NEWELS AND RAILINGS ‘SECTION SHOWING GYPSUM BOARD ‘OR PLASTER SOFFIT ‘CONSTRUCTION NOTES: Gypsum Board or Plaster Soffit — 1m" x 1%" Kg PLAN steel angle clips welded to stringers approximately Sypsum bow or {'o.s tosuppon turing channels, gypoum board or ale sat meta ath ane plaster provided by otters, one - Ste Si NOTE: Whan the raling | Inger metal re “cach thr, He © al PLAN AT 8 Sorterely| PLAN AT D Vez = 1 -4 = a € raa FG. «3 FIG. a4 Siar platim oF landing with pipe ratings, Stal platform or landing wih pipe raling, one Stale platform or landing with rectangular or falinge not eonngeted, for taiwell having post at retum. Lower fall rlumed Into post, square “capped Iminimum elosrance: Short newol, supparted wo or mova posts used at wide wall, Shorl snd weldod ts now post oneader ewels, supported on beader ‘Conditions shown ar typical for conventional type stair with channel stingers. Material fr ralings may be pipe or {blng of stet, luminum,stainiess steer bronze. Rear to Pages 530 to SS for pipe and tubing, 43NEWELS AND RAILINGS CP HANDRAIL HANDRAIL a RASS FIG. 45 Fla. 48 Fig. «7 Star tart with square nea, lus Star start with short news, partet bar Stair start with squsre ewe, paralit bar tertype ailag with ehanoelfop ang ‘ype raling. with intermeatate {ype ‘alling. wim intermediate. posts of Bottom, pipe Renda, posts of square, erouna see ‘tuare, rectangula of round selon ox fen, erirtng hana wit, orgs {rudod or rllog Ranarall action mitered to orcas termina {orm cap over nowel oF ES ELEVATION ELEVATION Aang ating A it J F..., i+ Te Sranger F Bates ay ree PLAN PLAN Gapedl FIG. 48 FG. 49 ‘Square or rectangular newel, Square or rectangular newe!, pipe Pipe ral ited wih offet tug ail ted wih aoc tg Tor Bos. * fal and stinger fovcente on avingee {Toning inege of stnge Soger role to face. ‘Conditions shown are typical for conventional yt {aps and tops may be Gas, proseed or stl p ir wth channel singer, Newols may be special delgn. Poste to pages 50 thu 8-3 or pipe and tubing data, 444NEWELS AND RAILINGS == ? PLAN-RAILING PLAN-RAILING. HANDRAIL er FIG, 59 ‘J 1 Sic anding, with stringer and fascia ! Lanaing e prosucing, tight a vied on down fight to settorward \nnandral awals and landing exiendedon up light to setback fee, PLAN-RAILING. —_u . PLAN-RAILING. FIG. Flas Stale tanding with stringers ana asc ramed square Sialrlanding with stings and fascia framed into tll Fas ralingrtum, partial bar type rang with ond hight newel, bluster raling with channe! top and Dalustore contoroa on newels. Lansing extended on bottom. Gontinuous pipe nandral offaet from balvs Gown fight to settorward oer Tors and newale by bracke 4-45NEWELS, RAILING POSTS, FLANGES AND BRACKETS EXTRUDED ALUMINUM AND BRONZE POST SECTIONS TYPICAL OF SEVERAL MANUFACTURERS ‘Consult manufacturers eatalogs for contours, sacs and avalsblity L] [> FIG, 58 FIG. 57 FIG. 56 FIG. 59 me 2m ame . ‘Auminum oniy cI (2) (2) oO ay" FIG. 68 ‘uminum eniy ‘Aluminum ony Various q ria. Fie. 65 yt Flanges for box and sold stringers Flanges for ena str — i aes ol nan nace rar O ° Using post anchor te Ae Fa, Fe. 75 femal pra! pe bo alg eupporeg oy acts ner Elevation; Intermediato ‘Section; imermeate «stele and itemediats peste. brs fs 19 ciation of Figure 7. fost set on tae of ox Bae ston face of Dox in soto lang Seto anton rata mast po etNGAY rowel Be TRetame andnavosyihmetnen cosa sectiontoabian proper mitered connection 4-16CENTER RAILINGS Center Railings are recommences for Wide stairs. They may be a singla pipe or tubing railing oF they may with double ras and par Ing design. Note: A number of codes require that railings have a level extension beyond the nosings at the floors as Indleated In i era FIG. 78 Center rallng of single pipe or tubing, founds equate or rectangular steal bronze of aluminum. Posts st into lor 88a fds of oxtended to subtead ahd bolod 88 at Santor Flanges loose or thea. FIG. 80 Cente rating of double pipe, poste et Into Hor Sa which i Meas’ and felnfored with ‘tutu tee mambor Sup. ported between stings pr rte placing conerate il mia andr th square mummies Pane Handa ith round Fr son — Fie Center ang of wo members, ath brackets {eave on otanulr post Hel ange Summum, Poste tins foe a hone Sxtonded io soba: ond bated ato ear Flanges loose od eee —— ia. 62 Ur Center rating of single member contre on TT Sep of rectangles bet by moun ot hoped back. NonJertous or stainless ste! sleeves may bo used on exterior alls 0 prevent staining masonry or concrete 447GLASS RAILING COMPONENTS ||. FRAMED GLASS PANELS 2 SECTION i b 4 ¢ STRUCTURAL GLASS BALUSTERS: ita SéCHION serine mock ror w" glass — | Poinyt Chon we glass 2 setting block 7 é ~| i cap serous —— | too plate pt 100 aL min. 2" concrete anchors + > Craor pate : Flush Mounted Surface Mounted ar ard woe E x | -|——ear serous We oF 4° glass 1 —— setting block 4 min cap scrows. 1" epacer =e suppor ante d Facia Mountes E satin book _ & hoe moulding Mounting Bott: acia Mounted cap screws Stainless steel socket head cap screw. cd 448SHOE MOULOING Aluminum e GLASS RAILING COMPONENTS | aye | | | i % [2 (6061516) HANDRAIL MOULDINGS a © vom aye ee ee {For use with %" glass ! M ra ue ‘Aluminum we 1H Aluminum ond Bronze Stainless Stee! ‘Aluminum PROTECTIVE INSERT Poiyvinyl Chloride moulding : bos d insert wee wm Ye" oF 4" glass. yom ow ‘Aluminum 449HANDRAIL SECTIONS EXTRUDED ALUMINUM AND BRONZE HANDRAIL SECTIONS TYPICAL OF SEVERAL MANUFACTURERS +I bo, el fas » —| S18" 138/18" 244" A= 114% 2478" A= 186° and 190° pica 18° Aluminum ‘onze Aluminum and Bronze Aluminum ang Bronze FIG. 68 iG. 87 "FIG. 34 Fic. 65 I | y—4 bs Fia.e8 28 FIG. 90 (On projects requiring the development of erginal designs, the cost of special dia is nat excessive when Spread over a sutficlnt quai. For moderate quae, cost may be eopt at minimum by tho vee of [vallabe tostons. Consult manvtacturors catalogs for exact contours, sizes and aellabiy a specihe sections, All sections have limitation” informing cuves without distortion. Sold sections shouldbe selected when ‘urving fe vequved Stack corner bend Be for many Randal sectlons. ROLLED STEEL HANDRAIL SECTIONS TYPICAL OF SEVERAL MANUFACTURERS Sometines thy re welsed Sect tthe bluster fee Fig. 38 or atached to hanara ects ese, B55, Tho uve of channels oft simplest atachment of balstrs and ornaments, ae bos 4 ba 4 i Stel A = 1806", 244° Stes! Fig. 2 FIG. 93 GA & ia tf b+ —4 oo a ot a Extremaly nigh toting cot pxohibits the use of specia ot rolled ste! sections even onlrge projects. The hoice i ined to avalabe stack sizes, Conaut marutecturer" catalogs for enact contour, sis and ‘vai 4.20HANDRAIL SECTIONS REPRESENTATIVE EXTRUDED AND TUBULAR STAINLESS STEEL HANDRAIL SECTIONS. ‘ T Leow! t cc 2a ang 294" FIG. 90 ‘Stainoss Stee! Ll a FG, 190 Stainless Stoo! (otrer sizes avaiable) eo aya" and 234 Fig. 102 Stainless Stee! Stainless tubular handrall sections usually have wal L_. FG. 11 Stainless Stoo! —- Z| A= various 166" an 190" typical Stainless Stoo! 5 thickness of 085", Consult manufacturers’ data for exact contours, sizes and current availablity ofall of the above and other handrail sections. PLASTIC HANDRAIL COVERINGS AVAILABLE FROM VARIOUS MANUFACTURERS T t r F D D nd Ha LA -—"—~F 4— c news a GENERAL INFORMATION Functional and decorative plastic handrail mouldings of polyvinyl chloride plastics are avaliable ina variety of sizes and profiles, saveral of which are ilustrated above. Consult suppliers current literature for variatione in dolails and features. Plastic handrail mouldings are not structural and require bar, tub nel members to support vertical and horizontal loads, Plastic handrail mouldings are produced in a range of colors from subdued to bright, o suit either formal or informal design situations. The color isin tegral with the plastic, which is highly resistant to wear, weathering, anc conasion, ‘The thermoplastic material becomes pliable when heated (not over 165°F), at which time it can be fitted over the support member and conforms to ver: tical, horizontal or combined vertical and horizontal curves within certain limitations, Lateral bends should have a minimum centerline radius of not less than 2 times the width of the plastic section or 21/2 t0 3 times the wicth of the support section, whichever is greater Mitered corners should be used It sharper turns are required, Combined vertical and horizontal turns can be formed by twisting the moulding ‘The material can be joined by thermal welding, and end caps can be shaped using a knife, file or abrasives, ‘The use of a cleaning solution for removing grease and foreign material is scommended after which a solvent is used for polishing or removing abrasive scratches. Normal cleaning requires only Soap and water yechan: ‘Table of dimensions for plastic handrail coverings a8 D Trsise vide Outside Outlge Fi. _Widts Height What” Height, 105 a eng Tae waa tone ee “are 06 ae asa" one ete ater aie PY se one Sor a 2 Stuy ane 108 ats te We" tane" ‘GauTION ‘Consult manvtacturers for fablestion limiWALL HANDRAIL BRACKETS © = QR ‘mage to so at ight angio to walla or set Noteaiy. 38” ot into wall, track, Fis. 12 et FIG. 119 Wall rat bracket of aluminum with ftings to han {ble to any item. S18" sua nto wal FIG. 109 ial rail racket of conventional cast design, malleabe ion, Sslominum or bronea 318" bot ino wal ASS “wopiace wall all racket of aluminum, Wall plate bolt in {wall wough expansion tye anchor Outer sleeve screwed to ral Qutr sleeve fastanad to wal plate by set acre A 1G NY FIG. 14 bot through ayssum board on masonry. Bracket fas toned ler by tee sews 0° By 78° bol toh Cptonsl fastening IMPORTANT: Consult governing codes for minimum hand clearance and maximum projection allowable. ‘The wall Brackets shown above are typical of lypes commonly used, Consult manufacturers literature Tor details and features of Brackets currently available For bracket fastenings, reer to Page 423 4-2WALL HANDRAIL BRACKET FASTENINGS GENERAL INFORMATION Fig. 116 Diectly to concrete. Bracket tap ped and anchored wilh stud and fxpansion type anchor ‘machine serows, Ha Foac, it lor seo bot anchorage opt Aa Fla. 117 Three No. 10 ound or oval Directly to concrete, One 318° bolt Solin expansion unl, headewposed 08 by one 38" Fig. 118 Fi. 1 Gypsum board on framing, cne 38" tag oF Ie aeittappin ‘Sa7a* metal blocking “o masonry wall not plastered. One 418" though bolt exposed nut and wiasnor on To ide WALL HANDRAIL BRACKETS — Wall rail brackets and handrail sections should Figldty desired. In general, lighter sections requ ‘0 metal or wood bot nto wood FIG, 20 Drety on hollow masonry wall ‘ono 38" toggle type anenor "9 screw mo % GENERAL INFORMATION be selected according to the strength and re closer bracket spacing. Hard usage, a8 In factories and schools, requires substantial sections, closer bracket spacing, sturdy brackets and secure wall fastenings. Facleninge as shown on this and the opposite 9 upon wall construction. Since new wall constru time, current manufacturers iterature for handral consulted Bracket Spacing: ‘Spacing of brackets is recommended to be from three to six feet. For Wood Frame Construction: Brackets are usually fastened to wood construction by means of wood screws, with flat, round and oval heads. ‘They may also be fastened by lag bolts using one bolt per bracket. Wood backing should be sultable for uniform spacing. For Solid Masonry Construction: Brackets are usually fastened to masonry construction by through bolts or by expansion bolts of various types. It Is preferable to use brackets designed for one bolt, as bolts set too close will crack the masonry and become loose. They also may be fastened by wood screws or lag bolts into lead anchors. age are typical, variations being dependent jion methods are developed from time to brackets ang anchoring devices should be For Hollow Tile or Block Construction: Brackets can be fastened to hollow tile construction by toggle bolts or through bolts. If through bolts are not practical, a proper anchorage can be selected for each bracket at the job site when the anchorage hole is drilled, For Lath and Plaster, and Dry Wall Construction: Brackets are usually fastened to lath and plaster and wall board walls by screw anchors into wood or metal backing. Adequate back-up support for anchoring hand- rall brackets must be in place before plaster or dry wall is, installed. For Walls Faced with Marble or Other Paneling: ‘Where wall facings are not sufficiently rigid for securing brackets, bolts should be anchored into the backing be- fore the ‘acing is placed, which must be drilled for the bracket bolt. 4-23WALL HANDRAIL TERMINALS ‘A number of codes require that wall handrails have a level extension beyond the nosings at the floors. This may be achieved with terminations as ‘shown in Fig. 122 and Fig, 125. Fie. 121 Pipe wall handrail. Return to wall with cloranes. z 4 x Pipe wall handrail. Cast wal return, us max mea PLAN A 80" elbow return with clearance. Liiiitld, \_ wo max PLAN (cast rotuen eow with wal plate, ae PLN Bont retun wth clearance, Returns ‘Avand B may be. provised with rosette at wal plain or omamentl clearance ae Fig. 124 ‘iat handel with sort tormina {hanna supporting bat ‘These wall hands minals, eter to current manufacturers" data, 4-28 oF terminals are typical for conventional type stairs and may be modified for other conditions. For other ter- Fig, 125 Mouiing wal andra Castor formed comer bend cut 12 ARMINIA, Mitored wat! tum For handrail sections, refer to Pages. For wall handral Brackets, refer to Page. -- 422 For bracket fastenings, refer to Pagi For pipe and tubing dat Fic, 23 al anal 0° return 0 wal port of appropriate design to 190° elbow ratun to wall plats a PLAN FIG. 126 ‘ait nancail terminal with 420,421 422,423 52010534 refer to Pages.SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DATA CONTENTS Introduction . 52 ENGINEERING DATA Mechanical Properties 53 Symbols and Formulas stgate tata «A TTeads and Risers, Load Deflection Tables ...55, 41 and 52 Sheet Properties and Load Tables 55 Floor Plate and Tread Plate: Types 56 Load Deflection Table - 57 Platform Constructions, Load-Detlection fables ...58 and 59 Stringers, Load-Deflection Table...............540and 54 Hanger Supports, Details and Load Tables. = BAZ Strut Supports, Details and Load Tables . cere BAB Channels, Section Properties ....... ceceeeeeeee ees SAM Properties of Ralling Sections: Round Pipe ....... 5-29 Square and Rectangular Tubing §-29 thru 5-32 Channels, Extruded and Hot Rolled ......,.5-32 Flats, Squares and Rounds 5:33 STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLES Stee! Stair Framing 545 thru S47 Connections ...... : - 548 and 549 Aluminum Stair Framing cece 520 Ship's Ladder +1522 Railings .. 5-23 thru 5-285-2 INTRODUCTION In this section, examples are presented as guides in the structural design of stairs and railings. Several of these examples illustrate the design of stair framing members; others illustrate the design of their connections. Typical stair railing designs are provided also. The first part of this section contains tables listing the toad capacities, and deflections under loading, of principal stair members and parts. Tables listing the structural proper- ties of many of the pipe, tube, bar, and rod sections commonly used in stair railing con- struction are found at the end of the section. Although design tables may have been developed for the particular grade of material in- dicated, they may be used for other grades and stress levels by multiplying tabular values by appropriate ratios in most cases. NAAMM recommends that fixed metal stairs be designed and constructed to support a minimum live load of 100 pounds per square foot of projected plan area. Also, an individual tread should be able to support a concentrated load of 300 pounds applied at its midspan with no other live load applied. While limitations on allowable deflections may not be imposed, deflection under loading is an important consideration in establishing a psychological sense of structural integrity. ‘The American Iron & Steel Institute and ASTM are discouraging the use of gage numbers to define sheet steel thicknesses. The gage numbering system, based on an outdated sys- tem for specifying sheet steel, was developed originally when rolling mills could not hold to close tolerances. With improved technology mills are producing sheet steel for specific customer requirements to either minimum or nominal thickness. Current industry practice isto order and supply sheet steel by decimal thicknesses, not gage numbers. Consequent ly, in this 5th Edition of the Metal Stairs Manual, nominal sheet steel thicknesses have been shown in Tables, and gage numbers have been shown in parentheses for conve- nience In making the transition. Although Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFO) is being used in addition to Allow: able Stress Design (ASD) by many engineers, the illustrative design examples in this man- ual follow the ASD procedure. However, Tabie 5.1 does not provide design stresses as in past editions. Instead, both yield and tensile stresses are given so that the designer must apply either a safety factor If using ASD or a load factor if using LRFO.z & & o® ee a e se w ® (soon = 3) ezuoig eanoeitny ‘sora WLSY (oo'st = 3) 400 Yeon BIN she Wis saovwy uaado9 za1 pue ascooe xe900 ax pue skesos ‘al put ats eqn pue sedeys ‘spa S169 popes eee nusy soqnt ss9iue zak pve s1:09 ova WS vevoo0t = 3 MANINNTY ora popiom Buren yoo MSY & 3 or veo cs or 29819 tears ((souwoo) dys pue yays patos 0H ‘oy NISY (pouro} 0. ss9iuo0s pus popjm Buia, Tosw Wis ssaweoe'g ope19's seh, fom gaped Socal i cov wise ("sadeus 201 ue S101 #99819 ae eee nise wt 0008 = 3 STaRLS AOTIV PU Nogu¥D ( STVIIW 4O SIINZdOUd TVOINVHOAN F's 101 5-3‘SYMBOLS USED IN STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS Across section Ibn pound.inches * ‘fy Shoat area (eq fy Unsupported height of raling (in) Ibi. CC" stittness of rall or post (bn) ZT __momentof inertia in) prov CA stiffness ratlo for distributed kip-in kiprinches foading bending moment constant, calling © distance trom neutral axis to rR ‘extreme fiber of beam (In) k : DL (pst orks), itt fea 4 deflection (in) kin s E modulus of elasticity (psi orks!) sf ® F maximum allowable tensile stress in Ki t bending (ost or ksi) span length in feet v Fy minimum yleld stress (psi or ksi) LL ive toad {ost or ks v 1” Getual stress (psi or ksi 1” span length in inches w kiptt kipteet M Bending w ttt poundstoet P concentr Fs. FORMULAS Allowable design stress, F WES. ‘Simple Beam (Span length in feet) Uniform load over entire length ‘At mid-span, Max M = wL'/8 AUG My = Wx(Lx)/2 Concentrated load at mid-span Max M = PL/4 Concentrated load at x Max M = Px(Lx)iL. wu 8 ‘Combined loads or partial uniform loads Max M occurs at V = 0 Required Section Modulus ‘S = 12MIF Detlection - inches (Load in kips, span in feet) Uniform load over entire span ‘Smax = SWL'(12//384ET O.000763WL7 (Steel) 0.00225WL47, (Alumni Concentrated load at mid span ‘max = PLI(12)"48E7 0.00122PL1; (Stee!) 0.00360PL77——_(Alumin Combined loading ‘max = 0.000769(1.6° + WILY ‘max = 0.002250(1.6P + WIL Limit Amax 360 0.00228(1.6P + W)L? 1 > = 0.06750(1.6P + WIL? 0.006356(1.6P + W)L* 0.018750(1.6P = WIL? 5-4 um) ) (Stoo!) (Aluminum) (steel) (Aluminum) (Steet) (Aluminum) {oad proportion factor pounds per lineal foot provided pounds per square foot pounds per square inch Feaction (Ib ork) radius of gyration (in) required Seetlon modulus (in) spacing of bolts thickness (in) total shear (Ib ork) shear por square Inch (ps; ksi) {otal uniform ioad (bork) Joad per lineal foot (lot or kit) factor of safety ” @ ° @) © ” @ © (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (18) (7) (18)LOAD AND DEFLECTION TABLES FOR TREADS AND RISERS The tables of engineering data and the sample calcula- tions given in this section should be valuable aids to the designer of metal stairs. Uniform loads and deflections for typical treads, risers and subtreads are given on this age and on pages 57, 5-10 and 5-11. The formulas for Uniformly distributed ‘loading on simply supported beams are used to calculate the values given in the tables. Simply supported beams have unrestrained fends. This means that the values are conservative because tread ends are restrained when attached to the ENGINEERING DATA stair stringers. (See page 4-6) The industry unit for tread length is 22 inches and the unit for half tread length is 12 Inches. The spans used in the load and deflection tables are multiplies of the unit tread length and multi- ples of the unit tread length plus halt unit length. As a matter of convenience to the designer the moment of in- ertia and section modulus are given for each design Covered by the tables. This will facilitate the calculation of loads and deflections for spans other than those shown, Table 5.2 LOADS IN KIPS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR Z PROFILE TREADS AND RISERS we} be TeeeTiON TOADS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR VARIOUS SPANS ---# | [riciness, aga) Sea ore BOD 9 Foner, 166 0257 | 109 ry oe cy 47 42 ar 4 | | 1046412) mo 356 | 50 118 a2 78 68 58 51 wrt | "34s 10) zag 450 | 1478 98837 hw Detiection, 4, inches 2019 931 043 061 773.00 (P81 OB F = Bhs SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR 78” SPAN WITH 14 GAGE RISER ‘M = FS = 18000 x 257 = 46260 Ibin W= ae ee = 4745 Ibs = 4.7 kips ye SM 8 KAAS X78 061 in © 3B4ET 384 x 29 x 10 x 166 To use Table for other steels with different values of F, multiply tabular load values by F718. Table 5.3 LOADS IN KIPS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR TREADS SECTION, TOADS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR VARIOUS SPANS | kt Thickness, iniga]__1 S| a a 38" 3 aC J rer ao | a7 +8 11 oo Toa 1048 (12) e753 23 18 14 42 1949410 toe 600 | a8 2 ” 14 Dtlction a, hes a9 om va 7068 (0570.00, F = 18K) Table 5.4 SHIP'S LADDER TREAD — ALUMINUM = (ASTM 6209, 6061-4, F = 10,000 psi) ‘SECTION LOADS FOR VARIOUS SPANS * Thickness Ce | ve ior ae 7 ees >t ties * mt + ane 17 a0 ae * er mye * fm amet uw zou aaa ” em ° ee Table 5.6 SHEET PROPERTIES (12" width) lew Ss ain Table 5.5 LOADS FOR STEEL SHEETS (Load in pst based on F = 20,000 psi 1 7 7 on Cr a oi 4 =. 0598 (16), ‘oo71s 000214 248 oBaT oy eee eae oraria) —ovte “postr © 388 fowe('a)—fatee tae aa arr 72519 | aaa? we ane eat Te as) gana ooaess baste ‘ona | se me ier tm (ee a 7 eee rari) | 28 ae 'os ee i oo ee ie 0608 (1h eo 6 125 015625 102 3.528 ite jose buose” a8 a a ae ‘our tsaENGINEERING DATA STEEL FLOOR PLATE AND ALUMINUM TREAD PLATE ‘Aluminum Tread Plate Is produced in several designs land in thicknesses of 16, 14 and 12 gage, 1/8", 3116", 14", 5116", 3/8", and 112", In wldths to 72" and lengths to 30:0", ‘Aluminum Tread Plate is produced in thicknesses of 0.10", “18, 3116", and 1/2, In width to 60" and lengthe to 16:0", ‘Thickness is measured through the body of the plate, not Including the raised portion, ‘Steel Floor Plate and Aluminum Tread Plate are used in tale construction far treads and platforms. | Figs. A to C, and Aluminum, Fig. €, nave ‘il finish Abrasive Plate, Fig. D, Is produced In both steel and ‘aluminum with the abrasive material rolled into the surtace. Floor Plate is the trade designation for steel. Tres ata. 5-6 Plate is the trade stainless stee! may be rolled for special requirements when the quant FIG. Abrasive Floor or Tread Plate Rolled in both steel and aluminum FLOOR PLATES Floor plates having raised platforms are avallable from several mills, each offering thelr own style ot surtace projections and inavarlety of ‘widths, thicknesses, and lengths. A maximum width of 96 in. and a ‘maximum thickness of 1/n, ae available, but avallablity of matching Wwidins, thicknesses, and lengths should be checked with the pro- ‘ducer. Floor plates are generally not specified to chemical composi: ton limits or mechanical property requirements; a commercial grade ff carbon steel Is furnished. Howaver, when strength of corrasion fesistance is @ consideration, raised pattern floor plates are pro ‘curable in any of the regular steel specifications. as in the case of Plain plates, the Individual manufacturers should be coneulted for precise information. The nominal or ordered thickness i that of the flat plate, exclusive of the helght of ralged pattern. The usual weights are as follows: Table 5.7 THEORETICAL WEIGHTS OF ROLLED FLOOR PLATES. Tree Theoratca Thaoredear {Gauge | Weight por Weight per | Nominal | Weight per Ne | "Sa. Ft ‘8a. te i i | 2a ete Bar is | 300 an bine ue] abs 136 2058 is | 430 138 ee 2 | ga 1637 ae so | as 1392 : 3189, ‘Availability: Stes! Floor Plate and Aluminum Tread Plate are usually avaiable In warehouse stocks. signation for aluminum. Other non-ferrous metals and 5 are sutficient for mil tonnage. Refer to manufacturers!ENGINEERING DATA po ‘SPAN ‘SPAN 1 4. Platform supported by channels, beams, angles or toes Where stepped lin ‘cause detlections LOAD AND DEFLECTION TABLES — FLOOR AND TREAD PLATE Tables 6.8-5.11 show allowable load (w) in pounds per square foot and dellection (sn inohes. Weight ot plate included. 2 8 shown, loads above and to the right ofthis line ‘exceading 1/100 of the span. PLATFORMS Table §.8 STEEL FLOOR PLATE Table 5.9 ALUMINUM TREAD PLATE Figs. 8.8. page 58 F = iso00ps! | ge pages F = 190000 700 (coat Pate —— a ———— J ‘Sra = Thickness oe Re 50 Fe 8T Oe we Cn a pw ea waa eT ver |S 28s Sar a us rT ye | aaa ser |S soe as ast 70 S27 se 909 19 we fw 888 ve 906] ge | wR ses 912 200 | SMe [aes 4M Ste 8121080 1300188 Seo 4057181125 182 we [ae me mo mS wo B70 G0 ae 21818 Sm 22[ 30 ares ane 1o7_ 122 Stee 52375 800129170 ger | wa 752 a0] 999° 265188149120] gage | w BHT Tz50 70950 91a 2299 oe 76 2a | Ste G00 705 aot 110 Sin 250 461720103 tat 188 Table 5.10 STEEL ABRASIVE FLOOR PLATE Table 6.11 ALUMINUM ABRASIVE TREAD PLATE Figs.0, pegesé In computing elective abrasive pte thick Fig. D, page 56 (Tha material present ‘eas ddl 16° hom pominatoknoss x 'yavalible ony on special orden) 16.000 pst ave) ct 132 ‘oy 800178 F = 16000 pst ate Pi ‘SPAN reekneos TE FORE 90 SH_ ADAG GO| MMoknoss TOTS OFS Te TO . os a a S053 wel ses 8S xm | ee se |S 298 550 1.190 239 mes 15 ve | eee) | w re0 e188 9 tar | Soe 35551704 108 we Ser se im te ae Ee ere ee sie | lee ae mm 12 ie ass qe fw bar see] a09 me 1701901038] gq. | w 2000 927 Sa? B09 2021701 one 2 [an arr ego aes or 132 3128 3S 615961818828 “Tables 5.12 and 513 show allowable load (w) in pounds per lines! foot and deflection (a) in inches. Spans to right of stepped tine should not be used to support concentrated loads greater than 300 is. TREADS Table 5.12 STEEL FLOOR PLATE [Table 5.13 ALUMINUM TREAD PLATE {esd cimensions may vay) nal poe ty Figs. A, 8,6, page 58 ane Fig. &, page 58 e je F 16060 pa Ara) iw Alloy 606456. F = 10.000 psi wo To teen ‘SPAN z toaD ‘SPAN 7 srnctrees |_1_| s_| oertec. "22° —ae aa" aa 5 | rmlotness | 1 | 8 vertec. a aaa wer [65 [aes |_» [400 [ter — too wer | 2a2 nae | [Sef ia3 6F 2 [-aer [ 051 nas Some fore rar ae par [awe | Boos Fr I I 3 fost —ors_[ 126 Tae |e pase ae TT ae | wee ae 908TH | 3 | ar 61 85 (105 2 1075 a6 [ 200 wie [aa [os [1081 0x2 2159] apes ree | aso | ae ee ae Le | nes oes 081 9208 3 [931 976 a8 a0 Plate Thicknesses shown inthe above tables are those usually mended when the Abrasive Surface Is on the outside of the employed in stair construction, Abrasive Plates may be bent to turn, Its 80 degrees when the abrasive surface is on the inside, using a bends of al radius not less than plate thickness. Bends are not recom: ssualy advisable to allow a slightly greater luminum than In steelENGINEERING DATA LOAD TABLES FOR PLATFORM SUPPORTS (Pages 5:8 and 5-9) ‘These tables list the total allowable uniform load in kips ‘sheet when counted as part of the section. for the sections shown. Total load detlection is limited to 11960 of the span. Greater deflection may be permissible Required spacing of structural sections can be deter- It soffit is not plastered mined by reference to Table 5.19. ‘The calculations are based on the following assump- Design stresses used: tlons: ‘When sheot Is included as part of section, 20,000 psi* a) The spans are simply supported. b) Where the sheet is counted in the section, the effec- tive width used is 12” when acting in tension (at the bottom) and 16 times the thickness on each project- ing side when acting in compression (at the top). ©) The values of moment of inertia(!), section modulus _* A570 Gr33 or ABI1 GrC. If Grades 36, 40 or D are used, ‘When sheet is not included as part of section, 22,000 psi on non-compact sections (channels, angles, tees). (A36) 24,000 psi on compact sections (I beams) (A36) (S)and computed deflection include the effect of the ‘Tabular values may be increased by 10%. SMOOTH SOFFIT DESIGNS. Table 5.44 ie Table 6.45 Henao 1046" (12 98) sheet Nev 0 1046" (12 ga) shoot Erey 10 seer Te = 20000 ante seeTION aan ve weToH aan am ft [A] LS ow [om foo ae Dt A] |e [ew [ow [oo [ow caw OE |e | BEST!) wae TS [ee | aw [sO] | | dia 182 | 392 | 383 | 1.05 | a3 | 67 aa’ x48" see | 194 | 397 | 200 | 107 | a4 | 88 mca POE] TE | ser Pass [Tee 20 | a7] HY cae | Ya | sae | ae | se | as [oa | eed i9¢ | 605 | 500 | 1.70 | sar {sta | on | 41 ua" | va [197 | 74 | sot | sat | sas | 116 | 96 Table 546 Table 547 ‘ ‘Te catty ofthe than 160 ps some cases. Tocary this Toad the concrete topping should be wo property aintorce woTION wan serio am] _1 wi jae] 1) 8 la lerloo) =) 0) ]™ TTS wxo | ina from | in | ine | im [4% | 48 | 8) wo | injoar [ste |e | sane | mma] 69 fs see | re [ae | ae [| Taam | saz furs [aes | ase [on | as sarxare | sae 88/96 | zs) ae | 39 | ag |e | tsa no ran [an | aos | 40 | 138 | 108 | 6 sear | Sows) | 422 230 | 201 | ive | 00 | 30 | ao | asrxaarar| "Ota | 700 | 200 | tz / ee | 140 | 02 | 76 et) 922 20 | oor) ae | | | 2 1245(9 | a9 | 257 | 528 | 0s | at | at | 90 ean | mba ras ae ame ae Para. [soca [ae [aso [ase [ee [a0 | oe | a7 ‘ane” |rsae [ase | ait | 290 | a2 | 28 | 55 346,10) 1036 |207 | 545 | 498 | 148 | 1.08 | 99 Table 5.18 V-RIBBED SOFFIT LOADS IN KIPS PER 4 Table 5.19 (ties ° ap TOTAL LOADER. AGO PF. VANOUR aN ; - 2 ra Woes eakcne romans son Pave oes 2 Pan WioTw, INowrs o LE ae alte foe a fF = 20900 981 KY 4 wo [as ao 78 90105129 7 iis SPAN ae" | 508 675844 1.013 1.182 1.35 >| nom | ne | [aor ser sur eer 90" ee Tor Ter bo fae 7s awe 128 1318 189 19525 jos 1208 ate 188 675 90 3175 195 1575 180 731975 1210 1463 1707 195 788 105 1319 1875 1898 210 ts 1125 1407 498 1.969 225 90120 180 180 210 240 -osean) 7 | 30 | 08 a florarta) 68 | 5 [137 108 sowoiia] 3 | 40 [169 145 131 raasiio|tz2 | ee [214 399 4711558 142 Sz} rossi fas | as [200 25s 229 208 19117814 e_[ssesno)fe77 [is [are 902296 272 249 250 24 190‘SOFFITS WITH SUPPORTING MEMBERS EXPOSED ENGINEERING DATA Table 5.20 Table 5.24 sheet not incued ots 1046 12 ga) oe Peso pt F = 22.000 psi (A30) ANotr | s8eTION SPAN ro SPAN Sedat [Ame | ake [8 [eer 40” 50" se eo: ce | Se | t awe) 1 |S Lege ges sur ser 60° 66" ve] 705 | 200 | 20a) eo a7 3 fave [718 [272 [190 | 70 sear exsate| ie | O13 | 285 | 300] so eae nea fs |'900 | 8 | 207 | 91 4 0 vrupeas76| 85] 571] 420] 100 19 er eve | 8 | 8 | 00 [130 bare ve [ros | a%2 | aae|tsy rs fave | ane | 547 | 309 © 78 a oe ae} tos aos | 700] a7 ae a pee] avexa a He 10 ae ana | im |r2ss $90 $81 199 1312 95 fe ea re eer) 56 | 1509 205 468 130 137 100 lsr6 7 118 10898 6 | 1259 303 248 209 470 145 “ie or tee iat 18 asaxcasna| ve | 1500 2s 277 220 192 186 | 9*8 Jane or 190 173 138 56 | 1810 50 908 252 212 481 38 ea 222 204 179 Table 5.22 Table 5.23, _ fp masen soe Sie sro nee Sgn SENS snc ancaes Tip {048 (1298) shoot Fao st F = 22000981020) THe sEoTION SPAN Tre ‘SPAN ek oe a raze a |28 | 925 [352 |<20 [109 er as oe vaexsaa [219] 988 [105 |-s50 [a0 20a v2 Pu | 100 | 420 | soo [ts ov 74st reuse Te | se | 2m [m2 | Ao 0 fine] 1.00 [577 | soo [rss 122 09 22a swt [105 | 70 | 280 | a5 78 a4 toente Pe [23 | ost |'700 [175 136 412 92 78 ext (sive | 128 | 40 | 310 |r14 a9 70 wa [13 [963 [955 | 208 105 tar 1.16 98 1m [iz0 | 220 | «10 in 2 2x2 _|sio| 100 | 00 |'s00 | 220 tat 149 128 107 | 20mxaae |sv6 120 | a00 | 500 147 125 108 a | x67 [190 [rss | 341 290 240 200 172 ae far {100 | soo 172 142 190 108 aarxzia|sie| 199 |ia9 ]425| 370 das 268 225 tae [y,, fee [a9 | v6 [a0 197 481 488 ‘ye | 226 |20e [139 | Sou 388 200 aae zor as |2ar | 18 |e 229 210 183 ana [816] 239 [314 [165] 402 «a <0 009 349 x3 |'se| 206 [337 [17 | 525 472 420 300 302 Table 5.24 Table 5.25 seo cocqancon iy ot she ot cea Tih Thies a ore F = 24,000 pi 496) F = 22000 psi ase) wEAM ‘SPAN CHANNEL sPAW sce WU TAweT 1) Sle 6or oor ro: rer er | sie [ME [Am®] 1S lee: oor oo: ror ve" oot we 87 [usr [282 fuse [ase So: ase an v0 1a 41] at [x68 [130 [258 180 460 448 tar a 1 |221 |20s [105 lave a0 296 257 22 197 | ca | 0] tar [tas |s24 |200 a21 18 tee tay 126 ge 27] 228 [608 [ace Joes 725 610 509 468 408 60] 17 |2or {130 210 182 158199 as |270 Jaze [30 [ass aro eo ses si0 ass | 2, | safssp [ans [199 ‘392 336 204 258 - 725 |2%3 [so [229 457 405 351 303, 56ENGINEERING DATA Table 5.26 LOAD AND DEFLECTION TABLES FOR STEEL STRINGERS, RISERS AND SUBTREADS 40" DEPTH SECTIONS FIBER STRE 0. PSI [FIBER STRESS = 22,000 7265 Gr; AS7O Gr9; ABT GrO (Fy = 29K) “AB6 Fy = 6 Ka) Sanat ee eee le ne me me he ee rs t + to oot oo tot HOH cio wei + Weigh, b poh | 28] GS | T0e] 2B] wos] iss | wae [ize | 230 es | 130 Mob icinse in. [1875 | 25 | ates | avs | tars | aes ‘2 fewcaince’” |'1a3 | 28 | 213 | a75 | 23 | azr | az0 | 44 | 900 11 | 992 ne tes | 208 | an0e |ot2s | 264 | aar | avy | are | 832 ax | aa 32 | axe | °521 |°625 | 763 | ora | se | ose | wre6 aa | See PER | TOTAL ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOAD IN Kips | TEFL | TOTAL AUOW/ o7 | 69] 93 | 116] 138 | 116] 191] 167 | 212 | 393 oe | ios | 215 to | 80] ta | ‘oa| 119 | ‘a9] tea] v4 | te2| a7 | as | ‘92 | toa is | 62] 63) sr] toe | ar] 3] t28| se] 205 | as | 2s | te e |r | as] oz) zr] 93] zz] ser] na] ua] 262 | 40 | 72 | ro w | | 42| $6 | 69] 83| 69] 15] wo| v7 | 6 | 2s | 65 | 2 mw | | 33] 83| 63] 93 | 63] toa] ‘| 16 | 24 | ae | 50 fitz 2 | % | 25| 45| sa| 7o| sa] o5| e4| wo] 7 | 9 | 54 | s07 | 3% | 32| 43 | 33] ea] sa] sel 77] ‘sa | ier | 3 | so | ‘oo w | | 35] 23) So] 85 | 80] 82) 72| 95) wa |_as | 43 | oe | a7 | 28| o7| 46] se] ae] 7e| 07] as| 157 [sr | 4a | 6 te | 3 | 25| 35 | 43| 82] 45] fa] 63] ral ir | ge | 40 | oh aw 60, 24] 33 44 49 | 44 67 59 75 | 139 88 38 78 w | o | 23| 33 | 39] 48] 39] sa] ss] 74] 3: | a | a6 | 72 ao | % | 22) 23] a7| 42] ar| eo] sa] sr] ae | & | S|) 88 z_| ms | os | 23 | o5| 42] a5| 57] s0| oa] ie | or | 32 | ba T 325 ai2 | 862 | 80 axz | as se ON 1878 13 | “25 | see 8 | ao ravings K 378 u| a| to a | ae coor" srs as | 35 | 4 as | 328 * 26 ‘|_| 139 s90_| 137 SYMBOIS FOR CHANNEL DIMENSIONS | LOADS IN KIPS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR SHEET STEEL RISERS : ae . ah v4 1| —centerot | |r e ra | | i ky Ne K + i ¥ rh | COENERAL NOTES SECTION LOADS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR VARIOUS SPANS Allowable loads and detections listed in na ee tables are based on fiber stresses at column | Thekness, in (gs) | _1__|_S__| 94” _44°_s6”_66°_78”_68°_100) {abies aro based on Hber strongest cowuny [0688 (8) | 901 | 098 [37 29251918 1413, tmembors. Stringers are considered to be | _ora7() | a7 | 100_| 46 96 28 242018 18 laterally braced by attached treads and |" yo46 (12) | 605 | 144 | 65 50 39 3328 25 22 For stresses other than those listed, loads |__™45(00)_| a1 | 120 | 80 62 48 41 _35 31 _27_| willbe proportionately sma of larger. Deflection, 3 inches | 021 006058 et 119149166 Loads below heavy lines will cause deflec- load (W) In kips and deflection (a) in inches for sheet steel risers tions exceeding 1/360 of span. Deflections laterally by bolted connections. Minimum bolt size {orloads lees than those istedwil be propor. | ig ia maximum spacing 1%, allowable fiber stess Used in calvltions 18000 ps Tionatly foes aoe evamplo a ower nano | \teloni rensrerae set neues {acing peoe Wight of material isnot included + wnen,A98 plate or ASTO Gr 36 is used, tabular values may be increased by 10% 6 ‘For ABOO GF, Fy" 48Ks! and tabula values may bo Increased By 40% 40ENGINEERING DATA ice Stinger 42" DEPTH SECTIONS PSI FIBER STRESS_= 20,000 PSI" FIBER STRESS = 22,000 PSI 236 RBS GID;ABTO GrS5; AGTH GrC Fy "836 (Fy = 36 ka) ea Me he ak yw Mae [] i i a a oo Hoord ; ea “ + ” iss | 8 7a [72 | EPID | oss i708 | we2 | w09 Toe] 212 | mor | aa 240 ters | ‘25 |.s125 | S75 | 175 | ‘ers 30 282 a9 | 08 225 | 30 [ars | “4s | 200 |'502.| 595 | soo 310 | 620 | &09 | 1218 Gra | 1348 270 | 260 | a0 | s40 | ze | 720 | gaa |r650 354 | 108 | 20 | “ase | s3s_| “aro 43 [eo | “75 | “a0 | “75 | tao [1579 | "203 as | 124s | 215 | So toapin xins [PEF TOTAL ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOAD IN Kips BEF | TOTAL UNIFORM LOAD IN Kips BO] Bo [06 [too [ras | ver [mo | ws |e] we] ae | or | 8] a2 [eee [to za | sso | os | ‘as [115 | 143 | 172 | 193 | 222 | 262 | 525 | ‘oo | toa| a6 | a0 | ‘soo 2a | age | 1 | 75 too | 128 | 150 | 17 | toa | 220 | 250 | (42 | tea] aoe | ose | ras zo | so |. | 07 | ae | tJ 133 | 104 | 72] 204 | «oa | a5 | 150| 200 | 250 | 700 we | 998 | 7 | 60 | 60 | too | zo | ‘3 | ies | ies | ser | to | t25| 220 | s13 | eso wo | 50 | 21 | 55 | 73 | ‘er [ros | as | ui] tor | aes | 2s | taa| dee | dar | sre ws | 0 | 25 | so | 67 | ss |100| 79] 20] 153} a08 | 27 | 119| 228 | 269 | see 12 | 904 | 30 | de | ez | 57/82 | 72] ite| iar | 202 | 3 | toe! zoe | aes | Soe wa | 22 | 4 | 43 | 57 | 71) ae | or | ii) toa | 262 | Sr | ‘o7) jee | Zs | Seo 2 | 24] 29 | 40 | 53 | 67 | 80] 82| 103] 12 | 25 | 42 | 90) 190 | 210 | «ao wa | ee |e | 3a | 80 | 63] 75 | $3 | ‘87/15 | 20 | fo | 88) tro | ior | So 6 | m2 | 0 | 35 | 47 | se] ro] ss | at | ios | 26 | is | so| 10 | ies | aro uo | z0 | | 32 | 42 | se] 67] 52} a6| 12 | 204 |e | 78] 10] 175 | a0 tos | 208 | ice | az | 41 | 83 | 6a | es | a2 | ‘o? | ios | te | P1| 142 | toe | ase 0 | 1s [ee [30 [40 [so] 60] «7 | 77] sz] rea | 7o | ca| 136 | 150 | 316 30] 60 Tis 706s | 875 toss | 78s | 975 | 975 aa | a 76 23 | “5 | "25 | 80 | fo to | io 315 é | 12 | 9 | viz | 12 be |e ‘ars 25 | "38 25| 25 | “ap | 38 ssa_| 205 2 a3 | 150 08 | 150 | 668 | 30 {ONDE an Beowe on i se eae -sUIMEADE DETERMINING DEFLECTION UNDER LIGHTER LOADS i fh" > ‘Span in feet given in the table is the horizontal distance between supports. sori0n LOADS AND DEFLECTIONS FOR VARIOUS SPANS. ‘Thicknessiin(ga)] 1 | 8 | 34° aa” 66" 66" 76" 9B" 100" osa8(t6) | 107 | 160| 68 52 41 38 30 26 29 ora7(t) [142 [213] 90 70 55 46 39 35 34 1046 (12) | 797 [297] 126 97 76 65 55 49 49 1348 (10) | 249] 374| 158 122 96 a2 69 61 54 Deflection, a Inches (O11 018 030 083 059 075 097 ‘Total allowable uniform ioads (W) in kips and deflection (4) in inches for sheet steel risers with subtread andconcretefillwithaut metal mesh relntore- Ing. Rlser supported laterally by bolted connections or welding (eae page 5:19). Minimum bolt size is 1/4", maximum spacing 18". Design fiber stress 18,000 psi. Weight of material is not included. METHOD OF DETERMINING DEFLECTION: ‘Assume stair 40" wide, with a 100" span of twelve 10° treads. Live load 100 pst, dead load 50 pst. Total load 450 x 4 x 10 = 6,000 Ib, Load on one stringer =1/2 ot £6,000 o 3,000 tb. From table, MCI0 x_8.4, 10" span, has allowable load of 8.4 kips and a deflection of 0.23 inches, 2.000 (actual load) 9,400 (allowable load) Concentrated loads such as header reactions will in crease deflections. See Design Examples for deflection ealculations Detection = x28" = 074" “= with properly designed continuous welds on both top and bottom flanges, tabular values may be increased by 10% 5-11ENGINEERING DATA HANGER SUPPORTS at ral” © Steve anole PLAN AA ? Platform ? Piatto f | Bracket angio ve Stringer Sloove angio — i] ! Hi Wa CO TYPEA TYPE B TYPEC Bracket angle welded to stringer, Bracket angle weldedto stringer, hangerrod Sleeve angle welded to stringer exten- hanger rod bent over and welded to bent over and welded to floor beam. sion, hanger rod carried by angle bolted ‘op flange of floor beam. 10 top flange of floor beam, NOTE: To connect angle to stringer use S/16" wolall around, Check shearinstringec Te reduced or 39% impact. basacon A steel. Hangerrodo Table 5.27 Table 5.28 Table 5.29 {TYPES A bb — MAXIMUM LOAD ON BRACKET ANGLE (Kips) (MAX HANGER ROD LOADS TYPE G — ANGLE SES DIMENSION 8, INCHES OD | TENSION |sHeAR | | ROD angue size | ———__* ar BR) ance size 2 [awe| s [sal « [evel s [sial 6 pian, | ins) | eo) x x38 [109] 109 [r09 [ase [ass [74s [671 [a0 [500 a ET ED ia TERT ae | «a7 | 209 Ber [ara x 112" x 916 a x12 [145 [145 [145 | 124 [108 | 004 [60 [799 [7.29 ae ee fap aa fara aT “CAUTION: To avold cracking, hangar rods shouldbe heated botore band - ar eta ing. racket angle shouldbe places opposite a member which wil ro: me | 065 | 570 mer | Pr ce vide reslatancoto twisting caused by eccontie loading cae IETS To 5-12ENGINEERING DATA ‘STRUT SUPPORTS SS ator nsder mmmapay I ationn nese vailsinoer Wall stringer Platform header ~sf PLAN A, PLAN. PLANA PLAN (Pion A turned (Pion A turned 90°) ° ? =9_, Pratt wan -y"hneo siteger YI Pratirm header ' : fu wait stform header / ae srt 4 Angle st Ore q Ban plats a aa 1 ELEVATION ELEVATION ELEVATION ELEVATION anor patom: stinger rer Sancts ine roment aoe sins | [al ! Sion PLAN PLAND LAN PND TYPE A TYPE B Platform header supported by angle strut in wall. Wall stringer caries platform header and is supported by angle strut in wal Table 5.30 Table 5.34 lncns.s| sours | ‘nexcron MAXIMUM COLUMN LOAD IN KIPS ON A36 STEEL ANGLE STRUTS r i |) | ———___ » a mG EIGHT N FEET oe ‘Size a f[alsj[¢[s[/é[7rlel[e|w[n[2[s . im Fernie [erp or [ee aa | sepa oe Tiaras ie wT [ise] [sa [ ne] 8z| CO] AE] —| Consens abe ans 30K ewe | we [at eas [ero 5 1 Freeene | so [7 300 | 79 vreau —| ser [ait wo] nase —T eeensie Ter [za TEE Tae ae] we eee eane | Tee | 268 ssa [rae]ENGINEERING DATA 7-H Table 8.33 er ee STEEL 7 die |e. oaatieas et Table 5.32 I. MISCELLANEOUS ‘STEEL re a aab. CHANNELS ANT ri AMERICAN STANDARD ats ii owsenin : meh : owse crx | aa wl La ne |g A leas 3B, (3 kilt x8 ewes” ous bse 7 20 sae Ms fhe hia SHB iS ET ic ate aay | ae fel Jaa lay eae | eee (ine eon |e eR wea | az | ea fa [aus la fase] | ae |e a, 18 fe jc oczee| ov | eon for [x | sam [aw fous | | xe | we wis [38 E/E vat | a | lose fe | la Jags | | [at coe. |aee ele jc onze | sm | et low] fe soe [2 fous | | exe | @s hy |i eft | | 86 fess] ame [3 fo] | as [an ean re [a rele jac ox'es| 230 | 0 forex fume [ra feat fac | aa | ere [um tle iat | aR | (oan |y fe [ae [og fags | 8 [as = is |e 153 00 [0.379 3500 Jay | 0905/5 | 254 | B47 Tobi 5.34 ALUMINUM CHANNELS AMERICAN STANDARD . ‘nes ad secon propre lste ae based o rin! den ea fine ht pr Sr beesaaetnan anna carer ee ae ie = oy ane |e [| = [nga | ws | wg | ae i]s i ra = | = ‘ sat | co || ag || oa Er] ‘ acme | | is ee 7 Faecal a 5 ae | ie |e Po 6 24a | oa | iss2 | ast — $ ge] ose last | a i ; ao | Ss | ee ae i ee ee | cdEXAMPLE 4 — DESIGN OF STAIR FRAMING Stair with one landing, supported at four points by hangers or struts. Problem: Design framing members for stairs shown at right, using A36 steel, F = 22 ksi Stringers are to be plate Headers are to be channel sections, LL = 100 pst; DL = 50 psf Total load = 150 psf = .15 kst Solution: 4) Face stringers: (see NOTE below) w 4 ead length ksf 18 x 4/2 x 11 = 3.3K From Table 5.28 on page 5-10, select 3/16" x 10" plate (Ww R= W2 = 3312 = 185k Deflection ok, as selection is above heavy line on table. ) Wall stringers: Span and load same as that of face stringers, Use 3/16” x 10” plate” =i. ie A= 165k 14s | 45 Flight header: att Platform width i | 2 a 45 x 512 = 375 Kitt To simplify calculations, on safe side, face stringer reactions are assumed to be combined as single load, P, at center. P= 2x 165 = 33k 38k) kst wet | PL _ 378 x & we SKS a 4 8 uw 33x 9 38 + 74 = 112kipft OM _ 1x 112 F 22 Sra Ain? From Table 5.2 on page 5-14, select 08 x 115;S = 8.14; Limit detlection to L/360. Formula 15 on page 54. T= .02288(1.6 P + W) Lt 02288(1.6 x 3.3 + 375 x 9)9° 1Bin* (<32.6) OK 8 allowable A 2 9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Wall hinger > Flight header Platform header WP _ 37 x9+93 R 334k 2 2 Platform header: W = ket x Platform width = 15 x 25x 9 = 3375 k M=WLB 0 3.75 x 918 3.80 kipett S = 12MIF © = 12 x 3.80/22 2.07 int ‘As 5” depth is the minimum practical size of channel to be used, from Table 5.32 on page 54, select 05 x 6:7; $ = 3,00 in%; I = 7.49 int Check deflection: 4 = 000763 WL 1000763 x 3.375 x 917.49 ® "9x12 30 in. OK R= Wi2 = 3.3752 = 169k Support at points A: Load = Rot platform header = 1.69 k Select support member from Tables 5.28 and 5.31 on pages 5-12 and 5.13: Use either a 1/2" ® rod as a hanger, or a 2-1/2" x 24/2" x 116" angle as a strut (not more than 8! In height) Support at points Load = A of flight header + A of wall stringer 3.34 + 1.85 = 4.99 k Select support member from Tables 5.28 and 5.31 on pages 5-12 and 5-13: Use either 3/4” hangerrod,ora3" x 3” x 114" angle strut (not more than 9 in height) * Since calculated bending stress is less than 20 ksi and thickness Is 9/18, A570 Gr33 or ABI1 Gr may be Used instead of A36, NOTE: this tye of amin, wn ‘singer forsake of appearance, See tne folowing examples, leasing on face and wall stringers i th i wall Stinger sheave requting higher S value, te section selected fort shoud aoa ba used ft ace same, the fac ringer sation is determined by loading 5-15STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 2 — DESIGN OF STAIR FRAMING Stair with one landing, supported at two cor- ners “A” by hangers or struts, Problem: Design framing members for stairs shown at right, Using A36 steel. F = 22 ksi All members to be channel sections LL = 100 pst; DL = 50 pst, Total load = 150 psf = 15 kst Solution: a) Face stringers: 4 Mead length W = kst L 15 x AID x 11 = 39k ‘As the wall stringers carry greater loads, and for practical reasons the two stringers should be of the same size, the section selected later for the wall stringer will be used also for the face stringer. A= W2 = 33/2 = 165k ») Flight header: Select 68x 11.5. See Example 1, part (c), page 6-15. ©) Platform header: Select C5 x8.7. See Example 1, part (d), page 5-16. 4) Wall stringers: w= kot x toad width = 18 x 42 = 3kift P = Rof flight header = 334k Mw x 1172 + 1P ~ L me tw x (6 + 11/2) + 5P 16 _ 11x 3x 105 +5 x 934 ~ 6 x = distance to zero shear and maximum moment 321k =|P 32 2107" 3 5-16 Wall Stringer ) Flight header. wall Singer 10 Fux — (wxx/2 21 x 107 = (8 x 107) 10.712 94.2 — 174 = 174 kiptt Seq = 2M 2 2X ITA gigs F 2 From Table 6.93 on page 14, select MC12 x 10.6; $ = 9.23; = 55.4 Check deflection: (Formula 11 on page 5-4) ‘The approximate deflection at the center can be found by assuming that the total load acts, a8 a uniformly distributed load over total length of span. ‘Avaseron) =.000763 (W + PILIT = .000763 (3 x 11 + 3.34 2 554 = 87" ok 16 x 12 allowable = 53" ©) Support at end of wall stringer: Load = A of wall stringer + A of platform header 343 + 1.69 = 5.12k Select support members from Tables 5.28 and 5.31 on pages 5-12 and 513: Use a 3/4” rod as a hanger, or a3* x 3" x 1/4" angle as a strut (not more than 9'in height)STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 3 — DESIGN OF STAIR FRAMING Stair with two landings, supported at four comers by hangers or struts Problem: Design framing members for stairs shown at right, using A36 steel. F = 22 ksi All members to be channel sections L = 100 pst; DL = 50 pst; Total load = 150 psf = .15 ks Solution: a) Face stringers: ‘See Example 2, part (a), page 5:16. ») Flight header: Select C8x 11.5. See Example 1, part (c), page 5-5. ©) Platform header: Select 56.7. See Example 1, part (d), page 5-15. 4) Wall stringers: tread width x Mead width w = ket 1 x4 = wit P= Rot tight header atk rer 2 = SAM 2% 84 | 5094 z x = dlstance to 2e70 shear and maximum oman mb 08 A033 ey AYB+x) — Px — (wrx 499 x 105 ~ 894 x 55 - 3x 55 x 275 = 295 kiptt u 12M _ 12 x 205 F 2 = 16.1 in Flight heede 20 waren T | ai a From Table 5:32 on page 5-14, select 012 x 207;8 = 215;/ = 1290 ‘Check detlection: (Formula 11 on page 5-4) The approximate deflection at the center can bbe found by assuming that the total load acts as a uniformly distributed load over total length of span. ‘Aaporox) =.000763 (W + 2PIL*T on 000763 (3 x 11+ 2 x 3.94) 129.0 = 58" ok allowable 4 = 21 x 12/360 = .70" ©) Support at end of stringer: Load = fof wall stringer + A of platform he 490 + 1.69 = 668k Select support members from tables on pages 5412 and 5:13, Use a 7/8" rod as a hanger, ora3* x 3” x 1/4" ‘angle as a strut (not more than 8 in height) 5-17STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 4 — DESIGN OF CONNECTION OF HEADER TO STRINGER Problem: To determine the load carrying capacity of various types of header-to-stringer connections, using a 24/2" x 2112" x 3/16" angle with different sizes of bolts and welds, ‘a)_ when connection angle is welded to stringer and bolted to header, b) when connection angle is welded to header and bolted to stringer. Use A36 steal for all members, A907 bolts and £60 welding electrodes. Solution: CASE A — Connection angle welded to stringer, bolted to header. Eccentric load moment taken by bolts, ‘Singer g Substituting for V the following bolt shear values, the allowable reactions are computed for various values of s as shown in the table below. Bolt shear values: 1/2" — 1.96 kips 518% — 3.07 kips 314" — 4.42 kips Allowable Reactions (kips) ‘spacing (s) of bolts Bolt av a a 2-1 “27K 29K 30K 2-518" = 42K = 4.8K 48K 2-3" 61K 68K 70K Assuming 3/16" weld, minimum weld strength per Inch of weld = 18 (3/16 x .707) = 2.4 klin Using two 3/16” x 1-1/2" welds, weld strength = 2.4 x 1-1/2 x 2 2k 5-18 CASE B — Connection angle welded to header, bolted to stringer. Eccentric load moment taken by welds. Solution: Stinger anes x sae! ‘woide aT ven afos+[%] , o sa25 2+ 18 Assuming a 3/16” weld, minimum length of 1-172", with shear value (V) of 1.5 x 2.4, or 3.6k, and substi: tuting this value and various’ angle ‘lengths (), allowable reactions are computed as follows: Angle length, ant 5 Maximum R of welds: 652k (6.48K Maximum Vof bolts: 392k 614k Bk Bolt sizes, 2per joint: 12" SB IA" Allowable reaction: 382k 614k BAK “Value for two 3/18" x 1-1/2" welds. To provide weld strength equal to that of bolts, increase weld lengths, 884 64a Use two 3/16" x 2-1/8" welds along top and bottom of the 5” angle. Weld length required x 15 = 2.05"EXAMPLE Problem: Sol STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5 — DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTION OF PAN TREAD-RISER TO STRINGER Determine the carrying capacity of two welds connect. ing the riser directly to the stringer, without the use of cartier angles or bars. Pan tread-riser is 0747" (14 ga) steel Tread dimensions — 4’ length, 10” width Total load on tread Is 160 psf. Assume all shear to be carried by two 11/2" welds located on the riser. Shear stress in riser steel governs, Shear area (each weld), A, = fof steel x length of weld OAT x 15 = 112 ine AF, x 2A, 4x 33x 2% 12 = 295k Won tread = ksf x tread width x tread length 1 x 10/12 x 4 = 5k = Wa = 25k Voror Because capacity of the two welds (2.95 k) far _ stringer) and at 15" spacing along the length of ‘exceeds the end reaction (25 k), two welds the tread (to nosing). 118" x 1-112" (@ 1.8klin) are adequate. To en- _In actual testing, such welds carried a load of sure structural integrity, 3/4” welds should 15 tons on a tread 42° x 10.9". When pan also be placed at midwidth of tread ends (to failure occurred, the welds remained intact. EXAMPLE Problem: Solution: Platform Support. Load 6 — CHECK BENDING STRENGTH OF PLATFORM SHEET AT END SUPPORT Determine the need for mechanical connection between platform supports (welded to the under side of platform sheet) and the member carrying the platform. Platform span is 6'0", and the total load cartied is 140 pst. ‘Subplatform sheet Is .1046" (12 ga) steel, 20,000 ps From Table 5.5, supports on 15” centers The bending moment in a 12" length of the subplatform sheet will be calculated, and the required $ will be com- pared with the S provided . : waded fix pat x AHO PAY 49 x 8 = 01 secon, M = AX moment arm = 420 x 1 = 420 Ibn, Sioa = M2 420. atin F 20,000 Swror = 0218 in? (Table 5.6) Gonelusion: Connection of the platform sup- heavier loads or longer spans a thicker plate or port by mechanical means tothe member carry. _ standard connection angles would be required. Ing the platform is not required in this case. For 140 x 15/12x6 = 1,050 Ib = 105 k From Table 6.21 on page 5-9, select (3x3 3/16 5-19STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 7 — DESIGN OF STAIR FRAMING. header Stalr with two landings, supported at four corners, Problem: Design framing members’ for stairs and platforms — shown at right, using 6061-Té aluminum (For treads, use 6061-4), bol : All members to be channel sections. i Lin t0O pa DL = Spot Toa eed = 69st = 105tat | aw) t “ae n Ti oH Solution: a) Face stringers: W = 105 x 4/2 x 11 M = WI2 = 29/2 = 115k Use wall stringer section for face stringer. b) Flight header: Use platform support reactions from (Q}; or assume uniformly distributed loading. Both face stringer reactions considered to be single load at mid-span. ‘M = 2.09 x 45 — 47 x 27 - 47x 7.71 kip-ft 18] 18 jis 18 F = 16 ksi ———— Find required to satisfy deflection using Formula 16, page 6-4. Consider platform support load uniformly ak 2x115=23 distributed. I> = 0675 (16 x 23 + 4 x 47/9" > = 9044 int Use Table 5.34 on page 5-14 Select C8 x 4.25; S = 8.46 int; J = 3385 int a at a7 aT ©) Platform header: M = 94 x 36 ~ 47 x 18 = 2.54 kip-st = 905 kipin Sveq = 905/16 = 1.90 in 9 4 To limit deflection to L/960 using Formula 16 assum- ing uniform load: I> = .0675(4 x .47)9 = 10.3 int Select C8 x 2.83; $ = 437 in’; [= 13.12 in* Wall Stringer: M = 37 x 105 ~ 6 x .09)8 ~ 209 x 55 ~ S542 20.3 kip. Sra = 203 x 12/16 = 16.2 in? mt iki salar Assuming all load to be uniformly distributed: [> = 0675 x 74 x 21% = 2203 int x limits deflection to L/360 Select C15 x 1171 For less stringent detlection limitation: Solect C10 x 6.91; S = 16.79; [ = 78.95 Int 00225 x 7.4 x 21°/ 78.95 1.95 in = L129 50° 37 d 2.08 209STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 7 — (cont) @) Stair treads: w = 105 x 10/12 = 87 pif WLIB= 87 x 47/8 = 174 Ib-ft 300 Ib PL/4 = 300 x 4/4 = 300 Ib-tt (controls) 'S = 300 x 12/ 10,000 = .26 in? From Table 5.13 on page 57: 114" Plate Tread ; S$ = .386 in’; I = .586 int ‘= .0036PL"/1 (Formula 9 on page 5-4) = 0098 x 3 x 4°/.586 = .12" L/980 = 4 x 12/360 = .13" OK f) Platform plate: a With 4 support channels, plate span = 18° as Investigate 12" width section as simple beam § (Conservative since plate Is continuous over channels) M = 105 x 1.8/8 = 425 Ibtt M = 300 x 18/4 = 135 bit S = 195 x 12/ 16,000 = 1012 in? > = .01875(105 x 1.8) 18" = .0115 int From Table 5.8 on page 5-5: 114" Plate; $ = 125 in’; / = .01663 int Platform supports: Span = 5 ft. W = 105 x 18x 6 = 04k; R= W2 = 47k M = 94 x 8/8 = 59kipft S = 59x 12/16 = 44 in? I> = 0875 x 94 x 5* = 1.59 int From Table 5.34 on page 5-14 Select C3 x 1.42; S = 140 Int; I= 66 Int 9) 5-21STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 7 —DESIGN OF SHIP'S LADDI Ship's ladders are set at angles which may vary between 50° and 75° from the horizontal Problem: Design stringers and treads for ship's ladder making @ 60° angle with the horizontal to support a minimum tread load of 100 psf or a single load of 500 Ib. Use 6081-76 for stringers. ° Use 6061.74 for treads. 1 a L= Hisin Solution: a) Treads: ‘Tread width = 6"; tread span = 3' = 36" w = 800/3 = 167 pif From Table 5.4 on page 55, select channel channel 6 x 1-1/2 x 3/6 (164 pif) b) Stringors: Minimum dept Tread width x sin & 6 x sin 60° 5.2" Stringer load, W = number of treads x tread reaction = 13 x 100 x 6/12 x 312 W = 975 Ibs P = 500 Ibs Resolve vertical load into beam and column loads: C, =P x sin® = 500 x sin 60° = 493 Ibs P B, = PX cos® = 500 x cos 60" = 250 Ibs ©, = Wx sin® = 975 x sin 60° = 844 Ibs B, = Wx cos® = 975 x cos 60° = 488 Ibs Boe Bending due to P, M, = B, x L/4 = 250 x 13.86/4 = 866 Ib-t ° Bending due to W, Mz = By x L/8 = 488 x 13.86/8 = 845 Ib-ft Try C6 x 2.33; A = 2.4 int; S, = 497 In? = 2.34In fy = M/S, = 866 x 12/47 = 2.378 psi F, = 11,000 psi (reduced for welded connections) & ©\/A = 433/24 = 180 psi 13.86 x 12/2.94 = 71 Lr = > 65, F, = 51 x 10°/(Lin}? = 10,117 psi fulFa + fylFy = A80/10.12 + 2.4/11 = 24 < 10 fy = Mp/S, = 2,320 psi f = G,/A = 352 pal WIFa + tlFo Use 06 x 2.33 5-22STRUCTURAL DESIGN DESIGN OF RAILINGS Due to the greater consciousness of safety require: ments and the increasing provision in many codes of load limits on railings, architects and engineers require detailed information concerning their loading criteria and structural design. They may be designed either to meet a particular building code regulation or to meet the requirements of a specific installation. In the structural design of a railing it Is essential to know: 1. The structural loading criteria as established by governing regulations; 2, The mechanical properties and allowable design stresses of handrall metals; 3, The properties of the sections to be used; 4. Formulas for engineering design in terms of loading, stress and deflection relationships, and 5. Proper method of attachment and soundness of supporting structure. Each of these considerations will be discussed In some detail in the following paragraphs. ‘Structural Loading Criteria In Its Voluntary Minimum Standards for Fixed Metal Stairs NAAMM recommends that railings and handrails be capable of withstanding a minimum force of 200 pounds applied in any direction at any point on the top rail. This recommendation is based on a requirement originally established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor. Other codes, including the Life Safety Code of NFPA have adopted this requirement. Some bullding codes may exceed this requirement. When such is the case the governing code will take precedence. Uniform load requirements for railings may also be found in some codes. These may call for resistance to a uniform horizontal and vertical load of from 20 pounds to 50 pounds per lineal foot. In some Instances the re- Quirement is that the horizontal and vertical loads be acting simultaneously. A few codes specify a vertical loading of 100 pounds per lineal foot. For guard rails there is an NFPA Life Safety Code re- guirement that intermediate rails, balusters, and panel fillers be designed to resist a uniform load of not less than 25 pounds per square foot of the gross area of the ‘guard of which they are a part. This load, however, need Not be additive to the uniform horizontal ioad on the rail ing, mentioned in the preceding paragraph, in designing the main supporting members of the guard. Codes do not impose a limitation on the amount of deflection which may be allowed. However, deflection under loading is an important consideration in estab- lishing a psychological sense of structural integrity. Mechanical Properties of Metals Mechanical properties of the metals and alloys used in ings, as established by their producers, are listed on page 5: scause the nonferrous metals are highly ducti ield strengths are defined by the maximum unit stress developed in producing a specified permanent set. The ‘magnitude of permanent set specified varies from 0.1% to 0.5% of the gage length of the tensile test specimen land depends on the standard adopted for each metal by the appropriate authority. Due to the uncertainties in alloy composition, most engineers prefer to use gua: ranteed minimum’ yield strengths rather than typical ield strengths. AA factor of safety must be applied, to take into account uncertainties in loading, methods of calculating stresses, and the variable ‘properties of materials. For structural metals in buildings, a factor of 1.65 applied to ‘minimum yield strength of 1.95 applied to ultimate strongth Is generally accepted as a minimum. In the fol- lowing examples allowable stresses have been calcu- lated by dividing minimum guaranteed yield strengths by 1.65. For round tube and pipe the allowable stress is increased by a shape factor. Properties of Sections Properties of some of the sections commonly used for railing construction are contained in the tables on ages 5-29 through 5:33. Properties of other sections can be found in the catalogs of their producers and in the AISC Manual of Stee! Construction. Formulas for Engineering Design The determination of bending moments and stresses in the structural members of railings follows conventional ‘ongineering design procedures. Stresses are calculated from bending moments and section properties using the flexure formula: Mxe T M (308 footnot = —g [see footnote) Railing posts act as columns in resisting vertical loading, and as vertical cantilever beams in resisting horizontal thrust applied to the top rail. Bonding mo: ment produced by horizontal loading normally controls design, and stresses are calculated by the formula: Mo _ WA XIX MG ni 4 “for uniform loading M _ Pxh pe s for concentrated loading ‘See page 54 for explanation of symbols used 5-23STRUCTURAL DESIGN Concentrated load, P tray be applied at any pot find in any direction. ttm aac, may be a horizontally anor ve piled a These formulas apply to straightrun railings with uniform post spacing. Although lateral bracing significantly reduces bending moment in posts, the concern here is only with the basic, statically deter: minate condition. The assumption that this condition exists will provide conservative design values in all situations, Bending stresses in welded pipe railing posts are deter- mined in the same way as for mechanically connected systems. When pipe or tubing Is used, the post strength may be increased by inserting a reinforcement in the tube post. In most railings the connections between posts and rails may be assumed to be free to pivot. The distribu: tion of loads over two or more spans decreases the bending moment in rail members, and stresses for various span conditions are calculated by varying the bending moment constant K, as follows: For uniform vertical or horizontal loading: WA x. K = 8 for one or two spans SK K = 95 for three or more spans For concentrated loads applied at mid-span: ' pxl kK SxK Kk NOTE: Values of K reflect the relative maximum bend: ing moment developed under the different Joading and span conditions 4 for one span f= 5 for two or more spans Joints between posts and horizontal members in welded Tailings approach complete rigidity. Joint rigidity ‘causes bending moments to be distributed among members and often results in structures which are statically indeterminate. Because the difficulty of ac- ‘urately determining stresses in structurally indeter- minate conditions may not be justified in terms of Useful design data, many designers prefer to simplify the design process on the safe side by assuming pinned joint conditions even when joints are welded 5-24 ‘An important consideration in welded aluminum rail ings is the effect of welding heat on the structural prop: erties of aluminum. For example, extruded pipe of aluminum alloy 6063-752 has an allowable design Stress of 11,500 psi, but within 1” of a weld this allowable stress must be reduced to 8,000 psi. Since maximum bending moment In continuous horizontal members generally occurs at points of support, the teduced design stress will often control design Quality of workmanship in welded joints Is also a very important factor in determining the strength of railing installations. Careful preparation, including accurate notching and fitting of pieces to be welded, helps achieve both structural soundness and satisfactory ap- pearance. Special care should be taken to provide Sound welds where subsequent grinding will remove weld material. Thin welds can produce stress concen: trations which are subject to cracking Deflection Considerations Despite an absence of deflection criteria for handrails, deflection behavior under load should be considered by the designer. Even though installations meet strength requirements, excessive deflection under load can pro- duce a feeling of structural inadequacy on the part of those who are using the stairs and depending on the railing for their safety. Lateral deflection of posts under horizontal, perpen: dloularly applied loads are calculated by the formulas: wita xix wit 1 P for uniform load on callin Sane aT 19 span a= 2%! tor concentrated load at top of 3x EXT post Vertical deflection of horizontal railing under vertically applied loads are calculated by the formulas: 5 x wi x aL form load a= SSAEST (or uniform toa a= 2%" __ tor concentrated load at center 4X EXT of span Load Distribution ‘The formula for concentrated post loading (page 5-23) applies to stralght-run railings with uniform post spac- ing. For installations where the railing is laterally braced by a change in direction of attachment to other struc- ture, bending moment in posts may be significantly reduced. Similarly, in a railing system where balusters for posts are mounted securely into the floor or stair ‘lab, the load applied to the rail at a post is distributed to other posts on elther side of the post under stress, reducing the load applied to that post. This reduction is, dependent on the stiffness of the rall relative to the stiffness of the post and a load proportion factor which is found from the graph on page 5-25.