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    C680

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    423 views13 pages

    Astm C680

    Uploaded by

    SURULIAPPAN PREMKMAR
    C680

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13
    Designation: C680 - 08 Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs! ‘This stndard missus unde the fixed designation CSM: the number immedistely following the designation incites the year of ‘ginal adoption ot the case of eevisoe the year Flat revision. A nutber in pareitenes iain the Year of Ia reogprOval A superscript epson (c indicates av-editoral change since the lst revision or reappeoval yactice provides the algorithms and calculation for predicting the heat loss or gain and surface ‘emperatures of certain thermal insulation systems that can sitsn one dimensional, stesdy- or quasi-steady-state heat tansfer conditions in field operations, 12 This practice is based on the assumption that the thermal insulation systems can be well defined in rectangular, cylindri- ‘al or spherical coordinate systems and that the insulation systems are composed of homogeneous, uniformly dimen- Sioned materials that reduce heat flow between two different temperature conditions. 13 Qualified personnel familiar with insulation-systems sign and analysis should resolve the applicability of the nethodologies to real systems. The range and quality of the physical and thermal property data of the materials comprising the thermal insulation system limit the calculation accuracy. Persons using this practice must have a knowledge of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. 14 The computer program that can be generated from the ilgorithms and computational methodologies defined in this ractice is described in Section 7 of this practice. The computer program is intended for flat stab, pipe and hollow sphere insulation systems, 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units ure to be regarded 4 standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. L6 This standard does not purport to address all of the lofery concerns, if any, assoctated with its use. It isthe sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applica: bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ‘his practice under the jsisdision of ASTM Commitee C10 v6 Theemat Inubion sou 3s doe direst responsibilty of Subcommiiee C1630 on Thermal Meseremen. ‘Curent eon approved Aug. 1, 2008, Punished September 2008, Originally ‘gqrored in 1971. Last previous citon approved in 2008 as C680 05% DOL: MisaoNco680-08 2, Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:? C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure- ments and Thermal Transinission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Proper- ties of Pipe Insulation C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by: Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus C585 Practice for Inner and Outer Diameters of Thermal Insulation for Nominal Sizes of Pipe and Tubin C1OSS Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries C1037 Practice for Determination of Skia Contact Tem perature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Modet and Thermesthesiometer 22 Other Document NBS Circular 564 Tables of Thermodynamic and ‘Transport Properties of Air, U.S, Dept of Commerce 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac tice, refer to Terminology C168, 3.11. thermal insulation system—for this practice, a thermal insulation system is a system comprised of a single layer oF ayers of homogeneous, uniformly dimensioned material(s) ended for reduction of heat transfer between two different temperature conditions. Heat transfer in the system is steady- state. Heat flow for a flat system is normal to the flat surface, and heat flow for cylindrical and spherical systems is radial 3.2 Symbols—The following symbols are used in the devel- ‘opment of the equations for this practice. Other symbols will be introduced and defined in the detailed description of the development. 2 For referenced ASTM sted, vst the ASTM website, wow avasim. org oF contact ASTM Chsomier Service a service astm ong, For Annual Book of ASTM ‘Standards volome formation, refer othe sands Doctment Saramry page 2 the ASTM website ‘ips © ASTA Intron), 100 Bar Hutbor Dive, PO ox C700, West Canaan, A 18426209, Unde Ste 30 Aly ces0 - 08 where: A = surface transfer conductance, Bru/(h-ft?°F) (W/ (mK) fi at inside surface; fat outside surface ‘k= apparent thermal conductivity, Btwinbf2-°F) (Wi (mK)) k, = effective thermal conductivity over a prescribed tem- perature range, BwinJ(hfU-°F) (Wi(m-K)) = heat flux, Biu(ht) (Wim: time rate of heat flow per unit length of pipe. BrwAh-tt) (Win) = thermal resistance, *F-h-ft°/Btu (K-m°/W) radius, in. (Mm); Tyas — yy = thickness local temperature, “F (K) inner surface temperature of the insulation, °F (K) inner surface temperature of the system temperature of ambient fluid and surroundings, °F cK X= distance, in. (1): Xp41 — X= thickness © = effective surface emittance between outside surface and the ambient surroundings, dimensionless = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 0.1714 X 10% Bru/ (het2R4) (5.6697 * 108 Wiin?-K4)) 7, = absolute surface temperature, °R (K) F, = absolute surroundings (ambient air if assumed the same) temperature, °R (K) zi T, = (T,+T 2 1” = characteristic dimension for horizontal and vertical flat surfaces, and vertical cylinders D__ = characteristic dimension for horizontal cylinders and spheres cp = specific heat of ambient fluid, Btu/(Ib-°R) (Hkg-K)) Hi = average convection conductance, Brw/(h-ft°F) (W/ (mK) k, = thermal conductivity of ambient fuid, Beu/(h-tt-*F) (wim kK) = free stream velocity of ambient fluid, fh (ru/s) kinematic viscosity of ambient fluid, ft"™h (m/s) acceleration due to gravity, fh? (mvs?) volumetric thermal expansion coefficient of ambient fluid, °R"K) density of ambient fluid, Ibvft? (kg/m) absolute value of temperature difference between surface and ambient fluid, °R (K) ‘Nusselt number, dimensionless Rayleith aumber, dimensionless Reynolds number, dimensionless Prandtl number, dimensionless 4, Summary of Practice 4.4 The procedures used in this practice are based on standard, steady-state, one dimensional, conduction heat trans- fer theory as outlined in textbooks and handbooks, Refs (45.20,21,22,30). Heat flux solutions are derived for tempera~ ture dependent thermal conductivity in a material, Algorithms and computational methodologies for predicting heat loss or gain of single or multi-layer thermal insulation systems are provided by this practice for implementation in a computer program, In addition, interested parties can develop computer programs from the computational procedures for specific applications and for one or more of the three coordinate systems considered in Section 6, 4.1.1 The computer program combines functions of input, analysis and data output into an easy to use, interact computer program. By making the program interactive, l Gaining for operators is needed to perform accurate calet tions. 4.2 The operation of the computer program follows procedure listed below: 4.2.1 Data Input—The computer requests and the oper inputs information that describes the system and oper environment. The data includes: 4.2.1.1 Analysis identification, 4.2.1.2 Date, 4.2.1.3 Ambient temperature. 4.2.1.4 Surface transfer conductance or ambient wi speed, system surface emittance and system orientation. 4.2.1.5 System Deseription—Material and thickness each layer (define sequence from inside out). 4.2.2 Analysis—Once input data is entered, the pro} caleulutes the surface transfer conductances (if not ent directly) and layer thermal resistances. The program then this information to calculate the heat transfer and surf temperature, The program continues to repeat the analy using the previous temperature data to update the estimates layer thermal resistance until the temperatures at each suri repeat within 0,1°F between the previous and present tempec! tures at the various surface locations in the system. 4.2.3. Program Ousput—Once convergence of the tempest tures is reached, the program. prints a table that presents t¢ input data, calculated thermal resistance of the system, hea flux and the inner surface and extemal surface temperatures 5, Significance and Use 5.1 Manufacturers of therinal insulation express the peri ‘mance of their products in charts and tables showing heat gi cr loss per unit surface area or unit length of pipe. This datai presented for typical insulation thicknesses, operating tempee: tures, surface orientations (facing up, down, horizontal, veri cal), and in the case of pipes, different pipe sizes. The exterit surface temperature of the insulation is often shown to provi information on personnel protection oF surface condensation However, additional information on effects of wind velocin, jacket emittance, ambient conditions and other influent parameters may also be required to properly select an insul tion system. Due to the large number of combinations of size, temperature, humidity, thickness, jacket properties, surfs emittance, orientation, and ambient conditions, itis not pre tical {0 publish data for each possible case, Refs (31,32). 5.2. Users of thermal insulation faced with the problem o designing large thermal insulation systems encounter subst tial engineering cost to obtain the required information, This ‘cost can be substantially reduced by the use of accurse engineering data tables, or available computer analysis tools, both. The use of this practice by both manufacturers and uses ee ee ee of thermal insulation will provide standardized engineesiag| data of sufficient accuracy for predicting thermal insulatia system performance. However, itis important to note that the accuracy of results is extremely dependent on the accuracy of data the input data. Certain applications may need specifi produce meaningful results. of an- his rate OF cers ring ion tthe of fa 0 J emperatures of insulation syste ‘The range of appli fly ceao - 08 4. The use of analysis procedures deseribed in this practice 3 cpr epply wo designed o existing systems. 1p the rocky, falar coordinate system; Practice COSO can he applied to heat i cetmal to flat, horizontal of vertical surfaces for 3 SP lows normal such as boilers, furnaces, refrigerated charmer M crn ang envelopes. in tbe cylindrical coordinate 172 a ond can be apptied to radial hea flows for 27 9 Peeing circuits. Inthe spherical coordinate S96 Practice pote to radial heat low’ to oF from stored vids such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), Te Practice C680 is referenced fo use with Guide C1055 snd Practice C1057 for bum hazard evaluat for heated st acon, Infrared inspection, in-situ eat Hes measurerpents, artery ce often used in conjunction with Prac Se C680 10 wTuate insulation system performance {8 ‘durability of speraving systems. This type of ama often made prior to gyaem upgrades or replacements $3 All porous and non-porous solids oF natural or man- nade origin have temperature dependent thermal conduct vate the change in thermal conductivity With temperature is tee cent for different materials, and for operation arelatively Sie pmperature diference, an average thera) conductivity say slice. Thermal insulating materials (& < 0.85 {Burin}! inf2"F}) are porous solids where the beat transfer modes ide conduction in series. and parallel ow through the ar of solid and gascous postions, radian: heat exchatige ma A obe surfaces of the pores ot éntesicess © well a8 Peeve gon through mon-opaque surfaces, ane © © lesser wept convestion within and Between the Bosse portions wn the existence of radiation and convection modes of eat With ie he measured value should be called apPeTe thermal foniuctivity as described in, Terminology C68. The main saris for this is that the premise for pure eat conduction is 10 Trager valid, beeause the other modes of Bes transfer obey fifprem laws. Also, phase change of & $85, liquid, oF solid ieee a sol mataix or phase change Dy ome mechanisms vail provide abrupt changes im the femperavts jependence of rey conductivity, For example, the condense of the feseous porsons of thermal insulation extremely cold Srtions will have an extremely infiver effect on the spparentrhermal conductivity ofthe insulation With all of this errsidered, the use of a single value of thermal conductivity at cansidfpnctic mean emperature will provide fess accurate Mrdictions, especially when Bridging "empe ature reg Mere strong temperature dependence OCCU ee ne caleutation of surface vemperature and Heat loss oF jain of an insulated system is ‘mathematically complex, and aan vse of te iterative nature of the method somputers best veri the calculation. Computes are really available to most eoviycers and consumers of thermal insulation to permit the sse of this practice. <7 Computer programs are described in this practice as a guide for calculation of the heat loss of E07 ‘and surface ation of teperograms andthe reliability of the OMIA ‘a primary pee eh of the range and quality of (he WP data. The programe are intended for use with an interactive” terminal rere this system, intermediate output guides the user to make programming adjustments tthe saput parameters os MES SS2y Pere puter controls the terminal steractively with roBrany rescind imsructions and. questions, which prompls, Wer eet This facilitates problem solution and increases the probability of successful computer runs Soa ser of this practice Tay wish to modify the Aat inca und ropor sections of dhe computer proms PorssTeD ine tse wo ft individual needs. Also, editions calee in 8 Pree pe destred to include other data such 4 S/S lations may omic, thickness. No confict exists 31h fost costs Oc ajons as long. as the user verifies tbe mostterore rng a series of test cases that cover Re for which the using fod is 40 be used. Roc each test cae he results for TaN low and surface temperature TmuSE De ‘identical (within Deanluton of the method) 1 those obtained sing the practice described herein. serene practice has been prepared 10 provide WP and cvtput data that conforms to the system! ‘of units commonly saee by United States industry. Although ‘modification of the ‘ppuvfoutput routines could provide an St ‘equivalent ofthe heat aw results, no such “metric” equivalent is ‘available for some portions ofthis practice. To date, there is 09 accepted system of pormmensions for pipe and insulation SYST cylin- met Shapes, ‘The dimensions used in EMope Oe the ST taauivalents of American sizes (based on Practis eas a different designation in each county Therefore, No ae sof the. practice has been prepared, Noor a Sued SI equivalent of tis practice woud tbe complex Sipe international standard for piping and insulation sizing When args practice can be reweitlen to meet needs. In orsign it hs been demonstrated that this Paci be used aaccateutate heat transfer for circumstances ‘other than insulated systems; however, these calculations are ‘beyond the scope of this practice: 6. Method of Caleulation 6.1 Approach: GA The calculation of heat gain oF and surface temperature requires: (1) The thermal insulation is homoge- tempera outlined: by the definition of therm! gonductivity in Moninalogy C168: (2) the system operate temperanute is Known: (2) the insolation thickness is Kno} (4) the surface ncisfer conductance of the system is Aneith reasonably tant aor eafimated from algorithms defined in this practice carn suicient information; and (5) IDs thermal conduc- Hay ax a function of temperature for each S258 bayer is known in detail. 1.2 ‘The solution is a procedure calling for (1) estimation of the system temperature distibutions 2) calculation of the” Grermal resistances throughout the SYSIEt ese on that theron; (3) cateulation of heat fux; and (4) reestimation of the system temperature distribution, The iterative process vpontinues until calculated distribution is reasonable agree corth the previous distribution. This 6 WT! 02 In the case of horizontal cylinders, the characteristic dimen- sion, D, is the diameter of the cylinder, (ft). In addition, this correlation should be used for forced convection from vertical pipes. 6.7.5.2 For natural convection on horizontal cylinders, In- cropera and Dewitt (p. 502) cite “Comrelating Equations for 308 Laminar and Turbulent Free Convection from a Horizontal Cylinder” by Churchill and Chu for the following correlation: ss o3s7Raj |? 6 Riy= {000+ a } Rap < 10" T+ 05897 PP 06) ‘To compute the overall Nusselt number using Eq 28, set j= 4 and 8 = 033, 6.7.6 Convection Conductances for Spheres: 6.7.6.1 For forced convection on spheres, Ineropera and DeWitt cite S, Whitaker in AICHE J. for the following correlation: Rigo =2+ (04 ReS*+ 006 ney PP z) Gn 071

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