Optimal BESS allocation with increased photovoltaic penetration in

distribution system by utilizing GA and another loss sensitivity based

approach
Pawan Sainia,b , Dr. Lata Gidwanib
a Nuclear Power corporation of india limited, Rawatbhata, via-Kota, India
b Deptt. of Electrical engineering, RTU, Kota, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This paper present the optimum utilization of photovoltaic (PV) energy production with battery energy
Battery energy storage devices (BESS) storage system (BESS) in radial distribution system. In this work, three type time varying distribution
PV Penetration load i.e. commercial, residential and industrial are considered for BESS allocation. Moreover, the
Distribution Network main objectives of proposed work are minimization of annual energy losses, enhancement in PV
Distributed generation penetration and reduction in overvoltage with proper installation of PV with BESS. BESS integration
with PV project required more attention in terms of sizing, siting and functionality of battery charging
/ discharging. This paper utilize the another loss sensitivity index factor (LSIF) approach at initial step
to find out most prominent node in distribution network for BESS allocation . The simulation results
on IEEE 69 bus test system with time-dependent load models show the potential benefit of proposed
methodology. Based on the optimization results, the proposed methodology for BESS placement
decreases the annual energy losses, enhances the PV penetration and reduces the overvoltage. Results
of this paper also shows that it is possible to dispatch peak power during the peak load hours for each
type of load model.

1. Introduction based project increasing popularity and gaining more atten-

Recently, due to technology enhancement the efficiency
of photovoltaic (PV) module increased and the cost of PV
projects decreased. Moreover, the fast installation of PV
project and less O&M cost involved during the project time
make this type of electrical generation more suitable not only
for large scale project but also at small scale residential project.
Renewable energy sources (RES) with energy storage sys-
tem (ESS) would become primary source of energy genera-
tion in near term due to restrictions on environmental emis-
sion and reserves limitations of fossil-fuels power plants.
Battery energy storage system (BESS) is a promising
technique to mitigate the intermittence of renewable power
plants outputs by storing or charging excess energy from PV
output after meeting load demand and discharging this stored
energy during peak load hours.
The BESS has extensive applications in many field of
power system some of them are listed below:
• Mitigation of RES intermittency
• Increases penetration of RES in distribution system.
• Enhancement in system reliability.
• Enhancement in transmission line power capacities.
• Reduction in network power losses
• Improvement of power quality.
• Providing power for automobiles and electric vehicles.
Photovoltaic and battery energy storage system (PV-BESS)
∗ Corresponding author
Email address: pawan25saini@gmail.com
pawan25saini@gmail.com (P. Saini); lgidwani@rtu.ac.in (L.
Gidwani)
www.rtu.ac.in (L. Gidwani)
ORCID (s):
tion worldwide. PV-BESS project predicted as future elec-
tricity infrastructure for supplying dispatchable power in com-
petitive energy market.
As per literature review, an extensive research has been
conducted by many researchers in the worlds to utilize the
energy of PV generation in conjunction with battery energy
storage. As reduction in cost PV module is observed from
literature and it is expected that in near term after technology
enhancement further reduction in cost of Lithium-ion bat-
tery system will start a new era of electricity market in world
and completely change the picture of transportation sector as
well as other sectors of economy. The world electricity mar-
ket distributed energy resources like PV-BESS play a vital
role in smart micro-grids to provide energy in dispatchable
form [1].
Some studies shows that PV-BESS project enhance the
voltage profile of lines and minimize the system losses and
increase the overall efficiency. In general, BESS provide
technical as well as economic benefit. Furthermore, it also
improve the environment condition by reducing CO2 and
other greenhouse gases by reducing the generation of fossil-
fuels based power plants.
According to literature review, lot of research papers de-
scribes the methods of optimization and selection of size
and location of energy storage in distribution system. As
BESS are in literature predominantly chosen and optimized
with relevance to their power and energy rating and location
in the system. Besides, Power and energy capacity should
be taken as separate technical characteristics for a particu-
lar BESS technique and for investment point of view, both
required to be defined and dimensioned separately to each
other. In general, both attributes are discrete and taken as

Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 1 of 12

 Short Title of the Article

pillar’s brick. Aside from this other applicable requirement [16]. Both buses are connected through a transmission line
that should be considered when modelling BESS specialized which has resistance (𝑅𝑖 ) and reactance (𝑋𝑖 ) for this line and
qualities as such as round circle efficiency, charging and dis- 𝑌𝑖 is expressed as line admittance. 𝑉𝑖 and 𝑉𝑖+1 are expressed
charging power. both qualities are extraordinary and distinc- as both end bus voltages.
tive for every BESS innovation relying upon the BESS limit The real and reactive power losses across the transmis-
and discharge time necessity [2] - [8]. sion line of two buses can be obtained by following equa-
Among different BESS innovations Vanadium redox bat- tions:
tery (VRB) has most noteworthy life cycle. The principle
downside of Lead-acid batteries is their constrained cycle
life and the fundamental impediment of Nickel–cadmium 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠ℎ ℎ
= 𝑅(𝑖,𝑖+1) (∣ 𝑉(𝑖,𝑖+1) − 𝑉𝑖ℎ ∣ × ∣ 𝑌(𝑖,𝑖+1)
ℎ
∣)2 (1)
(𝑖,𝑖+1)
(Ni–Cd) cells is the nearness of poisonous substantial metal
Cadmium [8]. Lithium-particle (Li-particle) batteries are for
the most part a choice in brief timeframe scale applications, 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠ℎ ℎ
= 𝑋(𝑖,𝑖+1) (∣ 𝑉(𝑖,𝑖+1) − 𝑉𝑖ℎ ∣ × ∣ 𝑌(𝑖,𝑖+1)
ℎ
∣)2 (2)
because of their generally high every day self-release, some- (𝑖,𝑖+1)

where in the range of 1 and 5%. Vanadium Redox Battery where, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠ℎ and 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠ℎ are network hourly active
(VRB) is an exceptional sort of flow batteries. Because of (𝑖,𝑖+1) (𝑖,𝑖+1)

little self-discharge every day, it is appropriate for long ca- and reactive power losses in the line for time varying load.
pacity span, for example, hours or months. Likewise, VRB The power losses can be obtained by adding the active
have the most noteworthy cycle life, and consequently, are and reactive power lossess throughout the day. According to
received in this paper. The cycle life is around 12,000 [5] literature most of the studies shows that BESS supply only
regardless of whether the battery depth of discharge (DoD) real power in the system and has a unity power factor. So
is 100% [9] - [16]. the total daily power losses can be expressed by following
This paper presents another approach for siting and siz- equation:
ing of BESS in PV-BESS project in time varying different
∑
24 ∑
𝑁
load models in distribution system. A control strategy is pre- 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠ℎ (3)
sented for utilize the PV output in conjunction with battery in ℎ=1 𝑖=1
(𝑖,𝑖+1)

more efficient way to minimize the network power losses and

mitigate the overvoltage problem . Battery function decide
the time and capacity of charging and discharging in order to
allow more PV penetration and improve the voltage profile
of distribution system without deviating the voltage limits.
In nutshell, three objectives for PV-BESS project are consid-
ered in this paper; 1. Minimization of annual energy losses;
2. Enhancement in PV penetration; 3. Reduction in Over-
voltage. Moreover, the impact of BESS installation on volt-
age and current profile monitored and 3D view is presented
w.r.t. distribution network. The study adopted the improved
genetic algorith to find out optimal solution. The effective-
ness of the projected methodology was tested by taking three
time varying load models, which comprise the commercial,
residential and industrial load. The projected method was
tested on IEEE 69 bus radial distribution system. For explor-
ing the effect of BESS Installation on network performance,
two cases were considered. The first case consider PV plant
size without taking the BESS in system. In the second case,
PV-BESS project sizing and siting is considered for taking
all objectives. Moreover, in the proposed method program-
ing & algorithm is developed in MATLAB software.
2.2. Solar irradiation modelling
As solar irradiation is a varying quantity and estimation
of PV output involved various modelling and algorithm tools.
The solar irradiation variations are modelled by probability
density function (pdf) of beta distribution [14]. This pdf can
be expressed as below:
⎧ Γ(𝛼+𝛽) × 𝑠(𝛼−1)
⎪ Γ(𝛼)Γ(𝛽) 𝑖𝑟𝑑
𝑓 (𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 ∣ 𝛼, 𝛽) = ⎨×(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 )𝛽−1 , 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 ≤ 1 (4)
⎪0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 < 0
⎩
Here, 𝛼 and 𝛽 are shape parameter of beta distribution
function and where, 𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 is irradiation of solar light in 𝑘𝑊 ∕𝑚2 .
2.3. PV Module output Power Modelling
The solar model described by the following section is
utilize to convert the solar irradiation into electrical power
[2]. The PV module output power is measured in Watts (W).
Moreover, the output power of PV module at a particular
time segment (h), can be measured by using following equa-
tion:

2. Modelling of Network parameters ⎧𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝐹 𝐹

⎪ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑉 𝑛𝑒𝑡×𝐼 𝑛𝑒𝑡
2.1. Power balance equations ⎪𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑃 𝑃 𝑀𝑃 𝑃
1
The power flow analysis in distribution system is done by ℎ ℎ ⎪ 𝑉𝑜𝑐 ×𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑃 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃 𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑡 .𝜌(𝑠).𝑑𝑠 ⎨𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 − 𝐾𝑣 × 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
Newton-Raphson load flow method. Schematic of distribu- ∫0 ⎪𝐼 = 𝑠 [𝐼 + 𝐾 × (𝑇 − 25)]
tion network for consideration also shown in Fig.1. For cal- ⎪ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑐 𝑖 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
culation point of view let us assume a two bus (bus i and i+1) ⎪𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 + 𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 ( 𝑇𝑛𝑜𝑡 −20 )
⎩ 0.8
in distribution network for generating and receiving power
(5)

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 Short Title of the Article

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of distribution network for consideration

The characteristics of a PV module are generally pro- Table 1

vided in the form of following parameter are described be- Considered Load type and Load factor
low:
• 𝐼𝑠𝑐 is short circuit current in A Load Type Commercial Residential Industrial
Load Factor LFc LFr LFi
• 𝑉𝑜𝑐 is Open-circuit voltage in V
• 𝐼𝑀𝑃 𝑃 is Current at maximum power point in A
• 𝑉𝑀𝑃 𝑃 is Voltage at maximum power point in V ∑
𝑁
• 𝑇𝑛𝑜𝑡 is Nominal operating temperature of cell in oC) 𝑄𝐷𝑇ℎ 𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ℎ
𝑄𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 (9)
• 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 Ambient Temperature 𝑖=1
• 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 is Cell Temperature The daily load demand curves for considered each type
• 𝐾𝑣 is Voltage temperature coefficients in V/oC of load is modelled and provided in Fig. 3.
• 𝐾𝑖 is Current temperature coefficients in A/oC
• 𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑑 is irradiation of solar light in 𝑘𝑊 ∕𝑚2
• 𝐹 𝐹 is fill factor 3. Problem formulation
Here Fill factor (𝐹 𝐹 ) compare the maximum power from PV Main Objective of this paper is to develop a stratagy for
module to product of 𝑉𝑜𝑐 and 𝐼𝑠𝑐 . utilizing the photovoltaic (PV) energy production with bat-
tery energy storage system (BESS) in different time varying
2.4. Load Modelling load condition to achieve following objectives
In this paper distribution load is formulated in three type 1. Minimize annual energy losses
load i.e commercial, residential and industrial also shown in 2. Enhancement in PV penetration
Table I. These load models are time varying and depend on 3. Reduction in Overvoltage
load factor (LF) value [5]. Depending on the distribution
load type, the hourly real and reactive load demand 𝑃 𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 ℎ

and 𝑄𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒
ℎ respectively obtained for each bus by utilizing 3.1. Minimize annual energy losses
following equations: When PV penetration is increased, the load side energy
production may be more than consumers’ demand. As a re-
sult, power is back to the transmission network and voltage
ℎ
𝑃 𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 ℎ
= 𝑃 𝐷𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∗ (𝐿𝐹 )ℎ𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 (6) magnitude and energy losses may be enhanced. To adapt to
this issue, BESS is charged when production of PV is more
than consumers’demand and discharged when consumers’
demand is enhanced. This benefit can be modeled as below
ℎ
𝑄𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 ℎ
= 𝑄𝐷𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∗ (𝐿𝐹 )ℎ𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 (7) in (10)
The total power demand in distribution system can be ∑
24
obtained by adding hourly active and reactive power demand 𝑀𝑖𝑛.(𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) = 364 × ℎ
(𝑃 𝐷𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ℎ
− 𝑃 𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 ) (10)
of all the buses in the network. This calculation is epressed 𝑛=1
in following equations: where 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 is annual energy loss reduction.

3.2. Reduction in overvoltage with PV

∑
𝑁
enhancement
𝑃 𝐷𝑇ℎ 𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ℎ
𝑃 𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 (8)
𝑖=1
Due to enhancement in PV penetration in distribution
networks Overvoltage problem is commonly arising also shown

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 Short Title of the Article
Figure 2: Schematic diagram shows overvoltage due to PV
penetration in distribution network
in Fig 2. To mitigate overvoltage problem system is designed
in such a way that nodes which are more sensitive to PV gen-
eration can be used for BESS implementation in the network.
The voltage rise can be modeled through the following equa-
tion (11)
𝑅(𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑉 − 𝑃𝐿ℎ ) + 𝑋(𝑄ℎ𝑃 𝑉 − 𝑄ℎ𝐿 )
ℎ
𝑉𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝑃ℎ𝑉 −𝑉𝑆ℎ = (11)
𝑉𝑃ℎ𝑉
where 𝑉𝑆ℎ is hourly substation secondary bus source voltage,
𝑉𝑃ℎ𝑉 is hourly PV generator voltage, and R and X are the
feeder line resistance and reactance. 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑉 and 𝑄ℎ𝑃 𝑉 are the
hourly active and reactive power of the PV generation. 𝑃𝐿ℎ
and 𝑄ℎ𝐿 are hourly active and reactive power consumed by
the load.
As networks with no distributed generation have unidi-
rectional power flow and voltages decrease along the line.
If 𝑃𝑃 𝑉 > 𝑃𝐿 , this may cause voltage rise along the feeder.
Consequently, the network framwork operator needs to con-
sider that the upper voltage limits may be exceeded in net-
works with PV penetration.
In this paper the overvoltage is controlled by increasing
the load ( 𝑃𝐿 ) by adding the BESS as load at nodes which
required to minimize the voltage at a particular time, bat-
tery absorb extra power from the network and maintain the
required voltage profile of network. In this paper both ob-
jective Overvoltage control & PV enhancement are achieved
by proper siting and sizing of time varying model of BESS
charging/discharging.
3.3. BESS charging/discharging function
formulation
In this paper BESS charging/discharging is formulated
as controlling the overvoltage during high PV penetration.
Overvoltage that is occurred by high penetration of PV is
decreased when BESS is charged around noon because PV
systems produce maximum energy at that time. As a result,
optimal daily charge/discharge of BESS can be determined
by a function that is shown below :
{∑24
ℎ
(𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑑 ℎ
− 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑐 ) × 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑉 , 𝛼 = 1
𝐹 (𝛼) = ∑𝑛=1
24
ℎ ℎ
𝑛=1 (𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑑 − 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑐 ), 𝛼=0
(12)
where, 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑉 is the hourly PV power production and 𝛼 is
a parameter ensuring that overvoltage is decreased and en-
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
suring the enhancement in PV penetration. BESS charg-
ing/discharging function is maximized with the BESS con-
straints.
3.4. Loss sensitivity Index Factor (LSIF) modelling
According to Litrature and most of studies considered
that BESS supply active or real power to the network. In
the Proposed approach Loss sensitivity Index Factor (LSIF)
is formulated that describes to what extent the variation in
nodal active or reactive power leads to a change in network
losses at a specified network location. The sensitivities of
power losses to the P/Q injections can be determined through
the use of a Jacobian matrix. For radial distribution net-
works, only the real power loss magnitude is of interest so
the loss variation, with its sensitivity factor matrix, can be
simplified to a compact form. The modelling of LSIF sensi-
tivity matrix is as below (13)
⊏ Δ𝑃 ℎ Δ𝑄ℎ ⊐=⊏ Δ𝑉 ⊐⊏ 𝐿𝑆𝐼𝐹𝑃ℎ 𝐿𝑆𝐼𝐹𝑄ℎ ⊐ (13)
where 𝐿𝑆𝐼𝐹𝑃ℎ = 𝛿𝑃 ∕𝛿𝑉 and 𝐿𝑆𝐼𝐹𝑄ℎ = 𝛿𝑃 ∕𝛿𝑉 is depen-
dent on the network configuration and operating conditions.
However, the LSIF matrix does not vary significantly with
changes in the operating conditions [22-23].
The Loss sensitivity index factor (LSIF) method is used
to find the prominent location for BESS placement in distri-
bution system. The application of LSIF matrix is to simu-
late system parameter before the actual application of BESS
in the network. Newton raphson load flow methos is stud-
ied, and its apply to IEEE-69 Bus system [16] also shown in
Fig. 5. Result of proposed loss sensitivity analysis method
is shown in Fig. 4.
4. System operation constraints
4.1. Power flow balance constraint
The power fundamental flow constraints are expressed in
a vector form as below in (14)
𝐻(𝑥, 𝑢) = 0 (14)
where, x and u are vectors of state (dependent) variables and
control (independent) variables, respectively.
4.2. Reverse power flow constraint
Reverse power flow would increase system loss while
leading overheat of feeders, hence there is strict restrict on
the reverse power flow export limitation. This constraint
guarantee that reverse power flow through the substation trans-
former only during BESS charging state as shown in (15)
ℎ
0 ⩽ 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣,ℎ ⩽ 𝑃𝑓 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (15)
where 𝑃𝑓 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 is maximum power flow limit.
4.3. Bus Voltage constraint
Bus voltage constraint maintain the voltage within sys-
tem allowable limit. This constraint ensure the undervoltage
and overvoltage condition of system.
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ⩽ 𝑉 ℎ ⩽ 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (16)
Here 𝑉ℎ is hourly bus voltage.
Page 4 of 12
 Short Title of the Article

4.4. Line current constraint

Line current constraint will remain line current below the
maximum allowable limit. This constraint ensure the over-
loading condition will not come for transmission line.

𝐼 ℎ ⩽ 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (17)

Here 𝐼 ℎ is hourly Line current.

4.5. PV penetration constraint

This constraint limit the PV penetration in the distribu-
tion network. The PV penetration is the ratio of total energy Figure 3:Hourly per unit (commercial, residential & industrial)
provided by the PV plant and the total energy utilized in the Load prole and hourly per unit PV production
network.
∑24
𝑃𝑉 ℎ per unit load demand for commercial, residential and indus-
𝑃𝑉 𝑃 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(%) = ∑ 𝑖=1 (18)
24 ℎ trial are shown in Fig. 3. To get hourly load demand, max-
𝑖=1 𝑃 𝐷𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒
imum demand of all buses are multiplied by load demand
factor of particular load type. of Fig. 3. This figure also
𝑃 𝑉 𝑃 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (%) ⩽ 80% (19) illustrates the daily power production of the PV in per unit.
The rated powers of PV systems are multiplied by PV pro-
PV penetration will remain less than 80% of the total load duction of Fig. 3 to calculate the hourly power of PV gener-
demand. ation.
with 𝛼 =1 the BESS will be scheduled based on the PV
4.6. BESS charging/discharging power constraint production because BESS is scheduled in the opposite of
The BESS charging/discharging power must not violate PV production to charge surplus PV production. Thus, with
the BESS power rating constraints: 𝛼 =1, only overvoltage is reduced and PV penetration en-
hances. With 𝛼 =0, the weighting factor of PV production is
ℎ
0 ⩽ 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑐 ℎ
, 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑑 ⩽ 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (20) equal to zero because BESS is scheduled to discharge the en-
ergy and to reduce the energy losses during peak load hours.
where 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑑
ℎ & 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑐
ℎ are hourly discharge and charge The optimal value of 𝛼 is calculated between 0 and 1 based
rates and 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum capacity of BESS. on proposed objective function.
In the initial step of settling technique, GA is run in MAT-
4.7. BESS State of charge (SOC) constraint LAB starting estimations of parameters Smax, Wmax, and
The state of charge of BESS during charging and dis- 𝛼 are determined and fed to MATLAB. Then, annual loss
charging are calculated as (21): minimization objective function solved by the GA with con-
sidering constraints. In the subsequent stage, size of BESS
𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐶ℎ+1 = 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐶ℎ ± (Δℎ × 𝑃𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑐
ℎ
) × 𝜂𝑐,𝑑 (21) are determined by GA in MATLAB. This methodology pro-
ceeds for a preset most extreme number of cycle 35 here.
where 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝐶ℎ is charging state at particular hours and 𝜂𝑐,𝑑 is The length of chromosome is set to 10, and the maximum
BESS charging/discharging efficiency. generation and size of population is set to 50. The variation
probability is set to 0.03, and the crossover rate is set to 0.6.
4.8. BESS energy capacity constraint
BESS energy capacity constraint modelling done in such
a way that BESS use power within maximum and minimum
energy capacity. This is expressed as under (22)
ℎ
𝐸𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ⩽ 𝐸𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,ℎ ⩽ 𝐸𝐵𝐸𝑆𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (22)

4.9. Propsed approach for optimization

The general arrangement technique that consolidates the
hereditary calculation with genetic algorithm [12] in this pa-
per to find the optimal solution for sizing and siting of BESS.
In this work, GA is utilized to optimize the loss minimization
objective function in MATLAB. Modelling of IEEE 69 Bus
test system parameter, PV, BESS, time varying load model Figure 4: Loss Sensitivity analysis for IEEE-69 Bus system.
and power flow analysis are done in MATLAB.The hourly

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 Short Title of the Article
Figure 5: Modied IEEE 69 bus test distribution network
Figure 6: Flowhart for proposed methodology
In the optimization process, load flow analysis and BESS
capacity adjustment are implemented to optimize the schedul-
ing of BESS and adjust the capacity of BESS. Newton raph-
son method is adopted to optimize the charging/discharging
power of BESS to accomplish minimum network losses. Based
on optimal scheduling of BESS, the step of BESS capacity
adjustment, charging/discharging done by considering 𝐹 (𝛼).
The BESS capacity optimized at a single node [17] can meet
the necessities of one-day energy charging/discharging. At
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
the point when the capacity is larger, the depth of discharge
(DOD) of each cycle will be reduced, prompting a more
longer battery lifetime.
4.10. Case Study
In this paper, IEEE-69 test bus system [16] and three type
of time varying load modesl are considered for BESS im-
plemetation. These load models are commercial, residential
and industrial type time varying load. The proposed tech-
nique is simulated and applied on IEEE 69 bus test distri-
bution networks. IEEE 69 bus system rated active load and
reactive load is 3800 kW and 2690 kVAr, respectively. The
establishment site of PV plant at 61 bus and rated capacity
PV plant depend on time varying load type.
The hourly load curves for commercial, residential and
industrial type load [5] and PV output [12] are shown in Fig.
3.
The initial power and energy capacity of BESS are set
to 350 kW and 350 kWh, respectively. The upper and lower
limits of SOC are 100 and 30%, respectively. The overall
round-trip efficiency of the BESS is set to be 90%. Initially
it is assumed that BESS is charged at minimum SOC level.
So as to examine the effect of annual Energy losses, bus
overvoltag and PV penetration in distribution network two
cases are taken to simulate the system. In this paper, two
cases first is PV project and second is PV-BESS project is
considered for analysing the effect of BESS in distribution
system.
4.10.1. PV project
The simulation results for the PV project, the annual re-
duction in energy losses, improvment in voltage at weakest
bus in IEEE 69 bus test distribution system are shown in Ta-
ble 2. As compared to base case, the reduction in annual
energy losses in each load model due to connection of PV
project in distribution networks was signinicantly higher.The
system performance in term of energy loss reduction and re-
duction in overvoltage at buses in each time varying load
model were noticed. In this project, power demand, PV out-
put for IEEE 69 bus system are presented in Figure 14, 15
and 16 for time varying load models i.e. commercial, resi-
dential and industrial respectively. Furthermore, the connec-
tion effect of PV project in the distribution system was ex-
amined by comparing both PV project and base case results
to each other. it is also noticed that only commercial load
peak demand is managed by PV generation. Other rest two
loads i.e. residential and industrial load peak demand comes
between 19 to 23 Hrs. so PV project fail to supply electricity
in this condition and losses were increased in both cases.
4.10.2. PV-BESS project
The simulation results for the PV-BESS project, the an-
nual reduction in energy losses, improvment in voltage at
weakest bus and the enhancement in penetration of PV in
IEEE 69 bus test distribution system are shown in Table 3.
As compared to PV project case, the reduction in annual en-
ergy losses in each load model due to connection of BESS
units in distribution networks was signinicantly higher.The
Page 6 of 12
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Figure 7:Hourly Voltage prole Comparison for commercial load with considered cases in
IEEE-69 bus network

Figure 8: Hourly Line current prole Comparison for commercial load with considered
cases in IEEE-69 bus network

system performance in term of energy loss reduction, en-
hancements in PV penetration and reduction in overvoltage
at buses in each time varying load model were noticed. In
this project, power demand, PV output and batteries charg-
ing/discharging for IEEE 69 bus system are presented in Fig-
ure 14, 15 and 16 for time varying load models i.e. commer-
cial, residential and industrial respectively. Furthermore, the
connection effect of BESS unit in the distribution system was
examined by comparing both PV-BESS and PV project re-
sults to each other. The 3D model of bus voltage and line
current profile comparison for IEEE 69 bus test system are
presented by considering each type of load models in Fig. 7
to 12.
4.11. Simulation results and discussion
The execution site and capacity of BESS are determined
by the proposed method. In the simulation study, the effect
of PV penetration, energy losses and performance of system
parameter is assessed.; PV penetration is characterized as the
proportion of total PV rating power to maximum apparent
power of load and it is also depend on type of time varying

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Figure 9:Hourly Voltage prole comparison for Residential load with considered cases in
IEEE-69 bus network

Figure 10: Hourly Line current prole comparison for Residential load with considered
cases in IEEE-69 bus network

Table 2
Simulation result on IEEE 69 BUS test Network with PV
Parameters Commercial Residential Industrial
Base Case with PV Base Case with PV Base Case with PV

PV size (MW) 2.25 1.75 1.25

Bus Location (No.) 61 61 61
Annual Energy losses (MWh) 756.34 452.28 625.99 533.15 681.87 596.35
Annual Energy loss Reduction (%) 40.2 14.83 12.54
PV Penetration (%) 30.05 27.1 18.8
Maximum Voltage (p.u.) 1 1.02 1 1.04 1 1.02
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.92

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 Short Title of the Article

Figure 11:Hourly Voltage prole comparison for Industrial load with considered cases in
IEEE-69 bus network

Figure 12: Hourly Line current prole comparison for Industrial load with considered cases
in IEEE-69 bus network

load (commercial, residential and industrial ) profile.
Simulation results for both cases are presented in Table
2 and Table 2. The graphical 3D representation and compar-
ison of hourly bus voltage profile, hourly line current profile
and 2D power Loss profile for each type of time varying load
(commercial, residential and industrial) are shown in Figure
7 to 12 respectively.
demand fulfilled PV generation. It is also shown in Fig.
3 that residential and industrial peak load demand comes
around in between 19 hours to 23 hours. The energy losses
are high during peak load hours. So as a result of this PV
project only mitigate the commercial peak demand. But PV-
BESS project utilize the BESS to mitigate the peak demand
on each load profiles and reduce the annual energy losses.

4.12. Effect on Peak power dispatch 4.13. Effect on Annual Energy Losses
In general out of three time varying load model (com- The arrangement of output power from PV-BESS project
mercial, residential and industrial) only commercial load peak for each time varying load model was performed by optimal

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Table 3
Simulation result on IEEE 69 BUS test Network with PV-BESS
Parameters Commercial Residential Industrial
Base Case with PV- Base with PV- Base Case with
BESS Case BESS PV-
BESS

PV size (MW) 2.5 2 1.5

Bus Location (No.) 61 61 61
BESS size (MWh) 5.55 4.62 3.38
Annual Energy losses (MWh) 756.34 360.50 625.99 433.52 681.87 430.94
Annual Energy loss Reduction (%) 52 31 37
PV Penetration (%) 36.06 33.87 25.08
Maximum Voltage (p.u.) 1 1.01 1 1.02 1 1.01
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.91 0.96 0.91 0.93 0.91 0.94

Figure 13: Hourly power loss prole for commercial, residential & industrial Load with
considered cases in IEEE-69 bus network

Figure 15:Hourly Residential load prole, PV production and

Hourly Commercial load prole, PV production and
Figure 14:
BESS charging/discharging in PV-BESS case
BESS charging/discharging in PV-BESS case

in base case, with PV only and with PV-BESS observed from

scheduling of BESS charging/ discharging activity. The sim- result are 756.34 MWh, 452.28 MWh & 360.5 MWh, 625.99
ulation result shows that battery charging/ discharging is uti- MWh, 533.15 MWh & 333.52 MWh and 681.87 MWh, 596.35
lized to minimize annual energy losses from the project. The MWh & 430.93 MWh, in commercial, residential and indus-
IEEE-69 radial bus distribution system annual energy losses

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 Short Title of the Article
Figure 16: Hourly Industrial load prole, PV production and
BESS charging/discharging in PV-BESS case
trial type load models respectively. After PV-BESS project
implementation, the reduction rate in annual energy losses
in IEEE-69 radial bus distribution system achieved 52% 31%
& 37% from 40.2%, 14.83% & 12.54% in commercial, resi-
dential and industrial type time varying models respectively.
The simulation result for annual energy losses shown in Ta-
ble 2 and table 3. The BESS units efficiently utilize the
PV penetration to minimize the annual energy losses in time
varying load model.
4.14. Effect on voltage profile
Based on the optimization results, due to the implemen-
tation of PV-BESS project, the improvement in weakest bus
voltage profile in IEEE-69 radial bus distribution system achievedtivity index factor (LSIF) is used to obtain prominent node
0.96 (p.u.), 0.93 (p.u.) & 0.94 (p.u.) from 0.92 (p.u.), 0.92
(p.u.) & 0.92 (p.u.) in commercial, residential and industrial
type time varying models respectively. Furthermore, reduc-
tion in overvoltage in IEEE-69 radial bus distribution system
also achieved 1,01 (p.u.), 1.02 (p.u.) & 1.01 (p.u.) from 1.02
(p.u.), 1,04 (p.u.) & 1.02 (p.u.) in commercial, residential
and industrial type time varying models respectively
The bus voltage profile of distribution system in PV-BESS tem exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed approach and a
project case is improved as comparison with PV only project.
Table 3 shows the maximum and minimum voltage of weak-
est bus for each considered load models. The 3D model of
hourly bus voltage profile for both cases for all three type of
load are plotted in Fig. 7, Fig. 9 and Fig.11. The BESS units
efficiently utilize the PV penetration to charging / discharg-
ing of battery to reduce the overvoltage condition during
daytime and undervoltage condition during peak load hours.
4.15. Effect on Line current profile
After examining the result on line current profile it is ob-
served that with PV-BESS project implementation, the line
current profile improved and more flatten across the line re-
sults less losses for each type of load models in IEEE-69
distribution system. The 3D model of hourly line current
profile for both cases for commercial, residential and indus-
trial time varying load models are shown in Fig. 8 Fig. 10
and Fig.12.
4.16. Effect on PV penetration
PV-BESS project was found more suitable than PV only
project in term of PV penetration enhancement. Due to con-
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
nection of BESS units with network results the increment in
PV plant size. So the energy availability in PV-BESS project
is higher than PV only project, this further result the en-
hancement of PV penetration. The PV penetration levels in
both cases are shown in Table 2 and table 3. After PV-BESS
project implementation, the enhancement of PV penetration
in IEEE-69 radial bus distribution system achieved 36.06%,
33.87% & 25.08% from 30.05%, 27.10% & 18.8% in com-
mercial, residential and industrial type time varying models
respectively.
Based on result, it is described that PV and BESS size,
and their penetration levels for each time varying load mod-
els in distribution system were observed to be varying from
each other. So, it could be established that electrical net-
work parameter design and load type play an vital role in
determining the sizing of PV and BESS.
5. Conclusions
This paper presents another approach for siting and siz-
ing of BESS in PV-BESS project in time varying different
load models (commercial, residential and industrial) in dis-
tribution system. In the proposed framework, a control strat-
egy is presented for utilize the PV output in conjunction with
battery in more efficient way to minimize the network power
losses and mitigate the overvoltage problem and ultimately
enchances the PV penetration. Moreover, a new loss sensi-
in network for BESS allocation. An example, appropriate
investigation is introduced and two unique cases (PV project
and PV-BESS project) are discussed and compared. The out-
comes of this work shows that proper utilization of BESS
unit with PV-BESS project in distribution network enhances
PV penetration, decreases overvoltage and annual energy losses.
The simulation results on IEEE 69 bus test distribution sys-
relative cases study shows its potential importance in plan-
ning and integration of PV production with battery storage
in distribution networks.
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